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cephalic head shape of an infant did induce a positive response from adults, and these children were considered to be more "cute". In his study, Alley had 25 undergraduate students rate line drawings of an infant's face. The same drawing was used each time, however the cephalic head shape was changed using a cardioidal transformation (a transformation that models cephalic growth in relation to ageing process) to adjust the perceived age; other features of the face were not changed. The study concluded that a large head shape increased perceived cuteness, which then elicited a positive response in adult caretaking. The study also noted that perceived cuteness was also dependent on other physical and behavioural characteristics of the child, including age.
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410:, a less sloping and more rounded forehead, shorter, thicker and "pudgier" legs, thicker arms and a thicker snout which gave the appearance of being less protrusive. Gould suggested that this change in Mickey's image was intended to increase his popularity by making him appear cuter and "inoffensive". Gould said that the neotenous changes to Mickey's form were similar to the
139:, said that the proportions of facial features change with age due to changes in hard tissue and soft tissue, and Jones said that these "age-related changes" cause juvenile animals to have the "characteristic 'cute' appearance" of proportionately smaller snouts, higher foreheads and larger eyes than their adult counterparts. In terms of hard tissue, Jones said that the
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Sprengelmeyer gathered 24 young women, 24 young men, and 24 older women to participate in his study. He ran three studies in which images of white
European babies were shown, and the participants were asked to rate them on a cuteness scale of one to seven. The study found differences among the groups
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This finding has also been demonstrated in a study conducted by T. R. Alley in which he had 25 undergraduate students (consisting of 7 men and 18 women) rate the cuteness of infants depending on different characteristics such as age, behavioral traits, and physical characteristics such as head shape,
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said that the pattern of children's growth may intentionally increase the duration of their cuteness. Bogin said that the human brain reaches adult size when the body is only 40 percent complete, when "dental maturation is only 58 percent complete" and when "reproductive maturation is only 10 percent
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game, a task that requires extreme carefulness. The study said that the shift in behavior toward greater carefulness is consistent with the viewpoint that cuteness is something that releases the human caregiving system. The study said that the shift in behavior toward greater carefulness also makes
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and expected behavior of an infant can influence the adult's interaction with the infant", and gave evidence that in this way "basic cuteness effects may occasionally be obscured in particular infants". Koyama (2006) said that an adult caregiver's perception of an infant's cuteness can motivate the
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A study by Konrad Lorenz in the early 1940s found that the shape of an infant's head positively correlated with adult caregiving and an increased perception of "cute". However a study by Thomas Alley found no such correlation and pointed out faulty procedures in that study. Alley's study found that
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Borgi et al. stated that young children demonstrate a preference for faces with a more "infantile facial" arrangement i.e. a rounder face, a higher forehead, bigger eyes, a smaller nose and a smaller mouth. In a study that used three- to six-year-old children, Borgi et al. (2014) asserted that the
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as examples of this trend. She said Mickey Mouse's bodily proportions "aged in reverse" since his inception, because "is eyes and head kept getting bigger while his limbs kept getting shorter and thicker", culminating in him resembling a "human infant". She further mentioned the "exaggerated high
330:
Melanie
Glocker (2009) provided experimental evidence that infants' cuteness motivates caretaking in adults, even if they are not related to the infant. Glocker asked individuals to rate the level of cuteness of pictured infants and noted the motivation that these participants had to care for the
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Konrad Lorenz argued in 1949 that infantile features triggered nurturing responses in adults and that this was an evolutionary adaptation which helped ensure that adults cared for their children, ultimately securing the survival of the species. Some later scientific studies have provided further
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There are suggestions that hormone levels can affect a person's perception of cuteness. Konrad Lorenz suggests that "caretaking behaviour and affective orientation" towards infants as an innate mechanism, and this is triggered by cute characteristics such as "chubby cheeks" and large eyes. The
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and behavior of the infant. In the Koyama et al. (2006) research, female infants are seen as cute for the physical attraction that female infants display more than male infants, whereas research by
Karraker (1990) demonstrates that a caregiver's attention and involvement in the male infant's
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and social influences on perceived cuteness. In the second study it was found that premenopausal women discriminated cuteness at a higher level than their postmenopausal female peers. This finding suggested a biological factor, which was then investigated further in the third study. Here,
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and rated as more "likeable, friendly, healthy and competent" than infants who were less cute. There is an implication that baby schema response is crucial to human development because it lays the foundation for caregiving and the relationship between child and caretaker.
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In a study by McCabe (1984) of children whose ages ranged from toddlers to teenagers, the children with more "adult-like" facial proportions were more likely to have experienced physical abuse than children of the same age who had less "adult-like" facial proportions.
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Sprengelmeyer, R; Perrett, D.; Fagan, E.; Cornwell, R.; Lobmaier, J.; Sprengelmeyer, A.; Aasheim, H.; Black, I.; Cameron, L.; Crow, S.; Milne, N.; Rhodes, E.; Young, A. (2009). "The Cutest Little Baby Face: A Hormonal Link to
Sensitivity to Cuteness in Infant Faces".
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The gender of an observer can determine their perception of the difference in cuteness. In a study by
Sprengelmeyer et al. (2009), it was suggested that women were more sensitive to small differences in cuteness than the same aged men. This suggests that reproductive
396:. Jones said that negative cardioidal strain results in faces appearing less mature and cuter by causing facial features at the top of the face to expand outward and upward while causing features at the bottom of the face to contract inward and upward.
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amount of care and protection the caregiver provides, and the admiration demonstrated toward the infant, and concluded that "the adults' protective feeling for children appeared to be a more important criterion for the judgment of a boy's cuteness."
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151:" from a position above the supraorbital rim to a position below it, the "lateral aspect of the eyebrows" sags with age, making the eyes appear smaller, and the red part of the lips gets thinner with age due to loss of connective tissue.
66:), a set of facial and body features that make a creature appear "cute" and activate ("release") in others the motivation to care for it. Cuteness may be ascribed to people as well as things that are regarded as attractive or charming.
331:
infants. The research suggested that individuals' rating of the perceived cuteness of an infant corresponded to the level of motivation an individual had to care for this infant. Glocker and colleagues then used
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Sprengelmeyer compared cuteness sensitivity between premenopausal women who were, and were not taking oral contraceptives. The study concluded that post-perceptual processes were impacted by hormone levels (
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cute. Studies have also shown that responses to cuteness—and to facial attractiveness in general—seem to be similar across and within cultures. In a study conducted by
Stephan Hamann of
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grows a lot in juveniles while the bones for the nose and the parts of the skull involved in chewing food only reach maximum growth later. In terms of soft tissue, Jones said that the
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Miller, W.R. (2011). Tardigrades: These ambling, eight-legged microscopic "bears of the moss" are cute, ubiquitous, all but indestructible and a model organism for education.
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Sprengelmeyer et al. (2009) study expands on this claim by manipulating baby pictures to test groups on their ability to detect differences in cuteness. The studies show that
272:
children showed a viewing time preference toward the eyes of "high infantile" faces of dogs, cats and humans as opposed to "low infantile" faces of those three species.
441:. Estren said that humans should be mindful of their bias for cute animals, so animals that would not be considered cute are also valued in addition to cute animals.
437:, said cute animals get more public attention and scientific study due to having physical characteristics that would be considered neotenous from the perspective of
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Borgi, M. et al. (2014). Baby schema in human and animal faces induces cuteness perception and gaze allocation in children. In
Frontiers in Psychology. 5(411).
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Estren, M.J. & Potter, B.A. (2013). Healing
Hormones: How to Turn on Natural Chemicals to Reduce Stress. Oakland, CA: Ronin Publishing, Inc.
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562:. In order to obtain pets with particularly cute faces, some breeds of dogs have been bred with increasingly severe cranial deformities called
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Evolutionary biologists suspect that "puppy dog eyes", a trait absent from wild wolves, were unintentionally selected for by humans during the
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Caucasian children have "characteristics of babyness" such as a "larger forehead", a smaller jaw, "a proportionately larger and more prominent
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676:"Sexual Selection, Physical Attractiveness, and Facial Neoteny: Cross-cultural Evidence and Implications [and Comments and Reply]"
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Koyama, Reiko; Takahashi, Yuwen; Mori, Kazuo (2006). "Assessing the cuteness of children: Significant factors and gender differences".
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tissues of the ears and nose continue to grow throughout a person's lifetime, starting at age twenty-five the eyebrows descend on the "
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Kleck, Robert E.; Stephen A. Richardson; Ronald, Linda (1974). "Physical appearance cues and interpersonal attraction in children".
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The perception of cuteness is culturally diverse. The differences across cultures can be significantly associated to the need to be
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Preedy, V.R. (2012). Handbook of anthropometry: Physical measures of human form in health and disease. New York: Springer
Science.
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Karraker, Katherine; Stern, Marilyn (1990). "Infant physical attractiveness and facial expression: Effects on adult perceptions".
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Collins, D. et al. (1973). Background to archaeology: Britain in its
European setting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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339:, a small brain area central to motivation and reward. This work elucidated the neural mechanism through which baby schema (
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species". Bogin said that this cute appearance causes a "nurturing" and "care-giving" response in "older individuals".
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335:(fMRI), to demonstrate that baby faces with higher content of baby schema features, generated more activation in the
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women detected cuteness better than same aged postmenopausal women. Furthermore, to support this claim, women taking
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Bogin, B. (1997). Evolutionary Hypotheses for Human Childhood. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, vol. 40, pp. 63–89
421:, said "cartoonists capitalize on our innate preferences for juvenile features", and she mentioned Mickey Mouse and
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778:(1970). Special Issue: Early Man. World Archaeology Volume 2, Issue 1, DOI: 10.1080/00438243.1970.9979467 page 112
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evidence for Lorenz's theory. For example, it has been shown that human adults react positively to infants who are
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had been drawn to resemble a juvenile more with a relatively larger head, larger eyes, a larger and more bulging
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Glocker, Melanie; Daniel D. Langleben; Kosha Ruparel; James W. Loughead; Ruben C. Gur; Norbert Sachser (2008).
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that raise levels of reproductive hormones detect cuteness better than same aged women not taking the pill.
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Sherman, G. D., Haidt, J., & Coan, J.A. (2009). Viewing Cute Images Increases Behavioral Carefulness.
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343:) may motivate ("release") caretaking behavior. Furthermore, cute infants were more likely to be
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Etcoff, N. (1999). Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of Beauty. New York: Anchor Books.
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Takada, K. (2016). Gummi Candy as a Realistic Representation of a Rhinoceros Beetle Larva.
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of human growth allows children to have a "superficially infantile" appearance (large
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A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
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Estren, M.J. (2012). "The Neoteny Barrier: Seeking Respect for the Non-Cute".
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166:" facial dimensions than the Northern Italian Caucasian children used as a
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Kenta Takada (2016) said that Miyanoshita (2008) said that the design of
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A study by Karraker (1990) suggested that "an adult's beliefs about the
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Suffocate me…WITH LOVE – The History & Realities of French Bulldogs
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specifically) in females, and thus impacted sensitivity to cuteness.
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Alley, Thomas (1981). "Head shape and the perception of cuteness".
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Change of head proportions (especially the relative size of the
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207:, said that the lengthened youth period of humans is part of
47:, as well as a scientific concept and analytical model in
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The perceived cuteness of an infant is influenced by the
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Van Duuren, Mike; Kendell-Scott, Linda; Stark, Natalie.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences – U.S.A
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The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History
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21:"Cute" and "Cutie" redirect here. For other uses, see
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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2012:
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502:Sherman, Haidt, & Coan (2009) used images of
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555:is a design that is both cute and disgusting.
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433:Mark J. Estren, Ph.D. in psychology from the
430:" of Bambi as another example of this trend.
154:A study found that the faces of "attractive"
8:
2041:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
1260:What Unethical Breeding Has Done To Bulldogs
739:(PDF), King Alfred's College. Archived from
293:in cuteness discrimination, which ruled out
162:", a wider face, a flatter face and larger "
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630:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ Press; 1971
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755:"Agreed, Baby Pandas Are Cute. But Why?"
674:Jones, D.; et al. (December 1995).
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417:Nancy Etcoff, Ph.D. in psychology from
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1071:"A Biological Homage to Mickey Mouse"
533:, said that most people, upon seeing
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628:Studies in Animal and Human Behavior
1229:"Scientists Explain Puppy Dog Eyes"
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753:Schneider, Avie (10 January 2013).
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276:Hormones and cuteness variation
51:, first introduced by Austrian
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649:2009 June 2;106(22):9115–9119.
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2151:Why Beauty Matters
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1942:Magnificence
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1575:Coomaraswamy
1493:Philosophers
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1412:Aestheticism
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659:"cute, adj."
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484:adding to it
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452:Cute animals
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300:progesterone
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141:neurocranium
130:
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32:
31:
18:
2035:(c. 335 BC)
2025:(c. 390 BC)
2004:Work of art
1957:Picturesque
1813:Avant-garde
1770:Winckelmann
1645:Kierkegaard
1570:Collingwood
1540:Baudrillard
1467:Romanticism
1437:Historicism
1371:Mathematics
1127:(1): 6–11.
535:tardigrades
516:experiments
353:experiments
324:personality
216:Barry Bogin
60:baby schema
2281:Categories
1974:Recreation
1952:Perception
1845:Creativity
1545:Baumgarten
1535:Baudelaire
1417:Classicism
1332:Aesthetics
1054:Emotion, 9
798:hard cover
764:13 January
705:22 January
615:References
546:chocolates
386:cardioidal
366:adaptation
53:ethologist
45:appearance
1979:Reverence
1885:Eroticism
1855:Depiction
1828:Masculine
1730:Santayana
1690:Nietzsche
1635:Hutcheson
1625:Heidegger
1610:Greenberg
1565:Coleridge
1530:Balthasar
1515:Aristotle
1477:Theosophy
1472:Symbolism
1447:Modernism
1432:Formalism
897:CiteSeerX
361:Operation
229:mammalian
221:allometry
168:reference
2287:Ethology
2254:Category
2186:Axiology
2055:(c. 500)
2045:(c. 100)
1920:Judgment
1875:Emotions
1870:Elegance
1850:Cuteness
1823:Feminine
1786:Concepts
1755:Tanizaki
1735:Schiller
1720:Richards
1710:Rancière
1680:Maritain
1615:Hanslick
1555:Benjamin
1427:Feminism
1396:Theology
1376:Medieval
1366:Japanese
1361:Internet
1295:Cuteness
1282:cuteness
1037:22267884
1007:Ethology
919:19175530
700:52840802
578:See also
428:doe eyes
304:estrogen
257:hormones
84:mandible
49:ethology
33:Cuteness
2249:Outline
2164:Related
2031:Poetics
1999:Tragedy
1989:Sublime
1962:Quality
1947:Mimesis
1905:Harmony
1890:Fashion
1865:Ecstasy
1860:Disgust
1776:more...
1745:Scruton
1670:Lyotard
1605:Goodman
1585:Deleuze
1520:Aquinas
1510:Alberti
1483:more...
1462:Realism
1442:Marxism
1422:Fascism
1405:Schools
1391:Science
1346:Ancient
1168:1127949
1028:3260535
927:1040565
609:Neoteny
523:biology
514:in two
512:stimuli
508:kittens
504:puppies
408:cranium
357:stimuli
345:adopted
209:neoteny
160:maxilla
119:Germany
115:Baroque
80:maxilla
2155:(2009)
2145:(1977)
2135:(1946)
2125:(1939)
2115:(1935)
2105:(1934)
2095:(1933)
2085:(1891)
2075:(1835)
2065:(1757)
1932:Kitsch
1910:Humour
1840:Comedy
1818:Beauty
1760:Vasari
1750:Tagore
1725:Ruskin
1665:Lukács
1655:Langer
1600:Goethe
1525:Balázs
1505:Adorno
1386:Nature
1351:Africa
1166:
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1035:
1025:
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899:
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723:
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596:Kawaii
584:Beauty
553:larvae
531:Kansas
295:cohort
248:gender
2244:Index
2013:Works
1994:Taste
1984:Style
1765:Wilde
1705:Plato
1700:Pater
1660:Lipps
1620:Hegel
1590:Dewey
1580:Danto
1560:Burke
1381:Music
1356:India
1339:Areas
1164:JSTOR
1073:, in
986:(hbk)
923:S2CID
696:S2CID
463:puppy
423:Bambi
225:skull
41:youth
1968:Rasa
1926:Kama
1900:Gaze
1835:Camp
1715:Rand
1650:Klee
1640:Kant
1630:Hume
1550:Bell
1203:Link
1186:Link
1104:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1058:Link
1033:PMID
980:ISBN
915:PMID
792:ISBN
780:link
766:2013
721:ISBN
707:2017
506:and
302:and
189:fMRI
82:and
43:and
25:and
1895:Fun
1675:Man
1595:Fry
1156:doi
1129:doi
1023:PMC
1015:doi
1011:115
953:doi
907:doi
864:doi
832:doi
688:doi
529:in
525:at
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
