124:
102:
239:. As the common name would suggest, many members of the group live a subterranean lifestyle, burrowing into soil using their head and forelegs, only emerging to mate and then laying their eggs in soil. Other members of the group are not burrowers, and live above the soil layer, often in close association with plants. Several species are known as agricultural pests.
275:
Cydnidae in subfamilies
Cydninae and Cephalocteinae live mostly in soil and feed on roots of plants. Those in subfamilies Parastrachinae, Sehirinae and Thyreocorinae instead live on aboveground parts of plants. Adults are attracted to light and sometimes in large numbers.
255:
combs, while the apices of the mid and hind coxae are fringed with rigid setae. The tibiae of the legs (also often the head and pronotum) have spines. The tarsi of the legs are 3-segmented and often reduced.
247:
Burrowing bugs range from 2 to 20 mm in length. They are dark, ovoid in shape and highly sclerotised. The head is generally subquadrate to semicircular in shape, and has a pair of 5-segmented
3098:
3137:
967:"Burrower Bugs (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) in Peanut: Seasonal Species Abundance, Tillage Effects, Grade Reduction Effects, Insecticide Efficacy, and Management"
3072:
3111:
1009:"Fromundus pygmaeus (Dallas, 1851), the first species of the genus Fromundus Distant, 1901 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae) recorded in Egypt"
1155:
1088:"Phylogeny of the Infraorder Pentatomomorpha Based on Fossil and Extant Morphology, with Description of a New Fossil Family from China"
3116:
3216:
3124:
2981:
2958:
263:
in the thorax (adults) or the lateral part of the abdomen (nymphs) that secrete a foul-smelling mix of chemicals for
3142:
3051:
927:
780:
gen. et spec. nov., the first burrower bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomoidea: Cydnidae) in Upper
Cretaceous Burmese amber"
3064:
123:
809:
264:
1148:
838:"Morphological Phylogeny of New Cretaceous Fossils Elucidates the Early History of Soil Dwelling Among Bugs"
661:
642:
2911:
2986:
3173:
1024:
210:
581:
408:
3152:
3020:
2053:
657:
468:
371:
2774:
2515:
2275:
2100:
2784:
2473:
2447:
717:
696:
677:
625:
533:
504:
476:
457:
2074:
1951:
1942:
1141:
1068:
601:
571:
543:
446:
118:
3178:
650:
635:
611:
492:
424:
686:
561:
3211:
3160:
3007:
1734:
1694:
1456:
1119:
986:
947:
248:
3103:
3188:
3165:
2817:
2759:
2754:
2588:
2499:
2262:
2040:
2032:
1959:
1742:
1604:
1109:
1099:
1060:
1012:
978:
939:
849:
791:
435:
377:
2812:
2779:
2718:
2622:
2617:
2554:
2529:
2270:
2123:
1964:
1928:
1918:
1900:
1836:
1491:
1224:
1037:
754:
750:
724:
464:
319:
1051:
Dolling, W. R. (1981). "A rationalized classification of the burrower bugs (Cydnidae)".
299:
is the most abundant and the only one associated with feeding injury to peanut kernels.
3059:
3046:
2949:
2838:
2596:
2478:
2241:
2212:
2014:
1923:
1908:
1779:
1766:
1673:
1644:
1524:
1428:
1312:
1271:
1114:
1087:
1064:
101:
3205:
2886:
2874:
2846:
2705:
2645:
2627:
2583:
2567:
2452:
2437:
2335:
2084:
2069:
2061:
1795:
1718:
1710:
1620:
1496:
1433:
1398:
1359:
1346:
1281:
1261:
813:
746:
382:
291:
As of 2003, there were 27 cydnid species reported as crop pests and six that feed on
224:
195:
59:
1072:
3012:
2807:
2658:
2483:
2442:
2404:
2387:
2373:
2361:
2314:
2306:
2152:
2139:
2105:
1913:
1880:
1826:
1702:
1665:
1628:
1583:
1408:
1333:
1325:
1236:
1208:
943:
1007:
Shehta, Manar; Sawaby, Rabab F.; Gad-Allah, Sohair; Okely, Mohammed (2022-09-15).
795:
1104:
749:), which are known commonly as "negro bugs" or "ebony bugs", and/or the families
3129:
3085:
2963:
2943:
2882:
2825:
2736:
2671:
2653:
2635:
2604:
2432:
2233:
1981:
1873:
1831:
1821:
1816:
1726:
1657:
1649:
1612:
1481:
1476:
1418:
1390:
1373:
899:
591:
337:
228:
185:
34:
2769:
2728:
2710:
2491:
2396:
2293:
2285:
2249:
2166:
1808:
1681:
1599:
1486:
1471:
1466:
1443:
1351:
1338:
1276:
1266:
1245:
732:
390:
79:
44:
2934:
990:
951:
854:
837:
3033:
2789:
2749:
2741:
2681:
2666:
2640:
2538:
2412:
2191:
2183:
2147:
1998:
1849:
1841:
1787:
1686:
1573:
1403:
1196:
1184:
1165:
1133:
982:
707:
311:
175:
155:
135:
84:
1123:
1016:
966:
2994:
2973:
2928:
2854:
2797:
2697:
2689:
2546:
2507:
2420:
2327:
2204:
2131:
2019:
2006:
1758:
1750:
1636:
1544:
1536:
1451:
1438:
1423:
1413:
1202:
669:
397:
74:
69:
54:
49:
39:
2802:
2764:
2465:
2457:
2340:
2220:
1461:
315:
89:
64:
2999:
872:
3090:
1307:
1291:
1190:
1178:
928:"Cydnidae (Burrowing Bug) Pigmentation: A Novel Arthropod Dermatosis"
728:
439:
386:
345:
323:
292:
280:
165:
145:
3077:
2905:
1008:
3038:
2878:
1557:
260:
307:
252:
2909:
1870:
1521:
1221:
1137:
1086:
Yao, Yunzhi; Ren, Dong; Rider, David A.; Cai, Wanzhi (2012).
745:
348:
on skin (usually on the feet) with its defensive secretions.
3025:
926:
Malhotra, Amit K.; Lis, Jerzy A.; Ramam, M. (2015-02-01).
329:
Some cydnids are medically important. The aforementioned
836:
Du, S.; Gu, L.; Engel, M. S.; Ren, D.; Yao, Y. (2022).
775:
1705:(cottony cushion scales, giant coccids, ground pearls)
2885:. Heteroptera with Coleorrhyncha were referred to as
2918:
2837:
2727:
2680:
2566:
2537:
2528:
2395:
2386:
2360:
2326:
2305:
2284:
2261:
2232:
2203:
2182:
2165:
2122:
2083:
2052:
2031:
1997:
1980:
1950:
1941:
1899:
1807:
1778:
1582:
1556:
1535:
1389:
1372:
1324:
1290:
1244:
1235:
831:
829:
2494:(assassin bugs, wheel bugs, thread-legged bugs)
965:Chapin, Jay W.; Thomas, James S. (2003-08-01).
774:Jerzy A. Lis; Barbara Lis; Ernst Heiss (2018).
1149:
259:Similar to other pentatomoids, Cydnidae have
8:
2906:
2534:
2392:
2357:
2179:
2119:
1994:
1947:
1896:
1892:
1867:
1532:
1518:
1386:
1241:
1232:
1218:
1156:
1142:
1134:
100:
20:
1113:
1103:
853:
741:In some older classifications, Cydnidae
766:
1033:
1022:
7:
3153:518c4147-edfd-4a98-ae56-cc941d7e5d82
3065:04e89a4a-a8db-412c-800d-bf1c1e0611c2
2648:(jewel bugs or metallic shield bugs)
1002:
1000:
921:
919:
894:
892:
867:
865:
359:includes the following subfamilies:
2460:(plant bugs, leaf bugs, grass bugs)
2407:(minute pirate bugs or flower bugs)
2064:(marsh treaders or water measurers)
1065:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1981.tb00016.x
873:"Family Cydnidae - Burrowing Bugs"
842:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
711:Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843
385:, Myanmar, mid Cretaceous (latest
14:
2599:(giant shield bugs and relatives)
1354:(typical treehoppers, thorn bugs)
295:. Of the peanut-feeding species,
122:
2792:(milkweed bugs, true seed bugs)
2700:(squash bugs, leaf-footed bugs)
1967:(unique-headed bugs, gnat bugs)
2223:(water scorpions, needle bugs)
971:Journal of Economic Entomology
944:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.2715
283:, unlike other heteropterans.
1:
900:"Australian Faunal Directory"
796:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.017
497:Pinto & de Ornellas, 1974
462:Pinto & de Ornellas, 1974
251:. The coxae of the legs have
1105:10.1371/journal.pone.0037289
660:, Russia, Early Cretaceous,
2849:(red bugs, cotton stainers)
438:, China, Early Cretaceous (
3233:
279:Cydnidae feed on sap from
113:Type genus for the family
2870:
2356:
2118:
1895:
1891:
1866:
1676:(pupillarial palm scales)
1531:
1517:
1231:
1217:
1173:
265:defense against predators
119:Scientific classification
117:
108:
99:
23:
855:10.3389/fevo.2022.908044
352:Subfamilies and taxonomy
1790:(woolly conifer aphids)
778:Chilamnestocoris mixtus
528:Mulsant & Rey, 1866
522:Mulsant & Rey, 1866
487:Yixian Formation, China
2713:(scentless plant bugs)
1713:(Mediterranean scales)
1032:Cite journal requires
1017:10.5281/ZENODO.7058518
515:Burmese Amber, Myanmar
499:Codo Formation, Brazil
419:Burmese Amber, Myanmar
3174:Paleobiology Database
2857:(bordered plant bugs)
2630:(includes ebony bugs)
2296:(creeping water bugs)
1053:Systematic Entomology
983:10.1093/jee/96.4.1142
662:Gurvan-Eren Formation
643:Gurvan-Eren Formation
3217:Heteroptera families
3060:Fauna Europaea (new)
2828:(ash-grey leaf bugs)
2820:(atypical seed bugs)
2486:(old world bat bugs)
2415:(bed bugs, bat bugs)
2343:(pygmy backswimmers)
2252:(velvety shore bugs)
1844:(jumping plant lice)
2692:(broad-headed bugs)
2043:(velvet water bugs)
1631:(ornate pit scales)
904:biodiversity.org.au
784:Cretaceous Research
342:Chilocoris assmuthi
340:from humans, while
297:Pangaeus bilineatus
2215:(giant water bugs)
2142:(spiny shore bugs)
2075:Paraphrynoveliidae
1988:(semiaquatic bugs)
1943:Enicocephalomorpha
1737:(phenacoleachiids)
1735:Phenacoleachiidae
1697:(false pit scales)
1695:Lecanodiaspididae
848:: Article 908044.
727:, United Kingdom,
645:, Mongolia, Aptian
314:, fallen seeds of
304:Fromundus pygmaeus
16:Family of true bug
3199:
3198:
3161:Open Tree of Life
2912:Taxon identifiers
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2850:
2829:
2821:
2818:Rhyparochromidae
2793:
2745:
2714:
2701:
2693:
2662:
2649:
2631:
2613:
2600:
2592:
2589:Acanthosomatidae
2576:
2558:
2550:
2524:
2523:
2511:
2503:
2502:(royal palm bugs)
2500:Thaumastocoridae
2495:
2487:
2469:
2461:
2428:
2416:
2408:
2382:
2381:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2318:
2297:
2253:
2245:
2224:
2216:
2195:
2175:
2173:(true water bugs)
2161:
2160:
2143:
2135:
2114:
2113:
2093:
2065:
2044:
2023:
2010:
1990:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1937:
1936:
1886:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1845:
1799:
1791:
1770:
1762:
1761:(giant mealybugs)
1754:
1746:
1743:Phoenicococcidae
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1605:Asterolecaniidae
1592:
1566:
1548:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1457:Hypochthonellidae
1447:
1382:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1342:
1316:
1300:
1254:
218:
217:
214:
3224:
3192:
3191:
3182:
3181:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3133:
3132:
3130:NBNSYS0000159807
3120:
3119:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
3016:
3015:
3003:
3002:
2990:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2907:
2877:are a different
2872:
2856:
2848:
2827:
2819:
2791:
2760:Cryptorhamphidae
2755:Colobathristidae
2743:
2712:
2699:
2691:
2660:
2647:
2629:
2612:(burrowing bugs)
2611:
2598:
2590:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2556:
2555:Termitaphididae
2548:
2535:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2467:
2459:
2425:Curalium cronini
2422:
2414:
2406:
2393:
2366:
2358:
2342:
2316:
2295:
2263:Aphelocheiroidea
2251:
2243:
2222:
2214:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2141:
2133:
2120:
2094:
2092:
2091:(water treaders)
2089:
2063:
2042:
2021:
2009:(water striders)
2008:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1966:
1965:Enicocephalidae
1960:Aenictopecheidae
1952:Enicocephaloidea
1948:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1868:
1843:
1797:
1789:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1675:
1667:
1660:(armored scales)
1659:
1651:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1606:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1546:
1533:
1519:
1445:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1353:
1340:
1314:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1242:
1233:
1219:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1004:
995:
994:
977:(4): 1142–1152.
962:
956:
955:
932:JAMA Dermatology
923:
914:
913:
911:
910:
896:
887:
886:
884:
883:
869:
860:
859:
857:
833:
824:
823:
821:
820:
806:
800:
799:
771:
723:
712:
702:
701:Linnavuori, 1993
692:
682:
681:Froeschner, 1960
674:
656:
641:
630:
617:
607:
597:
587:
582:Pseudostibaropus
577:
567:
557:
556:Froeschner, 1960
549:
539:
529:
523:
520:Cephalocteninae
514:
498:
486:
471:, Brazil, Aptian
463:
452:
436:Yixian Formation
434:
418:
409:Chilamnestocoris
403:
381:
366:
344:can cause brown
306:, which attacks
302:Another pest is
223:are a family of
209:
127:
126:
110:Cydnus aterrimus
104:
94:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3097:
3089:
3084:
3076:
3071:
3063:
3058:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3011:
3006:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2914:
2904:
2891:
2862:
2833:
2813:Pachygronthidae
2780:Heterogastridae
2723:
2719:Stenocephalidae
2676:
2623:Parastrachiidae
2618:Thaumastellidae
2597:Tessaratomidae
2573:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2530:Pentatomomorpha
2520:
2378:
2365:(Coleorrhyncha)
2364:
2363:
2362:Peloridiomorpha
2348:
2322:
2301:
2280:
2271:Aphelocheiridae
2257:
2242:Gelastocoridae
2228:
2213:Belostomatidae
2199:
2194:(water boatmen)
2172:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2124:Leptopodomorpha
2110:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2048:
2027:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1972:
1933:
1929:Stemmocryptidae
1919:Hypsipterygidae
1901:Dipsocoromorpha
1887:
1883:
1877:
1854:
1837:Phacopteronidae
1803:
1774:
1769:(stictococcids)
1767:Stictococcidae
1751:Pseudococcidae
1729:(ensign scales)
1674:Halimococcidae
1590:(scale insects)
1589:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1527:
1501:
1492:Tettigometridae
1379:
1377:
1376:
1364:
1320:
1315:(hairy cicadas)
1313:Tettigarctidae
1297:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1227:
1225:Auchenorrhyncha
1213:
1169:
1162:
1132:
1131:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1031:
1021:
1006:
1005:
998:
964:
963:
959:
925:
924:
917:
908:
906:
898:
897:
890:
881:
879:
871:
870:
863:
835:
834:
827:
818:
816:
808:
807:
803:
773:
772:
768:
763:
755:Parastrachiidae
751:Thaumastellidae
725:Bembridge Marls
721:
710:
700:
690:
680:
672:
654:
639:
628:
615:
605:
595:
585:
575:
565:
555:
547:
537:
527:
526:Cephaloctenini
521:
508:
496:
480:
465:Crato Formation
461:
450:
428:
412:
401:
375:
364:
354:
289:
273:
245:
227:bugs, known by
208:
121:
112:
95:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3230:
3228:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3170:
3157:
3147:
3134:
3121:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3069:
3056:
3047:Fauna Europaea
3043:
3030:
3017:
3004:
2991:
2978:
2968:
2955:
2940:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2847:Pyrrhocoridae
2843:
2841:
2839:Pyrrhocoroidea
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2651:
2646:Scutelleridae
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:Thyreocoridae
2625:
2620:
2615:
2607:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2557:(termite bugs)
2552:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2479:Plokiophilidae
2476:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2418:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2317:(backswimmers)
2311:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:Hydrometridae
2058:
2056:
2054:Hydrometroidea
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2015:Hermatobatidae
2012:
2003:
2001:
1992:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1924:Schizopteridae
1921:
1916:
1911:
1909:Ceratocombidae
1905:
1903:
1889:
1888:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1798:(phylloxerans)
1796:Phylloxeridae
1793:
1784:
1782:
1780:Phylloxeroidea
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1721:(giant scales)
1719:Monophlebidae
1716:
1711:Micrococcidae
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1650:Dactylopiidae
1647:
1645:Conchaspididae
1642:
1634:
1626:
1623:(carayonemids)
1621:Carayonemidae
1618:
1610:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1525:Sternorrhyncha
1522:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1446:(lanternflies)
1441:
1436:
1431:
1429:Dictyopharidae
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1384:
1380:(planthoppers)
1370:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:Clastopteridae
1269:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1078:
1043:
1034:|journal=
996:
957:
915:
888:
861:
825:
801:
765:
764:
762:
759:
739:
738:
737:
736:
705:
704:
703:
693:
675:
673:Billberg, 1820
667:
666:
665:
658:Daya Formation
646:
622:
621:
620:
619:
618:
608:
606:Signoret, 1882
598:
588:
578:
568:
552:
551:
550:
540:
518:
517:
516:
500:
488:
472:
469:Codo Formation
453:
443:
420:
404:
394:
376:Du, Yao &
372:Acanthamnestus
353:
350:
336:facultatively
288:
285:
272:
269:
244:
241:
233:burrowing bugs
216:
215:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
32:
30:Aptian–Present
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3229:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2888:
2887:Prosorrhyncha
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:Coleorrhyncha
2869:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:Henicocoridae
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2706:Hyocephalidae
2704:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2659:Pentatomidae
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2591:(shield bugs)
2587:
2585:
2584:Urostylididae
2582:
2581:
2579:
2574:(shield bugs)
2569:
2568:Pentatomoidea
2565:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2516:Velocipedidae
2514:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:Polyctenidae
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2468:(damsel bugs)
2464:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2453:Microphysidae
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Lasiochilidae
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:Anthocoridae
2403:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2336:Helotrephidae
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2315:Notonectidae
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2307:Notonectoidea
2304:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2276:Potamocoridae
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2140:Leptopodidae
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Madeoveliidae
2099:
2098:
2096:
2086:
2085:Mesovelioidea
2082:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2070:Macroveliidae
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2022:(riffle bugs)
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1881:Coleorrhyncha
1875:
1869:
1865:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1745:(palm scales)
1741:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:Margarodidae
1701:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1668:(felt scales)
1666:Eriococcidae
1664:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1639:(soft scales)
1635:
1633:
1629:Cerococcidae
1627:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1498:
1497:Tropiduchidae
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1434:Eurybrachidae
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:Acanaloniidae
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1375:
1374:Fulgoromorpha
1371:
1361:
1360:Myerslopiidae
1358:
1356:
1350:
1348:
1347:Melizoderidae
1345:
1343:
1341:(leafhoppers)
1339:Cicadellidae
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1282:Machaerotidae
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Aphrophoridae
1260:
1259:
1257:
1252:(froghoppers)
1247:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1098:(5): e37289.
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
920:
916:
905:
901:
895:
893:
889:
878:
874:
868:
866:
862:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
832:
830:
826:
815:
814:Discover Life
811:
805:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
779:
770:
767:
760:
758:
756:
752:
748:
747:Thyreocoridae
744:
734:
730:
726:
720:
719:
714:
713:
709:
706:
699:
698:
694:
689:
688:
684:
683:
679:
676:
671:
668:
663:
659:
653:
652:
647:
644:
638:
637:
632:
631:
627:
623:
614:
613:
609:
604:
603:
599:
594:
593:
589:
584:
583:
579:
574:
573:
569:
564:
563:
559:
558:
554:Scaptocorini
553:
546:
545:
541:
536:
535:
531:
530:
525:
524:
519:
512:
507:
506:
501:
495:
494:
489:
484:
479:
478:
473:
470:
466:
460:
459:
454:
449:
448:
444:
441:
437:
432:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
410:
405:
400:
399:
395:
392:
388:
384:
383:Burmese Amber
379:
374:
373:
368:
367:
362:
361:
360:
358:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
332:
327:
325:
321:
318:and roots of
317:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
286:
284:
282:
277:
270:
268:
266:
262:
257:
254:
250:
242:
240:
238:
237:burrower bugs
234:
230:
226:
222:
212:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:Pentatomoidea
194:
192:Superfamily:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
111:
107:
103:
98:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
22:
19:
2919:
2826:Piesmatidae
2808:Oxycarenidae
2785:Idiostolidae
2744:(stilt bugs)
2661:(stink bugs)
2609:
2474:Pachynomidae
2448:Medocostidae
2443:Lyctocoridae
2424:
2388:Cimicomorpha
2374:Peloridiidae
2153:Aepophilidae
2134:(shore bugs)
2106:Mesoveliidae
1914:Dipsocoridae
1827:Carsidaridae
1727:Ortheziidae
1689:(lac scales)
1658:Diaspididae
1652:(cochineals)
1615:(beesoniids)
1613:Beesoniidae
1607:(pit scales)
1547:(whiteflies)
1545:Aleyrodidae
1537:Aleyrodoidea
1409:Achilixiidae
1352:Membracidae
1334:Aetalionidae
1326:Membracoidea
1237:Cicadomorpha
1209:Paraneoptera
1207:Superorder:
1201:Infraclass:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1059:(1): 61–76.
1056:
1052:
1046:
1025:cite journal
974:
970:
960:
935:
931:
907:. Retrieved
903:
880:. Retrieved
877:bugguide.net
876:
845:
841:
817:. Retrieved
804:
787:
783:
777:
769:
742:
740:
718:Eocenocydnus
716:
697:Garsauriella
695:
691:Walker, 1868
685:
678:Garsauriinae
649:
634:
626:Clavicorinae
616:Dallas, 1851
610:
600:
590:
580:
576:Becker, 1967
570:
560:
542:
538:Dufour, 1834
534:Cephalocteus
532:
510:
505:Punctacorona
503:
491:
482:
477:Orienicydnus
475:
458:Latiscutella
456:
445:
430:
423:
414:
407:
402:Dallas, 1851
396:
370:
356:
355:
341:
333:
330:
328:
303:
301:
296:
290:
278:
274:
258:
246:
236:
232:
229:common names
220:
219:
205:
109:
18:
3086:iNaturalist
2944:Wikispecies
2883:Heteroptera
2737:Artheneidae
2711:Rhopalidae
2672:Megarididae
2654:Plataspidae
2636:Lestoniidae
2605:Dinidoridae
2549:(flat bugs)
2510:(lace bugs)
2492:Reduviidae
2433:Joppeicidae
2421:Curaliidae
2294:Naucoridae
2286:Naucoroidea
2250:Ochteridae
2244:(toad bugs)
2234:Ochteroidea
1982:Gerromorpha
1874:Heteroptera
1832:Homotomidae
1822:Calophyidae
1817:Aphalaridae
1753:(mealybugs)
1482:Nogodinidae
1477:Meenoplidae
1444:Fulgoridae
1419:Delphacidae
1391:Fulgoroidea
1246:Cercopoidea
790:: 257–262.
722:Popov, 2019
655:Popov, 1986
640:Popov, 1986
629:Popov, 1986
602:Schiodtella
596:Perty, 1833
592:Scaptocoris
572:Atarsocoris
544:Heissocteus
447:Lattinestus
363:Amnestinae
338:sucks blood
310:seedlings,
243:Description
225:pentatomoid
186:Heteroptera
3206:Categories
2790:Lygaeidae
2770:Geocoridae
2742:Berytidae
2729:Lygaeoidea
2413:Cimicidae
2397:Cimicoidea
2192:Corixidae
2184:Corixoidea
2167:Nepomorpha
1842:Psyllidae
1809:Psylloidea
1788:Adelgidae
1687:Kerriidae
1682:Kermesidae
1600:Aclerdidae
1558:Aphidoidea
1487:Ricaniidae
1472:Lophopidae
1467:Kinnaridae
1292:Cicadoidea
1277:Epipygidae
1267:Cercopidae
1195:Subclass:
1185:Arthropoda
938:(2): 232.
909:2023-01-05
882:2023-01-05
819:2007-03-09
810:"Cydnidae"
761:References
743:sensu lato
733:Priabonian
664:, Mongolia
651:Cretacoris
636:Clavicoris
612:Stibaropus
493:Pricecoris
451:Eger, 2008
425:Cilicydnus
391:Cenomanian
389:-earliest
365:Hart, 1919
287:Importance
231:including
182:Suborder:
156:Arthropoda
2855:Largidae
2750:Blissidae
2698:Coreidae
2690:Alydidae
2682:Coreoidea
2667:Canopidae
2641:Phloeidae
2610:Cydnidae
2547:Aradidae
2539:Aradoidea
2508:Tingidae
2148:Omaniidae
2132:Saldidae
2041:Hebridae
2033:Hebroidea
2020:Veliidae
2007:Gerridae
1999:Gerroidea
1872:Suborder
1850:Triozidae
1759:Putoidae
1637:Coccidae
1584:Coccoidea
1574:Aphididae
1523:Suborder
1404:Achilidae
1308:Cicadidae
1298:(cicadas)
1223:Suborder
1197:Pterygota
1177:Kingdom:
1166:Hemiptera
991:1938-291X
952:2168-6068
708:Sehirinae
687:Garsauria
586:Lis, 1991
566:Lis, 1999
562:Afroropus
548:Lis, 2006
312:sugarcane
176:Hemiptera
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
3212:Cydnidae
2995:BugGuide
2971:BioLib:
2964:CYDNIDAE
2950:Cydnidae
2929:Wikidata
2920:Cydnidae
2798:Malcidae
2466:Nabidae
2458:Miridae
2341:Pleidae
2328:Pleoidea
2221:Nepidae
2205:Nepoidea
1564:(aphids)
1452:Gengidae
1439:Flatidae
1424:Derbidae
1414:Cixiidae
1203:Neoptera
1183:Phylum:
1179:Animalia
1168:families
1124:22655038
1092:PLOS ONE
1073:84097067
670:Cydninae
398:Amnestus
334:pygmaeus
249:antennae
221:Cydnidae
211:Billberg
206:Cydnidae
202:Family:
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
24:Cydnidae
2935:Q616135
2803:Ninidae
2765:Cymidae
1462:Issidae
1191:Insecta
1189:Class:
1164:Extant
1115:3360028
346:lesions
320:soybean
316:grasses
271:Ecology
172:Order:
166:Insecta
162:Class:
3189:391927
3186:uBio:
3179:176543
3166:189555
3150:NZOR:
3143:236375
3117:108550
3104:105053
3039:1CYDNF
2987:195616
2873:Note:
1122:
1112:
1071:
989:
950:
729:Eocene
513:, 2019
511:et al.
485:, 2007
483:et al.
440:Aptian
433:, 2007
431:et al.
417:, 2018
415:et al.
387:Albian
380:, 2022
357:BioLib
324:clover
293:peanut
281:phloem
261:glands
213:, 1820
3099:IRMNG
3091:57843
3052:12853
3013:624H7
2974:17117
2881:from
2879:clade
1878:(with
1069:S2CID
509:Wang
378:Engel
253:setal
3138:NCBI
3112:ITIS
3078:6989
3073:GBIF
3034:EPPO
3000:6980
2982:BOLD
1120:PMID
1038:help
987:ISSN
948:ISSN
753:and
481:Yao
429:Yao
413:Lis
322:and
308:rice
35:PreꞒ
3125:NBN
3026:574
3021:EoL
3008:CoL
2959:AFD
1110:PMC
1100:doi
1061:doi
1013:doi
979:doi
940:doi
936:151
850:doi
792:doi
235:or
3208::
3176::
3163::
3140::
3127::
3114::
3101::
3088::
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3062::
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1118:.
1108:.
1094:.
1090:.
1067:.
1055:.
1029::
1027:}}
1023:{{
1011:.
999:^
985:.
975:96
973:.
969:.
946:.
934:.
930:.
918:^
902:.
891:^
875:.
864:^
846:10
844:.
840:.
828:^
812:.
788:91
786:.
782:.
757:.
467:,
331:F.
326:.
267:.
85:Pg
2889:.
2427:)
2423:(
1884:)
1157:e
1150:t
1143:v
1126:.
1102::
1096:7
1075:.
1063::
1057:6
1040:)
1036:(
1019:.
1015::
993:.
981::
954:.
942::
912:.
885:.
858:.
852::
822:.
798:.
794::
776:"
735:)
731:(
715:†
648:†
633:†
624:†
502:†
490:†
474:†
455:†
442:)
422:†
406:†
393:)
369:†
90:N
80:K
75:J
70:T
65:P
60:C
55:D
50:S
45:O
40:Ꞓ
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