454:
6062:
6067:
5498:
2819:
5196:
194:
7672:
5208:
7877:
5531:
5202:
519:
406:
4675:
6778:
6772:
6766:
4680:
7667:
827:
839:
627:
875:
863:
124:
851:
717:
originated from probainognathian cynodonts during the Late
Triassic. Early Mammaliaformes were small bodied insectivores. Only two groups of non-mammaliaform cynodonts existed beyond the end of the Triassic, both belonging to Probainognathia. The first is the insectivorous
446:, who were the closest relatives of cynodonts. (However, the secondary palate of cynodonts primarily comprises the maxillae and palatines as in mammals, whereas the secondary palate of the therocephalians primarily comprises the maxillae and the vomer.) The
766:
in the roof of the mouth. This caused air flow from the nostrils to travel to a position in the back of the mouth instead of directly through it, allowing cynodonts to chew and breathe at the same time. This characteristic is present in all mammals.
540:
on their snout bones, similar to reptiles. This suggests that they had immobile, non-muscular lips like those of lizards, and lacked muscular cheeks. As a muscular, mobile face is necessary to perform whisking movements and to avoid damage to
557:
bones. These served to strengthen the torso and support abdominal and hindlimb musculature, aiding them in the development of an erect gait, but at the expense of prolonged pregnancy, forcing these animals to give birth to highly
549:
cynodonts, the group that includes mammals, the foramina are replaced by a single large infraorbital foramen, which indicates that the face had become muscular and that whiskers would have been present.
592:
does indeed demonstrate that at least tritylodontids already had a fundamentally marsupial-like reproductive style, but produced much higher litters at around 38 perinates or possibly eggs.
699:. During the Early and Middle Triassic, cynodont diversity was dominated by members of Cynognathia, and members of Probainognathia would not become prominent until the Late Triassic (early
3418:
3147:
Jason A. Lillegraven, Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, William A. Clemens, Mesozoic
Mammals: The First Two-Thirds of Mammalian History, University of California Press, 17 December 1979 – 321
726:, which first appeared in the latest Triassic, which were abundant and diverse during the Jurassic, predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere, persisted into the Early Cretaceous (
3314:
Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Kammerer, Christian F. (22 October 2018). "Non-Mammalian synapsids: the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, Frank; Asher, Robert (eds.).
687:. Peak disparity in cynodonts occurred from the Induan to the Carnian and in the middle Norian. Post-Early Triassic cynodonts were dominated by members of the advanced clade
389:, both as carnivores and as herbivores. Following the emergence of mammals, most other cynodont lines went extinct, with the last known non-mammaliaform cynodont group, the
3903:
3208:
Meng, Qing-Jin; Grossnickle, David M.; Di, Liu; Zhang, Yu-Guang; Neander, April I.; Ji, Qiang; Luo, Zhe-Xi (2017). "New gliding mammaliaforms from the
Jurassic".
3013:"The Evolution of the Maxillary Canal in Probainognathia (Cynodontia, Synapsida): Reassessment of the Homology of the Infraorbital Foramen in Mammalian Ancestors"
3259:
Tolchard, Frederick; Kammerer, Christian F.; Butler, Richard J.; Hendrickx, Christophe; Benoit, Julien; Abdala, Fernando; Choiniere, Jonah N. (26 July 2021).
3700:
3688:
7995:
3898:
2900:
Bajdek, Piotr (2015). "Microbiota and food residues including possible evidence of pre-mammalian hair in Upper
Permian coprolites from Russia".
6061:
3720:
S. H. Haughton and A. S. Brink. 1954. A bibliographical list of
Reptilia from the Karroo Beds of South Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 2:1–187
2832:
684:
367:
3547:
3333:
7990:
5567:
612:, which has been estimated to have a maximum skull length of approximately 617 millimetres (24.3 in) based on a fragmentary specimen.
8000:
6066:
3940:
709:) having been found in the Northern Hemisphere. Among the most dominant groups of Middle and Late Triassic cynodonts is the herbivorous
786:(1913) reranked Cynodontia as an infraorder, since retained by others, including Colbert and Kitching (1977), Carroll (1988), Gauthier
2847:
3792:
453:
3876:
Hopson, J.A.; Kitching, J.W. (2001). "A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of non-mammalian cynodonts".
5497:
3157:
Hoffman, Eva A.; Rowe, Timothy B. (2018). "Jurassic stem-mammal perinates and the origin of mammalian reproduction and growth".
3359:"A Basal Nonmammaliaform Cynodont from the Permian of Zambia and the Origins of Mammalian Endocranial and Postcranial Anatomy"
673:. Fossils of Permian cynodonts are relatively rare outside of South Africa, with the most widely distributed genus being
595:
Cynodonts are the only known synapsid lineage to have produced aerial locomotors, with gliding and flying being known in
7671:
659:
150:
5207:
5195:
3011:
Benoit, Julien; Ruf, Irina; Miyamae, Juri A.; Fernandez, Vincent; Rodrigues, Pablo Gusmão; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2020).
2807:
Non-mammalian cynodonts have been found in South
America, India, Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe and North America.
193:
3315:
3770:
5560:
4019:
164:
751:
bones reduced. This move towards a single bone for the mandible paved the way for other bones in the jaw, the
3261:"A new large gomphodont from the Triassic of South Africa and its implications for Gondwanan biostratigraphy"
6777:
4046:
3933:
7743:
7897:
6765:
5399:
5201:
4674:
3731:
156:
6771:
3711:
R. Broom. 1913. A revision of the reptiles of the Karroo. Annals of the South
African Museum 7(6):361–366
7957:
5306:
5280:
422:. The teeth were fully differentiated and the braincase bulged at the back of the head. Outside of some
179:
7666:
6373:
3412:
Ruta, Marcello; Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Mitchell, Stephen A.; Benton, Michael James (22 October 2013).
482:
secreting lipids to coat their fur, but the telltale imprint of this structure is only found from the
7944:
7401:
6835:
6013:
5364:
5332:
3846:
3831:
3743:
3631:
3370:
3358:
3272:
3217:
3166:
3079:
2959:
1553:
890:
from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships:
803:
621:
7803:
7025:
4679:
7431:
6985:
5891:
5553:
5422:
2824:
1794:
1093:
438:
in a more mammal-like skull would have allowed for more robust jaw musculature. They also have the
7713:
7500:
6885:
6353:
6333:
5771:
7985:
7880:
7813:
7565:
7537:
7470:
7265:
7163:
7126:
6965:
6935:
5901:
5751:
5658:
5534:
5081:
4940:
4893:
3926:
3671:
3647:
3600:
3394:
3339:
3296:
3241:
3190:
3121:
3048:
3032:
2837:
1496:
431:
188:
174:
142:
7773:
7493:
7485:
6466:
6213:
3732:"Distribution and diversity patterns of Triassic cynodonts (Therapsida, Cynodontia) in Gondwana"
2276:
7962:
7608:
7723:
7646:
7446:
7272:
7133:
6427:
6227:
5785:
5021:
4994:
3788:
3663:
3655:
3592:
3543:
3505:
3453:
3435:
3386:
3329:
3288:
3233:
3182:
3113:
3095:
3040:
2993:
2975:
1835:
670:
386:
299:
499:
show that more basal therapsids may have had fur, and at any rate fur was already present in
7733:
7530:
7110:
6546:
6457:
6393:
6182:
5051:
4790:
4650:
4293:
3888:
Davis, Dwight (1961). "Origin of the
Mammalian Feeding Mechanism". Am. Zoologist, 1:229–234.
3854:
3751:
3639:
3582:
3535:
3495:
3487:
3443:
3427:
3378:
3321:
3280:
3225:
3174:
3103:
3087:
3024:
2983:
2967:
2909:
2880:
2228:
1903:
1703:
1628:
1396:
1237:
763:
719:
710:
666:
604:
546:
475:
439:
394:
7935:
759:, to migrate to the cranium, where they function as parts of the mammalian hearing system.
478:, but fossil evidence of their fur (or lack thereof) has been elusive. Modern mammals have
7793:
6704:
6590:
6473:
6296:
6243:
6097:
6084:
6025:
5911:
5822:
5801:
5117:
4960:
4900:
4760:
4716:
4004:
2458:
2394:
2328:
2157:
2033:
1145:
913:
723:
696:
479:
443:
390:
379:
305:
3850:
3747:
3635:
3527:
3374:
3276:
3221:
3170:
3083:
2963:
2927:
Estes, Richard (1961). "Cranial anatomy of the cynodont reptile
Thrinaxodon liorhinus".
7844:
7839:
7700:
7579:
7478:
7416:
7140:
6925:
6808:
6795:
6729:
6641:
6606:
6520:
6403:
6280:
5627:
5445:
5376:
5074:
5003:
4923:
4886:
4844:
4835:
4587:
4491:
4436:
4425:
4382:
4348:
4258:
4133:
4031:
3500:
3475:
3448:
3413:
3108:
2988:
2947:
2584:
2499:
2410:
2207:
2182:
1719:
1646:
1578:
1437:
799:
791:
714:
644:
609:
588:
582:
530:
500:
435:
375:
264:
3012:
703:). Almost all Middle Triassic cynodonts are known from Gondwana, with only one genus (
7979:
7849:
7591:
7551:
7359:
7345:
7338:
7294:
7237:
7154:
6995:
6955:
6865:
6690:
6536:
6443:
6313:
6128:
5961:
5854:
5831:
5519:
5388:
5147:
5139:
5060:
5010:
4980:
4970:
4907:
4767:
4725:
4522:
4507:
4480:
4459:
4321:
4314:
4230:
3776:
3675:
3604:
3528:"The Late Triassic Record of Cynodonts: Time of Innovations in the Mammalian Lineage"
3476:"The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity"
3414:"The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity"
3398:
3300:
3245:
3194:
3052:
1762:
1603:
1052:
986:
963:
831:
705:
675:
655:
640:
576:
483:
411:
322:
81:
3832:"A Late Triassic Traversodont Cynodont From the Newark Supergroup of North Carolina"
3619:
3343:
3068:"Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits"
2948:"Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits"
405:
7854:
7830:
7825:
7515:
7457:
7323:
7309:
7230:
7216:
7186:
7005:
6895:
6845:
6711:
6627:
6599:
6494:
6487:
6480:
6436:
6257:
6158:
6118:
5988:
5972:
5945:
5524:
5514:
5478:
5338:
5295:
5269:
5131:
5067:
4872:
4858:
4851:
4774:
4746:
4473:
4389:
4328:
4272:
4265:
4223:
4216:
4209:
4158:
3858:
3125:
2634:
2542:
2346:
2294:
1419:
1200:
1159:
795:
783:
775:
756:
688:
524:
505:
487:
467:
359:
352:
282:
136:
43:
28:
3908:
3382:
3284:
818:(2007) seems to have followed Owen (1861), but without specifying taxonomic rank.
713:, predominantly in Gondwana, which reached a peak diversity in the Late Triassic.
680:
which is known from South Africa, Germany, Tanzania, Zambia, and possibly Russia.
518:
3755:
3539:
7929:
7601:
7558:
7507:
7439:
7409:
7366:
7352:
7330:
7279:
7223:
7193:
7178:
7086:
7055:
7035:
6975:
6945:
6915:
6905:
6825:
6683:
6669:
6662:
6655:
6634:
6620:
6613:
6566:
6509:
6383:
6343:
6236:
6198:
6168:
6002:
5921:
5353:
5321:
5124:
5103:
4879:
4739:
4732:
4697:
4640:
4630:
4558:
4466:
4361:
4189:
4167:
4148:
3784:
3260:
2616:
2474:
2123:
1885:
1521:
1312:
1278:
1260:
1186:
1171:
1111:
879:
843:
798:, Colbert and Kitching (1977) to Theriodontia, and Rubridge and Sidor (2001) to
779:
736:
692:
631:
459:
423:
56:
3909:
Bennett and Ruben 1986. The
Metabolic and Thermoregulatory Status of Therapsids
3643:
3587:
3570:
3569:
Grossnickle, David M.; Smith, Stephanie M.; Wilson, Gregory P. (October 2019).
3028:
826:
7423:
7393:
7380:
7316:
7287:
7258:
7244:
7119:
7066:
7045:
6855:
6718:
6697:
6676:
6556:
6501:
6323:
6273:
6266:
6205:
6138:
5954:
5881:
5871:
5808:
5761:
5618:
5468:
5458:
5238:
5225:
5159:
5089:
5037:
4821:
4753:
4600:
4515:
4500:
4410:
4403:
4375:
4300:
4286:
3780:
3325:
3178:
2814:
2524:
2428:
2244:
2073:
1860:
1471:
1355:
1216:
1034:
1002:
867:
855:
722:, which briefly lasted into the Early Jurassic. The second is the herbivorous
596:
571:
567:
563:
317:
251:
101:
66:
7920:
3913:
3659:
3651:
3439:
3390:
3292:
3138:
Michael L. Power, Jay Schulkin. The Evolution of the Human Placenta. pp. 68–.
3099:
3044:
3036:
2979:
7522:
7207:
7096:
7076:
7015:
6413:
6363:
5931:
5794:
5643:
5609:
5255:
5110:
4811:
4536:
4396:
4307:
4251:
4244:
4182:
4112:
4099:
4058:
3949:
3620:"Fossoriality and evolutionary development in two Cretaceous mammaliamorphs"
887:
874:
838:
752:
744:
727:
651:
626:
559:
511:
496:
363:
355:
238:
205:
106:
50:
3667:
3596:
3534:, vol. 46, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 407–445,
3509:
3491:
3457:
3431:
3237:
3186:
3117:
2997:
2885:
2868:
862:
734:) in Asia, at least until around 120 million years ago, as represented by
7914:
7783:
7753:
7615:
7572:
7544:
7301:
7170:
6875:
6648:
6576:
5600:
5096:
4950:
4865:
4620:
4610:
4543:
4529:
4452:
4445:
4200:
4175:
3979:
3973:
3526:
Abdala, Fernando; Gaetano, Leandro C. (2018), Tanner, Lawrence H. (ed.),
2842:
2599:
1337:
554:
225:
169:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
20:
3229:
470:
metabolism. This has led to many reconstructions of cynodonts as having
434:
were much larger than those of their ancestors, and the widening of the
123:
7763:
7251:
6191:
6148:
5838:
4279:
3988:
3067:
2105:
2048:
1810:
1744:
850:
542:
537:
492:
447:
111:
86:
24:
3091:
2971:
2913:
7635:
5741:
5594:
5428:
4418:
3967:
945:
731:
700:
427:
419:
371:
311:
215:
7891:
814:(2007) all considered Cynodontia as belonging to Therapsida. Botha
374:
are cynodonts, as are their extinct ancestors and close relatives (
4237:
3474:
Ruta, M.; Botha-Brink, J.; Mitchell, S. A.; Benton, M. J. (2013).
2869:"Selective Factors Associated with the Origin of Fur and Feathers"
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
625:
517:
452:
404:
3618:
Mao, Fangyuan; Zhang, Chi; Liu, Cunyu; Meng, Jin (7 April 2021).
691:, which has two main subdivisions, the predominantly herbivorous
7949:
3571:"Untangling the Multiple Ecological Radiations of Early Mammals"
7895:
7687:
6793:
6082:
5705:
5587:
5549:
5223:
4695:
4097:
3960:
3922:
3357:
Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Sidor, Christian A. (1 December 2020).
748:
471:
5545:
3830:
Sues, Hans-Dieter; Olsen, Paul E.; Carter, Joseph G. (1999).
418:
Early cynodonts have many of the skeletal characteristics of
3918:
3817:
In the Shadow of the Dinosaurs: Early Mesozoic Tetrapods
3066:
Benoit, J.; Manger, P. R.; Rubidge, B. S. (9 May 2016).
2946:
Benoit, J.; Manger, P. R.; Rubidge, B. S. (9 May 2016).
3480:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
3419:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
545:, it is unlikely that early cynodonts had whiskers. In
7809:
7799:
7789:
7779:
7769:
7759:
7749:
7739:
7729:
7719:
7709:
7377:
7204:
7151:
7107:
7092:
7082:
7072:
7062:
7051:
7041:
7031:
7021:
7011:
7001:
6991:
6981:
6971:
6961:
6951:
6941:
6931:
6921:
6911:
6901:
6891:
6881:
6871:
6861:
6851:
6841:
6831:
6821:
6587:
6572:
6562:
6552:
6542:
6532:
6454:
6424:
6409:
6399:
6389:
6379:
6369:
6359:
6349:
6339:
6329:
6319:
6309:
6254:
6224:
6179:
6164:
6154:
6144:
6134:
6124:
6114:
5999:
5984:
5942:
5927:
5917:
5907:
5897:
5887:
5877:
5867:
5819:
5782:
5767:
5757:
5747:
5737:
5474:
5464:
5454:
5385:
5350:
5318:
5292:
5266:
5251:
5048:
5033:
4991:
4976:
4966:
4956:
4946:
4936:
4832:
4817:
4807:
4713:
4646:
4636:
4626:
4616:
4606:
4596:
4358:
4145:
4129:
3701:
Classification of B. S. Rubidge and C. A. Sidor 2001
7904:
7824:
7698:
7633:
7590:
7456:
7376:
7203:
7150:
7106:
6806:
6728:
6586:
6519:
6453:
6423:
6294:
6253:
6223:
6178:
6095:
6024:
5998:
5971:
5941:
5852:
5818:
5781:
5718:
5669:
5642:
5443:
5410:
5384:
5375:
5349:
5317:
5291:
5265:
5236:
5158:
5047:
5020:
4990:
4921:
4831:
4788:
4712:
4585:
4557:
4490:
4435:
4357:
4346:
4199:
4157:
4144:
4110:
4057:
4030:
4003:
442:that other primitive therapsids lacked, except the
683:Cynodonts expanded rapidly in diversity after the
3736:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
474:. Being endothermic they may have needed it for
3815:Fraser, Nicholas C.; Sues, Hans-Dieter (1997).
806:(1910), Broom (1913), Carroll (1988), Gauthier
778:named Cynodontia in 1861, which he assigned to
669:of South Africa, belonging to the basal family
3317:Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics
385:Non-mammalian cynodonts occupied a variety of
5561:
3934:
3730:Abdala, Fernando; Ribeiro, Ana Maria (2010).
2929:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
810:(1989), Hopson and Kitching (2001) and Botha
8:
794:(2001). Olson (1966) assigned Cynodontia to
602:The largest known non-mammalian cynodont is
491:and onwards. Nonetheless, recent studies on
336:
7892:
7695:
7684:
7462:
7385:
6814:
6803:
6790:
6525:
6302:
6107:
6103:
6092:
6079:
5977:
5860:
5730:
5726:
5715:
5702:
5648:
5639:
5584:
5568:
5554:
5546:
5381:
5244:
5233:
5220:
5026:
4929:
4800:
4796:
4709:
4705:
4692:
4582:
4367:
4354:
4154:
4122:
4118:
4107:
4094:
4036:
4009:
4000:
3957:
3941:
3927:
3919:
3787:: Columbia University Press. p. 133.
122:
35:
3586:
3499:
3469:
3467:
3447:
3107:
2987:
2884:
450:was the largest bone in their lower jaw.
430:), all cynodonts probably laid eggs. The
366:), and extensively diversified after the
466:The cynodonts probably had some form of
2859:
650:The earliest cynodonts are known early
639:The closest relatives of cynodonts are
635:from the Early Triassic of South Africa
3904:Phylogeny of Theriodonts and Cynodonts
3521:
3519:
393:, having its youngest records in the
7:
382:cynodonts during the Late Triassic.
2592:
2515:
2490:
2465:
2453:
2401:
2389:
2319:
2267:
2260:
2235:
2223:
2198:
2173:
2148:
2096:
2089:
2064:
2039:
1876:
1851:
1826:
1801:
1735:
1710:
1698:
1619:
1594:
1569:
1544:
1537:
1512:
1487:
1462:
1410:
1403:
1328:
1303:
1251:
1244:
1232:
1207:
1177:
1166:
1136:
1084:
1077:
1025:
1018:
993:
936:
929:
904:
893:
536:Early cynodonts had numerous small
3839:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3363:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3265:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2848:Triassic-Jurassic extinction event
695:and the predominantly carnivorous
586:, would lose these. A specimen of
14:
3575:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2867:Ruben, J.A.; Jones, T.D. (2000).
2833:Permian–Triassic extinction event
685:Permian-Triassic extinction event
643:, with which they form the clade
368:Permian–Triassic extinction event
7996:Extant Permian first appearances
7876:
7875:
7670:
7665:
6776:
6770:
6764:
6065:
6060:
5530:
5529:
5496:
5206:
5200:
5194:
4678:
4673:
3320:. De Gruyter. pp. 117–198.
2817:
378:), having evolved from advanced
192:
3859:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011146
3689:Classification of R. Owen 1861
3017:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1:
3819:. Cambridge University Press.
3383:10.1080/02724634.2020.1827413
3285:10.1080/02724634.2021.1929265
3756:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.011
3540:10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_11
553:Derived cynodonts developed
151:Brasilitherium riograndensis
7991:Lopingian first appearances
762:Cynodonts also developed a
599:and various mammal groups.
358:that first appeared in the
8017:
8001:Taxa named by Richard Owen
3772:Chinese Fossil Vertebrates
3769:Lucas, Spencer G. (2001).
3644:10.1038/s41586-021-03433-2
3588:10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.008
3029:10.1007/s10914-019-09467-8
619:
18:
7871:
7694:
7683:
7663:
7465:
7388:
6817:
6802:
6789:
6762:
6528:
6305:
6110:
6106:
6091:
6078:
6058:
5980:
5863:
5733:
5729:
5714:
5701:
5651:
5638:
5583:
5509:
5494:
5247:
5232:
5219:
5192:
5029:
4932:
4803:
4799:
4708:
4704:
4691:
4671:
4581:
4370:
4125:
4121:
4106:
4093:
4039:
4012:
3999:
3956:
3326:10.1515/9783110341553-005
3179:10.1038/s41586-018-0441-3
2630:
2612:
2597:
2590:
2538:
2520:
2513:
2495:
2488:
2470:
2463:
2451:
2424:
2406:
2399:
2387:
2342:
2324:
2317:
2290:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2240:
2233:
2221:
2203:
2196:
2178:
2171:
2153:
2146:
2119:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2069:
2062:
2044:
2037:
1899:
1881:
1874:
1856:
1849:
1831:
1824:
1806:
1799:
1758:
1740:
1733:
1715:
1708:
1696:
1642:
1624:
1617:
1599:
1592:
1574:
1567:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1517:
1510:
1492:
1485:
1467:
1460:
1433:
1415:
1408:
1401:
1351:
1333:
1326:
1308:
1301:
1274:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1230:
1212:
1205:
1182:
1175:
1164:
1141:
1134:
1107:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1048:
1030:
1023:
1016:
998:
991:
959:
941:
934:
927:
909:
902:
747:, the number of cynodont
295:
290:
189:Scientific classification
187:
130:
121:
38:
790:(1989), and Rubidge and
658:) aged sediments of the
165:Ornithorhynchus anatinus
19:Not to be confused with
3532:The Late Triassic World
3492:10.1098/rspb.2013.1865
3432:10.1098/rspb.2013.1865
1554:"Scalenodon" attridgei
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
636:
533:
463:
415:
157:Megazostrodon rudnerae
131:Examples of cynodonts.
7958:Paleobiology Database
3878:Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:
629:
521:
456:
426:mammals (notably the
408:
180:African bush elephant
2886:10.1093/icb/40.4.585
804:William King Gregory
622:Evolution of mammals
616:Evolutionary history
3851:1999JVPal..19..351S
3748:2010PPP...286..202A
3636:2021Natur.592..577M
3375:2020JVPal..40E7413H
3277:2021JVPal..41E9265T
3230:10.1038/nature23476
3222:2017Natur.548..291M
3171:2018Natur.561..104H
3084:2016NatSR...625604B
2964:2016NatSR...625604B
2825:Paleontology portal
1795:Gomphodontosuchinae
562:young as in modern
362:(approximately 260
16:Clade of therapsids
3486:(1769): 20131865.
3426:(1769): 20131865.
3072:Scientific Reports
2952:Scientific Reports
2873:American Zoologist
2838:Prehistoric mammal
884:
872:
860:
848:
836:
637:
534:
464:
432:temporal fenestrae
416:
175:Loxodonta africana
143:Trirachodon berryi
7973:
7972:
7898:Taxon identifiers
7889:
7888:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7679:
7678:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7624:
6785:
6784:
6760:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6428:Prozostrodontidae
6290:
6289:
6228:Probainognathidae
6074:
6073:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6043:
5848:
5847:
5786:Charassognathidae
5697:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5543:
5542:
5505:
5504:
5492:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5439:
5438:
5215:
5214:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5022:Sphenacodontoidea
4995:Palaeohatteriidae
4917:
4916:
4784:
4783:
4687:
4686:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4577:
4576:
4553:
4552:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
3899:Palaeos cynodonts
3630:(7855): 577–582.
3549:978-3-319-68008-8
3335:978-3-11-034155-3
3216:(7667): 291–296.
3165:(7721): 104–108.
3092:10.1038/srep25604
2972:10.1038/srep25604
2914:10.1111/let.12156
2799:
2798:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2646:
2645:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2553:
2440:
2439:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2306:
2305:
2135:
2134:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1836:Gomphodontosuchus
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1449:
1448:
1385:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1290:
1289:
1123:
1122:
1064:
1063:
975:
974:
671:Charassognathidae
387:ecological niches
330:
329:
300:Charassognathidae
286:
8008:
7966:
7965:
7953:
7952:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7925:
7924:
7923:
7893:
7879:
7878:
7811:
7801:
7791:
7781:
7771:
7761:
7751:
7741:
7731:
7721:
7711:
7696:
7685:
7674:
7669:
7463:
7386:
7379:
7206:
7153:
7111:Kuehneotheriidae
7109:
7094:
7084:
7074:
7064:
7053:
7043:
7033:
7023:
7013:
7003:
6993:
6983:
6973:
6963:
6953:
6943:
6933:
6923:
6913:
6903:
6893:
6883:
6873:
6863:
6853:
6843:
6833:
6823:
6815:
6804:
6791:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6589:
6574:
6564:
6554:
6547:Botucaraitherium
6544:
6534:
6526:
6458:Tritheledontidae
6456:
6426:
6411:
6401:
6394:Santacruzgnathus
6391:
6381:
6374:Pseudotriconodon
6371:
6361:
6351:
6341:
6331:
6321:
6311:
6303:
6256:
6226:
6183:Chiniquodontidae
6181:
6166:
6156:
6146:
6136:
6126:
6116:
6108:
6104:
6093:
6080:
6069:
6064:
6001:
5986:
5978:
5944:
5929:
5919:
5909:
5899:
5889:
5879:
5869:
5861:
5821:
5784:
5769:
5759:
5749:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5716:
5703:
5649:
5640:
5633:
5632:
5585:
5570:
5563:
5556:
5547:
5533:
5532:
5500:
5476:
5466:
5456:
5387:
5382:
5352:
5320:
5294:
5268:
5253:
5245:
5234:
5221:
5210:
5204:
5198:
5052:Sphenacodontidae
5050:
5035:
5027:
4993:
4978:
4968:
4958:
4948:
4938:
4930:
4834:
4819:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4791:Haptodontiformes
4715:
4710:
4706:
4693:
4682:
4677:
4651:Protoclepsydrops
4648:
4638:
4628:
4618:
4608:
4598:
4583:
4368:
4360:
4355:
4294:Lalieudorhynchus
4155:
4147:
4131:
4123:
4119:
4108:
4095:
4037:
4010:
4001:
3994:
3993:
3958:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3920:
3885:
3863:
3862:
3836:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3742:(3–4): 202–217.
3727:
3721:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3703:
3698:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3590:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3503:
3471:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3111:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2864:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2593:
2516:
2491:
2466:
2454:
2402:
2390:
2320:
2268:
2261:
2236:
2229:Tritheledontidae
2224:
2199:
2174:
2149:
2097:
2090:
2065:
2040:
1904:Scalenodontoides
1877:
1852:
1827:
1802:
1736:
1711:
1704:Massetognathinae
1699:
1629:Arctotraversodon
1620:
1595:
1570:
1545:
1538:
1513:
1488:
1463:
1411:
1404:
1397:Traversodontidae
1329:
1304:
1252:
1245:
1238:Trirachodontidae
1233:
1208:
1178:
1167:
1137:
1085:
1078:
1026:
1019:
994:
937:
930:
905:
894:
764:secondary palate
720:Tritheledontidae
711:Traversodontidae
667:Karoo Supergroup
605:Scalenodontoides
547:prozostrodontian
484:primitive mammal
480:Harderian glands
476:thermoregulation
440:secondary palate
395:Early Cretaceous
380:probainognathian
351:) is a clade of
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
281:
197:
196:
126:
116:
53:
42:Temporal range:
36:
8016:
8015:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8007:
8006:
8005:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7961:
7956:
7948:
7943:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7919:
7918:
7913:
7900:
7890:
7885:
7859:
7829:
7820:
7794:Panchetocynodon
7690:
7675:
7653:
7621:
7586:
7452:
7402:Hypsiprymnopsis
7372:
7199:
7146:
7102:
6836:Brachyzostrodon
6811:
6798:
6781:
6744:
6724:
6705:Xenocretosuchus
6591:Tritylodontidae
6582:
6515:
6474:Diarthrognathus
6449:
6419:
6299:
6297:Prozostrodontia
6286:
6249:
6244:Probainognathus
6219:
6174:
6100:
6098:Probainognathia
6087:
6085:Probainognathia
6070:
6040:
6026:Probainognathia
6020:
5994:
5967:
5937:
5912:Platycraniellus
5857:
5844:
5823:Procynosuchidae
5814:
5802:Charassognathus
5777:
5723:
5710:
5685:
5665:
5634:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5574:
5544:
5539:
5501:
5484:
5435:
5406:
5371:
5345:
5313:
5287:
5261:
5241:
5228:
5211:
5174:
5154:
5118:Secodontosaurus
5043:
5016:
4986:
4961:Hypselohaptodus
4926:
4913:
4901:Remigiomontanus
4827:
4793:
4780:
4761:Stereophallodon
4717:Ophiacodontidae
4700:
4683:
4657:
4573:
4549:
4486:
4431:
4351:
4334:
4195:
4140:
4115:
4102:
4073:
4053:
4026:
4020:Tetrapodomorpha
4005:Tetrapodomorpha
3995:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3947:
3895:
3875:
3872:
3870:Further reading
3867:
3866:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3581:(10): 936–949.
3568:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3525:
3524:
3517:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3369:(5): e1827413.
3356:
3355:
3351:
3336:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3271:(2): e1929265.
3258:
3257:
3253:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3010:
3009:
3005:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2823:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2805:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2459:Tritylodontidae
2441:
2395:Brasilodontidae
2377:
2368:
2359:
2329:Diarthrognathus
2307:
2158:Probainognathus
2136:
2034:Probainognathia
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1784:
1775:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1450:
1386:
1377:
1368:
1291:
1146:Platycraniellus
1124:
1065:
976:
914:Charassognathus
824:
773:
724:Tritylodontidae
697:Probainognathia
663:Assemblage Zone
641:therocephalians
624:
618:
444:therocephalians
403:
391:Tritylodontidae
348:
345:
342:
339:
306:Procynosuchidae
280:
191:
161:
147:
132:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
40:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8014:
8012:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7978:
7977:
7971:
7970:
7968:
7967:
7954:
7941:
7926:
7910:
7908:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7872:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7845:Morganucodonta
7842:
7840:Dromatheriidae
7836:
7834:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7807:
7804:Redondagnathus
7797:
7787:
7777:
7767:
7757:
7747:
7737:
7727:
7717:
7706:
7704:
7701:Incertae sedis
7692:
7691:
7688:
7681:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7649:
7640:
7638:
7631:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7619:
7612:
7605:
7597:
7595:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7580:Gondwanatheria
7576:
7569:
7562:
7555:
7548:
7541:
7534:
7527:
7519:
7512:
7504:
7497:
7490:
7482:
7479:Arboroharamiya
7475:
7466:
7460:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7428:
7420:
7417:Kalaallitkigun
7413:
7406:
7398:
7389:
7383:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7327:
7320:
7313:
7306:
7298:
7291:
7284:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7220:
7212:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7175:
7167:
7159:
7157:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7144:
7141:Kuehneotherium
7137:
7130:
7123:
7115:
7113:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7090:
7080:
7070:
7060:
7049:
7039:
7029:
7026:Paikasigudodon
7019:
7009:
6999:
6989:
6979:
6969:
6959:
6949:
6939:
6929:
6926:Erythrotherium
6919:
6909:
6899:
6889:
6879:
6869:
6859:
6849:
6839:
6829:
6818:
6812:
6809:Mammaliaformes
6807:
6800:
6799:
6796:Mammaliaformes
6794:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6734:
6732:
6730:Mammaliaformes
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6645:
6642:Kayentatherium
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6610:
6607:Bienotheroides
6603:
6595:
6593:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6570:
6560:
6550:
6540:
6529:
6523:
6521:Mammaliamorpha
6517:
6516:
6514:
6513:
6506:
6498:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6462:
6460:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6440:
6432:
6430:
6421:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6407:
6404:Therioherpeton
6397:
6387:
6377:
6367:
6357:
6347:
6337:
6327:
6317:
6306:
6300:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6281:Trucidocynodon
6277:
6270:
6262:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6240:
6232:
6230:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6210:
6202:
6195:
6187:
6185:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6162:
6152:
6142:
6132:
6122:
6111:
6101:
6096:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6076:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6007:
6005:
5996:
5995:
5993:
5992:
5981:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5958:
5950:
5948:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5925:
5915:
5905:
5895:
5885:
5875:
5864:
5858:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5835:
5827:
5825:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5790:
5788:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5765:
5755:
5745:
5734:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5652:
5646:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5628:Eutheriodontia
5621:
5612:
5603:
5597:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5550:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5502:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5472:
5462:
5451:
5449:
5446:Incertae sedis
5441:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5416:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5393:
5391:
5379:
5377:Eutheriodontia
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5358:
5356:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5335:
5326:
5324:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5300:
5298:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5274:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5248:
5242:
5237:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5078:
5075:Ctenospondylus
5071:
5064:
5056:
5054:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5007:
5004:Palaeohatteria
4999:
4997:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4974:
4964:
4954:
4944:
4933:
4927:
4924:Sphenacodontia
4922:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4887:Melanedaphodon
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4845:Bohemiclavulus
4840:
4838:
4836:Edaphosauridae
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4804:
4794:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4719:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4644:
4634:
4624:
4614:
4604:
4593:
4591:
4588:Incertae sedis
4579:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4494:
4492:Varanodontinae
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4441:
4439:
4437:Mesenosaurinae
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4426:Thrausmosaurus
4422:
4415:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4386:
4383:Archaeovenator
4379:
4371:
4365:
4352:
4349:Eupelycosauria
4347:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4259:Cotylorhynchus
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4213:
4205:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4163:
4161:
4152:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4138:
4134:Diadectomorpha
4126:
4116:
4111:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4047:Reptiliomorpha
4040:
4034:
4032:Reptiliomorpha
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4013:
4007:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3991:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3961:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3893:External links
3891:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3845:(2): 351–354.
3822:
3807:
3793:
3761:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3693:
3681:
3610:
3561:
3548:
3515:
3463:
3404:
3349:
3334:
3306:
3251:
3200:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3058:
3023:(3): 329–348.
3003:
2938:
2919:
2908:(4): 455–477.
2892:
2879:(4): 585–596.
2858:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2797:
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2720:
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2707:
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2698:
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2648:
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2643:
2640:
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2629:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2585:Mammaliaformes
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2500:Kayentatherium
2494:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:Brasilitherium
2405:
2400:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
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2356:
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2341:
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2334:
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2323:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2208:Therioherpeton
2202:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2183:Trucidocynodon
2177:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1975:
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1971:
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1962:
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1953:
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1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1720:Massetognathus
1714:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:Boreogomphodon
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:Mandagomphodon
1573:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1531:
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1527:
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1516:
1511:
1509:
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1501:
1491:
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1476:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:Pascualgnathus
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1369:
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1364:
1361:
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1350:
1347:
1346:
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1332:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
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1307:
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1300:
1297:
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1206:
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1196:
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1191:
1181:
1176:
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1165:
1163:
1155:
1154:
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1140:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
997:
992:
990:
982:
981:
978:
977:
973:
972:
969:
968:
958:
955:
954:
951:
950:
940:
935:
933:
928:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
908:
903:
901:
892:
823:
820:
800:Eutheriodontia
792:Cristian Sidor
772:
769:
715:Mammaliaformes
645:Eutheriodontia
617:
614:
610:traversodontid
589:Kayentatherium
583:Erythrotherium
574:, and perhaps
531:Mammaliaformes
501:Mammaliaformes
436:zygomatic arch
402:
399:
376:Mammaliaformes
328:
327:
326:
325:
320:
314:
308:
302:
293:
292:
288:
287:
275:
268:
267:
265:Eutheriodontia
262:
255:
254:
249:
242:
241:
236:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
199:
198:
185:
184:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8013:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7983:
7981:
7964:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7946:
7942:
7937:
7931:
7927:
7922:
7916:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7899:
7894:
7882:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7850:Symmetrodonta
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7827:
7823:
7816:
7815:
7808:
7806:
7805:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7788:
7786:
7785:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7768:
7766:
7765:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7748:
7746:
7745:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7708:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7697:
7693:
7686:
7682:
7673:
7668:
7648:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7637:
7632:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7611:
7610:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7592:Hahnodontidae
7589:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7561:
7560:
7556:
7554:
7553:
7552:Sineleutherus
7549:
7547:
7546:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7455:
7449:
7448:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7390:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7360:Tashkumyrodon
7357:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7346:Sibirotherium
7343:
7341:
7340:
7339:Peraiocynodon
7336:
7333:
7332:
7328:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7314:
7312:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7295:Hutegotherium
7292:
7290:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7275:
7274:
7270:
7268:
7267:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7238:Cyrtlatherium
7235:
7233:
7232:
7228:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7219:
7218:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7155:Shuotheriidae
7149:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7071:
7069:
7068:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7000:
6998:
6997:
6996:Megazostrodon
6990:
6988:
6987:
6986:Indozostrodon
6980:
6978:
6977:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6960:
6958:
6957:
6956:Hallautherium
6950:
6948:
6947:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6910:
6908:
6907:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6890:
6888:
6887:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6866:Cifellilestes
6860:
6858:
6857:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6840:
6838:
6837:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6820:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6788:
6779:
6775:
6773:
6767:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6720:
6716:
6714:
6713:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6691:Stereognathus
6688:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6646:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6537:Adelobasileus
6531:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6444:Pseudotherium
6441:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6429:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6368:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6314:Alemoatherium
6308:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6293:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6276:
6275:
6271:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6129:Candelariodon
6123:
6121:
6120:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6081:
6077:
6068:
6063:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6015:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5962:Progalesaurus
5959:
5957:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5916:
5914:
5913:
5906:
5904:
5903:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5892:Nanictosaurus
5886:
5884:
5883:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5855:Epicynodontia
5851:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5832:Procynosuchus
5829:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5780:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5746:
5744:
5743:
5736:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5722:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5582:
5578:
5571:
5566:
5564:
5559:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5536:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5520:Phthinosuchia
5518:
5516:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5499:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5430:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5401:
5400:Therocephalia
5397:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5389:Therocephalia
5383:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5366:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5290:
5282:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5209:
5205:
5203:
5197:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5150:
5149:
5148:Tetraceratops
5145:
5142:
5141:
5140:Tappenosaurus
5137:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5113:
5112:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5061:Cryptovenator
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5011:Pantelosaurus
5008:
5006:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4981:Tetraceratops
4975:
4973:
4972:
4971:Kenomagnathus
4965:
4963:
4962:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4920:
4910:
4909:
4908:Xyrospondylus
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4837:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4768:Stereorhachis
4765:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4726:Archaeothyris
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4681:
4676:
4653:
4652:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4523:Tambacarnifex
4520:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4508:Mycterosaurus
4505:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4481:Microvaranops
4478:
4476:
4475:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4460:Elliotsmithia
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4345:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4322:Ruthenosaurus
4319:
4317:
4316:
4315:Phreatophasma
4312:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4231:Callibrachion
4228:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4135:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3939:
3937:
3932:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3915:
3914:BBC cynodonts
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3823:
3818:
3811:
3808:
3796:
3794:0-231-08482-X
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:New York City
3774:
3773:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3562:
3551:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2686:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:Santacruzodon
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:Nanogomphodon
1597:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:Nanictosaurus
1087:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:Progalesaurus
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
996:
995:
988:
987:Epicynodontia
984:
983:
980:
979:
971:
970:
967:
966:
965:
964:Procynosuchus
957:
956:
953:
952:
949:
948:
947:
939:
938:
932:
931:
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
915:
907:
906:
899:
896:
895:
891:
889:
882:
881:
876:
870:
869:
864:
858:
857:
852:
846:
845:
840:
834:
833:
832:Procynosuchus
828:
821:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
782:as a family.
781:
777:
770:
768:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
743:During their
741:
739:
738:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
712:
708:
707:
706:Nanogomphodon
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
677:
676:Procynosuchus
672:
668:
664:
662:
657:
656:Wuchiapingian
653:
648:
646:
642:
634:
633:
628:
623:
615:
613:
611:
607:
606:
600:
598:
593:
591:
590:
585:
584:
579:
578:
577:Megazostrodon
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
551:
548:
544:
539:
532:
528:
526:
520:
516:
514:
513:
508:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
462:
461:
455:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
414:
413:
412:Procynosuchus
407:
400:
398:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
334:
324:
323:Epicynodontia
321:
319:
315:
313:
309:
307:
303:
301:
297:
296:
294:
289:
284:
279:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
195:
190:
186:
183:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
159:
158:
153:
152:
145:
144:
139:
138:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
7905:
7855:Triconodonta
7831:Polyphyletic
7826:Paraphyletic
7812:
7802:
7792:
7782:
7772:
7762:
7752:
7742:
7732:
7722:
7714:Cistecynodon
7712:
7699:
7614:
7607:
7600:
7578:
7571:
7564:
7557:
7550:
7543:
7536:
7529:
7521:
7516:Maiopatagium
7514:
7506:
7501:Cryoharamiya
7499:
7492:
7484:
7477:
7469:
7458:Euharamiyida
7445:
7438:
7430:
7422:
7415:
7408:
7400:
7392:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7337:
7329:
7324:Microdocodon
7322:
7315:
7310:Khorotherium
7308:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7257:
7250:
7243:
7236:
7231:Castorocauda
7229:
7222:
7217:Agilodocodon
7215:
7192:
7187:Pseudotribos
7185:
7177:
7169:
7162:
7139:
7132:
7125:
7118:
7095:
7085:
7075:
7065:
7054:
7044:
7034:
7024:
7014:
7006:Morganucodon
7004:
6994:
6984:
6974:
6964:
6954:
6944:
6934:
6924:
6914:
6904:
6896:Dinnetherium
6894:
6886:Dianoconodon
6884:
6874:
6864:
6854:
6846:Bridetherium
6844:
6834:
6824:
6769:
6717:
6712:Yuanotherium
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6628:Dinnebitodon
6626:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6600:Bienotherium
6598:
6575:
6565:
6555:
6545:
6535:
6508:
6500:
6495:Pachygenelus
6493:
6488:Irajatherium
6486:
6481:Elliotherium
6479:
6472:
6465:
6442:
6437:Prozostrodon
6435:
6412:
6402:
6392:
6382:
6372:
6362:
6354:Microconodon
6352:
6342:
6334:Dromatherium
6332:
6322:
6312:
6279:
6272:
6265:
6258:Ecteniniidae
6242:
6235:
6212:
6204:
6197:
6190:
6167:
6159:Protheriodon
6157:
6147:
6137:
6127:
6119:Agudotherium
6117:
5989:Kataigidodon
5987:
5973:Eucynodontia
5960:
5953:
5946:Galesauridae
5930:
5920:
5910:
5900:
5890:
5880:
5870:
5837:
5830:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5772:Uralocynodon
5770:
5760:
5750:
5740:
5720:
5707:
5670:
5623:
5614:
5605:
5576:
5525:Theriodontia
5515:Pelycosauria
5479:Niaftasuchus
5477:
5467:
5457:
5444:
5411:
5307:Dinocephalia
5296:Dinocephalia
5281:Biarmosuchia
5270:Biarmosuchia
5254:
5199:
5146:
5138:
5132:Steppesaurus
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5080:
5073:
5068:Ctenorhachis
5066:
5059:
5036:
5009:
5002:
4979:
4969:
4959:
4949:
4939:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4873:Ianthasaurus
4871:
4864:
4859:Glaucosaurus
4857:
4852:Edaphosaurus
4850:
4843:
4820:
4810:
4775:Varanosaurus
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4747:Echinerpeton
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4649:
4639:
4629:
4619:
4609:
4599:
4586:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4506:
4499:
4479:
4474:Mesenosaurus
4472:
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4424:
4417:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4390:Ascendonanus
4388:
4381:
4374:
4329:Trichasaurus
4327:
4320:
4313:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4273:Ennatosaurus
4271:
4266:Datheosaurus
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4224:Arisierpeton
4222:
4217:Angelosaurus
4215:
4210:Alierasaurus
4208:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4166:
4159:Eothyrididae
4132:
3984:
3978:Superclass:
3881:
3877:
3842:
3838:
3825:
3816:
3810:
3798:. Retrieved
3771:
3764:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3716:
3707:
3696:
3684:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3553:, retrieved
3531:
3483:
3479:
3423:
3417:
3407:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3316:
3309:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3213:
3209:
3203:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3078:(1): 25604.
3075:
3071:
3061:
3020:
3016:
3006:
2958:(1): 25604.
2955:
2951:
2941:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2806:
2803:Distribution
2635:Morganucodon
2633:
2631:
2615:
2613:
2598:
2583:
2543:Beinotherium
2541:
2539:
2523:
2521:
2498:
2496:
2473:
2471:
2427:
2425:
2409:
2407:
2347:Pachygenelus
2345:
2343:
2327:
2325:
2295:Elliotherium
2293:
2291:
2275:
2273:
2243:
2241:
2206:
2204:
2181:
2179:
2156:
2154:
2122:
2120:
2104:
2102:
2072:
2070:
2047:
2045:
1901:
1900:
1883:
1882:
1858:
1857:
1833:
1832:
1808:
1807:
1760:
1759:
1742:
1741:
1717:
1716:
1644:
1643:
1626:
1625:
1601:
1600:
1576:
1575:
1551:
1550:
1519:
1518:
1494:
1493:
1469:
1468:
1435:
1434:
1420:Andescynodon
1417:
1416:
1353:
1352:
1335:
1334:
1310:
1309:
1276:
1275:
1258:
1257:
1214:
1213:
1201:Gomphodontia
1184:
1183:
1160:Eucynodontia
1144:
1142:
1110:
1108:
1092:
1090:
1051:
1049:
1033:
1031:
1001:
999:
962:
960:
944:
942:
912:
910:
897:
885:
878:
866:
854:
842:
830:
815:
811:
807:
796:Theriodontia
787:
784:Robert Broom
776:Richard Owen
774:
761:
742:
740:from China.
735:
704:
689:Eucynodontia
682:
674:
661:Tropidostoma
660:
649:
638:
630:
603:
601:
597:haramiyidans
594:
587:
581:
575:
552:
535:
529:a member of
525:Morganucodon
523:
510:
506:Castorocauda
504:
488:Morganucodon
486:
468:warm-blooded
465:
458:
417:
410:
409:Skeleton of
384:
360:Late Permian
353:eutheriodont
332:
331:
318:Madysauridae
277:
271:
258:
245:
232:
173:
163:
155:
149:
141:
137:Dvinia prima
135:
133:
44:Late Permian
33:
29:Cynodontidae
7930:Wikispecies
7814:Saurodesmus
7602:Cifelliodon
7566:Woodeatonia
7559:Vilevolodon
7538:Sharypovoia
7508:Kermackodon
7471:Allostaffia
7440:Theroteinus
7410:Haramiyavia
7367:Tegotherium
7353:Simpsonodon
7331:Paritatodon
7280:Gondtherium
7266:Dsungarodon
7224:Borealestes
7194:Shuotherium
7179:Paritatodon
7164:Feredocodon
7127:Kotatherium
7087:Wareolestes
7056:Sinoconodon
7036:Purbeckodon
6976:Indotherium
6966:Helvetiodon
6946:Hadrocodium
6936:Gondwanadon
6916:Eozostrodon
6906:Dyskritodon
6826:Bocaconodon
6684:Shartegodon
6670:Oligokyphus
6663:Nuurtherium
6656:Montirictus
6635:Fossiomanus
6621:Dianzhongia
6614:Bocatherium
6567:Sinoconodon
6510:Tritheledon
6384:Rewaconodon
6344:Inditherium
6237:Bonacynodon
6199:Chiniquodon
6169:Tessellatia
6014:Cynognathia
6003:Cynognathia
5922:Thrinaxodon
5902:Nythosaurus
5752:Nanocynodon
5365:Gorgonopsia
5354:Gorgonopsia
5339:dicynodonts
5333:Anomodontia
5322:Anomodontia
5125:Sphenacodon
5104:Macromerion
4894:Ramodendron
4880:Lupeosaurus
4740:Clepsydrops
4733:Baldwinonus
4698:Metopophora
4641:Mastersonia
4631:Knoxosaurus
4559:Metopophora
4467:Heleosaurus
4362:Varanopidae
4190:Vaughnictis
4168:Asaphestera
4149:Caseasauria
3800:30 November
3785:West Sussex
2617:Sinoconodon
2475:Oligokyphus
2124:Chiniquodon
1886:Exaeretodon
1522:Traversodon
1313:Trirachodon
1279:Sinognathus
1261:Beishanodon
1187:Cynognathus
1172:Cynognathia
1112:Thrinaxodon
886:Below is a
880:Oligokyphus
844:Exaeretodon
780:Anomodontia
737:Fossiomanus
693:Cynognathia
632:Thrinaxodon
460:Thrinaxodon
424:crown-group
401:Description
49:260–0
7980:Categories
7936:Cynodontia
7906:Cynodontia
7774:Meurthodon
7494:Butlerodon
7486:Baidabatyr
7424:Kollikodon
7394:Avashishta
7381:Haramiyida
7317:Krusatodon
7288:Haldanodon
7259:Docofossor
7245:Dobunnodon
7120:Fluctuodon
7067:Storchodon
7046:Rosierodon
6856:Cherwellia
6739:see below↓
6719:Yunnanodon
6698:Tritylodon
6677:Polistodon
6557:Brasilodon
6502:Riograndia
6467:Chaliminia
6324:Deccanodon
6274:Ecteninion
6267:Diegocanis
6214:Riojanodon
6206:Cromptodon
6139:Charruodon
6035:see below↓
5955:Galesaurus
5882:Cynosaurus
5872:Bolotridon
5809:Nshimbodon
5762:Madysaurus
5721:Cynodontia
5708:Cynodontia
5680:see below↓
5671:Cynodontia
5619:Therapsida
5577:Cynodontia
5513:See also:
5469:Kamagorgon
5459:Dinosaurus
5423:Cynodontia
5412:Cynodontia
5239:Therapsida
5226:Therapsida
5169:see below↓
5160:Therapsida
5090:Dimetrodon
5038:Shashajaia
4822:Milosaurus
4754:Ophiacodon
4601:Dimacrodon
4568:see below↓
4516:Ruthiromia
4501:Aerosaurus
4411:Nitosaurus
4404:Dendromaia
4376:Apsisaurus
4301:Martensius
4287:Euromycter
4068:see below↓
3781:Chichester
2935:: 165–180.
2854:References
2525:Tritylodon
2429:Brasilodon
2277:Chaliminia
2245:Riograndia
2074:Ecteninion
1861:Protuberum
1472:Scalenodon
1356:Langbergia
1217:Diademodon
1035:Galesaurus
1003:Cynosaurus
898:Cynodontia
868:Tritylodon
856:Diademodon
620:See also:
572:placentals
568:monotremes
564:marsupials
497:coprolites
356:therapsids
333:Cynodontia
278:Cynodontia
252:Therapsida
39:Cynodontia
7986:Cynodonts
7609:Denisodon
7523:Megaconus
7208:Docodonta
7097:Woutersia
7077:Stylidens
7016:Paceyodon
6414:Tricuspes
6364:Polonodon
5932:Vetusodon
5795:Abdalodon
5659:Synapsida
5644:Synapsida
5610:Synapsida
5593:Kingdom:
5427:includes
5337:includes
5256:Raranimus
5111:Neosaurus
4812:Ianthodon
4537:Varanodon
4397:Eoscansor
4308:Oromycter
4252:Caseopsis
4245:Caseoides
4183:Oedaleops
4113:Synapsida
4100:Synapsida
4059:Synapsida
3980:Tetrapoda
3966:Kingdom:
3950:Synapsida
3676:233183060
3660:0028-0836
3652:1476-4687
3605:195327500
3440:0962-8452
3399:228883951
3391:0272-4634
3301:237517965
3293:0272-4634
3246:205259206
3195:205570021
3100:2045-2322
3053:254702274
3045:1064-7554
3037:1573-7055
2980:2045-2322
888:cladogram
822:Phylogeny
753:articular
745:evolution
728:Barremian
665:, in the
652:Lopingian
560:altricial
522:Skull of
512:Megaconus
495:synapsid
457:Skull of
346:dog-teeth
312:Dviniidae
239:Synapsida
212:Kingdom:
206:Eukaryota
162:3rd row:
148:2nd row:
134:1st row:
46:-Recent,
7915:Wikidata
7881:Category
7784:Mitredon
7754:Kunminia
7744:"Hahnia"
7724:Eoraetia
7689:See also
7647:Mammalia
7636:Mammalia
7616:Hahnodon
7573:Xianshou
7545:Shenshou
7447:Thomasia
7302:Itatodon
7273:Ergetiis
7171:Itatodon
7134:Kuehneon
6876:Delsatia
6649:Lufengia
6577:Tikiodon
5601:Chordata
5599:Phylum:
5595:Animalia
5535:Category
5097:Eosyodon
5082:Cutleria
4951:Haptodus
4941:Cutleria
4866:Gordodon
4621:Gorgodon
4611:Driveria
4544:Watongia
4530:Varanops
4453:Cabarzia
4446:Anningia
4201:Caseidae
4176:Eothyris
3974:Chordata
3972:Phylum:
3968:Animalia
3668:33828300
3597:31229335
3510:23986112
3458:23986112
3344:92370138
3238:28792929
3187:30158701
3118:27157809
2998:27157809
2843:Tetrapod
2811:See also
2600:Mammalia
1338:Cricodon
771:Taxonomy
555:epipubic
543:whiskers
538:foramina
503:such as
428:therians
226:Chordata
222:Phylum:
216:Animalia
202:Domain:
170:platypus
21:Conodont
7950:4528578
7921:Q131801
7764:Lepagia
7252:Docodon
6192:Aleodon
6149:Lumkuia
5839:Sludica
5429:mammals
4280:Eocasea
3989:Amniota
3884:: 5–35.
3847:Bibcode
3744:Bibcode
3632:Bibcode
3501:3768321
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3371:Bibcode
3273:Bibcode
3218:Bibcode
3167:Bibcode
3126:4318400
3109:4860582
3080:Bibcode
2989:4860582
2960:Bibcode
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570:. Only
493:Permian
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340:
291:Clades
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