616:, there is no major region of the bone that is made of parallel-fibred tissues; however, there is a small ring of parallel-fibred bone within the mid-cortex. The remainder of the femur is made of fibro-lamellar tissue; however, the globular osteocyte lacunae become much more organized and the primary osteons assume less vasculature than many other bones as you begin to approach the subperiosteal surface. The femur contains very few bony trabeculae. The humerus differs from the femur in many regards, one of which being that there is a more extensive network of bony trabeculae in the humerus near the meduallary cavity of the bone. The globular osteocyte lacunae become more flattened as you get closer and closer to the midshaft of the humerus. While the vasculature is present, the humerus contains no secondary osteons. The radii and ulnae of
142:
424:, the fronto-nasal suture represents an arrow shape instead of the general transverse process seen in more primitive skull morphologies. The prefrontals, which are slightly anterior and ventral to the frontals exhibit a very small size and come in contact with the post-orbitals, frontals, nasals and lacrimals. More posteriorly on the skull, the parietals lack a sagittal crest. The cranial roof is the narrowest just posterior to the parietal foramen, which is very nearly circular in shape. The temporal crests remain quite discrete throughout the length of the skull. The temporal fenestra have been found with ossified fasciae, giving evidence of some type of a temporal muscle attachment.
597:
Ontogenetically early bones - mostly consisting of fibro-lamellar tissue - possessed a large amount of vascular canals. These canals are oriented longitudinally within primary osteons that contain radial anastomoses. Regions consisting mostly of parallel-fibred bone tissue contain few simple vascular canals, in comparison to the nearby fibro-lamellar tissues. Parallel-fibred peripheral bone tissue are indicative that bone growth began to slow, and they bring about the assumption that this change in growth was due to the age of the specimen in question. Combine this with the greater organization of osteocyte lacunae in the periphery of adult
1105:, the distal femoral condyle articulates with the acetabulum in a way that permits the hindlimb to present itself at a 45-degree angle to the rest of the system. This is a large difference in comparison to the distal femoral condyle of pelycosaurs, which permits the femur to be parallel with the ground, forcing them to assume a sprawling-like posture. More interesting is that there is an adaptation that has only been observed within Thrinaxodontidae, which allows them to assume upright posture, similar to that of early Mammalia, within their burrows. These changes in posture are supported by the physiological changes in the torso of
532:
anteriorly to be a functional canine - thus ruling it out as an instance of convergent evolution. Lower incisors possess a very broad base, which is progressively reduced, heading distally towards the tip of the tooth. The lingual face of the lower incisors is most often concave while the labial face is often convex, and these lower incisors are oriented anteriorly, except in some cases for the third lower incisor, which can assume a more dorsoventral orientation. The incisors are, for the most part, single functional teeth encompassing a broad, cone-like morphology. The canines of
2471:
556:
then it is safe to assume that the posterior accessary cusp is present and that that tooth will not have any cingular or labial cusps. If, however, the tooth is tricuspid, then there is a chance of cingular cusps developing, if this occurs then the anterior cusp will be the first to appear and will be the most pronounced cusp. In the upper postcanines, there should be no occurrence of any teeth possessing more than 3 cusps, and there is no occurrence of any labial cusps on the upper postcanines. The majority of upper postcanines in the juvenile
1146:
2476:
753:
585:
1123:
445:
739:
first indication that they may in fact be of the same species. The ribs were the final physiology to be cross-examined, and while they portrayed slight differences in the expanded ribs, against one another, the most important synapomorphy remained consistent between the two, and that was that the intercostal plates overlapped with one another. These evaluations led to the conclusion that they had not found a new species of
Thrinaxodontidae, but yet they had found that
1268:
118:
160:
4081:
630:
6422:
6408:
541:
6434:
4286:
3187:
3181:
6446:
3175:
4076:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1153:
367:
1150:
1141:
was able to achieve flexibilities that permitted it to comfortably rest within smaller burrows, which may have led to habits such as aestivation or torpor. This evolution of a segmented rib cage suggests that this may have been the first instance of a diaphragm in the synapsid fossil record; however,
1113:
expresses both thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. The thoracic segment of the vertebrae contain ribs with large intercostal plates that most likely assisted with either protection or supporting the main frame of the back. This newly developed arrangement allowed for the appropriate space for a diaphragm,
620:
represent roughly the same histological patterns. In contrast to the humerii and femora, the parallel-fibred region is far more distinct in the distal bones of the forelimb. The medullary cavities are surrounded by multiple layers of very poorly vascularized endosteal lamellar tissue, along with very
469:
and had been conserved through late
Cynodontia. The stapes contained a heavy cartilage plug, which was fit into the sides of the fenestra ovalis; however, only one half of the articular end of the stapes was able to cover the fenestra ovalis. The remainder of this pit opens to an "un-ossified" region
1076:
skull increased in size isometrically, except for four regions, one of which being the optic region. Much of the data assumes that the length of the sagittal crest increased at a greater rate in relation to the rest of the skull. The posterior sagittal crest to appear in an earlier ontogenetic stage
519:
assumes the dental pattern of the four incisors, one canine and six postcanines on each side of the upper jaw. This pattern is reflected in the lower jaw by a dental formula of three incisors, one canine and seven or eight postcanines on each side of the lower jaw. With this formula, one can make a
435:
to mash its food to a greater extent, decreasing the amount of time necessary for digestion. The maxillae and palatines meet medially in the upper jaw developing a midline suture. The maxillopalatine suture also includes a posterior palatine foramen. The large palatal roof component of the vomer in
564:
are all tricuspid with no labial or cingular cusps. The adult upper postcanines retain the intermediate physiologies and possess only tricuspid teeth; however, it is possible for cingular cusps to develop in these adult teeth. The ultimate (posterior-most) upper canine is often the smallest of all
738:
had 27 pre-sacrals. In comparison to other cynodonts, 27 pre-sacrals appeared to be the norm throughout this sub-section of the fossil record. The next step was to evaluate the size of the skull in the two different discovery groups, and in this study they found no difference between the two, the
555:
share some common features but also vary quite a fair amount in comparison to one another. The first postcanine (just posterior to the canine) is most often smaller than the other postcanines and is most often bicuspid. Including the first postcanine, if any of the other postcanines are bicuspid,
377:
was a small synapsid roughly the size of a fox and possibly covered in hair. The dentition suggests that it was a carnivore, focusing its diet mostly on insects, small herbivores and invertebrates. Their unique secondary palate successfully separated the nasal passages from the rest of the mouth,
575:
shows one of the first occurrences of replacement teeth in cynodonts. This was discerned by the presence of replacement pits, which are situated lingual to the functional tooth in the incisors and postcanines. While a replacement canine does exist, more often than not it is not erupted and the
531:
assume a backwards directed cusp, being curved and pointed at their most distal point, and becoming broader and rounder as they reach their proximal insertion point into the premaxilla. The fourth upper incisor is roughly homologous with a small canine tooth in form, but is positioned too far
536:
possess small dorsoventrally-directed facets on their surfaces, which appear to be involved with occlusion (dentition alignment in upper- and lower jaw closure). Each canine possesses a replacement canine located within the jaw, posterior to the existing canine, neither of the replacement or
456:
The otic region is defined by the regions surrounding the temporal fenestrae. Most notable is evidence of a deep recess that is just anterior to the fenestra ovalis, containing evidence of smooth muscle interactions with the skull. Such smooth muscle interactions have been interpreted to be
440:
is just dorsal to the choana, or interior nasal passages. The pterygoid bones extend in the upper jaw and enclose small interpterygoid vacuities that are present on each side of the cultriform processes of the parasphenoids. The parasphenoid and basisphenoid are fused, except for the most
743:
occupied two different geographical regions, which today are separated by an immense expanse of ocean. This discovery was one of many to support the idea of a connected land mass, and that during the early
Triassic, Africa and Antarctica must have been linked in some way, shape or form.
596:
consists of fibro-lamellar bone, to a varying degree across all the separate limbs, most of which develops into parallel-fibred bone tissue towards the periphery. Each of the bones contains a large abundance of globular osteocyte lacunae which radiate a multitude of branched canaliculi.
569:, but the adult lower postcanines all possess multiple (any value more than three) cusps as well as the only appearance of labial cusps. Some older specimens have been found that possess no multiple-cups lower canines, possibly a response to old age or teeth replacement.
775:, which was the first major clade along the line of the Synapsida. Synapsida represents one of two major splitting points, under the clade Amniota, which also split into Sauropsida, the larger clade containing today's reptiles, birds and Crocodilia.
394:
are pitted with a large number of foramina. The nasals narrow anteriorly and expand anteriorly and articulate directly with the frontals, pre-frontals and lacrimals; however, there is no interaction with the jugals or the orbitals. The maxilla of
1240:, showing signs of broken or damaged limbs and two skull perforations, most likely inflicted by the canines of another carnivore. The distance between the perforations was measured in relation to the distance between the canines of the
1149:
1211:
permit the animals to a greater range of flexibility, and the ability to place their snout underneath their hindlimbs, an adaptive response to small living quarters, in order to preserve warmth and/or for aestivation purposes.
1100:
is an interesting subject, because it represents a transition between the sprawling behavior of the more lizard-like pelycosaurs and the more upright behavior found in modern, and many extinct, Mammalia. In cynodonts such as
537:
functional canine teeth possess any serrated margins only the small facets. It is important to note that the lower canine is directed almost vertically (dorsoventrally) while the upper canine is directed slightly anteriorly.
1077:
than the more anterior crest had, and in conjunction with the dorsal deposition of bone, a unified sagittal crest had developed rather than having a single suture span the entire length of the skull.
413:
would have had non-muscular lips like those of lizards, not mobile, muscular ones like those of mammals. Without the infraorbital foramen and its associated facial flexibility, it is unlikely that
1252:
shows one of the first occurrences of this type of behavior in the fossil record, but it currently is unknown if the temnospondyl inhabited the burrow before or after the death of the nesting
5026:
4353:
1137:
to live in them, and they do not simply inhabit leftover burrows by other creatures. Due to the evolution of a segmented vertebral column into thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae,
722:. Upon its discovery there, numerous experiments were done to confirm whether or not they had found a new species of Thrinaxodontidae, or if they had found another area which
4736:
1207:
consists of two laterally sloping halves, a pattern that has only been observed in burrowing non-mammalian
Cynodontia. The changes in vertebral/rib anatomy that arose in
4322:
1203:, and it is possible that these burrowing patterns had passed on to the future cynodonts due to the adaptive advantage of burrowing during the extinction. The burrow of
1248:
allowed it to stay in its burrow until they both ultimately met their respective deaths. Interspecific shelter sharing is a rare anomaly within the fossil record; this
477:
is an important transitional fossil which supports the simplification of synapsid skulls over time. The most notable jump in bone number reduction had occurred between
605:, ontogenical patterns such as this had not been seen, establishing the idea that reaching peak size rapidly was an adaptively advantageous trait that had arisen with
1084:
indicates that it most likely had very rapid bone growth during juvenile development, and much slower development throughout adulthood, giving rise to the idea that
6543:
6617:
6215:
4993:
1475:"The Evolution of the Maxillary Canal in Probainognathia (Cynodontia, Synapsida): Reassessment of the Homology of the Infraorbital Foramen in Mammalian Ancestors"
5031:
1189:. This behavior had been seen at a relatively low occurrence in the pre-Cenozoic, dominated by therapsids, early-Triassic cynodonts and some early Mammalia.
1133:
has been identified as a burrowing cynodont by numerous discoveries in preserved burrow hollows. There is evidence that the burrows are in fact built by the
1244:
in question, and no such relation was found. Therefore, we may assume that the temnospondyl found refuge in the burrow after a traumatic experience and the
6602:
358:
is prevalent in the fossil record in part because it was one of the few carnivores of its time, and was of a larger size than similar cynodont carnivores.
4998:
515:, allowing one to make the assumption that these dentition patterns arose within Thrinaxodontidae and extended into the records of early Mammalia. Adult
6530:
1170:
1229:, a tool used to observe the contents of the burrows in this experiment, and not damage the intact specimens. The synchrotron revealed an injured
457:
indicative of the tympanum and give the implications that this recess, in conjunction with the fenestra ovalis, outline the origin of the ear in
6637:
2470:
470:
which comes somewhat close to the cochlear recess, giving one the assumption that inner ear articulation occurred directly within this region.
1182:
336:
4315:
1976:
1368:
Blob R. 2001. Evolution of hindlimb posture in non-mammalian therapsids: biomechanical tests of paleontological hypotheses. 27(1): 14-38.
6642:
4837:
2475:
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are bicuspid, while only one of these upper teeth are tricuspid. The upper postcanines of an intermediate (between juvenile and adult)
6220:
449:
133:
4772:
141:
1668:
6612:
6438:
6317:
4308:
601:, and we approach the assumption that this creature grew very quickly in order to reach adulthood at an accelerated rate. Before
441:
anterior/dorsal end of the fused bones, in which there is a slight separation in the trabecular attachment of the basisphenoid.
427:
The upper jaw contains a secondary palate which separates the nasal passages from the rest of the mouth, which would have given
5602:
6627:
6607:
6272:
6210:
5607:
509:
skulls, ranging between 30 and 96 mm (1.2 and 3.8 in) in length. These dentition patterns are similar to that of
6632:
5592:
5587:
4988:
4845:
565:
canines in the entire jaw system. Little data is known of the juvenile and intermediate forms of the lower postcanines in
726:
called home. The first experiment was to evaluate the average number of pre-sacral vertebrae in the
Antarctic vs African
6622:
6173:
5868:
5612:
5036:
4080:
642:
5863:
5597:
431:
the ability to breathe uninterrupted, even if food had been kept in its mouth. This adaptation would have allowed the
1473:
Benoit, Julien; Ruf, Irina; Miyamae, Juri A.; Fernandez, Vincent; Rodrigues, Pablo Gusmão; Rubidge, Bruce S. (2020).
159:
4891:
4881:
4855:
485:, a change so dramatic that it is most likely that the fossil record for this particular transition is incomplete.
6292:
4817:
1701:
5913:
4782:
4433:
4369:
1969:
752:
1193:
was in fact the first burrowing cynodont that has been found, showing similar behavioral patterns to that of
6262:
5742:
4850:
4565:
4519:
4443:
4331:
3186:
1942:
702:
was initially believed to be isolated to that region. Other fossils in South Africa were recovered from the
693:
4152:
6470:
6277:
6205:
6168:
4860:
4741:
4504:
3174:
584:
3180:
1861:"Synchrotron Reveals Early Triassic Odd Couple: Injured Amphibian and Aestivating Therapsid Share Burrow"
1802:"Synchrotron Reveals Early Triassic Odd Couple: Injured Amphibian and Aestivating Therapsid Share Burrow"
1796:
Fernandez, V.; Abdala, F.; Carlson, K. J.; Cook, D. C.; Rubidge, B. S.; Yates, A.; Tafforeau, P. (2013).
6569:
4787:
1159:
4075:
2782:
6517:
6349:
6307:
6257:
4963:
4954:
4651:
4394:
3810:
3244:
2422:
1872:
1813:
1421:
703:
545:
4212:
3434:
6452:
6426:
6312:
6153:
4907:
4800:
4756:
4731:
4602:
4580:
4468:
4458:
4418:
3840:
3394:
2300:
1962:
1273:
1122:
670:
588:
Vertebrae and ribs of specimen AMNH 9516 in the
American Museum of Natural History, from Antarctica
444:
4122:
3909:
3294:
2762:
2742:
2180:
117:
6597:
6287:
6252:
5536:
4976:
4971:
4810:
4805:
4716:
4614:
4585:
4514:
4463:
4374:
4289:
4222:
3974:
3946:
3879:
3674:
3572:
3535:
3374:
3344:
2310:
2160:
2067:
1762:
1631:, a non-mammalian cynodont from the lower Triassic of South Africa. Paleontology. 48(2): 385-394.
1602:
1553:
1510:
1494:
1330:
1281:
154:
4182:
3902:
3894:
2875:
2622:
1114:
however, without proper soft tissue records, the presence of a diaphragm is purely speculative.
659:
382:
to continue mastication without interrupting to breathe, an adaptation important for digestion.
6574:
4017:
779:
represents a fossil transitional in morphology on the road to humans and other extant mammals.
767:, a subdivision of the greater clade Cynodontia. Cynodontia eventually led to the evolution of
350:
adopted a semi-sprawling posture, an intermediary form between the sprawling position of basal
6556:
6548:
6377:
6282:
5958:
5551:
4981:
4646:
4641:
4619:
4575:
4570:
4538:
4526:
4448:
4379:
4132:
4055:
3855:
3681:
3542:
2836:
2636:
2194:
1900:
1841:
1797:
1754:
1545:
1502:
1455:
1437:
1348:
715:
707:
6561:
6508:
5506:
5386:
5371:
5195:
5098:
4636:
4624:
4555:
4389:
4142:
3939:
3519:
2955:
2866:
2802:
2591:
1890:
1880:
1831:
1821:
1744:
1706:
1594:
1537:
1486:
1445:
1429:
1338:
1322:
6382:
6137:
6069:
6034:
5998:
5802:
5777:
5702:
5556:
5541:
5456:
5270:
5210:
5190:
5108:
4746:
4726:
4721:
4609:
4548:
4499:
4428:
4202:
3113:
2999:
2882:
2705:
2652:
2506:
2493:
2434:
2320:
2231:
2210:
999:
958:
629:
316:
1876:
1817:
1425:
6412:
6302:
6132:
6054:
6008:
5983:
5928:
5847:
5772:
5757:
5737:
5727:
5677:
5632:
5571:
5486:
5416:
5376:
5170:
5057:
4886:
4876:
4711:
4706:
4560:
4543:
4509:
4253:
4248:
4109:
3988:
3887:
3825:
3549:
3334:
3217:
3204:
3138:
3050:
3015:
2929:
2812:
2689:
2036:
1895:
1860:
1836:
1801:
1541:
1450:
1409:
1343:
1310:
647:
328:
30:
1474:
540:
6591:
6236:
6163:
6101:
5973:
5968:
5943:
5893:
5812:
5797:
5787:
5712:
5687:
5682:
5672:
5667:
5637:
5521:
5496:
5466:
5411:
5361:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5275:
5265:
5230:
5200:
5175:
5149:
5088:
4949:
4944:
4384:
4258:
4000:
3960:
3768:
3754:
3747:
3703:
3646:
3563:
3404:
3364:
3274:
3099:
2945:
2852:
2722:
2537:
2370:
2263:
2240:
1925:
1766:
1642:
1514:
1230:
1181:
places the specimen found around 251 million years ago, a time frame surrounding the
901:
846:
807:
764:
681:
243:
68:
1606:
1557:
1410:"Palaeoneurological clues to the evolution of defining mammalian soft tissue traits"
1142:
without the proper soft tissue impressions this is nothing more than an assumption.
730:. The data actually showed a slight difference between the two, in that the African
6407:
6297:
6267:
6059:
6049:
6013:
5938:
5918:
5898:
5842:
5827:
5817:
5722:
5707:
5662:
5561:
5511:
5491:
5461:
5451:
5401:
5391:
5356:
5335:
5315:
5310:
5255:
5240:
5118:
5103:
5083:
4827:
4263:
4239:
4234:
3924:
3866:
3732:
3718:
3639:
3625:
3595:
3414:
3304:
3254:
3120:
3036:
3008:
2903:
2896:
2889:
2845:
2666:
2567:
2527:
2397:
2381:
2354:
1185:. Much of these fossils had been found in the flood plains of South Africa, in the
971:
674:
655:
511:
462:
289:
280:
1696:
399:
is also heavily pitted with foramina. The arrangement of foramina on the snout of
1930:
1885:
1826:
1598:
6502:
6127:
6064:
6039:
6018:
6003:
5933:
5908:
5837:
5782:
5767:
5752:
5717:
5657:
5647:
5546:
5531:
5526:
5481:
5476:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5381:
5250:
5235:
5220:
5185:
5113:
4822:
4777:
4701:
4669:
4592:
4453:
4413:
4010:
3967:
3916:
3848:
3818:
3775:
3761:
3739:
3688:
3632:
3602:
3587:
3495:
3464:
3444:
3384:
3354:
3324:
3314:
3234:
3092:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3043:
3029:
3022:
2975:
2918:
2792:
2752:
2645:
2607:
2577:
2411:
1226:
1221:
1194:
1186:
1165:
1109:. Such changes as the first appearance of a segmented rib compartment, in which
984:
339:, its survival during the extinction may have been due to its burrowing habits.
43:
1490:
6158:
6122:
5993:
5978:
5963:
5953:
5903:
5822:
5807:
5792:
5732:
5692:
5652:
5642:
5446:
5421:
5396:
5285:
5280:
5245:
5225:
5205:
5052:
4939:
4597:
4478:
3832:
3802:
3789:
3725:
3696:
3667:
3653:
3528:
3475:
3454:
3264:
3127:
3106:
3085:
2965:
2910:
2732:
2682:
2675:
2614:
2547:
2363:
2290:
2280:
2217:
2170:
2129:
2116:
2079:
2027:
1985:
1921:
1263:
884:
860:
786:
772:
719:
664:
490:
405:
343:
230:
217:
88:
53:
6493:
1578:
Abdala, F. Jasinoski S. Fernandez V. (2013). "Ontogeny of the Early
Cynodont
1506:
1498:
1441:
6106:
6085:
6044:
5762:
5747:
5566:
5516:
5501:
5471:
5426:
5406:
5366:
5260:
5215:
5180:
5165:
5144:
5128:
5067:
5062:
4751:
3931:
3616:
3505:
3485:
3424:
2822:
2772:
2340:
2203:
2052:
2018:
1528:
Sidor, C (2001). "Simplification as a trend in synapsid cranial evolution".
1199:
366:
204:
171:
93:
37:
1904:
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1758:
1549:
1459:
1352:
1326:
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6487:
5948:
5923:
5888:
5340:
5290:
5123:
5093:
4795:
4192:
4162:
4024:
3981:
3953:
3710:
3579:
3284:
3057:
2985:
2009:
351:
320:
191:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
6535:
6387:
5697:
4172:
3660:
2600:
2557:
2247:
1334:
1197:. The first burrowing vertebrate on record was the dicynodont synapsid
98:
73:
1433:
5988:
4044:
2150:
2003:
1749:
1725:
1710:
1072:
into four ontogenetic stages. The paper denotes that in general, the
824:
181:
125:
6464:
1068:
There appear to be nine cranial features that successfully separate
327:
which lived in what are now South Africa and
Antarctica during the
1395:. Museum of comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 125: 165-180.
1144:
1121:
751:
628:
583:
539:
443:
365:
6522:
1673:
6468:
6366:
6338:
6194:
5015:
4928:
4690:
4342:
4304:
4096:
3202:
2491:
2114:
1996:
1958:
505:
was compiled by use of a micro CT scanner on a large sample of
409:, and also bears a single large infraorbital foramen. As such,
1954:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
621:
large cavities near the medullary cavity of the metaphyses.
1620:
1618:
1616:
1309:
Damiani, R.; Modesto, S.; Yates, A.; Neveling, J. (2003).
5027:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
4354:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
710:. It had not been until 1977 that additional fossils of
354:
and the more upright posture present in current mammals.
16:
Extinct genus of cynodonts of Early
Triassic South Africa
1408:
Benoit, J.; Manger, P. R.; Rubidge, B. S. (2016-05-09).
771:
and all other mammalia. Cynodontia belongs to the clade
4218:
4208:
4198:
4188:
4178:
4168:
4158:
4148:
4138:
4128:
4118:
3786:
3613:
3560:
3516:
3501:
3491:
3481:
3471:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3430:
3420:
3410:
3400:
3390:
3380:
3370:
3360:
3350:
3340:
3330:
3320:
3310:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3260:
3250:
3240:
3230:
2996:
2981:
2971:
2961:
2951:
2941:
2863:
2833:
2818:
2808:
2798:
2788:
2778:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2728:
2718:
2663:
2633:
2588:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2408:
2393:
2351:
2336:
2326:
2316:
2306:
2296:
2286:
2276:
2228:
2191:
2176:
2166:
2156:
2146:
6477:
6245:
6229:
6146:
6115:
6094:
6078:
6027:
5881:
5856:
5625:
5580:
5349:
5158:
5137:
5076:
5045:
4900:
4869:
4836:
4765:
4737:
Tectonic evolution of the
Barberton greenstone belt
4662:
4489:
4403:
4362:
4233:
4107:
4042:
3999:
3865:
3785:
3612:
3559:
3515:
3215:
3137:
2995:
2928:
2862:
2832:
2703:
2662:
2632:
2587:
2504:
2433:
2407:
2380:
2350:
2261:
2227:
2190:
2127:
2078:
2051:
1643:"On the Skull and Dentition of a Triassic Saurian (
489:contains fewer bones in the skull than that of its
1929:
1585:(Therapsida): Dental Morphology and Replacement".
524:contained anywhere between 44 and 46 total teeth.
1388:Estes R. 1961. Cranial anatomy of the cynodont
6216:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
4994:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
1624:Botha J. Chinsamy A. 2005. Growth patterns of
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
633:Two South African specimens preserved together
5032:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
4316:
1970:
1778:
1776:
1724:Jasinoski, S. Abdala F. Fernandez V. (2015).
1364:
1362:
734:contained 26 presacrals, while the Antarctic
8:
1697:"Triassic Cynodont Reptiles from Antarctica"
1403:
1401:
1315:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B
1651:Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society
6465:
6445:
6363:
6335:
6226:
6191:
5853:
5577:
5042:
5012:
4999:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
4925:
4762:
4687:
4359:
4339:
4323:
4309:
4301:
4104:
4093:
3871:
3794:
3223:
3212:
3199:
2934:
2711:
2516:
2512:
2501:
2488:
2386:
2269:
2139:
2135:
2124:
2111:
2057:
2048:
1993:
1977:
1963:
1955:
1219:burrow contained an injured temnospondyl,
1088:reached peak size very early in its life.
140:
116:
20:
1894:
1884:
1835:
1825:
1748:
1726:"Ontogeny of the Early Triassic Cynodont
1449:
1342:
1311:"Earliest evidence of cynodont burrowing"
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1163:skeleton found in the same burrow with a
1695:Colbert, Edwin; Kitching, James (1977).
1292:
696:is Latinised Greek for "smooth-nosed".
448:The skull of specimen AMNH 5630 in the
1932:The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life
1177:The earliest discovery of a burrowing
756:Reconstructed jaw adductor musculature
680:. Its generic name was taken from the
337:Permian–Triassic mass extinction event
6618:Prehistoric vertebrates of Antarctica
7:
576:original functional canine remains.
1859:Fernandez, V.; et al. (2013).
1782:Brink A. Note on a new skeleton of
977:
950:
926:
876:
852:
799:
792:
782:
650:of South Africa. The genoholotype,
551:The upper and lower postcanines in
403:resembles that of lizards, such as
6603:Early Triassic synapsids of Africa
6221:Geological Society of South Africa
1587:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1542:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00663.x
520:small note that in general, adult
450:American Museum of Natural History
134:National Museum of Natural History
14:
4773:List of volcanoes in South Africa
1733:(Therapsida): Cranial Morphology"
1225:. The burrow was scanned using a
1183:Permian–Triassic extinction event
640:was originally discovered in the
465:as this physiology had arisen in
149:Diagram of skull in lateral view
6444:
6433:
6432:
6420:
6406:
6318:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
4285:
4284:
4079:
4074:
3185:
3179:
3173:
2474:
2469:
1266:
158:
5603:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
6211:Evolutionary Studies Institute
5608:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
1641:Richard Owen (February 1887).
1479:Journal of Mammalian Evolution
1126:CT image of specimen in burrow
673:made a separate genus with as
1:
6638:Fossil taxa described in 1894
5593:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
5588:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
4989:Minerals Council South Africa
4846:1620 Robben Island earthquake
1936:. Firefly Books Ltd., Canada.
6196:Research and administration
5869:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
5613:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
1886:10.1371/journal.pone.0064978
1827:10.1371/journal.pone.0064978
1599:10.1080/02724634.2013.775140
643:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
5864:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
5598:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
714:had been discovered in the
654:, was in 1887 described by
6659:
6643:Taxa named by Harry Seeley
4892:Vredefort impact structure
4882:Morokweng impact structure
4856:2006 Mozambique earthquake
1949:. DK Publishing, New York.
1491:10.1007/s10914-019-09467-8
6400:
6373:
6362:
6345:
6334:
6293:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
6201:
6190:
6174:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
5037:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
5022:
5011:
4935:
4924:
4818:Barberton Greenstone Belt
4697:
4686:
4349:
4338:
4280:
4103:
4092:
4072:
3874:
3797:
3226:
3211:
3198:
3171:
2937:
2714:
2519:
2515:
2500:
2487:
2467:
2389:
2272:
2142:
2138:
2123:
2110:
2060:
2047:
1992:
1702:American Museum Novitates
997:
982:
975:
955:
948:
931:
924:
898:
881:
874:
857:
850:
821:
804:
797:
790:
501:Data on the dentition of
417:would have had whiskers.
295:
288:
155:Scientific classification
153:
148:
139:
124:
115:
23:
5914:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
4783:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
4434:Table Mountain Sandstone
4370:Bushveld Igneous Complex
323:, including the species
261:Watson & Romer, 1956
6613:Fossils of South Africa
6427:South Africa portal
6263:Charles Kimberlin Brain
4851:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
4566:Abrahamskraal Formation
4520:Sundays River Formation
4444:Abrahamskraal Formation
4332:Geology of South Africa
1669:"Thrinaxodon liorhinus"
1157:3D reconstruction of a
6278:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
6206:Council for Geoscience
6169:West Coast Fossil Park
4861:2014 Orkney earthquake
4742:Terra Australis Orogen
4692:Tectonics and orogeny
4505:Buffelskloof Formation
1327:10.1098/rspb.2003.2427
1174:
1127:
1080:The bone histology of
757:
634:
589:
548:
453:
371:
6628:Fossils of Antarctica
6608:Triassic South Africa
6570:Paleobiology Database
4788:Prince Edward Islands
4344:Geological formations
1947:Dinosaur Encyclopedia
1784:Thrinaxodon liorhinus
1737:The Anatomical Record
1160:Thrinaxodon liorhinus
1156:
1125:
763:belongs to the clade
755:
684:for "trident tooth",
678:Thrinaxodon liorhinus
632:
587:
543:
503:Thrinaxodon liorhinus
447:
420:On the skull roof of
369:
335:lived just after the
298:Thrinaxodon liorhinus
6633:Transitional fossils
6350:Geology of Cape Town
6308:John Talbot Robinson
6258:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
4964:Coal in South Africa
4955:Banket (mining term)
4652:Normandien Formation
4395:Transvaal Supergroup
1645:Galesaurus planiceps
669:. In 1894 it was by
625:Discovery and naming
612:Within the femur of
546:CosmoCaixa Barcelona
6623:Triassic Antarctica
6313:George William Stow
6154:Cradle of Humankind
4908:Bellsbank meteorite
4801:Finsch diamond mine
4757:Witwatersrand Basin
4732:Makhonjwa Mountains
4603:Whitehill Formation
4581:Middleton Formation
4469:Whitehill Formation
4459:Ganigobis Formation
4419:Ganigobis Formation
1877:2013PLoSO...864978F
1818:2013PLoSO...864978F
1426:2016NatSR...625604B
1321:(1525): 1747–1751.
1274:Paleontology portal
1171:synchrotron imaging
671:Harry Govier Seeley
592:The bone tissue of
452:, from South Africa
6413:Geology portal
6288:Alfred W. Crompton
6253:Andrew Geddes Bain
5537:Pristerognathoides
4977:Titanium in Africa
4972:Platinum in Africa
4968:Iron ore in Africa
4811:Koffiefontein mine
4806:Jagersfontein Mine
4717:Gondwanide orogeny
4615:Bushveld Sandstone
4586:Teekloof Formation
4515:Kirkwood Formation
4464:Teekloof Formation
4375:Fig Tree Formation
1786:. Abstract. 15-22.
1414:Scientific Reports
1282:List of therapsids
1175:
1128:
758:
708:Katberg Formations
635:
590:
549:
527:Upper incisors in
454:
372:
6585:
6584:
6557:Open Tree of Life
6471:Taxon identifiers
6462:
6461:
6396:
6395:
6378:Pothole (geology)
6358:
6357:
6340:Regional articles
6330:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6283:H. Basil S. Cooke
6186:
6185:
6182:
6181:
5959:Heterodontosaurus
5877:
5876:
5621:
5620:
5552:Promoschorhynchus
5007:
5006:
4982:Uranium in Africa
4930:Mineral deposits
4920:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4647:Molteno Formation
4642:Katberg Formation
4620:Clarens Formation
4576:Katberg Formation
4571:Balfour Formation
4539:Drakensberg Group
4527:Kalahari Deposits
4449:Balfour Formation
4380:Komatii Formation
4298:
4297:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4088:
4087:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4033:
3194:
3193:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3156:
2837:Prozostrodontidae
2699:
2698:
2637:Probainognathidae
2483:
2482:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2257:
2256:
2195:Charassognathidae
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2097:
1798:Butler, Richard J
1434:10.1038/srep25604
1154:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
913:
912:
836:
835:
716:Fremouw Formation
342:Similar to other
308:
307:
284:
262:
6650:
6578:
6577:
6565:
6564:
6552:
6551:
6539:
6538:
6526:
6525:
6513:
6512:
6511:
6498:
6497:
6496:
6466:
6448:
6447:
6436:
6435:
6425:
6424:
6423:
6411:
6410:
6364:
6336:
6227:
6192:
5854:
5578:
5507:Macroscelesaurus
5387:Cistecephaloides
5372:Blattoidealestes
5196:Cistecephaloides
5099:Deltacephalaspis
5043:
5013:
4926:
4763:
4688:
4637:Elliot Formation
4625:Elliot Formation
4556:Karoo Supergroup
4390:Onverwacht Group
4360:
4340:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4302:
4288:
4287:
4220:
4210:
4200:
4190:
4180:
4170:
4160:
4150:
4140:
4130:
4120:
4105:
4094:
4083:
4078:
3872:
3795:
3788:
3615:
3562:
3520:Kuehneotheriidae
3518:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3473:
3462:
3452:
3442:
3432:
3422:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3382:
3372:
3362:
3352:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3312:
3302:
3292:
3282:
3272:
3262:
3252:
3242:
3232:
3224:
3213:
3200:
3189:
3183:
3177:
2998:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2956:Botucaraitherium
2953:
2943:
2935:
2867:Tritheledontidae
2865:
2835:
2820:
2810:
2803:Santacruzgnathus
2800:
2790:
2783:Pseudotriconodon
2780:
2770:
2760:
2750:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2712:
2665:
2635:
2592:Chiniquodontidae
2590:
2575:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2502:
2489:
2478:
2473:
2410:
2395:
2387:
2353:
2338:
2328:
2318:
2308:
2298:
2288:
2278:
2270:
2230:
2193:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2112:
2058:
2049:
2042:
2041:
1994:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1937:
1935:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1750:10.1002/ar.23116
1743:(8): 1440–1464.
1721:
1715:
1714:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1638:
1632:
1622:
1611:
1610:
1593:(6): 1408–1431.
1575:
1562:
1561:
1536:(7): 1419–1442.
1525:
1519:
1518:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1405:
1396:
1386:
1369:
1366:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1306:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1155:
978:
951:
927:
877:
853:
800:
793:
783:
461:. This is a new
279:
272:
260:
257:Thrinaxodontidae
255:
163:
162:
144:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6588:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6573:
6568:
6560:
6555:
6547:
6542:
6534:
6529:
6521:
6516:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6473:
6463:
6458:
6421:
6419:
6405:
6392:
6383:Steep structure
6369:
6354:
6341:
6322:
6246:Paleontologists
6241:
6225:
6197:
6178:
6142:
6138:Vulpes skinneri
6111:
6090:
6074:
6070:Ptychoceratodus
6035:Acanthohoplites
6023:
5999:Ptychoceratodus
5873:
5852:
5803:Ptychoceratodus
5778:Platycraniellus
5703:Ictidosuchoides
5617:
5576:
5557:Scalopocephalus
5542:Pristerognathus
5457:Homodontosaurus
5345:
5271:Ictidosuchoides
5211:Dicynodontoides
5191:Charassognathus
5154:
5133:
5109:Gondwanascorpio
5072:
5041:
5018:
5003:
4931:
4912:
4896:
4865:
4832:
4761:
4747:Transvaal Basin
4727:Kalahari Craton
4722:Kaapvaal Craton
4693:
4674:
4658:
4610:Stormberg Group
4549:Uitenhage Group
4500:Uitenhage Group
4485:
4429:Bokkeveld Group
4399:
4358:
4345:
4334:
4329:
4299:
4294:
4268:
4238:
4229:
4203:Panchetocynodon
4099:
4084:
4062:
4030:
3995:
3861:
3811:Hypsiprymnopsis
3781:
3608:
3555:
3511:
3245:Brachyzostrodon
3220:
3207:
3190:
3153:
3133:
3114:Xenocretosuchus
3000:Tritylodontidae
2991:
2924:
2883:Diarthrognathus
2858:
2828:
2708:
2706:Prozostrodontia
2695:
2658:
2653:Probainognathus
2628:
2583:
2509:
2507:Probainognathia
2496:
2494:Probainognathia
2479:
2449:
2435:Probainognathia
2429:
2403:
2376:
2346:
2321:Platycraniellus
2266:
2253:
2232:Procynosuchidae
2223:
2211:Charassognathus
2186:
2132:
2119:
2094:
2074:
2043:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1983:
1941:
1920:
1917:
1915:Further reading
1912:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1623:
1614:
1577:
1576:
1565:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1387:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1308:
1307:
1294:
1290:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1145:
1120:
1096:The posture of
1094:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1000:Probainognathia
959:Platycraniellus
914:
837:
750:
627:
582:
499:
483:Probainognathus
388:
364:
304:
301:
278:
270:
259:
253:
157:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6656:
6654:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6590:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6580:
6579:
6566:
6553:
6540:
6527:
6514:
6499:
6483:
6481:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6430:
6416:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6332:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6303:James Kitching
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6195:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6133:Panthera shawi
6130:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6055:Macroscaphites
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6009:Sefapanosaurus
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5984:Massospondylus
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5929:Erythrotherium
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5885:
5883:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5851:
5850:
5848:Zorillodontops
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5773:Plateosauravus
5770:
5765:
5760:
5758:Olivierosuchus
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5738:Microgomphodon
5735:
5730:
5728:Melanorosaurus
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5678:Erythrotherium
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5633:Batrachosuchus
5629:
5627:
5623:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5575:
5574:
5572:Uranocentrodon
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5487:Lanthanostegus
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5417:Cynariognathus
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5377:Brachyprosopus
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5350:Beaufort Group
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5171:Alopecognathus
5168:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5058:Onychopterella
5055:
5049:
5047:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4922:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4887:Tswaing crater
4884:
4879:
4877:Kalkkop crater
4873:
4871:
4870:Impact craters
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4760:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4712:Ellisras Basin
4709:
4707:Cape Fold Belt
4704:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4595:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4561:Beaufort Group
4553:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4544:Enon Formation
4541:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Enon Formation
4507:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4410:Carboniferous
4407:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4363:Palaeoarchaean
4357:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4254:Morganucodonta
4251:
4249:Dromatheriidae
4245:
4243:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4216:
4213:Redondagnathus
4206:
4196:
4186:
4176:
4166:
4156:
4146:
4136:
4126:
4115:
4113:
4110:Incertae sedis
4101:
4100:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4049:
4047:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4006:
4004:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:Gondwanatheria
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3888:Arboroharamiya
3884:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3826:Kalaallitkigun
3822:
3815:
3807:
3798:
3792:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3621:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3550:Kuehneotherium
3546:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3479:
3469:
3458:
3448:
3438:
3435:Paikasigudodon
3428:
3418:
3408:
3398:
3388:
3378:
3368:
3358:
3348:
3338:
3335:Erythrotherium
3328:
3318:
3308:
3298:
3288:
3278:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3238:
3227:
3221:
3218:Mammaliaformes
3216:
3209:
3208:
3205:Mammaliaformes
3203:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3139:Mammaliaformes
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3051:Kayentatherium
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3016:Bienotheroides
3012:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2969:
2959:
2949:
2938:
2932:
2930:Mammaliamorpha
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2813:Therioherpeton
2806:
2796:
2786:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2690:Trucidocynodon
2686:
2679:
2671:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2649:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2571:
2561:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2304:
2294:
2284:
2273:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2164:
2154:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2055:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:Eutheriodontia
2030:
2021:
2012:
2006:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1939:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1851:
1788:
1772:
1716:
1705:(2611): 1–30.
1687:
1660:
1633:
1612:
1563:
1520:
1485:(3): 329–348.
1465:
1397:
1370:
1358:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1261:
1258:
1119:
1116:
1093:
1090:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
996:
993:
992:
989:
988:
981:
976:
974:
968:
967:
964:
963:
954:
949:
947:
944:
943:
940:
939:
930:
925:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
911:
910:
907:
906:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
880:
875:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
856:
851:
849:
843:
842:
839:
838:
834:
833:
830:
829:
820:
817:
816:
813:
812:
803:
798:
796:
791:
789:
781:
749:
748:Classification
746:
648:Beaufort Group
626:
623:
581:
578:
498:
495:
390:The nasals of
387:
384:
363:
360:
329:Early Triassic
315:is an extinct
306:
305:
302:
293:
292:
286:
285:
268:
264:
263:
251:
247:
246:
241:
234:
233:
228:
221:
220:
215:
208:
207:
202:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
151:
150:
146:
145:
137:
136:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
31:Early Triassic
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6655:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6576:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6558:
6554:
6550:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6519:
6515:
6510:
6504:
6500:
6495:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6467:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6365:
6361:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6344:
6337:
6333:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6237:Hans Merensky
6235:
6234:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6193:
6189:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6164:Scylacorhinus
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6102:Africanacetus
6100:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6087:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6026:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5974:Litargosuchus
5972:
5970:
5969:Lesothosaurus
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5944:Gigantoscelus
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5894:Abrictosaurus
5892:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5813:Scaloposaurus
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5798:Proterosuchus
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5788:Progalesaurus
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5713:Lepidodendron
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5688:Euskelosaurus
5686:
5684:
5683:Eucnemesaurus
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:Erythrosuchus
5671:
5669:
5668:Ericiolacerta
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:Blikanasaurus
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:Pelictosuchus
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:Lepidodendron
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5467:Ictidochampsa
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:Cryptocynodon
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Anomocephalus
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5331:Thliptosaurus
5329:
5327:
5326:Theriognathus
5324:
5322:
5321:Stereosternum
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5306:Scylacosaurus
5304:
5302:
5301:Procynosuchus
5299:
5297:
5296:Odontocyclops
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5276:Lepidodendron
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5266:Ictidognathus
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5231:Dwykaselachus
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5201:Crapartinella
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5176:Anomocephalus
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5150:Lepidodendron
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:Carboniferous
5136:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5089:Antarctilamna
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5021:
5017:Paleontology
5014:
5010:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4950:Witwatersrand
4948:
4946:
4945:Merensky Reef
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4927:
4923:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4689:
4685:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4661:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4385:Moodies Group
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4291:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4259:Symmetrodonta
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4091:
4082:
4077:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4041:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:Hahnodontidae
3998:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:Sineleutherus
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3769:Tashkumyrodon
3766:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3755:Sibirotherium
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:Peraiocynodon
3745:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3704:Hutegotherium
3701:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3647:Cyrtlatherium
3644:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3564:Shuotheriidae
3558:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3405:Megazostrodon
3399:
3397:
3396:
3395:Indozostrodon
3389:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3365:Hallautherium
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3275:Cifellilestes
3269:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3100:Stereognathus
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2946:Adelobasileus
2940:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2853:Pseudotherium
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2723:Alemoatherium
2717:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2538:Candelariodon
2532:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2477:
2472:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2371:Progalesaurus
2368:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2301:Nanictosaurus
2295:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:Epicynodontia
2260:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:Procynosuchus
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1943:David Lambert
1940:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:Paul Chambers
1923:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1871:(6): e64978.
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:(6): e64978.
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1688:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
995:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
980:
979:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
962:
961:
960:
953:
952:
946:
945:
942:
941:
938:
937:
936:
929:
928:
922:
921:
918:
917:
909:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:Progalesaurus
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
886:
879:
878:
872:
871:
868:
867:
864:
863:
862:
855:
854:
848:
847:Epicynodontia
845:
844:
841:
840:
832:
831:
828:
827:
826:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
809:
808:Procynosuchus
802:
801:
795:
794:
788:
785:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:Epicynodontia
762:
754:
747:
745:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
695:
694:specific name
691:
687:
683:
682:Ancient Greek
679:
676:
672:
668:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:
639:
631:
624:
622:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
586:
579:
577:
574:
570:
568:
563:
559:
554:
547:
542:
538:
535:
530:
525:
523:
518:
514:
513:
508:
504:
496:
494:
492:
491:pelycosaurian
488:
484:
480:
476:
473:The skull of
471:
468:
464:
460:
451:
446:
442:
439:
434:
430:
425:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
393:
385:
383:
381:
378:allowing the
376:
368:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:
300:
299:
294:
291:
287:
282:
277:
276:
269:
266:
265:
258:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:Epicynodontia
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
161:
156:
152:
147:
143:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
36:251–247
32:
26:
22:
19:
6478:
6451:
6437:
6418:
6404:
6298:Andre Keyser
6273:Alfred Brown
6268:Robert Broom
6060:Nqwebasaurus
6050:Kangnasaurus
6014:Sphenosuchus
5939:Geranosaurus
5919:Dracovenator
5899:Antetonitrus
5843:Ufudocyclops
5832:
5828:Tetracynodon
5818:Scymnosaurus
5723:Lystrosaurus
5708:Kannemeyeria
5663:Elliotherium
5562:Silpholestes
5512:Moschorhinus
5492:Leontosaurus
5462:Icticephalus
5452:Euchambersia
5402:Colobodectes
5392:Choerosaurus
5357:Aelurosaurus
5336:Trochosaurus
5316:Simorhinella
5311:Scymnosaurus
5256:Glossopteris
5241:Eunotosaurus
5119:Serenichthys
5104:Diplacanthus
5084:Africanaspis
4828:Karoo-Ferrar
4264:Triconodonta
4240:Polyphyletic
4235:Paraphyletic
4221:
4211:
4201:
4191:
4181:
4171:
4161:
4151:
4141:
4131:
4123:Cistecynodon
4121:
4108:
4023:
4016:
4009:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3925:Maiopatagium
3923:
3915:
3910:Cryoharamiya
3908:
3901:
3893:
3886:
3878:
3867:Euharamiyida
3854:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3809:
3801:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3738:
3733:Microdocodon
3731:
3724:
3719:Khorotherium
3717:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3640:Castorocauda
3638:
3631:
3626:Agilodocodon
3624:
3601:
3596:Pseudotribos
3594:
3586:
3578:
3571:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3504:
3494:
3484:
3474:
3463:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3423:
3415:Morganucodon
3413:
3403:
3393:
3383:
3373:
3363:
3353:
3343:
3333:
3323:
3313:
3305:Dinnetherium
3303:
3295:Dianoconodon
3293:
3283:
3273:
3263:
3255:Bridetherium
3253:
3243:
3233:
3178:
3126:
3121:Yuanotherium
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3037:Dinnebitodon
3035:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3009:Bienotherium
3007:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2944:
2917:
2909:
2904:Pachygenelus
2902:
2897:Irajatherium
2895:
2890:Elliotherium
2888:
2881:
2874:
2851:
2846:Prozostrodon
2844:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2781:
2771:
2763:Microconodon
2761:
2751:
2743:Dromatherium
2741:
2731:
2721:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2667:Ecteniniidae
2651:
2644:
2621:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2576:
2568:Protheriodon
2566:
2556:
2546:
2536:
2528:Agudotherium
2526:
2398:Kataigidodon
2396:
2382:Eucynodontia
2369:
2362:
2355:Galesauridae
2339:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2309:
2299:
2289:
2279:
2246:
2239:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2181:Uralocynodon
2179:
2169:
2159:
2149:
2032:
2023:
2014:
1946:
1931:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1809:
1805:
1791:
1783:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1719:
1700:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1672:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1420:(1): 25604.
1417:
1413:
1392:
1389:
1318:
1314:
1253:
1250:T. liorhinus
1249:
1246:T. liorhinus
1245:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1178:
1176:
1164:
1158:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1059:Paleobiology
998:
983:
972:Eucynodontia
957:
956:
934:
933:
932:
900:
899:
883:
882:
859:
858:
823:
822:
806:
805:
776:
769:Morganucodon
768:
760:
759:
740:
735:
732:T. liorhinus
731:
727:
724:T. liorhinus
723:
711:
699:
698:
689:
685:
677:
675:type species
663:
656:Richard Owen
651:
641:
637:
636:
617:
613:
611:
606:
602:
599:T. liorhinus
598:
593:
591:
572:
571:
566:
561:
557:
553:T. liorhinus
552:
550:
534:T. liorhinus
533:
529:T. liorhinus
528:
526:
521:
517:T. liorhinus
516:
512:Morganucodon
510:
506:
502:
500:
486:
482:
478:
474:
472:
466:
463:synapomorphy
458:
455:
437:
432:
428:
426:
421:
419:
414:
410:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
379:
374:
373:
355:
347:
341:
332:
325:T. liorhinus
324:
311:
310:
309:
303:Seeley, 1894
297:
296:
290:Type species
274:
273:
256:
237:
224:
211:
198:
130:T. liorhinus
129:
24:
18:
6509:Thrinaxodon
6503:Wikispecies
6479:Thrinaxodon
6128:Homo naledi
6116:Pleistocene
6065:Paranthodon
6040:Algoasaurus
6019:Tritheledon
6004:Pulanesaura
5934:Fabrosaurus
5909:Coelophysis
5857:Assemblages
5838:Trirachodon
5833:Thrinaxodon
5783:Procolophon
5768:Pentasaurus
5753:Noteosuchus
5743:Micropholis
5718:Lydekkerina
5658:Dinanomodon
5648:Cynognathus
5581:Assemblages
5547:Procolophon
5532:Pristerodon
5527:Polycynodon
5482:Ictidostoma
5477:Ictidodraco
5442:Eohyosaurus
5437:Eodicynodon
5432:Dinanomodon
5382:Broomistega
5251:Glanosuchus
5236:Endothiodon
5221:Dinanomodon
5186:Bulbasaurus
5114:Priscomyzon
4838:Earthquakes
4823:Drakensberg
4778:Pilanesberg
4702:Algoa Basin
4670:Algoa Group
4593:Dwyka Group
4496:Cretaceous
4475:Ordovician
4454:Dwyka Group
4414:Dwyka Group
4223:Saurodesmus
4011:Cifelliodon
3975:Woodeatonia
3968:Vilevolodon
3947:Sharypovoia
3917:Kermackodon
3880:Allostaffia
3849:Theroteinus
3819:Haramiyavia
3776:Tegotherium
3762:Simpsonodon
3740:Paritatodon
3689:Gondtherium
3675:Dsungarodon
3633:Borealestes
3603:Shuotherium
3588:Paritatodon
3573:Feredocodon
3536:Kotatherium
3496:Wareolestes
3465:Sinoconodon
3445:Purbeckodon
3385:Indotherium
3375:Helvetiodon
3355:Hadrocodium
3345:Gondwanadon
3325:Eozostrodon
3315:Dyskritodon
3235:Bocaconodon
3093:Shartegodon
3079:Oligokyphus
3072:Nuurtherium
3065:Montirictus
3044:Fossiomanus
3030:Dianzhongia
3023:Bocatherium
2976:Sinoconodon
2919:Tritheledon
2793:Rewaconodon
2753:Inditherium
2646:Bonacynodon
2608:Chiniquodon
2578:Tessellatia
2423:Cynognathia
2412:Cynognathia
2331:Thrinaxodon
2311:Nythosaurus
2161:Nanocynodon
1728:Thrinaxodon
1626:Thrinaxodon
1580:Thrinaxodon
1390:Thrinaxodon
1254:Thrinaxodon
1242:Thrinaxodon
1235:Broomistega
1231:rhinesuchid
1227:synchrotron
1222:Broomistega
1217:Thrinaxodon
1209:Thrinaxodon
1205:Thrinaxodon
1195:Trirachodon
1191:Thrinaxodon
1187:Karoo Basin
1179:Thrinaxodon
1169:amphibian (
1166:Broomistega
1139:Thrinaxodon
1135:Thrinaxodon
1131:Thrinaxodon
1111:Thrinaxodon
1107:Thrinaxodon
1103:Thrinaxodon
1098:Thrinaxodon
1086:Thrinaxodon
1082:Thrinaxodon
1074:Thrinaxodon
1070:Thrinaxodon
985:Cynognathia
935:Thrinaxodon
777:Thrinaxodon
761:Thrinaxodon
741:Thrinaxodon
736:Thrinaxodon
728:Thrinaxodon
712:Thrinaxodon
700:Thrinaxodon
638:Thrinaxodon
618:Thrinaxodon
614:Thrinaxodon
607:Thrinaxodon
603:Thrinaxodon
594:Thrinaxodon
573:Thrinaxodon
567:Thrinaxodon
562:Thrinaxodon
558:Thrinaxodon
522:Thrinaxodon
507:Thrinaxodon
493:ancestors.
487:Thrinaxodon
479:Thrinaxodon
475:Thrinaxodon
467:Thrinaxodon
459:Thrinaxodon
438:Thrinaxodon
433:Thrinaxodon
429:Thrinaxodon
422:Thrinaxodon
415:Thrinaxodon
411:Thrinaxodon
401:Thrinaxodon
397:Thrinaxodon
392:Thrinaxodon
380:Thrinaxodon
375:Thrinaxodon
370:Restoration
362:Description
356:Thrinaxodon
348:Thrinaxodon
333:Thrinaxodon
312:Thrinaxodon
275:Thrinaxodon
25:Thrinaxodon
6592:Categories
6230:Geologists
6159:Planolites
6123:Boskop Man
6028:Cretaceous
5994:Pegomastax
5979:Lycorhinus
5964:Ledumahadi
5954:Gyposaurus
5904:Arcusaurus
5823:Shansiodon
5808:Regisaurus
5793:Prolacerta
5733:Mesosuchus
5693:Galesaurus
5653:Diademodon
5643:Bolotridon
5447:Emyduranus
5422:Cynosaurus
5397:Clelandina
5286:Mesosaurus
5281:Lycosuchus
5246:Galechirus
5226:Dinogorgon
5206:Cynosaurus
5053:Notiodella
5046:Ordovician
4940:Kimberlite
4901:Meteorites
4792:Diatremes
4598:Ecca Group
4479:Soom Shale
4183:Meurthodon
3903:Butlerodon
3895:Baidabatyr
3833:Kollikodon
3803:Avashishta
3790:Haramiyida
3726:Krusatodon
3697:Haldanodon
3668:Docofossor
3654:Dobunnodon
3529:Fluctuodon
3476:Storchodon
3455:Rosierodon
3265:Cherwellia
3148:see below↓
3128:Yunnanodon
3107:Tritylodon
3086:Polistodon
2966:Brasilodon
2911:Riograndia
2876:Chaliminia
2733:Deccanodon
2683:Ecteninion
2676:Diegocanis
2623:Riojanodon
2615:Cromptodon
2548:Charruodon
2444:see below↓
2364:Galesaurus
2291:Cynosaurus
2281:Bolotridon
2218:Nshimbodon
2171:Madysaurus
2130:Cynodontia
2117:Cynodontia
2089:see below↓
2080:Cynodontia
2028:Therapsida
1986:Cynodontia
1922:Tim Haines
1288:References
1238:putterilli
885:Galesaurus
861:Cynosaurus
787:Cynodontia
773:Therapsida
720:Antarctica
704:Normandien
665:Galesaurus
660:plesiotype
652:BMNH R 511
544:Fossil in
406:Tupinambis
344:therapsids
231:Cynodontia
218:Therapsida
6598:Cynodonts
6107:Nummulite
6086:Nummulite
6079:Paleogene
6045:Baculites
5763:Orosaurus
5748:Myosaurus
5567:Tamboeria
5517:Paliguana
5502:Lycideops
5472:Ictidodon
5427:Diictodon
5407:Compsodon
5367:Basilodon
5261:Hofmeyria
5216:Diictodon
5181:Basilodon
5166:Abdalodon
5145:Dadoxylon
5129:Umzantsia
5068:Soomaspis
5063:Promissum
4766:Volcanism
4752:Witteberg
4633:Triassic
4535:Jurassic
4425:Devonian
4404:Paleozoic
4018:Denisodon
3932:Megaconus
3617:Docodonta
3506:Woutersia
3486:Stylidens
3425:Paceyodon
2823:Tricuspes
2773:Polonodon
2341:Vetusodon
2204:Abdalodon
2068:Synapsida
2053:Synapsida
2019:Synapsida
2002:Kingdom:
1767:205412362
1731:liorhinus
1711:2246/2011
1629:liorhinus
1583:liorhinus
1530:Evolution
1515:156055693
1507:1064-7554
1499:1573-7055
1442:2045-2322
1393:liorhinus
1200:Diictodon
1118:Burrowing
667:planiceps
580:Histology
497:Dentition
352:tetrapods
321:cynodonts
205:Synapsida
178:Kingdom:
172:Eukaryota
6488:Wikidata
6453:Glossary
6439:Category
5949:Gryponyx
5924:Eocursor
5889:Aardonyx
5882:Jurassic
5626:Triassic
5341:Youngina
5291:Moschops
5124:Tutusius
5094:Bainella
5077:Devonian
4796:Big Hole
4663:Cenozoic
4490:Mesozoic
4440:Permian
4290:Category
4193:Mitredon
4163:Kunminia
4153:"Hahnia"
4133:Eoraetia
4098:See also
4056:Mammalia
4045:Mammalia
4025:Hahnodon
3982:Xianshou
3954:Shenshou
3856:Thomasia
3711:Itatodon
3682:Ergetiis
3580:Itatodon
3543:Kuehneon
3285:Delsatia
3058:Lufengia
2986:Tikiodon
2010:Chordata
2008:Phylum:
2004:Animalia
1951:202–203.
1945:(2003).
1928:(2006).
1905:23805181
1865:PLOS ONE
1846:23805181
1806:PLOS ONE
1759:25620050
1680:March 5,
1607:84620008
1558:20339164
1550:11525465
1460:27157809
1353:12965004
1260:See also
1064:Ontogeny
250:Family:
192:Chordata
188:Phylum:
182:Animalia
168:Domain:
6562:4947268
6549:1063290
6536:4817702
6523:4529388
6494:Q310940
6388:Swazian
6095:Neogene
5698:Howesia
5159:Permian
4173:Lepagia
3661:Docodon
2601:Aleodon
2558:Lumkuia
2248:Sludica
1896:3689844
1873:Bibcode
1837:3689844
1814:Bibcode
1800:(ed.).
1647:, Ow.)"
1451:4860582
1422:Bibcode
1344:1691433
1335:3592240
1092:Posture
686:thrinax
658:as the
646:of the
267:Genus:
105:↓
5989:Ngwevu
4242:groups
4143:Gaumia
4043:Crown-
3940:Qishou
2151:Dvinia
1903:
1893:
1844:
1834:
1765:
1757:
1657:: 1–6.
1605:
1556:
1548:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1458:
1448:
1440:
1351:
1341:
1333:
825:Dvinia
692:. The
283:, 1894
281:Seeley
126:Fossil
6575:39179
6544:IRMNG
6368:Other
6147:Other
2033:Clade
2024:Clade
2015:Clade
1763:S2CID
1603:S2CID
1554:S2CID
1511:S2CID
1495:eISSN
1331:JSTOR
386:Skull
317:genus
238:Clade
225:Clade
212:Clade
199:Clade
6531:GBIF
4054:see
3841:Mojo
2421:see
2066:see
1901:PMID
1842:PMID
1755:PMID
1682:2015
1674:PBDB
1546:PMID
1503:ISSN
1456:PMID
1438:ISSN
1349:PMID
706:and
690:odon
688:and
481:and
44:PreꞒ
6518:EoL
1938:69.
1891:PMC
1881:doi
1832:PMC
1822:doi
1745:doi
1741:298
1707:hdl
1595:doi
1538:doi
1487:doi
1446:PMC
1430:doi
1339:PMC
1323:doi
1319:270
718:of
662:of
319:of
132:in
128:of
6594::
6572::
6559::
6546::
6533::
6520::
6505::
6490::
2035::
2026::
2017::
1924:;
1899:.
1889:.
1879:.
1867:.
1863:.
1840:.
1830:.
1820:.
1808:.
1804:.
1775:^
1761:.
1753:.
1739:.
1735:.
1699:.
1671:.
1655:43
1653:.
1649:.
1615:^
1601:.
1591:33
1589:.
1566:^
1552:.
1544:.
1534:55
1532:.
1509:.
1501:.
1493:.
1483:27
1481:.
1477:.
1454:.
1444:.
1436:.
1428:.
1416:.
1412:.
1400:^
1373:^
1361:^
1347:.
1337:.
1329:.
1317:.
1313:.
1295:^
1256:.
1233:,
1215:A
609:.
346:,
331:.
240::
227::
214::
201::
94:Pg
38:Ma
33:,
4324:e
4317:t
4310:v
4237:/
4226:?
4219:†
4209:†
4199:†
4189:†
4179:†
4169:†
4159:†
4149:†
4139:†
4129:†
4119:†
4003:?
3992:?
3935:?
3920:?
3898:?
3883:?
3844:?
3836:?
3814:?
3806:?
3787:†
3743:?
3714:?
3692:?
3614:†
3591:?
3583:?
3561:†
3517:†
3502:†
3492:†
3482:†
3472:†
3468:?
3461:†
3451:†
3441:†
3431:†
3421:†
3411:†
3401:†
3391:†
3381:†
3371:†
3361:†
3351:†
3341:†
3331:†
3321:†
3311:†
3301:†
3291:†
3281:†
3271:†
3261:†
3251:†
3241:†
3231:†
2997:†
2982:†
2972:†
2962:†
2952:†
2942:†
2914:?
2864:†
2834:†
2819:†
2809:†
2799:†
2789:†
2779:†
2769:†
2759:†
2749:†
2739:†
2729:†
2719:†
2664:†
2634:†
2618:?
2589:†
2574:†
2564:†
2554:†
2544:†
2534:†
2524:†
2409:†
2394:†
2352:†
2337:†
2327:†
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