187:. The survey included 622 people who were tested for dementia for a period of eight years. In that period, 46 people were diagnosed with dementia. "Once researchers adjusted for other factors that could affect dementia risk, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking, people with high levels of cynical distrust were three times more likely to develop dementia than people with low levels of cynicism. Of the 164 people with high levels of cynicism, 14 people developed dementia, compared to nine of the 212 people with low levels of cynicism."
211:
107:, perhaps due to their shared association with a lack of faith in humanity. The differences among the three is that cynicism is a distrust by prudence; while due to a sense of defeatism, pessimism is the distrust of potential success. Nihilism on its part is the general distrust cast upon the belief that anything in life (including life itself) has any valuable meaning.
153:
defined modern cynics as "borderline melancholics, who can keep their symptoms of depression under control and yet retain the ability to work, whatever might happen ... indeed, this is the essential point in modern cynicism: the ability of its bearers to work—in spite of anything that might happen."
281:
found that the way the news media presents the news can cause political cynicism. The experiment also demonstrated "a negative relation between efficacy and cynicism suggesting that efficacious citizens were less likely to be cynical about politics". It was found that straight dry, "issues-based"
264:
In a 1996 paper, J. N. Cappella and K. H. Jamieson claimed that "healthy skepticism may have given way to corrosive cynicism". Cynicism regarding government or politics can logically lead to political withdrawal and effective political helplessness. In 2013 conservative politician and political
924:, The Amsterdam School of Communications Research, - An experimentally manipulated television news story about the enlargement of the European Union was produced in a strategy version and an issue-framed version, which were embedded in an experimental bulletin of a national news program.
115:
Modern cynicism has been defined as an attitude of distrust toward claimed ethical and social values and a rejection of the need to be socially involved. It is pessimistic about the capacity of human beings to make correct ethical choices; in this aspect,
717:
Elisa
Neuvonen; Minna Rusanen; Alina Solomon; Tiia Ngandu; Tiina Laatikainen; Hilkka Soininen; Miia Kivipelto & Anna-Maija Tolppanen (2014). "Late-life cynical distrust, risk of incident dementia, and mortality in a population-based cohort".
286:...the horse race, strategy, and tactics of politics,"..."news coverage of candidate motivations and personalities, focus on disagreement between parties, candidates or voters, and the presence and emphasis on polls in the news,
196:
in 2020, "everyday experiences of disrespect elevated cynical beliefs and vice versa. Moreover, cynical individuals tended to treat others with disrespect, which in turn predicted more disrespectful treatment by others."
96:, institutions, and authorities that are unfulfilled. It can manifest itself as a result of frustration, disillusionment, and distrust perceived as owing to organizations, authorities, and other aspects of society.
859:
538:
For the cynic, accordingly, hypocrisy and deceitfulness, primitive selfishness and unbounded egoism, and gross materialism and disguised ruthlessness(Rojo, Man Utd) are the hidden characteristics of all human
306:
In organizations, cynicism manifests itself as a general or specific attitude, characterized by frustration, hopelessness, disillusionment and distrust in regard to economic or governmental organizations,
299:
Social cynicism results from high expectations concerning society, institutions and authorities; unfulfilled expectations lead to disillusionment, which releases feelings of disappointment and
88:
led the modern understanding of cynicism to mean a disposition of disbelief in the sincerity or goodness of human motives and actions. Modern cynicism is a distrust toward professed
611:
Cynicism promotes and is a product of mass society. It makes economic, political, and cultural domination invisible, and casts serious doubts on cultural and political alternatives.
1210:
1050:
1167:
Reisig, Michael D.; Scott E. Wolfe; Kristy
Holtfreter (2011-12-01). "Legal Cynicism, Legitimacy, and Criminal Offending: The Nonconfounding Effect of Low Self-Control".
221:
928:
629:...cynicism appears in the space left empty by mass culture's retreat from politics itself. Political engagement has no option, apparently, but to be cynical...
128:, especially in those circumstances where the individual believes there is a conflict between society's stated motives and goals and actual motives and goals.
192:
183:
journal in 2014 found an association between high levels of late-life "cynical distrust" (interpreted and measured in the study in terms of hostility) and
1022:
Kruger, Justin; Gilovich, Thomas (1999). "'Naive cynicism' in everyday theories of responsibility assessment: On biased assumptions of bias".
282:
news did not cause political cynicism, but that "Strategic News" and "game news" did. The latter two types of news presentation emphasize:
926:
Results showed that exposure to "strategic news" fueled political cynicism and activated negative associations with the political issue.
885:
The media framing of political news is implicated in "activating, if not creating, cynicism about campaigns, policy, and governance."
974:
566:
1261:
1244:
695:
525:
251:
57:, goals, and opinions that a cynic perceives as vain, unobtainable, or ultimately meaningless. The term originally derives from the
1073:
169:
allegedly expressed this succinctly: "The power of accurate observation is commonly called cynicism by those who don't have it".
1343:
1275:
65:, who rejected conventional goals of wealth, power, and honor. They practiced shameless nonconformity with social norms in
925:
729:
464:
233:
901:
922:
The
Effects of Strategic News on Political Cynicism, Issue Evaluations, and Policy Support: A Two-Wave Experiment
645:
145:
58:
1271:
190:
Research has also shown that cynicism is related to feelings of disrespect. According to a study published in the
279:
The
Effects of Strategic News on Political Cynicism, Issue Evaluations, and Policy Support: A Two-Wave Experiment
1348:
1124:
Kirk, David S.; Matsuda, Mauri (2011-05-01). "Legal
Cynicism, Collective Efficacy, and the Ecology of Arrest".
162:
80:
ideals and the critique of current civilization based on how it might fall short of an ideal civilization or
1333:
484:
362:
24:
1097:
Benforado, Adam; Hanson, Jon (2008). "Naïve
Cynicism: Maintaining False Perceptions in Policy Debates".
826:
797:"Victims, Perpetrators, or Both? The Vicious Cycle of Disrespect and Cynical Beliefs about Human Nature"
413:, and the two serve as important ways for researchers to study citizens' perceptions of law enforcement.
85:
62:
34:
20:
269:
warned that the United States could "crumble from within; that we would become cynical and withdraw".
1307:
340:
54:
157:
One active aspect of cynicism involves the desire to expose hypocrisy and to point out gaps between
720:
398:
179:
166:
1338:
1192:
1149:
876:
808:
767:
749:
332:
266:
1267:
961:
Andersson, L. M.; Bateman, T. S. (1997). "Cynicism in the workplace: Some causes and effects".
606:
1323:
1257:
1240:
1184:
1141:
1110:
1106:
741:
691:
521:
410:
328:
321:
137:
1249:
1211:"Police Legitimacy and Legal Cynicism: Why They Matter and How to Measure in Your Community"
1176:
1133:
1065:
1031:
1001:
970:
944:
868:
800:
733:
651:
641:
576:
150:
1328:
932:
906:
897:
839:
402:
354:
344:
601:
The
Cynical Society: The Culture of Politics and the Politics of Culture in American Life
599:
394:
388:
336:
158:
81:
687:
The Power of
Negative Thinking: Cynicism and the History of Modern American Literature
1317:
1196:
1137:
880:
854:
812:
772:
454:
406:
374:
350:
1153:
753:
520:. Contributions in philosophy. Vol. 58. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1.
949:
The
Cynical Americans - Living and Working in an Age of Discontent and Disillusion.
665:
439:
125:
1234:
1005:
737:
685:
515:
1301:
872:
494:
449:
444:
358:
141:
1035:
989:
489:
479:
474:
434:
308:
117:
1188:
1180:
1145:
568:
Synonym for cynicism (n) – antonym for cynicism (n) – Thesaurus – MSN Encarta
804:
469:
370:
100:
796:
745:
975:
10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199709)18:5<449::aid-job808>3.0.co;2-o
92:
and social values, especially when there are high expectations concerning
1069:
459:
366:
300:
184:
104:
69:, manners, housing, dress, or decency, instead advocating the pursuit of
66:
38:
572:
290:
positioning the electorate as spectators and candidates as performers."
121:
93:
77:
990:"Naïveté and Cynicism in Negotiations and Other Competitive Contexts"
429:
89:
70:
405:
agents are "illegitimate, unresponsive, and ill equipped to ensure
860:
The Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science
424:
50:
42:
795:
Stavrova, Olga; Ehlebracht, Daniel; Vohs, Kathleen (2020-01-22).
357:
and has been studied across a wide range of contexts including:
46:
204:
1017:
1015:
220:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
41:
of the motives of others. A cynic may have a general lack of
19:"Cynical" redirects here. For the classical philosophy, see
668:(1998). "The problem of humbug". In Kieran, Matthew (ed.).
1291:
1296:
988:
Tsay, Chia-Jung; Shu, Lisa L.; Bazerman, Max H. (2011).
124:. Modern cynicism is sometimes regarded as a product of
229:
855:"News Frames, Political Cynicism, and Media Cynicism"
73:
in accordance with a simple and natural way of life.
598:
401:defined by a perception that the legal system and
768:"Cynical? You may be hurting your brain health"
284:
690:. University of Virginia Press. p. 187.
218:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
1024:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
853:J. N. Cappella & K. H. Jamieson (1996).
343:that occurs when people naïvely expect more
193:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
236:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1218:Byrne Criminal Justice Innovation Program
252:Learn how and when to remove this message
49:in people motivated by ambition, desire,
920:Claes de Vreese, 2004, (Cited by 98)
605:. University of Chicago Press. p.
506:
1051:"Business ethics without stakeholders"
835:
824:
1308:"Is it worse to be cynical or jaded?"
387:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
347:in others than actually is the case.
320:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
76:By the 19th century, emphasis on the
7:
517:Classical Cynicism: A Critical Study
277:A 2004 experiment and paper called
136:Cynicism can appear more active in
963:Journal of Organizational Behavior
349:The term was formally proposed by
16:Attitude characterised by distrust
14:
1256:, University of Minnesota Press.
1272:"Cynicism as a Form of Ideology"
1239:, University of Virginia Press.
1138:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00226.x
994:The Academy of Management Annals
209:
99:Cynicism is often confused with
1280:. Verso Books. pp. 28–30.
1277:The Sublime Object of Ideology
465:"No good deed goes unpunished"
1:
1236:The Making of Modern Cynicism
1169:Criminal Justice and Behavior
730:American Academy of Neurology
597:Goldfarb, Jeffrey C. (1991).
1006:10.1080/19416520.2011.587283
738:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000528
873:10.1177/0002716296546001007
684:Schreier, Benjamin (2009).
553:The Adventure of Philosophy
232:, discuss the issue on the
37:characterized by a general
1367:
1254:Critique of Cynical Reason
1036:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.743
647:Critique of Cynical Reason
625:Cynicism and Postmodernity
386:
319:
311:or other aspects of work.
146:Critique of Cynical Reason
59:ancient Greek philosophers
18:
1058:Business Ethics Quarterly
1302:Cynicism / Conspiracism
1233:Mazella, David, (2007),
1181:10.1177/0093854811424707
672:. Routledge. p. 37.
623:Bewes, Timothy (1997).
551:Navia, Luis E. (1999).
514:Navia, Luis E. (1996).
1344:Psychological attitude
1304:from Project Worldview
1049:Heath, Joseph (2006).
907:National Review Online
834:Cite journal requires
485:Rational choice theory
292:
23:. For other uses, see
1292:The Cynic's Sanctuary
943:Donald L. Kanter and
902:"We Are Not Helpless"
805:10.31234/osf.io/thuq8
177:A study published in
21:Cynicism (philosophy)
1310:Retrieved 2008-05-30
1297:The Cynical Web Site
1070:10.5840/beq200616448
900:(5 September 2013).
627:. Verso. p. 3.
409:." It is related to
341:psychological egoism
230:improve this section
898:Bennett, William J.
399:legal socialization
167:George Bernard Shaw
132:Critical evaluation
931:2012-08-31 at the
333:philosophy of mind
267:William J. Bennett
1250:Sloterdijk, Peter
1175:(12): 1265–1279.
1099:Emory Law Journal
642:Sloterdijk, Peter
411:police legitimacy
375:government policy
262:
261:
254:
53:, gratification,
1356:
1281:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1072:. Archived from
1055:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1019:
1010:
1009:
985:
979:
978:
958:
952:
945:Philip H. Mirvis
941:
935:
918:
912:
911:
894:
888:
887:
850:
844:
843:
837:
832:
830:
822:
820:
819:
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
764:
758:
757:
714:
708:
707:
705:
704:
680:
674:
673:
662:
656:
655:
638:
632:
631:
620:
614:
613:
604:
594:
588:
587:
585:
584:
575:. Archived from
563:
557:
556:
548:
542:
541:
535:
534:
511:
363:group-membership
273:Possible effects
257:
250:
246:
243:
237:
213:
212:
205:
151:Peter Sloterdijk
86:Cynic philosophy
1366:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1349:Social theories
1314:
1313:
1288:
1266:
1230:
1228:Further reading
1225:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1021:
1020:
1013:
987:
986:
982:
960:
959:
955:
942:
938:
933:Wayback Machine
919:
915:
896:
895:
891:
852:
851:
847:
833:
823:
817:
815:
794:
793:
789:
779:
777:
766:
765:
761:
716:
715:
711:
702:
700:
698:
683:
681:
677:
664:
663:
659:
640:
639:
635:
622:
621:
617:
596:
595:
591:
582:
580:
565:
564:
560:
550:
549:
545:
532:
530:
528:
513:
512:
508:
504:
499:
420:
415:
414:
403:law enforcement
397:is a domain of
392:
384:
379:
378:
355:Thomas Gilovich
345:egocentric bias
325:
317:
297:
295:Social cynicism
275:
258:
247:
241:
238:
227:
214:
210:
203:
175:
134:
113:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1294:
1287:
1286:External links
1284:
1283:
1282:
1264:
1247:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1202:
1159:
1132:(2): 443–472.
1116:
1089:
1064:(4): 533–557.
1041:
1030:(5): 743–753.
1011:
1000:(1): 495–518.
980:
969:(5): 449–469.
953:
936:
913:
889:
845:
836:|journal=
787:
759:
709:
696:
682:Attributed in
675:
657:
633:
615:
589:
558:
555:. p. 141.
543:
526:
505:
503:
500:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
421:
419:
416:
395:Legal cynicism
393:
389:Legal cynicism
385:
383:
382:Legal cynicism
380:
337:cognitive bias
329:Naïve cynicism
326:
322:Naïve cynicism
318:
316:
313:
296:
293:
274:
271:
260:
259:
224:of the subject
222:worldwide view
217:
215:
208:
202:
199:
174:
173:Health effects
171:
133:
130:
112:
109:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:Virtue ethics
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1268:Žižek, Slavoj
1265:
1263:
1262:0-8166-1586-1
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:0-8139-2615-7
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1079:on 2015-11-17
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
981:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
954:
951:San Francisco
950:
946:
940:
937:
934:
930:
927:
923:
917:
914:
909:
908:
903:
899:
893:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:
856:
849:
846:
841:
828:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
788:
776:. 28 May 2014
775:
774:
773:Science Daily
769:
763:
760:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:: 2205–2212.
731:
727:
723:
722:
713:
710:
699:
697:9780813928203
693:
689:
688:
679:
676:
671:
667:
666:Midgley, Mary
661:
658:
653:
649:
648:
643:
637:
634:
630:
626:
619:
616:
612:
608:
603:
602:
593:
590:
579:on 2010-04-23
578:
574:
570:
569:
562:
559:
554:
547:
544:
540:
529:
527:9780313300158
523:
519:
518:
510:
507:
501:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:Moral realism
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
417:
412:
408:
407:public safety
404:
400:
396:
390:
381:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
351:Justin Kruger
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
323:
314:
312:
310:
304:
302:
294:
291:
289:
283:
280:
272:
270:
268:
256:
253:
245:
242:November 2014
235:
231:
225:
223:
216:
207:
206:
200:
198:
195:
194:
188:
186:
182:
181:
172:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
152:
148:
147:
143:
139:
131:
129:
127:
123:
119:
110:
108:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
1276:
1253:
1235:
1217:
1205:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1081:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1061:
1057:
1044:
1027:
1023:
997:
993:
983:
966:
962:
956:
948:
939:
921:
916:
905:
892:
884:
867:(1): 71–84.
864:
858:
848:
827:cite journal
816:. Retrieved
790:
778:. Retrieved
771:
762:
725:
719:
712:
701:. Retrieved
686:
678:
670:Media Ethics
669:
660:
646:
636:
628:
624:
618:
610:
600:
592:
581:. Retrieved
577:the original
567:
561:
552:
546:
537:
531:. Retrieved
516:
509:
440:Human nature
359:negotiations
339:and form of
327:
305:
298:
287:
285:
278:
276:
263:
248:
239:
219:
191:
189:
178:
176:
156:
144:
135:
126:mass society
114:
98:
82:negativistic
75:
30:
29:
1126:Criminology
495:Weltschmerz
450:Misanthropy
445:Melancholia
201:In politics
142:bestselling
84:aspects of
55:materialism
1318:Categories
1252:, (1988),
1105:(3): 535.
1083:2015-11-16
947:, (1989).
818:2020-10-21
703:2013-11-26
650:. p.
583:2010-05-14
533:2013-11-26
502:References
490:Skepticism
480:Resentment
475:Pragmatism
435:Fanaticism
315:Psychology
138:depression
1339:Modernism
1197:145230048
1189:0093-8548
1146:1745-9125
881:145453273
813:243241890
721:Neurology
539:behavior.
470:Pessimism
377:and more.
371:economics
265:theorist
234:talk page
180:Neurology
163:practices
140:. In his
101:pessimism
1324:Cynicism
1270:(1989).
1154:31487782
929:Archived
754:35851646
746:24871875
644:(1987).
460:Nihilism
418:See also
367:marriage
309:managers
301:betrayal
288:" or "
228:You may
185:dementia
149:(1983),
111:Overview
105:nihilism
67:religion
39:distrust
35:attitude
31:Cynicism
1111:1106690
780:14 July
573:Encarta
122:antonym
118:naiveté
94:society
90:ethical
78:ascetic
1329:Belief
1260:
1243:
1195:
1187:
1152:
1144:
1109:
879:
811:
752:
744:
728:(24).
694:
524:
430:Doomer
159:ideals
120:is an
71:virtue
63:Cynics
61:, the
33:is an
1214:(PDF)
1193:S2CID
1150:S2CID
1077:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
877:S2CID
809:S2CID
750:S2CID
425:Doubt
331:is a
51:greed
43:faith
25:Cynic
1258:ISBN
1241:ISBN
1185:ISSN
1142:ISSN
1107:SSRN
840:help
782:2014
742:PMID
692:ISBN
522:ISBN
353:and
161:and
47:hope
1177:doi
1134:doi
1066:doi
1032:doi
1002:doi
971:doi
869:doi
865:546
801:doi
734:doi
103:or
45:or
1320::
1274:.
1216:.
1191:.
1183:.
1173:38
1171:.
1148:.
1140:.
1130:49
1128:.
1103:57
1101:.
1062:16
1060:.
1056:.
1028:76
1026:.
1014:^
996:.
992:.
967:18
965:.
904:.
883:.
875:.
863:.
857:.
831::
829:}}
825:{{
807:.
799:.
770:.
748:.
740:.
726:82
724:.
609:.
607:30
571:.
536:.
373:,
369:,
365:,
361:,
335:,
303:.
165:.
1220:.
1199:.
1179::
1156:.
1136::
1113:.
1086:.
1068::
1038:.
1034::
1008:.
1004::
998:5
977:.
973::
910:.
871::
842:)
838:(
821:.
803::
784:.
756:.
736::
706:.
654:.
652:5
586:.
391:.
324:.
255:)
249:(
244:)
240:(
226:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.