201:
observational records, societal benefits, affordability, and technological readiness. The four missions recommended for earliest implementation by NASA were classified as “Tier 1” missions and included CLARREO. The NRC Decadal Survey concluded that the single most critical issue for current climate change observations was their lack of accuracy and low confidence in observing the small climate change signals over decade time scales. CLARREO observations of climate change on decadal scales address this issue by achieving the required levels of accuracy and traceability to SI standards for a set of observations sensitive to a wide range of key climate change observations.
150:
50:
217:(SI) standards. For example, at solar wavelengths this is intended to be confirmed after launch using comparison of actual data to theoretical simulations of lunar/solar radiance generated within a high-fidelity sensor model, although it is unclear how such a non-experimental approach will ensure SI traceability. The Earth observations then made by CLARREO have sensitivity to the most critical but least understood climate radiative forcings, responses, and feedbacks, such as:
311:, with contributions from other NASA Centers, government organizations, academia, and NASA HQ, developed a mission concept that passed its Mission Concept Review (MCR) on November 17, 2010. Although the FY2012 budget cuts placed the full CLARREO mission into an extended pre-Phase A status, a CLARREO Science Definition Team, which had already been competitively selected, has continued to advance the science and technology development of the mission.
268:
410:
D.; Johnson, D. G.; Jucks, K.; Kato, S.; Kirk-Davidoff, D. B.; Knuteson, R.; Kopp, G.; Kratz, D. P.; Liu, X.; Lukashin, C.; Mannucci, A. J.; Phojanamongkolkij, N.; Pilewskie, P.; Ramaswamy, V.; Revercomb, H.; Rice, J.; Roberts, Y.; Roithmayr, C. M.; Rose, F.; Sandford, S.; Shirley, E. L.; Smith, W. L.; Soden, B.; Speth, P. W.; Sun, W.; Taylor, P. C.; Tobin, D.; Xiong, X. (October 1, 2013).
409:
Wielicki, Bruce A.; Young, D. F.; Mlynczak, M. G.; Thome, K. J.; Leroy, S.; Corliss, J.; Anderson, J. G.; Ao, C. O.; Bantges, R.; Best, F.; Bowman, K.; Brindley, H.; Butler, J. J.; Collins, W.; Dykema, J. A.; Doelling, D. R.; Feldman, D. R.; Fox, N.; Huang, X.; Holz, R.; Huang, Y.; Jin, Z.; Jennings,
136:
In 2016, a
Pathfinder mission to the full CLARREO mission received funding. "The allocated funds support the flight of a Reflected Solar (RS) spectrometer, hosted on the International Space Station (ISS) in the 2020 time frame. ... The CPF is a Class D mission with 1 year of operations on orbit and 1
275:
After inter-calibrating with CLARREO ISS/Pathfinder and its newly relaxed accuracy objective of 0.6% (k=2) from 2020 onwards, the resulting measurements may be able to detect climate change signals by the year 2039 (move Red curve to year 20 or '2020', rather than 0 start point in Fig. 3). However,
61:
request, a smaller CLARREO Pathfinder (CPF) mission was provided $ 76.9M to demonstrate essential measurement technologies of the CLARREO Tier 1 Decadal Survey mission. That funding will potentially support the flight of the
Reflected Solar (RS) spectrometer, which is one piece of the full Decadal
303:
climate data records by flying the Total Solar
Irradiance Sensor (TSIS) and the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) sensors. The NASA portion involved the measurement of spectrally resolved thermal IR and reflected solar radiation at high absolute accuracy. However, recent events
200:
Decadal Survey report, "Earth
Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond," provides the basis for the future direction of NASA's space-based Earth observation system. Missions were ranked according to scientific merit, contributions to long-term
162:
requirements needed for climate change detection. Many sensors used for climate measurements were designed to meet operational weather needs and are not optimized for climate sampling. These sensors, along with older instruments designed for climate, lack the on-board ability to test for
122:
Alternative mission concepts were developed to accommodate reduced available funding. A CLARREO mission on the
International Space Station, to include one each of the RS and IR spectrometers, was found to provide the best science value for the lowest feasible cost. Due to the ISS orbital
179:
sampling focused specifically on the creation of climate records. Then after development of new cross-calibration methodologies far more accurate than those achieved today, CLARREO may serve as an in-orbit standard to provide reference intercalibration for missions like the broadband
137:
year for analysis of acquired data." The mission is designed to demonstrate essential measurement technologies in orbit that can be used to reduce the risk of a full CLARREO mission. CLARREO Pathfinder has two primary objectives: to demonstrate high accuracy on orbit traceable to
780:
Goldberg, M.; Ohring, G.; Butler, J.; Cao, C.; Datla, R.; Doelling, D.; Gärtner, V.; Hewison, T.; Iacovazzi, B.; Kim, D.; Kurino, T.; Lafeuille, J.; Minnis, P.; Renaut, D.; Schmetz, J.; Tobin, D.; Wang, L.; Weng, F.; Wu, X.; Yu, F.; Zhang, P.; Zhu, T. (April 1, 2011).
153:
Fig. 1. The CLARREO RS spectrometer has the capability to match measurements from other spaceborne sensors spatially, temporally, spectrally, and angularly. This approximate on-orbit data matching is enabled by CLARREO's ability to point its RS instrument in two
689:
Roithmayr, Carlos M.; Lukashin, Constantine; Speth, Paul W.; Kopp, Greg; Thome, Kurt; Wielicki, Bruce A.; Young, David F. (October 2014). "CLARREO Approach for
Reference Intercalibration of Reflected Solar Sensors: On-Orbit Data Matching and Sampling".
45:
standard in orbit, making climate trends apparent in their data sets by 2055, within a 30-year time frame after its planned launch in the 2020s. These measurements may go on to enable testing, validation, and improvement of climate model prediction.
204:
Decadal Survey recommendations represent the community's input on the future direction of space-based Earth science; therefore, NASA will continue to engage the scientific community to refine mission requirements during the planning for CLARREO.
127:
of 51.65 degrees, CLARREO on ISS measurements would not include the polar regions, resulting in the mission being unable to track global spectral benchmarks compared to the version of the mission presented at the
Mission Concept Review.
282:
the aid of CLARRE0 (grey dashed line), Pathfinder will likely be of much reduced benefit to climate science compared to the original 0.3% (k=2) concept in response to the 2007 decadal survey (with a 2013 launch date).
184:(CERES), operational sounders including the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), and imagers such as the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and
56:
Due to funding cuts in announced for the 2012 budget, the CLARREO mission was significantly scaled back, while remaining spaceborne projects were eyed to fill the gap. In the
President's financial year 2016
33:
mission, originally selected as such by the
National Research Council in 2007. The CLARREO mission is intended to provide a metrology laboratory in orbit to accurately quantify and attribute Earth's
141:
and to transfer that accuracy to other spaceborne sensors. Pathfinders threshold objective compared to the full baseline CLARREO mission is relaxed by a factor of two from 0.15% to 0.3% (k=1).
1020:
74:
Below is the mission concept presented at the
Mission Concept Review in November 2010. CLARREO was then envisioned to consist of four observatories on two dual-manifested launches on
167:
on orbit. The CLARREO mission will meet these goals through careful consideration of the instrument design, calibration traceability at all stages of development and operation, with
342:
National Research Council, Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 426pp, 2007.
1084:
271:
Fig. 3. Reproduced estimates of time needed after climate mission launch to detect predicted CRF climate trends with 95% confidence, at different calibration accuracies.
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Fox, Nigel; Kaiser-Weiss, Andrea; Schmutz, Werner; Thome, Kurtis; Young, Dave; Wielicki, Bruce; Winkler, Rainer; Woolliams, Emma (October 28, 2011).
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since this will occur near a decade after year 31 or '2031' in Fig. 3 which is the NASA estimate of when CERES will detect such trends
488:
91:
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Wielicki, Bruce A.; Doelling, David R.; Young, David F.; Loeb, Norman G.; Garber, Donald P.; MacDonnell, David G. (2008).
214:
41:). The mission is also designed to transfer its high accuracy to other spaceborne sensors. It would serve as a reference
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904:"Climate Quality Broadband and Narrowband Solar Reflected Radiance Calibration Between Sensors in Orbit"
149:
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62:
Survey-recommended mission, hosted on the International Space Station (ISS) from December 2023. The
358:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
49:
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561:
391:
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Voosen, Paul (September 28, 2018). "NASA climate mission Trump tried to kill moves forward".
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feedbacks, and decadal change of temperature profiles, water vapor profiles, clouds, and
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CLARREO could make highly accurate decadal change observations that are traceable to
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https://web.archive.org/web/20120301162617/http://clarreo.larc.nasa.gov/index.php
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IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
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807:
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Four Observatories, two dual-manifested launches on Minotaur IV+ vehicles
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244:
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354:"Accurate radiometry from space: an essential tool for climate studies"
252:
99:
320:
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903:
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226:
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966:"NASA's Langley Research Center Selected to Lead CLARREO Mission"
991:"NASA Satellite Crash Complicates Gloomy Climate Budget Picture"
534:
489:"CLARREO Pathfinder Undergoes Successful Mission Concept Review"
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336:
292:
176:
27:
515:"America First-A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again"
158:
Current satellite-based sensors are not designed to meet the
295:
mission where NOAA would contribute the total and spectral
243:
feedbacks, and decadal change of clouds, radiative fluxes,
239:
Solar reflected spectra to infer cloud feedbacks, snow/ice
66:
unsuccessfully tried several times to defund the mission.
670:
668:
110:
July 2018: Two infrared observatories, each with GNSS-RO
236:
GNSS-RO to infer decadal change of temperature profiles
684:
682:
24:
Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory
412:"Achieving Climate Change Absolute Accuracy in Orbit"
1021:"Wielicki_CLARREO SDT Meeting Intro Oct 28 2014.pdf"
579:
CLARREO Science Definition Team (January 21, 2011).
291:
CLARREO was originally recommended as a joint NASA/
692:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
783:"The Global Space-Based Inter-Calibration System"
118:609 km polar orbits (90 degree inclination)
787:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
416:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
847:"GSFC RS Technology Demonstration Instrument"
8:
467:"FY 2016 President's Budget Request Summary"
182:Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System
453:"Budget issues delay Earth science mission"
113:May 2020: Two reflected solar observatories
879:"CLARREO Extended Pre-Phase A White Paper"
221:Infrared spectra to infer temperature and
1085:Climate change assessment and attribution
806:
719:
435:
377:
186:Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer
1019:Wielicki, Bruce A. (October 28, 2014).
1004:Finneran, Michael (November 23, 2010).
451:LaRC, Denise Lineberry (June 6, 2013).
332:
304:have put such allocations in question.
643:"About the CLARREO Pathfinder Mission"
7:
487:Atkinson, Joe (September 15, 2016).
513:Trump, Donald J. (March 13, 2017).
139:International Systems of Units (SI)
39:List of climate research satellites
964:Klamper, Amy (September 7, 2009).
828:. January 21, 2011. Archived from
92:Global Navigation Satellite System
14:
745:"CLARREO_Science_Team_Report.pdf"
88:Reflected Solar (RS) Spectrometer
884:. March 28, 2011. Archived from
82:Three Instruments (two of each)
1006:"CLARREO Passes First Big Test"
743:Young, David F. (May 4, 2016).
649:. NASA. c. 2016. Archived from
581:"CLARREO Mission Overview 2011"
523:Office of Management and Budget
198:National Research Council (NRC)
215:International Systems of Units
1:
916:10.1109/IGARSS.2008.4778842
299:measurements and the Earth
16:NASA decadal survey mission
1111:
1008:. Langley Research Center.
823:"CLARREO Mission Overview"
145:Reference intercalibration
132:Pathfinder mission concept
85:Infrared (IR) Spectrometer
712:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2302397
437:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00149.1
1028:CLARREO Mission Website
752:CLARREO Mission Website
558:10.1126/science.aav5703
309:Langley Research Center
808:10.1175/2010BAMS2967.1
379:10.1098/rsta.2011.0246
272:
155:
53:
617:clarreo.larc.nasa.gov
270:
152:
52:
26:) is a high-priority
1037:on December 20, 2014
891:on October 15, 2011.
859:on February 25, 2015
835:on October 15, 2011.
761:on November 18, 2016
307:A team led by NASA
209:Science applications
64:Trump administration
1090:Proposed satellites
799:2011BAMS...92R.467G
704:2014ITGRS..52.6762R
593:on October 15, 2011
428:2013BAMS...94.1519W
370:2011RSPTA.369.4028F
364:(1953): 4028–4063.
1095:Weather satellites
623:on October 4, 2008
273:
156:
54:
925:978-1-4244-2807-6
698:(10): 6762–6774.
535:National Archives
422:(10): 1519–1539.
263:Societal benefits
233:radiative effects
192:Mission selection
165:systematic errors
96:Radio Occultation
1102:
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1030:. Archived from
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1039:. Retrieved
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527:. Retrieved
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474:www.nasa.gov
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76:Minotaur IV+
73:
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19:
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975:December 3,
863:January 15,
225:feedbacks,
223:water vapor
154:dimensions.
125:inclination
43:calibration
1079:Categories
970:Space News
327:References
249:snow cover
78:vehicles.
657:March 16,
613:"CLARREO"
566:186784212
196:The 2007
188:(AVHRR).
1070:NASA.gov
1065:NASA.gov
1041:July 19,
765:July 19,
675:NASA.gov
647:nasa.gov
627:July 19,
597:July 18,
529:July 19,
498:July 19,
396:25431087
388:21930564
315:See also
257:land use
245:aerosols
177:temporal
169:spectral
160:accuracy
934:1365813
795:Bibcode
730:5041148
700:Bibcode
550:Science
424:Bibcode
366:Bibcode
279:without
253:sea ice
173:spatial
100:GNSS-RO
20:CLARREO
948:"Home"
932:
922:
728:
564:
394:
386:
321:TRUTHS
255:, and
241:albedo
59:budget
1035:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
951:(PDF)
930:S2CID
889:(PDF)
882:(PDF)
857:(PDF)
850:(PDF)
833:(PDF)
826:(PDF)
759:(PDF)
748:(PDF)
726:S2CID
591:(PDF)
584:(PDF)
562:S2CID
518:(PDF)
470:(PDF)
392:S2CID
227:cloud
37:(see
1043:2017
977:2022
920:ISBN
865:2023
767:2017
659:2017
629:2017
599:2012
531:2017
500:2017
493:NASA
384:PMID
293:NOAA
287:Team
175:and
28:NASA
912:doi
803:doi
716:hdl
708:doi
554:doi
432:doi
374:doi
362:369
1081::
1026:.
968:.
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696:52
694:.
681:^
667:^
645:.
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335:^
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1045:.
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94:-
22:(
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