35:
292:
bacterium is mediated by two receptors. The first is the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP), which also aids the bacterium in adhering to the intestinal cell wall. The TCP is thought to bind to the minor CTXφ coat protein OrfU. The second is the TolQRA membrane protein structure.
268:
which are the genes encoding for the
Cholera Toxin (CT). The RS2 region, which measures 2,4 kb, contains genes that control the replication, regulation, and integration of CTXφ. The three genes encoded in the RS2 region are
337:
form of the viral genome, pCTX. pCTX can undergo DNA replication to create new ssDNA genomes and/or be incorporated into the bacterial genome as a prophage. Because this prophage can be present in tandem in some
361:. Once the new ssDNA genome is inside the assembled proteins, the CTXφ virion detaches from the EpsD and is free to infect other bacteria. Phage particles are secreted from bacterial cells without
381:
of virion stage CTXφ, though the process by which the toxin could be released from the protein coat has not yet been identified. The second non-CT toxin encoded within the CTXφ genome is
357:
After the production of the proteins and genomic material necessary to create new virion forms of the bacteriophage, the proteins assemble at a membranous protein complex, the EpsD
385:
toxin (Zot). Zot, though absolutely essential for the production of the CTXφ virion, is not actually present in the phage particle. The part that Ace and Zot play in the
256:
long and consists of two regions. The core region, which is approximately 4,6 kb long, contains 5 genes that are associated with phage assembly and morphogenisis (
592:
373:
Recent research suggests that at least two toxins other than CT are produced from genes of the CTXφ genome. The first of these is accessory cholera
34:
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and requires the F pilus along with the TolQRA structure. In E. coli, the TolQRA acts to translocate the Ff phage into the
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131:
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and two non structural genes. The two non structural genes encoded in the core region of the phage are
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cytoplasm. A similar mechanism is suspected in the injection of the CTXφ genetic material into the
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These requirements for phage membrane binding are quite similar to those of the
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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from outside the bacterium. While integrated into the bacterial genome, CTX
201:
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623:
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455:
472:
Boyd, E. Fidelma; Moyer, Kathryn E.; Shi, Lei; Waldor, Matthew K. (2000).
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541:. Cholera Control in Three Continents: Vaccines, Antibiotics and WASH.
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217:
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46:
474:"Infectious CTXΦ and the Vibrio Pathogenicity Island Prophage in
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Pant, Archana; Das, Bhabatosh; Bhadra, Rupak K. (2020-02-29).
408:"Efficiency and specificity of CTXϕ chromosomal integration:
535:"CTX phage of Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and applications"
322:
cell, though further research is needed to confirm this.
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event leads to the insertion of the Ff genome into the
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of the added CTXφ genes are not mutually exclusive.
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The insertion of the CTXφ genetic material into the
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are found on each of the two chromosomes (in the O1
478:: Evidence for Recent Horizontal Transfer between
284:Insertion, replication, and release from host cell
216:CTXφ is generally present and integrated into the
644:Heilpern, Andrew J.; Waldor, Matthew K. (2000).
377:(Ace). Ace is currently thought to be a minor
591:Davis, Brigid M.; Waldor, Matthew K. (2003).
8:
593:"Filamentous phages linked to virulence of
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200:(CTX), which makes cholera especially
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389:of cholera is still quite unclear.
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333:is formed in order to create the
244:on the larger chromosome (in the
224:bacterium, and more rarely in a
33:
670:10.1128/JB.182.6.1739-1747.2000
604:Current Opinion in Microbiology
502:10.1128/IAI.68.3.1507-1513.2000
325:After ssDNA insertion into the
300:, which infects the bacterium
204:. It can carry genes from one
1:
616:10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00005-X
552:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.034
258:psh, cep, pIIICTX, ace, zot)
331:complementary strand of DNA
252:). The genome of CTXφ is 7
196:. It carries the genes for
729:
412:makes all the difference"
406:Boyd, E. Fidelma (2010).
161:filamentous bacteriophage
28:
21:
16:Filamentous bacteriophage
348:horizontal gene transfer
658:Journal of Bacteriology
437:10.1073/pnas.1000310107
490:Infection and Immunity
352:vertical transmission
30:Virus classification
646:"CTXφ Infection of
428:2010PNAS..107.3951B
310:, where a possible
208:strain to another.
173:single-stranded DNA
146:Vibrio virus CTXphi
133:Affertcholeramvirus
23:Vibrio virus CTXphi
178:CTXφ infects some
157:CTXφ bacteriophage
308:periplasmic space
240:) or arranged in
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303:Escherichia coli
212:Genetic material
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185:Vibrio cholerae
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708:Bacteriophages
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664:(6): 1739–47.
654:Gene Products"
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496:(3): 1507–13.
476:Vibrio mimicus
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422:(9): 3951–2.
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369:Non-CT toxins
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627:. Retrieved
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61:Monodnaviria
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43:(unranked):
22:
484:V. cholerae
375:enterotoxin
344:V. cholerae
327:V. cholerae
320:V. cholerae
290:V. cholerae
250:V. cholerae
248:biotype of
238:V. cholerae
222:V. cholerae
206:V. cholerae
713:Inoviridae
702:Categories
629:26 October
545:: A7–A12.
480:V. mimicus
393:References
163:. It is a
121:Inoviridae
561:0264-410X
387:virulence
298:Ff phages
234:serogroup
230:prophages
190:bacterium
175:(ssDNA).
169:DNA virus
140:Species:
73:Loebvirae
68:Kingdom:
688:10692381
624:12615217
569:31272871
520:10678967
456:20197438
359:secretin
340:biotypes
202:virulent
167:-strand
165:positive
116:Family:
80:Phylum:
539:Vaccine
447:2840105
424:Bibcode
335:plasmid
316:E. coli
220:of the
194:cholera
180:strains
128:Genus:
104:Order:
92:Class:
686:
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652:tolQRA
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246:El Tor
242:tandem
226:virion
218:genome
188:, the
679:94473
600:(PDF)
511:97308
363:lysis
279:rstB.
171:with
159:is a
54:Realm
47:Virus
684:PMID
631:2022
620:PMID
565:PMID
557:ISSN
516:PMID
482:and
452:PMID
350:and
277:and
275:rstA
271:rstR
266:ctxB
264:and
262:ctxA
155:The
674:PMC
666:doi
662:182
612:doi
547:doi
506:PMC
498:doi
442:PMC
432:doi
420:107
410:dif
342:of
236:of
182:of
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577:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
