Wildlife trade - Knowledge (XXG)

1085: 1252:), species listed under Appendix I are threatened with extinction, and commercial trade in wild-caught specimens, or products derived from them, is prohibited. This rule applies to all species threatened with extinction, except in exceptional circumstances. Commercial trade of endangered species listed under Appendix II and III is not prohibited, although Parties must provide non-detriment finding to show that the species in the wild is not being unsustainably harvested for the purpose of trade. Specimens of Appendix I species that were bred in captivity for commercial purposes are treated as Appendix II. An example of this is captive-bred saltwater crocodiles, with some wild populations listed in Appendix I and others in Appendix II. 947:, in order to sell them, often requires shooting the mother primate out of a treetop with her clinging child; the youngster may or may not survive the fall. With the human population increasing, such practices have a serious impact on the future prospects for many threatened species. The United States is a popular destination for Amazonian rainforest animals. They are smuggled across borders the same way illegal drugs are – in the trunks of cars, in suitcases, in crates disguised as something else. 491: 450:, organisms are transported by boat or via the air to consumers. The survival rate of these is extremely poor (only 1% survival rate). This is undoubtedly caused by the illegal nature; vendors rather not risk that the chameleons were to be discovered and so do not ship them in plain view. Due to the very low survival rate, it also means that far higher amounts of organisms (in this case chameleons) are taken away from the ecosystem, to make up for the losses. 2773:

Chavanich, Suchana Apple; Chong, Ju Lian; Gale, George A.; Ghaffari, Hanyeh; Ghimirey, Yadav; Jayaraj, Vijaya Kumaran; Khatiwada, Ambika Prasad; Khatiwada, Monsoon; Krishna, Murali; Lwin, Ngwe; Paudel, Prakash Kumar; Sadykova, Chinara; Savini, Tommaso; Shrestha, Bharat Babu; Strine, Colin T.; Sutthacheep, Makamas; Wong, Ee Phin; Yeemin, Thamasak; Zahirudin, Natasha Zulaika; Zhang, Li (2020).

529: 36: 157: 133: 590: 975:(special portal browsers) markets, participants can trade and transact illegal substances, including wildlife. However the amount of activity is still negligible compared to the amount on the open or surface web. As stated in an examination of search engine key words relating to wildlife trade in an article published by 1092:

Legal trade of wildlife has occurred for many species for a number of reasons, including commercial trade, pet trade as well as conservation attempts. Whilst most examples of legal trade of wildlife are as a result of large population numbers or pests, there is potential for the use of legal trade to

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Morocco has been identified as a transit country for wildlife moving from Africa to Europe due to its porous borders with Spain. Wildlife is present in the markets as photo props, sold for decoration, used in medicinal practices, sold as pets and used to decorate shops. Large numbers of reptiles are

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on 1 April 1973. With 23 tiger reserves, Project Tiger claimed to have succeeded. But according to critics like conservationist Billy Arjan Singh, temporary increases in tiger population were caused by immigration due to destruction of habitat in Nepal, not because of the widely acclaimed success of

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Legalising the trade of products derived from endangered species is highly controversial. Many researchers have proposed that a well regulated legal market could benefit some endangered species by either flooding the market with products that drive down the price of illegal products, decreasing the

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Despite international and local laws designed to crack down on the trade, live animals and animal parts – often those of endangered or threatened species – are sold in open-air markets throughout Asia. The animals involved in the trade end up as trophies, or in specialty restaurants. Some are used

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in Bangkok is a known center of illicit wildlife trade, and the sale of lizards, primates, and other endangered species has been widely documented. Trade routes connecting in Southeast Asia link Madagascar to the United States (for the sale of turtles, lemurs, and other primates), Cambodia to Japan

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In Brazil, the wildlife trade has grown over the years, as it one of the most biodiverse areas in the world. Mammals and amphibians are among the highest traded animals. In recent studies, non-native species of amphibians and mammals were identified in Brazil, with frogs and rodents, respectively,

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System used by the customs worldwide. The majority of international imports of wildlife are only recorded in extremely basic and general categories, such as 'plant' or 'animal products', with no further taxonomic detail. It is estimated that near 50% of the global import of plant and 70% of animal

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in an interview "The situation regarding the illegal trade in wildlife parts in India is very grim. It is a vast, a varied trade ranging from smuggling of rare medicinal plants to butterflies to peafowl to tigers and it is difficult to predict how big it is, but the threats and dimensions suggest

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Many animals are kept for months in markets waiting to be sold. The welfare of animals in trade is almost universally poor, with the vast majority of animals failing to receive even the most basic freedom from pain, hunger, distress, discomfort, and few opportunities to express normal behaviour.

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Borzée, Amaël; McNeely, Jeffrey; Magellan, Kit; Miller, Jennifer R.B.; Porter, Lindsay; Dutta, Trishna; Kadinjappalli, Krishnakumar P.; Sharma, Sandeep; Shahabuddin, Ghazala; Aprilinayati, Fikty; Ryan, Gerard E.; Hughes, Alice; Abd Mutalib, Aini Hasanah; Wahab, Ahmad Zafir Abdul; Bista, Damber;

466:. With increased demand in the illegal wildlife trade, tribal people are often direct victims of the measures implemented to protect wildlife. Often reliant upon hunting for food, they are prevented from doing so, and are frequently illegally evicted from their lands following the creation of 295:

Many jurisdictions rely on the declared HS Code of the consignments for detection and prosecution of illegal wildlife import. The lack of specificity of HS Code precludes effective monitoring and traceability of global wildlife trade. There is an increasing call for a reform of the HS Code to

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and external funders, is one response to the region's illegal wildlife trade networks. There is no clear relationship between the legality of wildlife trade and its sustainability; a species can be legally traded to extinction but it is also possible for illegal trade to be sustainable

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in general and wildlife trade. The head of the UN convention on biological diversity stated: "We have seen many diseases emerge over the years, such as Zika, Aids, Sars and Ebola, and they all originated from animal populations under conditions of severe environmental pressures."

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incentive to illegally harvest, or by providing revenue that could fund the species's conservation. However, laundering and corruption pose a major obstacle to implementing such policies, as illegal harvesters attempt to disguise illegal product as legal when trade is legalized.

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customs statistics, global import of wildlife products amounted to US$ 187 billion, of which fisheries commodities accounted for $ 113 billion; plants and forestry products for $ 71 billion; non-fishery animal for $ 3 billion including live animals, parts and derivatives.

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the number of found elephant carcasses increased approximately six times in the years 2014–2018 and the country legalized elephant hunting in May 2019. At the same time, the elephants began to die from a mysterious disease that possibly presents a danger to humans.

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Many environmentalists, scientists, and zoologists around the world are against legalizing pet trade of invasive or introduced species, as their release into the wild, be it intentional or not, could compete with indigenous species, and lead to their endangerment.

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blooms. Furthermore, research suggests that invasive species are over represented in the wildlife trade, and are over 7 times more frequently traded than other species in the global pool. This may be due to a specific preference for invasive species in the trade.

981:, "This negligible level of activity related to the illegal trade of wildlife on the dark web relative to the open and increasing trade on the surface web may indicate a lack of successful enforcement against illegal wildlife trade on the surface web." 954:

more than 400 animal species are involved in subsistence hunting, domestic and international (illegal) trade. These activities are widespread and might overlap in many regions, although they are driven by different markets and target different species.

989: 506:. There, trade linkages to key markets in China, the United States, and the European Union; lax law enforcement; weak border controls; and the perception of high profit and low risk contribute to large-scale commercial wildlife trafficking. The 199:

usually extracted from their natural environment or raised under controlled conditions. It can involve the trade of living or dead individuals, tissues such as skins, bones or meat, or other products. Legal wildlife trade is regulated by the

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commercially in Florida and other American states as part of a management program. The use of legal trade and quotas have allowed management of a species as well as economic incentive for sustaining habitat with greater ecological benefits.

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Nonetheless, the COVID-19 pandemic declaration – and the subsequent quarantines – increased online trade in wildlife. The isolation of quarantine itself immediately became the selling point, with pets as companions and distractions.

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aimed to protect animals. Tribal people are often falsely accused of contributing to the decline of species – in the case of India, for example, they bear the brunt of anti-tiger poaching measures, despite the main reason for the

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has estimated the extent of the illegal wildlife trade between $ 10 billion and $ 20 billion per year. While the trade is a global one, with routes extending to every continent, conservationists say the problem is most acute in

686:, birds, insects, rare species of plants are being smuggled into the countries in Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of China. Between 1994 and 2003, poaching and seizure of 698 otters have been documented in India. 892:

sold in the markets, especially spur-thighed tortoises. Although leopards have most likely been extirpated from Morocco, their skins can regularly be seen sold openly as medicinal products or decoration in the markets.

351:, species higher up on the ladder ensure that the species below them do not become too abundant (hence controlling the population of those below them). Animals lower on the ladder are often non-carnivorous (but instead 475:

in the 20th century being due to hunting by European colonists and Indian elites. In fact, contrary to popular belief, there is strong evidence to show that they effectively regulate and manage animal populations.

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Sánchez-Mercado, A.; Asmüssen, M.; Rodríguez-Clark, K. M.; Rodríguez, J. P.; Jedrzejewski, W. (2016). "Using spatial patterns in illegal wildlife uses to reveal connections between subsistence hunting and trade".

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Harvesting of kangaroos for legal trade does not occur in National Parks and is determined by quotas set by state government departments. Active kangaroo management has gained a commercial value in the trade of

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Biggs, Duan; Holden, Matthew H.; Braczkowski, Alex; Cook, Carly N.; Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Phelps, Jacob; Scholes, Robert J.; Smith, Robert J.; Underwood, Fiona M.; Adams, Vanessa M.; Allan, James (2017-12-15).

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products are imported as general categories, with an exception for fisheries (ca. 5%), thanks to various multilateral fishery management agreements that requires taxon-specific fish catch reporting.

2606: 1011: 2666: 1084: 271:. Wildlife trade can be differentiated in legal and illegal trade, and both can have domestic (local or national) or international markets, but they might be often related with each other. 1261:

Reptiles specifically endure tight living spaces, torn claws and dehydration during capturing and transportation. Sometimes, they are also crushed from being stacked on top of each other.

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Many African species are traded both within the country of origin and internationally. Charismatic mega-fauna are among commonly traded species native to the African continent including

434:. It is thought that the market environment provided optimal conditions for the coronaviruses of zoonotic origin that caused both outbreaks to mutate and subsequently spread to humans. 4185: 2987: 2627: 4171: 1093:

reduce illegal trade threatening many species. Legalizing the trade of species can allow for more regulated harvesting of animals and prevent illegal over-harvesting.

355:) and control the abundance of plant species in a region. Due to the very large amounts of species that are removed from the ecosystem, it is not inconceivable that 3823:

in: Crocodiles: Proceedings of the 16th Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, IUCN- The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.

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have been traced to live wildlife markets where the potential for zoonotic transmission is greatly increased. Wildlife markets in China have been implicated in the

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The trade also includes demand for exotic pets especially birds, and consumption of wildlife for meat. Large volumes of fresh water tortoises and turtles, snakes,

1053: 1031: 670:(EIA) in 2004, India is the chief target for the traders of wildlife skin. Between 1994 and 2003, there have been 784 cases where the skins of tiger, leopard or 2938: 2590: 3699:

Máximo, IM; Brandão, RA; Ruggeri, J; Toledo, LF (2021). "Amphibian Illegal Pet Trade and a Possible New Case of an Invasive Exotic Species in Brazil".

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Kangaroos are currently legally harvested for commercial trade and export in Australia. There are a number of species included in the trade including:

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Different forms of wildlife trade or use (utilization, hunting, trapping, collection or over-exploitation) are the second major threat to endangered

3070: 3770: 628:(TCM). Despite the name, elements of TCM are widely adopted throughout East and Southeast Asia, among both Chinese and non-Chinese communities. 4402:

The Species Survival Network − international coalition of over 80 NGOs committed to the promotion, enhancement, and strict enforcement of CITES

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FREELAND Foundation − international NGO dedicated to ending the illegal wildlife trade, conserving natural habitats and protecting human rights

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Related to the exotic pet trade, captive wildlife are held in sanctuaries which have been involved in illegal wildlife trade. In Thailand the

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The Environmental Crime Crisis: Threats to Sustainable Development From Illegal Exploitation and Trade in Wildlife and Forest Resources

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by villagers along the Amazon is commonplace. But the sale of these "companion" animals in open markets is rampant. Capturing the baby

3013: 1001: 667: 507: 1352:"PC Pets for a Price: Combating Online and Traditional Wildlife Crime Through International Harmonization and Authoritative Policies" 3416: 3391: 3366: 576: 419: 119: 3490: 3718:

Harrison, J.R.; Roberts, D.L.; Hernandez-Castro, J. (2016). "Assessing the extent and nature of wildlife trade on the dark web".

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The volume of international trade in wildlife commodities is immense and continues to rise. According to an analysis to the 2012

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problem, has a negative effect on the viability of many wildlife populations and is one of the major threats to the survival of

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Woo-Durand, Catherine; Matte, Jean-Michel; Cuddihy, Grace; McGourdji, Chloe L.; Venter, Oscar; Grant, James W.A. (2020-06-18).

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Although the volume of animals traded may be greater in Southeast Asia, animal trading in Latin America is widespread as well.

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TRAFFIC − international NGO dedicated to ensuring that trade in wild plants and animals is not a threat to nature conservation

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However, the global trade of wildlife commodities is ineffectively monitored and accounted for due to the constraint of the

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Vall-Llosera, M.; Shan, S. (2019). "Trends and characteristics of imports of live CITES-listed bird species into Japan".

2457:"Quantifying the trade in marine ornamental fishes into Switzerland and an estimation of imports from the European Union" 2312:"Pet problems: Biological and economic factors that influence the release of alien reptiles and amphibians by pet owners" 959:

posing the greatest invasion risks. The online trade of amphibians as exotic pets has risen almost six times since 2015.

625: 212:. Illegal wildlife trade is widespread and constitutes one of the major illegal economic activities, comparable to the 4447: 401: 240: 79: 704:

to coordinate enforcement operations and lack of political will to treat wildlife crime effectively. The poaching of

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Wildlife use is a general term for all uses of wildlife products, including ritual or religious uses, consumption of

2415: 1857: 1351: 2739: 828: 3491:"Hunting lessons from YouTube, 15-day wait and a leopard dish: story of Mankulam poachers is stuff for a thriller" 1583:

Chan, H.-K.; Zhang, H.; Yang, F.; Fischer, G. (2015). "Improve customs systems to monitor global wildlife trade".

558: 543: 46: 1702:"Global trade statistics lack granularity to inform traceability and management of diverse and high-value fishes" 1680: 380: 376: 1656: 1377: 747:

in Kerala in 2021. Following is a comparison of reported cases of tiger and leopard poaching from 1998 to 2003:

86: 3280: 1048: 832: 612: 384: 3962:"Poacher-population dynamics when legal trade of naturally deceased organisms funds anti-poaching enforcement" 4227: 3144:

The Illegal Wildlife Trade: Inside the World of Poachers, Smugglers and Traders (Studies of Organized Crime)

919:, turtles, turtle eggs, walking catfish, etc. In addition, many species are sold as pets. The keeping of 68: 2847: 639:

are consumed as meat in Asia, including in specialty restaurants that feature wildlife as gourmet dining.

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Dutton, H; Brunell, AA; Carbonneau, D; Hord, L; Stiegler, S; Visscher, C; White, J; Woodward, A, 2002.

3961: 2012: 611:, which offers smugglers direct jet service to Europe, the Middle East, North America and Africa. The 490: 4392:

Wildlife Alliance − international NGO addressing wildlife trafficking and other crimes against nature

4283: 4046: 3983: 3910: 3847: 3727: 3074: 2509: 2372: 2323: 2268: 2211: 2154: 2087: 2024: 1959: 1770: 1713: 1594: 1538: 1426: 1124: 604: 228: 4034: 3583: 4215: 3795:

Management Program for the Saltwater Crocodile in the Northern Territory of Australia, 2009 - 2014.

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and PRC. The report by EIA noted there has been a lack of cross-border cooperation between India,

4153: 4078: 4015: 3973: 3942: 3879: 3751: 3681: 3564: 3257: 3189: 3116: 2396: 2292: 2056: 1618: 1562: 1315: 1290: 1228: 1136: 485: 427: 327:, and puts all species under additional pressure at a time when they are facing threats such as 2257:"Patterns of non-randomness in the composition and characteristics of the Taiwanese bird trade" 4437: 4351: 4330: 4311: 4239: 4145: 4070: 4062: 4007: 3999: 3934: 3926: 3871: 3863: 3743: 3584:"In 'Conservation Disaster,' Hundreds of Botswana's Elephants Are Dying From Mysterious Cause" 3466: 3412: 3387: 3337: 3319: 3181: 3108: 3090: 2882: 2864: 2820: 2802: 2743: 2718: 2598: 2545: 2527: 2478: 2437: 2388: 2341: 2284: 2237: 2229: 2180: 2172: 2123: 2105: 2048: 2040: 1993: 1975: 1928: 1839: 1788: 1739: 1610: 1585: 1554: 1481: 1473: 1454: 1386: 1156: 1144: 1068: 744: 740: 717: 431: 288: 280: 4301: 4291: 4274: 4270:"International socioeconomic inequality drives trade patterns in the global wildlife market" 4247: 4231: 4137: 4054: 3991: 3918: 3855: 3735: 3673: 3644: 3556: 3327: 3311: 3249: 3220: 3171: 3098: 3082: 2872: 2856: 2810: 2792: 2708: 2700: 2535: 2517: 2468: 2427: 2380: 2331: 2276: 2219: 2162: 2113: 2095: 2032: 1983: 1967: 1918: 1829: 1819: 1778: 1729: 1721: 1602: 1546: 1444: 1434: 1295: 1212: 221: 217: 173: 93: 3797:

Northern Territory Department of Natural Resources, Environment, The Arts and Sport, Darwin

2361:"The global pet trade in amphibians: species traits, taxonomic bias, and future directions" 1248:

Under the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (

992:) was pervasive across Europe. Ivory accounted for almost 20 percent of the items offered. 4347:

Making a Killing Or Making a Living: Wildlife Trade, Trade Controls, and Rural Livelihoods

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Wildlife in a Changing World – An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

1195: 3363: 4287: 4216:"Wildlife Trade and COVID-19: Towards a Criminology of Anthropogenic Pathogen Spillover" 4050: 3987: 3914: 3851: 3731: 3332: 3176: 3159: 3103: 3078: 3056: 2513: 2376: 2327: 2272: 2215: 2158: 2091: 2028: 1963: 1907:"Increasing importance of climate change and other threats to at-risk species in Canada" 1881: 1774: 1717: 1598: 1542: 1430: 4329:. Nairobi, Kenya; Arendal, Norway: United Nations Environment Programme; GRID-Arendal. 4306: 4269: 4252: 2877: 2842: 2815: 2774: 2713: 2688: 2540: 2497: 2141:

Scheffers, Brett R.; Oliveira, Brunno F.; Lamb, Ieuan; Edwards, David P. (2019-10-04).

2118: 2075: 1988: 1834: 1807: 1734: 1701: 1449: 1414: 1310: 1305: 1232: 988:(Ifaw) in 2018 revealed online sales of endangered wildlife (on the list of the global 864: 728: 705: 656: 636: 632: 503: 467: 372: 244: 201: 4396: 3898: 3835: 3664:

Pistoni, J; Toledo, LF (2010). "Amphibian Illegal Trade in Brazil: What Do We Know?".

3300:"Current wildlife crime (Indian scenario): major challenges and prevention approaches" 3057:"Current wildlife crime (Indian scenario): major challenges and prevention approaches" 2917: 4431: 4125: 4035:"Legal ivory trade in a corrupt world and its impact on African elephant populations" 4019: 3946: 3883: 3609: 3568: 3193: 3120: 2965: 2414:

Papavlasopoulou, I.; Vardakas, L.; Perdikaris, C.; Kommatas, D.; Paschos, I. (2014).

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Yap, T. A.; Koo, M. S.; Ambrose, R. F.; Wake, D. B. & Vredenburg, V. T. (2015).

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Biggs, Duan; Courchamp, Franck; Martin, Rowan; Possingham, Hugh P. (2013-03-01).

3560: 3142: 2860: 1439: 3649: 3632: 2473: 2456: 1280: 944: 860: 528: 360: 352: 35: 3995: 3534:"Rediff on the NeT Special: At least one tiger is killed by poachers every day" 3315: 3086: 2797: 2384: 1948:"Habitat Loss, the Dynamics of Biodiversity, and a Perspective on Conservation" 1725: 206:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

3225: 3208: 2498:"Invasiveness is linked to greater commercial success in the global pet trade" 2310:

Stringham, Oliver C.; Lockwood, Julie L. (2018-08-21). Bellard, Céline (ed.).

2280: 2076:"Invasiveness is linked to greater commercial success in the global pet trade" 1971: 1140: 868: 708:

is a significant problem in Southern India and in the North-Eastern states of

679: 617: 447: 348: 313: 232: 17: 4243: 4066: 4003: 3930: 3867: 3470: 3323: 3299: 3185: 3094: 2868: 2806: 2602: 2531: 2482: 2441: 2392: 2360: 2345: 2288: 2233: 2176: 2109: 2044: 1979: 1932: 845:, a wildlife conservation project, was initiated in 1972 and was launched by 3922: 3859: 3631:

da Rosa, CA; Zenni, R; Ziller, SR; de Almeida Curi, N; Passamani, M (2018).

2775:"COVID-19 Highlights the Need for More Effective Wildlife Trade Legislation" 2522: 2336: 2311: 2256: 2167: 2142: 2100: 1947: 1783: 1758: 1606: 1016: 951: 689: 597: 423: 364: 332: 324: 177: 156: 132: 4315: 4296: 4149: 4074: 4011: 3938: 3875: 3747: 3516: 3341: 3112: 2886: 2841:

Morcatty, Thais Q.; Feddema, Kim; Nekaris, K.A.I.; Nijman, Vincent (2020).

2824: 2722: 2704: 2628:"New Coronavirus 'Won't Be the Last' Outbreak to Move from Animal to Human" 2549: 2241: 2184: 2127: 2052: 1997: 1843: 1806:

Rhyne, A. L.; Tlusty, M. F.; Szczebak, J. T. & Holmberg, R. J. (2017).

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New Directions in Conservation Medicine: Applied Cases of Ecological Health

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was closed in 2016 due to being accused of clandestine exchange of tigers.

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play a role in trade, both domestically and internationally. In northern

724: 709: 498: 463: 411: 407: 336: 268: 260: 236: 149: 137: 4411: 4324: 4126:"An Assessment of Welfare Conditions in Wildlife Markets across Morocco" 4111: 3821:

Florida's Alligator Management Program an Update 1987 to 2001 pp. 23–30

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led to the arrest of 72 individuals and the seizure of 464 kg of ivory.

4350:. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development. 4058: 3739: 2657:"Calls for global ban on wild animal markets amid coronavirus outbreak" 2224: 2199: 1824: 1686: 1550: 1415:"Zoonotic viruses associated with illegally imported wildlife products" 1275: 932: 916: 904: 872: 836: 713: 692:

is a key staging point for illegal skins smuggled from India bound for

683: 675: 608: 305: 264: 3633:"Assessing the risk of invasion of species in the pet trade in Brazil" 3253: 2013:"Jellyfish blooms in China: Dominant species, causes and consequences" 4382:

ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network − wildlife law enforcement network

2591:"Ban wildlife markets to avert pandemics, says UN biodiversity chief" 2432: 1808:"Expanding our understanding of the trade in marine aquarium animals" 924: 920: 912: 908: 387:

is linked to the destruction of nature, especially to deforestation,

317: 192: 181: 165: 4416: 3014:"Wildlife Conservation Efforts Are Violating Tribal Peoples' Rights" 2416:"Ornamental fish in pet stores in Greece: a threat to biodiversity?" 3978: 3160:"Harvest quotas, free markets and the sustainable trade in pythons" 2198:

Bush, Emma R.; Baker, Sandra E.; Macdonald, David W. (2014-03-24).

911:, a variety of rainforest animals are sold openly as meat, such as 4407:

Wildlife at Risk − combating the illegal wildlife trade in Vietnam

4391: 3124: 2939:"India: 'Jungle Book' tribes illegally evicted from tiger reserve" 1664: 1249: 1132: 1083: 736: 701: 697: 693: 671: 593: 489: 309: 196: 155: 145: 141: 131: 27:

Worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of wildlife

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Appendix II. Commercial harvesting of these crocodiles occurs in

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Warchol, G. (2004). "The Transnational Illegal Wildlife Trade".

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Legal shipment of wildlife pelts, a form of legal wildlife trade

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strengthen monitoring and enforcement of global wildlife trade.

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and different forms of trade. Wildlife use is usually linked to

161: 2843:"Online trade in wildlife and the lack of response to COVID-19" 4417:

People Not Poaching: The Communities and IWT Learning Platform

2631: 1476:. In A. Alonso Aguirre; Richard Ostfeld; Peter Daszak (eds.). 1115:

Trade of crocodiles in Australia has been largely successful.

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refers to the products that are derived from non-domesticated

169: 29: 4381: 3528: 3526: 3524: 2565:"Pandemics result from destruction of nature, say UN and WHO" 1012:

Clark R. Bavin National Fish and Wildlife Forensic Laboratory

3771:"Illegal online sales of endangered wildlife rife in Europe" 3209:"Establishing Trust in the Illegal Wildlife Trade in China" 2011:

Dong, Zhijun; Liu, Dongyan; Keesing, John K. (2010-07-01).

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Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species

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species. The illegal wildlife trade has been linked to the

4421: 4386: 3610:"Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets" 4376: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 2255:

Su, Shan; Cassey, Phill; Blackburn, Tim M. (2014-12-01).

1043: 208:(CITES), which currently has 184 member countries called 3459:"Kerala: Poachers planned to sell leopard's skin, teeth" 4371: 3409:

The Asian Elephant: An Action Plan for Its Conservation

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Karesh WB, Cook RA, Bennett EL, Newcomb J (July 2005).

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Gippet, Jérôme M. W.; Bertelsmeier, Cleo (2021-04-06).

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Gippet, Jérôme M. W.; Bertelsmeier, Cleo (2021-04-06).

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In some instances; such as the sale of chameleons from

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Smith KM, Anthony SJ, Switzer WM, et al. (2012).

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Ineffective monitoring of international wildlife trade

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William and Mary Environmental Law and Policy Journal

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have a target to end the illegal supply of wildlife.

4186:"The Exotic Pet Trade: Damaging, Wasteful and Cruel" 2767: 2765: 2734: 2732: 1376:

Vié, J.-C.; Hilton-Taylor, C.; Stuart, S.N. (2009).

2359:Mohanty, Nitya Prakash; Measey, John (2019-12-01). 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4098:Fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties 1637:"Illegal trade in environmentally sensitive goods" 657:Crime in India § Poaching and wildlife trafficking 4268:Liew, Jia Huan; Lim, Rayson; et al. (2021). 3960:Holden, Matthew H.; Lockyer, Jakeb (2021-05-21). 620:as pets), and the sale of many species to China. 603:Notable trade hubs of the wildlife trade include 308:and it also ranks among the first ten threats to 4323:Nellemann, Christian; et al., eds. 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CoP16" 510:(ASEAN-WEN), supported by the U.S. 454:Consequences for indigenous peoples 363:, which causes an overabundance of 323:Wildlife trade threatens the local 4220:The British Journal of Criminology 4124:Bergin, D. and Nijman, V. (2018). 3018:Deep Green Resistance News Service 2902:Madagascar: Land of the Chameleons 2589:Greenfield, Patrick (2020-04-06). 1002:ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network 799:Reported cases of leopard poaching 668:Environmental Investigation Agency 508:ASEAN Wildlife Enforcement Network 25: 3769:Carrington, Damian (2018-05-23). 2780:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2638:from the original on 3 March 2020 2609:from the original on 7 April 2020 420:severe acute respiratory syndrome 3836:"Breaking the deadlock on ivory" 2455:Biondo, Monica V. 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Loke Film. 2861:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110439 2693:Emerging Infectious Diseases 2420:Mediterranean Marine Science 1946:Hanski, Ilkka (2011-05-01). 1862:National Wildlife Federation 1440:10.1371/journal.pone.0029505 1385:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. 1340:. 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Other animals such as 833:World Conservation Union 613:Chatuchak weekend market 385:Coronavirus disease 2019 4228:Oxford University Press 3923:10.1126/science.1229998 3860:10.1126/science.aan5215 3369:12 October 2007 at the 2966:"Tiger Reserves, India" 2855:. Elsevier BV: 110439. 2740:University of Göttingen 2563:Carrington, D. (2020). 2523:10.1073/pnas.2016337118 2337:10.1111/1365-2664.13237 2168:10.1126/science.aav5327 2101:10.1073/pnas.2016337118 1784:10.1126/science.aab1052 1607:10.1126/science.aaa3141 241:new infectious diseases 4297:10.1126/sciadv.abf7679 4114:. Accessed 10 06 2014. 3141:van Uhm, D.P. (2016). 2848:Environmental Research 2705:10.3201/eid1107.050194 2665:. London. 2020-01-24. 1685:. Selangor, Malaysia: 1089: 723:The majority of tiger 600: 495: 480:Illegal wildlife trade 473:tiger population crash 357:environmental problems 185: 153: 4443:Wildlife conservation 3147:. New York: Springer. 1911:Environmental Reviews 1858:"Threats to Wildlife" 1301:African Vulture trade 1186:Western grey kangaroo 1176:Eastern grey kangaroo 1155:Further information: 1125:freshwater crocodiles 1087: 823:Samir Sinha, head of 592: 493: 484:Further information: 243:in humans, including 159: 135: 4039:Conservation Biology 3720:Conservation Biology 3678:10.2994/057.005.0106 3364:The Tiger Skin Trail 2261:Biological Invasions 2204:Conservation Biology 1924:10.1139/er-2020-0032 1531:Conservation Biology 1350:Izzo, J. B. (2010). 1215:and other products. 1129:Crocodylus johnstoni 1117:Saltwater crocodiles 1080:Legal wildlife trade 978:Conservation Biology 605:Suvarnabhumi Airport 551:improve this section 160:Framed butterflies, 54:improve this article 4344:Roe, Dilys (2002). 4288:2021SciA....7.7679L 4236:10.1093/bjc/azaa084 4051:2015ConBi..29...54B 3988:2021JThBi.51710618H 3915:2013Sci...339.1038B 3909:(6123): 1038–1039. 3852:2017Sci...358.1378B 3846:(6369): 1378–1381. 3732:2016ConBi..30..900H 3582:Rosane, O. (2020). 3382:R. Sukumar (1989). 3164:Nature Conservation 3128:0000-0003-3954-5887 3079:2023BiCon..32.1473R 2514:2021PNAS..11816337G 2377:2019BiCon..28.3915M 2328:2018JApEc..55.2632S 2273:2014BiInv..16.2563S 2216:2014ConBi..28..663B 2159:2019Sci...366...71S 2092:2021PNAS..11816337G 2029:2010MarPB..60..954D 1964:2011Ambio..40..248H 1775:2015Sci...349..481Y 1718:2017NatSR...712852C 1599:2015Sci...348..291C 1543:2016ConBi..30.1222S 1431:2012PLoSO...729505S 1271:Environmental crime 1131:) are listed under 1059:United for Wildlife 1022:FREELAND Foundation 458:In many instances, 345:habitat destruction 343:and other forms of 300:Reasons for concern 180:spiders on sale in 4448:Wildlife smuggling 4059:10.1111/cobi.12377 3740:10.1111/cobi.12707 3463:The Times of India 2630:. Goats and Soda. 2225:10.1111/cobi.12240 1825:10.7717/peerj.2949 1706:Scientific Reports 1679:Ya, B. P. (2017). 1551:10.1111/cobi.12744 1316:Endangered species 1291:Wildlife smuggling 1256:Welfare of animals 1137:Northern Territory 1121:Crocodylus porosus 1090: 674:have been seized. 601: 496: 486:Wildlife smuggling 428:2002 SARS outbreak 186: 154: 4357:978-1-84369-215-7 4336:978-82-7701-132-5 3287:. 17 August 2007. 3254:10.1111/ibi.12653 3020:. 8 February 2015 2945:. 14 January 2015 2371:(14): 3915–3923. 2267:(12): 2563–2575. 1769:(6247): 481–482. 1593:(6232): 291–292. 1502:"Goal 15 targets" 1487:978-0-19-990905-6 1392:978-2-8317-1063-1 1157:Kangaroo industry 1145:Western Australia 1069:Wildlife Alliance 861:African elephants 821: 820: 741:Arunachal Pradesh 731:, Uttar Pradesh, 718:Operation Shikkar 616:(for the sale of 587: 586: 579: 432:COVID-19 pandemic 408:zoonotic diseases 371:According to the 281:Harmonized System 174:Emperor scorpions 152:on sale in Greece 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 4460: 4361: 4340: 4319: 4309: 4299: 4282:(19): eabf7679. 4275:Science Advances 4264: 4262: 4260: 4255: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4161: 4121: 4115: 4108: 4102: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4030: 4024: 4023: 3981: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3614:TRAFFIC Bulletin 3605: 3599: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3530: 3519: 3514: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3435:. 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