1942:
1931:
766:. However, it was discovered that the original type section was discontinuous at that point and that the base of the Calabrian Stage as defined by fauna assemblages extended to earlier levels within the Pleistocene. A new type section was chosen, several miles from the original one, at Vrica, 4 km south of
792:
has confirmed the viability of the current type section. The 27th
International Geological Congress in Moscow in 1984 formally ratified the type section. The starting date was originally thought to be about 1.65 million years ago, but has been recalculated as 1.806 Mya.
757:
marine sediments as the beginning marker for the
Calabrian. The 18th International Geological Congress in London (1948) placed the base of the Pleistocene at the base of the marine strata of the Calabrian Faunal Stage and denominated a
748:
boundaries. Thus the
Calabrian was originally defined as an assemblage of mollusk fossils, most brachiopods being extinct by then. Efforts were then made to find the best representation of that assemblage in a
1099:
Lourens, L., Hilgen, F., Shackleton, N.J., Laskar, J., Wilson, D., (2004) “The
Neogene Period”. In: Gradstein, F., Ogg, J., Smith, A.G. (Eds.), Geologic Time Scale Cambridge University Press, Cambridge;
1311:
759:
1180:
1304:
510:
460:
1958:
813:, a location whose exact dating has recently been confirmed by analysis of strontium and oxygen isotopes as well as by planktonic foraminifera.
816:
The beginning of the
Calabrian hence is defined as: Just above top of magnetic polarity chronozone C2n (Olduvai) and the extinction level of
736:
Because sea shells are much more abundant as fossils, 19th- and early-20th-century geo-scientists used the plentiful and well-differentiable
1297:
908:
2002:
2017:
950:"Formal ratification of the GSSP for the base of the Calabrian Stage (second stage of the Pleistocene Series, Quaternary System)"
1173:
1019:
A chronology of
Pliocene sea-level fluctuations, U.S. Atlantic Coastal Plain: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 10, p. 163–174.
844:
647:
582:
2012:
1320:
499:
1997:
1166:
2007:
1055:"Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma"
1593:
1588:
817:
716:(781 ± 5 Ka) and plunge into an ice age and global drying possibly colder and drier than the late Miocene (
1148:
1031:
750:
728:
primarily based on mollusk fossils. It has become the second geologic age in the Early
Pleistocene.
713:
544:
1924:
882:
699:
1222:
1076:
826:(base Zone CN13). Above the boundary are the lowest occurrence of calcareous nannofossil medium
805:, for the former start of the Pleistocene is in a reference section at Vrica, 4 km south of
753:. By 1948 scientists used the initial appearance of cool-water (northern) invertebrate faunas in
1941:
909:"Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)"
1085:
1051:
was included within the
Pleistocene, making the Calabrian the second stage in the Pleistocene.
1722:
1686:
1263:
1217:
1109:
1816:
1691:
1660:
1457:
1227:
1125:
1066:
971:
961:
923:
626:
380:
1785:
1681:
1619:
1514:
1483:
1452:
1130:
1113:
966:
835:
695:
1935:
1754:
1624:
1519:
1488:
861:
810:
1991:
1655:
1645:
1614:
1577:
1509:
1478:
1243:
949:
927:
754:
534:
72:
1080:
1946:
1930:
1877:
1727:
1650:
1258:
1248:
828:
789:
745:
725:
637:
1872:
1741:
1717:
1562:
1357:
1273:
1202:
763:
692:
318:
47:
17:
1867:
1827:
1770:
1670:
1567:
1441:
1341:
1289:
1238:
1189:
821:
741:
563:
335:
295:
92:
57:
1973:
1960:
662:
649:
597:
584:
1882:
1832:
1806:
1765:
1712:
1557:
1533:
1414:
1404:
1393:
1268:
1253:
856:
775:
717:
369:
97:
704:
1842:
1837:
1801:
1701:
1634:
1603:
1498:
1467:
1428:
1378:
1352:
1328:
1207:
1048:
786:
771:
737:
721:
575:
445:
347:
307:
271:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
976:
881:
Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020).
1856:
1796:
1546:
1383:
1367:
806:
782:
767:
283:
102:
77:
1892:
1775:
1409:
1071:
1054:
779:
1158:
1053:
Gibbard, Philip L.; Head, Martin J.; Walker, Michael J. C. (2009).
998:
702:, defined as 1.8 Ma—774,000 years ago ± 5,000 years, a period of ~
641:
1916:
1912:
1908:
802:
41:
1293:
1162:
922:(4). Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS): 213–223.
125:
948:
Cita, Maria; Gibbard, Philip; Head, Martin (September 2012).
833:
and the extinction level of the planktonic foraminifer
724:) cold period. Originally the Calabrian was a European
562:
Approximately 8 m after the end of magnetic polarity
1891:
1855:
1815:
1784:
1753:
1740:
1700:
1669:
1633:
1602:
1576:
1545:
1532:
1497:
1466:
1440:
1427:
1392:
1366:
1340:
1327:
678:
633:
621:
613:
570:
558:
550:
540:
530:
525:
517:
505:
495:
490:
482:
477:
118:
32:
801:The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point,
459:Subdivision of the Quaternary according to the
999:"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point"
1305:
1174:
8:
712:The end of the stage is defined by the last
625:1.1 m below the directional midpoint of the
843:The end of the Calabrian is defined as the
466:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
1750:
1542:
1437:
1337:
1312:
1298:
1290:
1198:
1181:
1167:
1159:
1001:. International Commission of Stratigraphy
907:Mike Walker; et al. (December 2018).
888:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
732:History of the definition of the Calabrian
1129:
1095:
1093:
1070:
975:
965:
883:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
1027:
1025:
873:
617:5 December 2011 (as base of Calabrian)
29:
7:
435:
27:Subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch
1911:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1915:= megaannum (millions years ago);
845:Brunhes–Matuyama magnetic reversal
25:
1919:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1940:
1929:
1131:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i4/006
1114:"The Calabrian stage redefined"
967:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/001
774:, southern Italy. Analysis of
1:
1358:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1059:Journal of Quaternary Science
928:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016
1321:Geological history of Earth
2034:
1594:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1589:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1353:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
720:) through early Pliocene (
2003:Pleistocene geochronology
1906:
1878:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
1728:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
1196:
797:Present formal definition
622:Upper boundary definition
559:Lower boundary definition
456:
123:
37:
2018:Quaternary geochronology
1873:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
1718:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1563:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1415:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1405:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
691:is a subdivision of the
1868:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
1833:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
1828:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
1771:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1661:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1568:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1379:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
251:−0.2 —
241:−0.4 —
231:−0.6 —
221:−0.8 —
201:−1.2 —
191:−1.4 —
181:−1.6 —
171:−1.8 —
151:−2.2 —
141:−2.4 —
131:−2.6 —
1838:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
1807:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
1766:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1713:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1558:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1384:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1112:; et al. (2008).
818:calcareous nannofossil
714:magnetic pole reversal
1974:39.03861°N 17.13500°E
1843:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
1802:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1723:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1410:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
751:stratigraphic section
211:−1 —
161:−2 —
1883:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
1776:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1656:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1646:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
663:35.2943°N 140.1465°E
1970: /
1938: •
1927: •
1925:Geologic time scale
1687:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1651:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1620:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1515:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1484:Middle (164–174 Ma)
700:geologic time scale
679:Upper GSSP ratified
659: /
634:Upper boundary GSSP
614:Lower GSSP ratified
598:39.0385°N 17.1348°E
594: /
571:Lower boundary GSSP
551:Time span formality
2013:Pleistocene Europe
1979:39.03861; 17.13500
1936:Geology portal
1797:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1692:Early (470–485 Ma)
1625:Early (393–419 Ma)
1520:Early (247–252 Ma)
1489:Early (174–201 Ma)
1458:Early (100–145 Ma)
1453:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1110:Cita, Maria Bianca
541:Stratigraphic unit
531:Chronological unit
518:Time scale(s) used
1998:Calabrian (stage)
1953:
1952:
1851:
1850:
1817:Paleoproterozoic
1736:
1735:
1682:Late (444–458 Ma)
1615:Late (359–383 Ma)
1528:
1527:
1510:Late (201–237 Ma)
1479:Late (145–164 Ma)
1423:
1422:
1344:(present–2.58 Ma)
1332:(present–66.0 Ma)
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1203:Pleistocene Epoch
1190:Quaternary Period
1149:Calabrian (stage)
1032:Calabrian (stage)
686:
685:
668:35.2943; 140.1465
629:magnetic reversal
491:Usage information
472:
471:
452:
451:
16:(Redirected from
2025:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1947:World portal
1945:
1944:
1934:
1933:
1896:
1860:
1820:
1789:
1786:Mesoproterozoic
1758:
1751:
1746:
1705:
1674:
1638:
1607:
1581:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1502:
1471:
1445:
1438:
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1397:
1371:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1291:
1199:
1183:
1176:
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1160:
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1133:
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1100:
1097:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:10.1002/jqs.1338
1045:
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1020:
1017:
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989:
988:
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878:
708:
674:
673:
671:
670:
669:
664:
660:
657:
656:
655:
652:
627:Brunhes-Matuyama
609:
608:
606:
605:
604:
603:39.0385; 17.1348
599:
595:
592:
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590:
587:
441:
436:
387:
372:
361:
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321:
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126:
114:
44:
30:
21:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2008:Geological ages
1988:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1928:
1920:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1858:
1847:
1818:
1811:
1787:
1780:
1756:
1755:Neoproterozoic
1745:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
1744:
1743:
1742:Proterozoic Eon
1732:
1703:
1696:
1672:
1665:
1636:
1629:
1605:
1598:
1579:
1572:
1548:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1500:
1493:
1469:
1462:
1443:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1395:
1388:
1369:
1362:
1343:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1232:
1192:
1187:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
997:
996:
992:
982:
980:
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
911:
906:
905:
901:
891:
889:
885:
880:
879:
875:
870:
853:
836:Globigerinoides
799:
740:(mollusks) and
734:
703:
667:
665:
661:
658:
653:
650:
648:
646:
645:
644:
602:
600:
596:
593:
588:
585:
583:
581:
580:
579:
574:Vrica Section,
473:
468:
467:
465:
448:
439:
432:
431:
430:
425:
424:
423:
418:
417:
416:
411:
410:
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402:
397:
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395:
390:
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379:
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368:
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362:
357:
353:
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351:
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342:
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331:
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105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
40:1.80 – 0.774
39:
38:
28:
23:
22:
18:Calabrian Stage
15:
12:
11:
5:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1989:
1951:
1950:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1813:
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1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1760:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1578:Carboniferous
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1396:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1375:
1373:
1370:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1335:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1208:Holocene Epoch
1205:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1124:(4): 408–419.
1101:
1089:
1040:
1021:
1012:
990:
960:(3): 388–397.
940:
899:
872:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
862:Villafranchian
859:
852:
849:
811:Southern Italy
798:
795:
785:as well as of
764:southern Italy
733:
730:
684:
683:
680:
676:
675:
635:
631:
630:
623:
619:
618:
615:
611:
610:
572:
568:
567:
560:
556:
555:
552:
548:
547:
542:
538:
537:
532:
528:
527:
523:
522:
521:ICS Time Scale
519:
515:
514:
507:
506:Regional usage
503:
502:
497:
496:Celestial body
493:
492:
488:
487:
484:
483:Name formality
480:
479:
475:
474:
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469:
457:
454:
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433:
428:
427:
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419:
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393:
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378:
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367:
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343:
334:
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327:
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315:
314:
305:
304:
303:
292:
291:
290:
281:
280:
279:
268:
267:
266:
264:
261:0 —
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
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184:
179:
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169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
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124:
121:
120:
116:
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108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1854:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
1752:
1749:
1747:
1739:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1534:Paleozoic Era
1531:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:(66.0–145 Ma)
1439:
1436:
1434:
1432:(66.0–252 Ma)
1426:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1244:Northgrippian
1242:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1000:
994:
991:
978:
973:
968:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
941:
929:
925:
921:
917:
910:
903:
900:
884:
877:
874:
867:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
850:
848:
846:
841:
839:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
819:
814:
812:
809:in Calabria,
808:
804:
796:
794:
791:
788:
784:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
755:Mediterranean
752:
747:
746:stratigraphic
743:
739:
731:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
710:
707:million years
706:
701:
697:
694:
690:
681:
677:
672:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
607:
577:
573:
569:
566:C2n (Olduvai)
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
498:
494:
489:
485:
481:
476:
464:
463:, as of 2021.
462:
455:
447:
443:
438:
437:
434:
386:
384:
371:
360:
349:
339:
320:
309:
299:
297:
286:
285:
275:
273:
265:
128:
127:
122:
117:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
1955:
1921:
1857:Archean Eon
1819:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
1704:(485–539 Ma)
1673:(444–485 Ma)
1637:(419–444 Ma)
1606:(359–419 Ma)
1580:(299–359 Ma)
1549:(252–299 Ma)
1537:(252–539 Ma)
1501:(201–252 Ma)
1470:(145–201 Ma)
1429:Mesozoic Era
1329:Cenozoic Era
1249:Greenlandian
1152:
1121:
1117:
1104:
1062:
1058:
1047:In 2009 the
1043:
1035:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
993:
981:. Retrieved
977:10261/250367
957:
953:
943:
931:. Retrieved
919:
915:
902:
890:. Retrieved
876:
842:
834:
829:Gephyrocapsa
827:
820:
815:
800:
790:foraminifera
760:type section
744:to identify
735:
726:faunal stage
711:
688:
687:
458:
382:
358:
293:
282:
269:
1977: /
1893:Hadean Eon
1671:Ordovician
1442:Cretaceous
1342:Quaternary
1274:Subatlantic
1005:26 December
983:26 December
933:11 November
892:23 February
742:Brachiopods
693:Pleistocene
666: /
654:140°08′47″E
601: /
319:Pleistocene
1992:Categories
1965:17°08′06″E
1962:39°02′19″N
1895:(4–4.6 Ga)
1859:(2.5–4 Ga)
1788:(1–1.6 Ga)
1394:Paleogene
1239:Meghalayan
1143:References
822:Discoaster
787:planktonic
651:35°17′39″N
589:17°08′05″E
586:39°02′19″N
564:chronozone
526:Definition
337:Piacenzian
296:Quaternary
119:Chronology
1922:See also:
1702:Cambrian
1635:Silurian
1604:Devonian
1499:Triassic
1468:Jurassic
1269:Subboreal
1254:Preboreal
1065:(2): 96.
857:Eburonian
776:strontium
718:Messinian
689:Calabrian
478:Etymology
370:Chibanian
359:Calabrian
33:Calabrian
1547:Permian
1368:Neogene
1264:Atlantic
1155:database
1118:Episodes
1086:abstract
1081:54629809
1049:Gelasian
1038:database
954:Episodes
916:Episodes
851:See also
838:extremus
824:brouweri
783:isotopes
772:Calabria
738:Mollusca
722:Zanclean
576:Calabria
509:Global (
446:Holocene
348:Gelasian
272:Cenozoic
1153:GeoWhen
1151:at the
1036:GeoWhen
1034:at the
847:event.
807:Crotone
768:Crotone
698:of the
578:, Italy
440:←
256:–
246:–
236:–
226:–
216:–
206:–
196:–
186:–
176:–
166:–
156:–
146:–
136:–
109:↓
1901:
1259:Boreal
1223:Middle
1079:
780:oxygen
554:Formal
486:Formal
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
328:
1218:Early
1077:S2CID
912:(PDF)
886:(PDF)
868:Notes
705:1.026
696:Epoch
642:Japan
638:Chiba
545:Stage
500:Earth
1228:Late
1007:2020
985:2020
935:2019
894:2020
831:spp.
803:GSSP
778:and
682:2020
383:Late
48:PreꞒ
1126:doi
1067:doi
972:hdl
962:doi
924:doi
770:in
762:in
535:Age
511:ICS
461:ICS
1994::
1917:Ga
1913:Ma
1909:ka
1122:31
1120:.
1116:.
1092:^
1075:.
1063:25
1061:.
1057:.
1024:^
970:.
958:35
956:.
952:.
920:41
918:.
914:.
840:.
709:.
640:,
308:PC
98:Pg
42:Ma
1313:e
1306:t
1299:v
1182:e
1175:t
1168:v
1134:.
1128::
1083:.
1069::
1009:.
987:.
974::
964::
937:.
926::
896:.
513:)
385:"
381:"
284:N
103:N
93:K
88:J
83:T
78:P
73:C
68:D
63:S
58:O
53:Ꞓ
20:)
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