278:. While the role of these proteins is not fully understood, it is believed that they aid in the development of enamel by serving as a framework for minerals to form on, among other functions. Once it is mature, enamel is almost totally without the softer organic matter. Enamel is avascular and has no nerve supply within it and is not renewed, however, it is not a static tissue as it can undergo mineralization changes.
258:
of 83 GPa. Dentin, less mineralized and less brittle, 3–4 in hardness, compensates for enamel and is necessary as a support. On radiographs, the differences in the mineralization of different portions of the tooth and surrounding periodontium can be noted; enamel appears lighter than dentin or pulp
337:
The cementum is light yellow and slightly lighter in color than dentin. It has the highest fluoride content of all mineralized tissue. Cementum also is permeable to a variety of materials. It is formed continuously throughout life because a new layer of cementum is deposited to keep the attachment
238:
The normal color of enamel varies from light yellow to grayish (bluish) white. At the edges of teeth where there is no dentin underlying the enamel, the color sometimes has a slightly blue tone. Since enamel is
216:
can repair damage to the tooth to a certain degree but damage beyond that cannot be repaired by the body. The maintenance and repair of human tooth enamel is one of the primary concerns of
197:
Enamel is the hardest substance in the human body and contains the highest percentage of minerals, 96%, with water and organic material composing the rest. The primary mineral is
338:
intact as the superficial layer of cementum ages. Cementum on the root ends surrounds the apical foramen and may extend slightly onto the inner wall of the pulp canal.
113:. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external structure. They are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple
300:
of enamel. Dentin, which is less mineralized and less brittle than enamel, is necessary for the support of enamel. Dentin rates approximately 3 on the
563:
388:
573:
266:
Enamel does not contain collagen, as found in other hard tissues such as dentin and bone, but it does contain two unique classes of
520:
250:
The large amount of mineral in enamel accounts not only for its strength but also for its brittleness. Tooth enamel ranks 5 on
251:
247:
of a tooth. The enamel on primary teeth has a more opaque crystalline form and thus appears whiter than on permanent teeth.
175:
are involved in the reabsorption of bone tissue. The mineralised matrix of bone tissue has an organic component mainly of
536:
Marshall GW Jr, Marshall SJ, Kinney JH, Balooch M.J. The dentin substrate: structure and properties related to bonding
296:, 20% is organic material, and 10% is water. Yellow in appearance, it greatly affects the color of a tooth due to the
602:
244:
213:
330:. Cementum is avascular, receiving its nutrition through its own imbedded cells from the surrounding vascular
232:
498:
Illustrated Dental
Embryology, Histology, and Anatomy, Bath-BaloghFehrenbach, Elsevier, 2011, page 180
331:
42:
38:
446:
118:
114:
255:
569:
429:
M. Staines, W. H. Robinson and J. A. A. Hood (1981). "Spherical indentation of tooth enamel".
384:
355:
322:
and consists of about 45% to 50% inorganic material (hydroxyapatite) by weight and 50% to 55%
205:
110:
438:
224:
98:
34:
223:
In humans, enamel varies in thickness over the surface of the tooth, often thickest at the
524:
129:
83:
136:-like three-dimensional internal structure. Other types of tissue found in bones include
208:. Enamel is formed on the tooth while the tooth is developing within the gum, before it
323:
293:
209:
198:
121:
94:
517:
596:
450:
327:
125:
297:
260:
192:
180:
153:
50:
243:, the color of dentin and any material underneath the enamel strongly affects the
378:
240:
212:
into the mouth. Once fully formed, it does not contain blood vessels or nerves.
137:
106:
62:
326:
and water by weight. The organic portion is composed primarily of collagen and
301:
271:
172:
164:
145:
87:
217:
168:
157:
141:
80:
313:
275:
228:
176:
90:
58:
442:
267:
202:
102:
17:
552:
American
Academy of Periodontology 2010 In-Service Exam, question A-38
319:
287:
54:
93:. Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce
149:
133:
74:
46:
463:
Ten Cate's Oral
Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, 2013, page 122
227:, up to 2.5 mm, and thinnest at its border with the
167:
are involved in the creation and mineralisation of bone;
475:
Ten Cate's Oral
Histology, Nanci, Elsevier, pages 70-94
416:
Ten Cate's Oral
Histology, Nancy, Elsevier, pages 70-94
163:
Bone is an active tissue composed of different cells.
292:By weight, 70% of dentin consists of the mineral
568:(13th ed.). Elsevier India. p. 152.
377:Berkovitz BKB; Holland GR; Moxham BJ (2009).
8:
424:
422:
565:Orban's Oral Histology & Embryology
347:
380:Oral Anatomy, Histology and Embryology
259:since it is denser than both and more
7:
494:
492:
490:
471:
469:
124:or bone tissue, is of two types –
25:
318:Cementum is slightly softer than
45:. The hard tissues of humans are
527:." Page accessed July 18, 2007.
507:Bath-Balogh, Fehrenbach, p. 179
33:, refers to "normal" calcified
518:Biology of the Human Dentition
179:and an inorganic component of
1:
383:. Mosby/Elsevier. p. 7.
86:that constitutes part of the
61:. The term is in contrast to
431:Journal of Materials Science
132:and gives it rigidity and a
619:
311:
285:
190:
183:made up of various salts.
105:and also enable mobility.
72:
37:, is the tissue which is
562:Kumar, G. (15 Jul 2011).
214:Remineralisation of teeth
27:Mineralized body tissue
543:1997 Nov;25(6):441-58.
233:cementoenamel junction
358:. Farlex and Partners
304:of mineral hardness.
356:"Medical Dictionary"
332:periodontal ligament
43:intercellular matrix
252:Mohs hardness scale
109:is a type of dense
523:2015-10-30 at the
516:Johnson, Clarke. "
443:10.1007/bf01113595
603:Tissues (biology)
390:978-0-7234-3551-8
206:calcium phosphate
111:connective tissue
99:white blood cells
16:(Redirected from
610:
587:
586:
584:
582:
559:
553:
550:
544:
534:
528:
514:
508:
505:
499:
496:
485:
482:
476:
473:
464:
461:
455:
454:
437:(9): 2551–2556.
426:
417:
414:
408:
401:
395:
394:
374:
368:
367:
365:
363:
352:
21:
618:
617:
613:
612:
611:
609:
608:
607:
593:
592:
591:
590:
580:
578:
576:
561:
560:
556:
551:
547:
535:
531:
525:Wayback Machine
515:
511:
506:
502:
497:
488:
483:
479:
474:
467:
462:
458:
428:
427:
420:
415:
411:
402:
398:
391:
376:
375:
371:
361:
359:
354:
353:
349:
344:
316:
310:
290:
284:
256:Young's modulus
241:semitranslucent
195:
189:
77:
71:
41:and has a firm
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
616:
614:
606:
605:
595:
594:
589:
588:
574:
554:
545:
529:
509:
500:
486:
477:
465:
456:
418:
409:
396:
389:
369:
346:
345:
343:
340:
324:organic matter
312:Main article:
309:
306:
294:hydroxyapatite
286:Main article:
283:
280:
199:hydroxyapatite
191:Main article:
188:
185:
122:osseous tissue
73:Main article:
70:
67:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
615:
604:
601:
600:
598:
577:
575:9788131228197
571:
567:
566:
558:
555:
549:
546:
542:
539:
533:
530:
526:
522:
519:
513:
510:
504:
501:
495:
493:
491:
487:
481:
478:
472:
470:
466:
460:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
425:
423:
419:
413:
410:
406:
400:
397:
392:
386:
382:
381:
373:
370:
357:
351:
348:
341:
339:
335:
333:
329:
328:proteoglycans
325:
321:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
289:
281:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
236:
234:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:
201:, which is a
200:
194:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
154:blood vessels
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
76:
68:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
579:. Retrieved
564:
557:
548:
540:
537:
532:
512:
503:
480:
459:
434:
430:
412:
404:
399:
379:
372:
360:. Retrieved
350:
336:
317:
298:translucency
291:
265:
249:
237:
222:
196:
193:Tooth enamel
181:bone mineral
162:
78:
51:tooth enamel
30:
29:
272:amelogenins
203:crystalline
173:osteoclasts
165:Osteoblasts
119:Mineralized
107:Bone tissue
63:soft tissue
39:mineralized
31:Hard tissue
581:1 December
362:25 October
342:References
302:Mohs scale
261:radiopaque
254:and has a
245:appearance
169:osteocytes
146:periosteum
130:cancellous
79:Bone is a
451:137704231
276:enamelins
218:dentistry
158:cartilage
142:endosteum
115:functions
88:vertebral
597:Category
521:Archived
407:, p. 485
314:Cementum
308:Cementum
268:proteins
229:cementum
177:collagen
126:cortical
103:minerals
101:, store
91:skeleton
59:cementum
484:Johnson
231:at the
18:Calcify
572:
449:
405:et al.
387:
320:dentin
288:Dentin
282:Dentin
210:erupts
187:Enamel
150:nerves
138:marrow
57:, and
55:dentin
35:tissue
541:Dent.
447:S2CID
403:Ross
134:coral
84:organ
81:rigid
583:2014
570:ISBN
385:ISBN
364:2015
274:and
225:cusp
171:and
156:and
128:and
97:and
75:Bone
69:Bone
47:bone
439:doi
95:red
599::
489:^
468:^
445:.
435:16
433:.
421:^
334:.
270::
263:.
235:.
220:.
160:.
152:,
148:,
144:,
140:,
117:.
65:.
53:,
49:,
585:.
538:J
453:.
441::
393:.
366:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.