431:. However, students are sometimes kept from class because of safety and security situations or teacher vacancies. Validated gang associates are sometimes kept from classroom or vocational training for institutional safety and security reasons relative to gang tensions or conflict. Academic teachers and vocational instructors are credentialed through the California Commission on Teacher Credentialing. The education area of the institution is referred to as the "Education Corridor" or "Trade Line", reflecting the vocational training focus of the institution. The Trade Line is monitored by security professionals known as "Youth Correctional Officers" (YCO). Students are escorted to the Trade Line from their living areas by "Youth Correctional Counselors" (YCC). The educational system in the DJJ is part of the California Department of Education, and each site is required to maintain accreditation through the
680:
changes in population, jurisdiction or length of stay or changes in state-local juvenile justice responsibilities and "specific objectives, tasks and timelines." However, DJJ presented no objectives, tasks or timelines for reform. Nor did it offer new plans to adjust the institutionalized population. Rather, DJJ said that "at this time" the department does not propose to change any state laws with respect to "jurisdictional eligibility criteria, including age, gender, offense criteria, medical or mental health needs or length of confinement".
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646:. The Ventura School for Girls moved from its Ventura location to Camarillo in 1962 and became co-educational in 1970. The Ventura Youth Correctional Facility returned to being a females-only facility in 2004. The facility closed in 2023 and was shuttered. The S. Carraway Public Service and Fire Protection Center was closed in 2011 and fire crews were consolidated in the Pine Grove facility.
360:
2321:
534:. The parties agreed to jointly select national experts to determine the nature and extent of the CYA's problems. By 2004, Governor Schwarzenegger had settled that lawsuit and pledged to make significant changes, but his administration has missed several court-imposed deadlines to implement reforms, including policies regarding
525:
The judge did allow three defined groups of wards to sue in three specific categories of contention on constitutional grounds. Wards forcibly medicated with a psychotropic drug without a hearing were enabled to challenge CYA's forced drugging policy. Wards committed for sexual offenses were allowed
529:
In a separate lawsuit, the Prison Law Office complained that "Rehabilitation cannot succeed when the classroom is a cage and wards live in constant fear of physical and sexual violence from CYA staff and other wards." In
January 2002, a federal conditions lawsuit was filed against CYA by a coalition
504:
policies for wards placed in administrative segregation and criticized the DJJ for failing to end the practice. The inspector general's report outlines
Maldonado's history and offers a portrait of Chaderjian as a violent lockup where gang leaders seem to have more clout than the Youth Correctional
714:
A July 2008 report by
California's Little Hoover Commission recommended that the state "eliminate its juvenile justice operations by 2011" by "turning supervision of all youth offenders over to counties and providing the resources for counties and county consortiums to supervise the most serious
695:
Critics point to reports that over 90% of those released from DJJ (then CYA) ended up in adult prison, and that within three years five percent are dead and only four percent are in school or working. DJJ does have a ward data system, the
Offender Based Information Tracking System (OBITS), which
679:
On
September 1, 2005, DJJ submitted a report on youth corrections reform to the California Legislature. The report required DJJ to file quarterly reports on steps taken, using $ 1.2 million in fiscal year 2005-06 planning funds, toward implementing an overall reform plan, including any proposed
675:
and other treatment programs. The system, according to the experts, was not simply failing to rehabilitate, it was demonstrably inflicting damage on incarcerated youths, who were often discharged with increased criminal sophistication, entrenched gang involvement and exacerbated mental illness.
666:
Juvenile
Justice Division reports, spurred by litigation against the CYA, were released in January 2004. Their reports confirmed serious abuses and major deficiencies in virtually every aspect of the CYA's operation, and criticized the agency for failing in its rehabilitative and public safety
623:
The Prison Law Office website notes recent mission changes include reducing the number of the offenders and decreasing lockdowns. "It appears that the steps that CDCR and DJJ have taken since June 2007 have improved DJJ’s management effectiveness and the capacity of CDCR/DJJ business systems;
596:
In August 2005, 18-year-old Joseph Daniel
Maldonado hanged himself at Chaderjian, sparking yet another round of outcries about conditions and calls for closure. In the eight weeks before he died, Maldonado had rarely been let out of his cell and was denied family visits, mental health care, and
699:
DJJ officers and guards are not armed — no firearms are allowed within juvenile institutions. Officers carry a firearm on their person outside of the institution or transporting a youthful offender to Court or a medical facility. Youthful
Offenders are no longer kept in cages following Farrell
710:
Among larger states, California consistently has had the highest youth incarceration rate, with more than double the national average youth incarceration rate, which critics decry for contributing to chronic overcrowding, unsafe conditions, poor health services, and numerous related problems,
345:"To provide opportunities for growth and change by identifying and responding to the unique needs of our youth. We do this through effective treatment, education and interventions in order to encourage positive lifestyles, reduce recidivism, strengthen families and protect our communities."
592:
is one of the CYA's two maximum security lockups and holds those aged 18–24, and was described as the home for the worst-of-the-worst juvenile offenders. Chaderjian, also known as "Chad", earned national headlines in 2004 "when guards were captured on film kicking and punching wards."
612:
at the facility was contrary to the rehabilitative mission of the state's youth corrections system, according to state officials. Deputy
Inspector Morgan said the eight-week lockdown was known about by at least two top-level juvenile corrections officials in Sacramento.
1097:
447:'s prisons department said lengthy lockdowns at DJJ facilities were no longer used as punishment, but were sometimes necessary to maintain order. One of the justifications for such treatment is gang affiliation and the threat of corresponding
718:
Some
California Youth Authority juvenile prisons were known as "Gladiator Schools" by the wards who were incarcerated there. An oral history of stories from inside the California Youth Authority is documented by David Reeve (2019-2021).
552:
DJJ previously housed over 6,000 youths; now with court-ordered reforms, numbers are down by two-thirds. Plaintiff's attorneys who document these changes also note many changes in the conditions of confinement, health services, etc.
1932:
1104:
2014:
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The same report notes that in 2007 Chad hired a Chief Psychologist, Dr. Eric Kunkel, who in turn brought on many more psychologists, licensed psychiatric technicians and psychiatrists to attend to youth needs.
1158:
521:
federal judge rejected a class action suit on behalf of all CYA inmates, declaring they had failed to back up claims forming the basis of their bid for sweeping revisions of CYA policies and procedures.
564:, and are institutionalized for over two years on average, at a cost to the state of over $ 71,000 per inmate each year, an increase of over 130%, from $ 30,783 in 1990. In recent years, California's
597:
educational services. A report by California's Office of the Inspector General states "the effects of this eight-week isolation and service deprivation may have contributed to the Ward’s suicide."
1925:
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reported that, at any given time, dozens of young men are held in isolation cells for fighting or other offenses at the state's two maximum security facilities, and that wards sometimes threw
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1918:
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to challenge sex offender treatment programs in which they were placed. Wards placed in isolation for their own safety without a hearing were also allowed to proceed with litigation.
517:
reported rampant violence, staff-on-ward beatings, canine attacks, multiple suicides, extended 23-hour lockdowns, and children attending classes while confined in cages. That year, a
1385:
275:
221:
2119:
2134:
556:
Its predecessor, CYA, had a $ 387 million annual budget as of 2004. Each year, well over 2,000 young offenders are admitted to DJJ, while a similar number are released. Most
667:
mission. The experts found the CYA to be incompetent in every area reviewed: the safety of the facilities, the quality of education and health care, and the efficacy of the
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1058:
1870:
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1855:- 'California Youth Authority Warehouses: Failing Kids, Families & Public Safety' (white paper recommending closure of CYA and creation of rehabilitation centers),
2278:
2260:
2238:
2009:
1971:
2184:
2174:
1871:"Locked Up at Age 10, No One Had Time for Me: A young man who was sent to the troubled California Youth Authority corrections system at age 10 tells his story"
1887:
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arising after a video tape surfaced, in 2004, of a youth being punched in the head repeatedly by a guard at the Stockton facility and two youths dying there.
325:
offices and other public and private agencies involved with the problems of youth. The DJJ underwent reorganization as required by a court agreement and the
2199:
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637:
432:
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1989:
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2019:
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1994:
1957:
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1979:
926:
1865:- 'Violence-Prone Youth Authority Still Fails Its Children, Its Taxpayers', Sue Burrell and Jonathan Laba. Daily Journal. (April 26, 2006)
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2313:
2219:
2154:
2099:
2089:
2029:
2004:
1984:
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735:
1017:
1811:- 'Suicide report blasts youth prison: Teen inmate was denied visits, mental health care, education, inspectors find', Andy Furillo,
1543:
707:
problems were made worse, not better, by a system that is failing to rehabilitate kids, according to reports by independent experts.
624:
however, issues of effectiveness and capacity continue to interfere with DJJ’s progress towards compliance with the remedial plans."
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2149:
2104:
2054:
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During lockdowns, wards are allowed showers three times a week, but are allowed no time to attend school, exercise or interact with
407:
1211:
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781:
585:
1888:"Gladiator School: Stories from Inside YTS (An oral history from those who were incarcerated in the California Youth Authority)"
720:
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1323:
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385:
784:(1940-2019), serial killer and one of the two "Tool Box Killers"; sentenced for car theft, a hit and run, and evading arrest
1666:
1133:
2294:
1862:
1079:"Prison blamed in teen death. Staff withheld mental help and used a prohibited lockdown before his suicide, report says"
326:
1472:
916:
443:
On non-school days, maximum security inmates were locked in their cells for 23 hours a day. A spokesman for Governor
370:
658:. All foster grandparents receive training from Special Education Resource Specialists and multi-language training.
1895:
847:(1947-1996), triple murderer; was sentenced as a juvenile for auto theft, attempted forgery, and several burglaries
467:
uncovered deep systemic flaws, concluding that violence was predominant, gangs ruled, and fear was pervasive. The
309:
programs. The DJJ provided services to juvenile offenders, ranging in age from twelve to 25, in facilities and on
111:
389:
374:
1949:
1829:
1568:
1305:
1078:
546:
1098:"Special Review into the Death of a Ward on August 31, 2005 at the N. A. Chaderjian Youth Correctional Facility"
486:
Experts who have studied the prisons have declared them the most violent in the nation, and there have been six
461:
The threat of violence was a constant distraction at DJJ facilities. In 2004, a six-month investigation by the
1720:
1040:
530:
including the Prison Law Office. The suit was refiled In January 2003, as Farrell v. Harper (later renamed
1779:- 'California Youth Authority' (in-depth six investigative report series), Brandon Bailey and Karen de Sá,
2159:
1808:
1374:
1251:
549:
judge to direct the CYA to obtain licenses for all eleven of its health care facilities within two years.
518:
330:
208:
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In 1913, girls were transferred to the newly established Ventura School for Girls from the formerly coed
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463:
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602:
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There have been many calls to shut down DJJ/CYA altogether. A spate of such calls came in the wake of
655:
513:
Beginning in 2000, CYA was featured regularly in news headlines across the state. Local and national
2337:
1874:
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881:
776:
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605:, was quoted as saying "This is the first report that directly links their practices with a death."
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after widespread criticisms of conditions at its youth prisons. The agency's headquarters were in
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535:
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1426:
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1306:"Youth Authority: 'factory for prisons.' Probes for state report violence, kids kept in cages"
991:
908:
745:
494:
314:
163:
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813:
739:
742:) - CDCR announced on Thursday October 21, 2010 that Preston is closing, and is now closed.
1792:
1381:
1215:
978:
809:(born 1965), wrongfully convicted of murder; served time in several prisons, including CYA
794:
672:
318:
17:
568:
system has received intense and increasing criticism from experts nationwide for running
1159:"Details emerge about closure of state's youth prisons, including one outside Camarillo"
654:
Because few parents participate, foster grandparents at DJJ facilities fill the role of
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1847:
1813:
1208:
723:(An oral history from those who were incarcerated in the California Youth Authority)".
565:
539:
306:
295:
803:(1952-2014), immigrant wrongfully convicted of murder; served 13 months at CYA in 1967
2353:
1531:
1499:"People v. Drumgo, 269 Cal. App. 2d 479 - Cal: Court of Appeal 1969 - Google Scholar"
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to DJJ's eleven correctional facilities, four conservation camps and two residential
155:
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1327:
832:
806:
800:
557:
497:
455:
454:
Many of the Youthful Offenders at some DJJ facilities arrived on or are placed on
1185:"Shuttered youth prison outside Camarillo stays empty while state weighs options"
2256:
2234:
1967:
1633:
1140:
1059:"Court Rules California Youth Authority Facilities Must Have Licensed Hospitals"
869:
829:(1941-2012), featherweight boxer; was incarcerated as a gang leader in his youth
421:
359:
696:
compiles some demographic data, drug test results and length of incarceration.
1512:
898:
826:
569:
514:
287:
1233:"Juvenile Justice Division submits tepid reform status report to Legislature"
1763:
1349:
835:(born 1969), productions owner and actor; was sentenced for several felonies
820:
424:
322:
279:
247:
1836:
1139:. Superior Court of California, City and County of Alameda. Archived from
981:." California Division of Juvenile Justice. Retrieved on January 22, 2010.
294:
offenders, until its closure in 2023. These youths were committed by the
790:(born 1944), serial killer; served 9 months at age 19 for forgery charges
609:
448:
283:
1830:"Aftercare as Afterthought: Re-entry and the California Youth Authority"
1596:"A Local Murder: Terra Linda Was the Setting for a Real-Life 1975 Crime"
841:(born 1970), rapper better known as "Destra"; was sentenced for assault
689:
487:
428:
1828:
Byrnes, Michele; Macallair, Daniel; Shorter, Andrea D. (August 2002).
838:
726:
All Division of Juvenile Justice facilities closed on July 1, 2023.
573:
310:
853:(born 1962), serial killer; sentenced for robbery and later burglary
1398:
1324:"Report #192: Juvenile Justice Reform: Realigning Responsibilities"
480:
476:
472:
458:
medications, a matter that has triggered protests and litigation.
302:
299:
291:
1791:- 'Harder Time: California Youth Authority Shifts from Rehab to
1788:
812:
Marlene Olive (born 1959), one of two perpetrators of the 1975 "
1914:
353:
29:
500:
issued a report calling for the elimination of 23-hour-a-day
171:
Map of California Division of Juvenile Justice's jurisdiction
1293:. California Legislative Analyst's Office. January 31, 2007.
1388:. Thursday October 21, 2010. Retrieved on October 30, 2010.
884:(1917-1992), banker and WW2 veteran; was assistant director
1235:. Commonweal, The Juvenile Justice Program. Archived from
1835:. Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice. Archived from
1474:
Molecules of Murder: Criminal Molecules and Classic Cases
1667:"No Privacy These Days for 'Pit Boss' Star Shorty Rossi"
1041:"Lawyers Go Behind Bars as Guardians of Prisoner Rights"
1386:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
1219:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
313:, and worked closely with law enforcement, the courts,
276:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
222:
California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
580:
Stockton: N.A. Chaderjian Youth Correctional Facility
490:
in California's juvenile jails between 2000 and 2005.
1326:. Little Hoover Commission. July 2008. Archived from
230:
Human Relations/Health and Welfare Agency (1969-1979)
2287:
2255:
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1966:
1948:
240:
214:
204:
199:
191:
183:
175:
150:
145:
127:
101:
83:
78:
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2380:State corrections departments of the United States
1252:"Six Fired Youth Prison Counselors Are Reinstated"
1450:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Charles Press.
1375:CDCR to Close Preston Youth Correctional Facility
1096:Office of the Inspector General (December 2005).
545:In 2001, another lawsuit against CYA prompted a
542:was appointed to oversee reform implementation.
2365:Juvenile detention centers in the United States
1942:Incarceration of juveniles in the United States
819:Juan Pena, accomplice of gangster and murderer
227:Youth and Adult Correctional Agency (1980–2004)
1290:California's Criminal Justice System: A Primer
1272:. Division of Juvenile Justice. Archived from
233:Youth and Adult Corrections Agency (1961-1968)
1926:
1637:. Season 3 (LMN). Episode 12. July 14, 2014.
1209:"History of the Division of Juvenile Justice"
8:
1721:"Williams' life wracked on a sea of storms"
638:Incarceration of women in the United States
586:N.A. Chaderjian Youth Correctional Facility
433:Western Association of Schools and Colleges
427:for every ward who does not already have a
388:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1933:
1919:
1911:
1528:Bad Blood: A Family Murder in Marin County
1416:
1414:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1061:. California Healthline. November 5, 2001.
755:Fred C. Nelles Youth Correctional Facility
721:"Gladiator School: Stories from Inside YTS
420:The DJJ was legally required to provide a
1421:Markman, Ronald; Bosco, Dominick (1989).
793:Fleeta Drumgo (1945-1979), member of the
408:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Law enforcement agency in California, USA
1127:
1125:
922:Youth incarceration in the United States
797:; was referred for first degree burglary
775:Abraham Acosta, one of two murderers of
1425:. London, England: Piatkus Publishing.
937:
878:, author and child advocate; was a ward
483:through the slots in their cell doors.
268:California Division of Juvenile Justice
117:Youth Corrections Authority (1941-1943)
74:California Division of Juvenile Justice
1785:(November 23, 2004 - January 21, 2005)
1705:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1698:
179:163,696 square miles (423,970 km)
70:
1653:"The Killer of His Daughter's Mother"
1575:from the original on October 23, 2014
1103:. State of California. Archived from
7:
2320:
1513:"Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus"
1350:"Division of Juvenile Justice (DJJ)"
927:Teenage suicide in the United States
386:adding citations to reliable sources
1250:Warren, Jenifer (August 31, 2005).
1016:Walsh, Denny (September 12, 2000).
736:Preston Youth Correctional Facility
1616:The case drew worldwide attention.
1231:Steinhart, David (November 2005).
1157:Diskin, Megan (October 12, 2020).
1134:"Seventh report of Special Master"
1077:Martin, Mark (December 30, 2005).
946:"California: Population estimates"
25:
1304:Martin, Mark (February 3, 2004).
1039:Dolan, Maura (October 11, 2005).
866:(1940-1993), politician; director
823:; died of leukemia at CYA in 2001
2331:
2319:
2308:
2307:
1571:: New West Communications Corp.
1132:Brorby, Donna (April 17, 2008).
901:
890:(born 1937), children's advocate
358:
162:
34:
1745:. February 7, 1985. p. 16.
1559:Marcus, Greil (November 1982).
1018:"Youth Authority Suit Rebuffed"
684:Criticism and calls for closure
270:(DJJ), previously known as the
1477:. Royal Society of Chemistry.
1183:Mason, Dave (April 23, 2024).
872:(1898-1978), probation officer
493:In January 2005, Chief Deputy
195:As per operations jurisdiction
1:
1958:United States federal prisons
1727:. April 28, 1996. p. 12.
341:The DJJ's stated mission is:
286:, and treatment services for
274:(CYA), was a division of the
2360:State agencies of California
1561:"Books: Suburban Death Trip"
1354:Division of Juvenile Justice
996:Division of Juvenile Justice
327:California State Legislature
1594:Wood, Jim (November 2008).
1526:Levine, Richard M. (1982).
1287:"Juvenile Justice System".
917:Incarceration in California
650:Foster grandparent programs
538:, according to Specter. A
89:; 83 years ago
2396:
1764:California Youth Authority
1743:The San Francisco Examiner
1739:"Wimberly crime summary 2"
1221:Retrieved 16 December 2014
644:Whittier State Reformatory
635:
272:California Youth Authority
112:California Youth Authority
18:California Youth Authority
2303:
1950:Federal Bureau of Prisons
1569:Beverly Hills, California
1448:The Serial Killer Letters
1270:"Research and Statistics"
816:"; was released at age 21
711:including gang violence.
245:
170:
161:
133:; 1 year ago
43:This article needs to be
1446:Furio, Jennifer (1998).
146:Jurisdictional structure
1869:J.T. (March 17, 2004).
1310:San Francisco Chronicle
1083:San Francisco Chronicle
151:Operations jurisdiction
1276:on September 21, 2008.
331:Sacramento, California
209:Sacramento, California
187:39,536,653 (2017 est.)
68:Law enforcement agency
2375:Prisons in California
1848:"EllaBakerCenter.org"
1782:San Jose Mercury News
1604:Sausalito, California
1471:Emsley, John (2008).
1028:on September 6, 2004.
845:Keith Daniel Williams
464:San Jose Mercury News
445:Arnold Schwarzenegger
200:Operational structure
2338:United States portal
2247:District of Columbia
1898:on December 19, 2019
1886:David Reeve (2019).
1875:Pacific News Service
1842:on October 26, 2010.
1629:"Please Kill For Me"
1423:Alone with The Devil
882:William S. Mailliard
759:Whittier, California
382:improve this section
2288:Military facilities
2279:U.S. Virgin Islands
1881:on January 4, 2007.
1816:(December 30, 2005)
1687:on October 23, 2012
1669:. October 11, 2010.
1239:on October 5, 2006.
1189:Ventura County Star
1163:Ventura County Star
952:. December 21, 2017
839:Andre DeSean Wicker
788:Steven David Catlin
1799:and James Rainey,
1380:2010-10-27 at the
1214:2014-12-17 at the
977:2010-01-07 at the
950:U.S. Census Bureau
888:William G. Steiner
750:Los Angeles County
715:youth offenders".
601:, director of the
560:are committed for
536:suicide prevention
532:Farrell v. Hickman
337:Mission and Vision
315:district attorneys
192:Legal jurisdiction
2347:
2346:
1805:(January 9, 2000)
1802:Los Angeles Times
1404:Los Angeles Times
1330:on April 30, 2009
1256:Los Angeles Times
1110:on April 11, 2009
1045:Los Angeles Times
909:California portal
782:Lawrence Bittaker
746:Camp Joseph Scott
730:Former Facilities
656:surrogate parents
603:Prison Law Office
495:Inspector General
418:
417:
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264:
263:
256:/juvenile-justice
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
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2239:Federal district
1935:
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1894:. Archived from
1882:
1877:. Archived from
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1852:
1843:
1841:
1834:
1759:Official webpage
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1746:
1735:
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1683:. Archived from
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1146:on July 6, 2008.
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1024:. Archived from
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851:Anthony Wimberly
814:Barbeque murders
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2370:Juvenile law
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2180:South Dakota
2170:Rhode Island
2165:Pennsylvania
2145:North Dakota
1999:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1879:the original
1837:the original
1812:
1800:
1780:
1771:News reports
1742:
1733:
1724:
1715:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:the original
1675:
1661:
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1632:
1623:
1615:
1608:. Retrieved
1599:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1564:
1554:
1536:Random House
1527:
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1466:
1447:
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1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:the original
1318:
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1282:
1274:the original
1264:
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1021:
1011:
999:. Retrieved
995:
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956:December 21,
954:. Retrieved
940:
833:Shorty Rossi
807:Bruce Lisker
801:Chol Soo Lee
725:
717:
713:
709:
702:
698:
694:
687:
678:
665:
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632:Female Wards
626:
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583:
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544:
528:
524:
512:
498:Brett Morgan
492:
485:
469:Mercury News
468:
462:
460:
456:psychotropic
453:
442:
419:
404:
395:
380:Please help
368:
340:
271:
267:
265:
205:Headquarters
154:California,
65:
52:
44:
2274:Puerto Rico
2257:Corrections
2235:Corrections
2095:Mississippi
2010:Connecticut
1968:Corrections
1789:NoSpank.net
1634:Killer Kids
1610:February 4,
1579:February 4,
1168:October 15,
870:Karl Holton
703:Teens with
599:Don Specter
473:human waste
422:high school
114:(1943–2004)
2354:Categories
2210:Washington
2130:New Mexico
2125:New Jersey
2000:California
1809:SacBee.com
1565:California
1399:"Archives"
933:References
827:Raul Rojas
777:Stuart Tay
636:See also:
519:Sacramento
509:Litigation
505:Officers.
439:Conditions
288:California
184:Population
55:April 2024
2220:Wisconsin
2185:Tennessee
2090:Minnesota
2065:Louisiana
1902:March 30,
1822:Criticism
1793:Brutality
1766:(Archive)
1691:March 12,
1359:April 20,
1194:April 23,
992:"Mission"
821:Joe Saenz
700:reforms.
570:draconian
425:education
369:does not
350:Education
323:probation
280:education
128:Dissolved
2314:Category
2205:Virginia
2155:Oklahoma
2135:New York
2110:Nebraska
2100:Missouri
2085:Michigan
2075:Maryland
2060:Kentucky
2040:Illinois
2015:Delaware
2005:Colorado
1995:Arkansas
1863:FDAP.org
1701:cite web
1573:Archived
1378:Archived
1334:July 16,
1212:Archived
1114:July 16,
1001:March 9,
975:Archived
895:See also
690:scandals
610:lockdown
590:Stockton
488:suicides
449:violence
398:May 2010
300:criminal
296:juvenile
284:training
2326:Commons
2225:Wyoming
2200:Vermont
2105:Montana
2045:Indiana
2025:Georgia
2020:Florida
1990:Arizona
1980:Alabama
1892:Vantage
770:Inmates
574:prisons
429:diploma
390:removed
375:sources
241:Website
136: (
92: (
45:updated
2160:Oregon
2115:Nevada
2055:Kansas
2030:Hawaii
1985:Alaska
1972:States
1859:(2005)
1542:
1481:
1454:
1429:
662:Reform
572:youth
311:parole
303:courts
84:Formed
2190:Texas
2070:Maine
2035:Idaho
1851:(PDF)
1840:(PDF)
1833:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
1137:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
1101:(PDF)
858:Staff
558:wards
515:media
481:semen
477:blood
292:youth
250:.cdcr
2269:Guam
2195:Utah
2150:Ohio
2050:Iowa
1904:2020
1707:link
1693:2022
1612:2016
1581:2016
1540:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1361:2024
1336:2008
1196:2024
1170:2020
1116:2008
1003:2019
958:2017
740:Ione
584:The
373:any
371:cite
298:and
266:The
254:.gov
176:Size
138:2023
131:2023
94:1941
87:1941
2259:by
2237:by
1970:by
1795:',
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1384:."
588:in
479:or
384:by
252:.ca
248:www
156:USA
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