1167:, which then reflects light onto the subject. It can be used as fill-flash or, if used indoors, as ambient lighting for the whole scene. Bouncing creates softer, less artificial-looking illumination than direct flash, often reducing overall contrast and expanding shadow and highlight detail, and typically requires more flash power than direct lighting. Part of the bounced light can be also aimed directly on the subject by "bounce cards" attached to the flash unit which increase the efficiency of the flash and illuminate shadows cast by light coming from the ceiling. It is also possible to use one's own palm for that purpose, resulting in warmer tones on the picture, as well as eliminating the need to carry additional accessories.
281:, who was also a director of the company, they produced flat magnesium ribbon, which was said to burn more consistently and completely so giving better illumination than round wire. It also had the benefit of being a simpler and cheaper process than making round wire. Mather was also credited with the invention of a holder for the ribbon, which formed a lamp to burn it in. A variety of magnesium ribbon holders were produced by other manufacturers, such as the Pistol Flashmeter, which incorporated an inscribed ruler that allowed the photographer to use the correct length of ribbon for the exposure they needed. The packaging also implies that the magnesium ribbon was not necessarily broken off before being ignited.
1226:
577:
1390:
872:
606:
450:
462:
1354:
353:. Manufactured flashbulbs were first produced commercially in Germany in 1929. Such a bulb could only be used once, and was too hot to handle immediately after use, but the confinement of what would otherwise have amounted to a small explosion was an important advance. A later innovation was the coating of flashbulbs with a plastic film to maintain bulb integrity in the event of the glass shattering during the flash. A blue plastic film was introduced as an option to match the spectral quality of the flash to daylight-balanced
438:
1342:
1326:
1366:
1254:
used against sunlight at short distances. Cameras which automatically flash in low light conditions often do not take into account the distance to the subject, causing them to fire even when the subject is several tens of metres away and unaffected by the flash. In crowds at sports matches, concerts and so on, the stands or the auditorium can be a constant sea of flashes, resulting in distraction to the performers or players and providing absolutely no benefit to the photographers.
1378:
483:
549:
328:
1214:
285:
724:
253:
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1141:
1075:), which fires the flash tube multiple times during the time the slit traverses the sensor. Such units require communication with the camera and are thus dedicated to a particular camera make. The multiple flashes result in a significant decrease in guide number, since each is only a part of the total flash power, but it is all that illuminates any particular part of the sensor. In general, if
3876:
43:
1258:
140:
771:(MERL). Successive flashing of strategically placed flash mechanisms results in shadows along the depths of the scene. This information can be manipulated to suppress or enhance details or capture the intricate geometric features of a scene (even those hidden from the eye), to create a non-photorealistic image form. Such images could be useful in technical or medical imaging.
1133:
156:
1148:
As well as dedicated studio use, flash may be used as the main light source where ambient light is inadequate, or as a supplementary source in more complex lighting situations. Basic flash lighting produces a hard, frontal light unless modified in some way. Several techniques are used to soften light
939:
has a shutter travel time of about 2.4 ms. A full-power flash from a modern built-in or hot shoe mounted electronic flash has a typical duration of about 1ms, or a little less, so the minimum possible exposure time for even exposure across the sensor with a full-power flash is about 2.4 ms
601:
carried with a shoulder strap. Towards the end of the 1960s electronic flashguns of similar size to conventional bulb guns became available; the price, although it had dropped, was still high. The electronic flash system eventually superseded bulb guns as prices came down. Already in the early 1970s,
314:
to photograph subjects in his studio, but more portable and less expensive devices prevailed. On through the 1920s, flash photography normally meant a professional photographer sprinkling powder into the trough of a T-shaped flash lamp, holding it aloft, then triggering a brief and (usually) harmless
1244:
Using on-camera flash will give a very harsh light, which results in a loss of shadows in the image, because the only lightsource is in practically the same place as the camera. Balancing the flash power and ambient lighting or using off-camera flash can help overcome these issues. Using an umbrella
513:
A flashcube was a module with four expendable flashbulbs, each mounted at 90° from the others in its own reflector. For use it was mounted atop the camera with an electrical connection to the shutter release and a battery inside the camera. After each flash exposure, the film advance mechanism also
304:
and
Johannes Gaedicke in 1887. A measured amount was put into a pan or trough and ignited by hand, producing a brief brilliant flash of light, along with the smoke and noise that might be expected from such an explosive event. This could be a life-threatening activity, especially if the flash powder
887:
are used as flash sources in camera phones, although they are less bright than xenon flash tubes. Unlike xenon tubes, LEDs require only a low voltage, eliminating the need of a high-voltage capacitor. They are more energy-efficient, and very small. The LED flash can also be used for illumination of
862:
In cases where intensity is controlled by capacitor discharge time, t0.5 and t0.1 decrease with decreasing intensity. Conversely, in cases where intensity is controlled by capacitor charge, t0.5 and t0.1 increase with decreasing intensity due to the non-linearity of the capacitor's discharge curve.
276:
in 1859 showed that burning this metal produced a light with similar qualities to daylight. The potential application to photography inspired Edward
Sonstadt to investigate methods of manufacturing magnesium so that it would burn reliably for this use. He applied for patents in 1862 and by 1864 had
1300:
of a second. If the exposure flash is fired at approximately this interval after the TTL measuring flash, people will be squinting or have their eyes shut. One solution may be the FEL (flash exposure lock) offered on some more expensive cameras, which allows the photographer to fire the measuring
1063:
In the past, slow-burning single-use flash bulbs allowed the use of focal-plane shutters at maximum speed because they produced continuous light for the time taken for the exposing slit to cross the film gate. If these are found they cannot be used on modern cameras because the bulb must be fired
931:
The time available to fire a single flash which uniformly illuminates the image recorded on the sensor is the exposure time minus the shutter travel time. Equivalently, the minimum possible exposure time is the shutter travel time plus the flash duration (plus any delays in triggering the flash).
409:
The all-glass PF1 bulb was introduced in 1954. Eliminating the metal base and the multiple manufacturing steps needed to attach it to the glass bulb cut the cost substantially compared to the larger M series bulbs. The design required a fibre ring around the base to hold the contact wires against
1253:
or "grain" will result. In order to get good flash pictures with simple cameras, it is important not to exceed the recommended distance for flash pictures. Larger flashes, especially studio units and monoblocks, have sufficient power for larger distances, even through an umbrella, and can even be
517:
The later
Magicube (or X-Cube) by General Electric retained the four-bulb format, but did not require electrical power. It was not interchangeable with the original Flashcube. Each bulb in a Magicube was set off by releasing one of four cocked wire springs within the cube. The spring struck a
389:
triggered the flashbulb a fraction of a second before opening the shutter to allow it to reach full brightness, allowing faster shutter speeds. A flashbulb widely used during the 1960s was the Press 25, the 25-millimetre (1 in) flashbulb often used by newspapermen in period movies, usually
309:
in 1899. His patent describes a device for igniting photographers' flash powder by using dry cell batteries to heat a wire fuse. Variations and alternatives were touted from time to time and a few found a measure of success, especially for amateur use. In 1905, one French photographer was using
779:
Unlike flashbulbs, the intensity of an electronic flash can be adjusted on some units. To do this, smaller flash units typically vary the capacitor discharge time, whereas larger (e.g., higher power, studio) units typically vary the capacitor charge. Color temperature can change as a result of
1177:
in order to illuminate a subject close to the camera that would otherwise be in shade relative to the rest of the scene. The flash unit is set to expose the subject correctly at a given aperture, while shutter speed is calculated to correctly expose for the background or ambient light at that
592:
in 1931. The electronic flash reaches full brightness almost instantaneously, and is of very short duration. Edgerton took advantage of the short duration to make several iconic photographs, such as one of a bullet bursting through an apple. The large photographic company Kodak was initially
1237:
Left: the distance limitation as seen when taking picture of the wooden floor. Right: the same picture taken with incandescent ambient light, using a longer exposure and a higher ISO speed setting. The distance is no longer restricted, but the colors are unnatural because of a lack of color
1182:
units may be synchronized to the master unit to provide light from additional directions. The slave units are electrically triggered by the light from the master flash. Many small flashes and studio monolights have optical slaves built in. Wireless radio transmitters, such as
410:
the side of the glass base. An adapter was available allowing the bulb to fit into flash guns made for bayonet-capped bulbs. The PF1 (along with the M2) had a faster ignition time (less delay between shutter contact and peak output), so it could be used with X synch below
1304:
Flash distracts people, limiting the number of pictures that can be taken without irritating them. Photographing with flash may not be permitted in some museums even after purchasing a permit for taking pictures. Flash equipment may take some time to set up, and like any
813:
etc.). Some monolights display an "EV Number", so that a photographer can know the difference in brightness between different flash units with different watt-second ratings. EV10.0 is defined as 6400 watt-seconds, and EV9.0 is one stop lower, i.e. 3200 watt-seconds.
1277:
reflects red light straight back in the direction it came from, pictures taken from straight in front of a face often exhibit this effect. It can be somewhat reduced by using the "red eye reduction" found on many cameras (a pre-flash that makes the subject's
538:. The Flipflash name derived from the fact that once half the flashbulbs had been used, the unit had to be flipped over and re-inserted to use the remaining bulbs. In many Flipflash cameras, the bulbs were ignited by electrical currents produced when a
364:
There was a significant delay after ignition for a flashbulb to reach full brightness, and the bulb burned for a relatively long time, compared to shutter speeds required to stop motion and not display camera shake. Slower shutter speeds (typically from
597:, came into some use in the late 1950s, although flashbulbs remained dominant in amateur photography until the mid 1970s. Early units were expensive, and often large and heavy; the power unit was separate from the flash head and was powered by a large
970:
s = 4.0 ms, so about 4.0 ms − 2.4 ms = 1.6 ms are available to trigger and fire the flash, and with a 1 ms flash duration, 1.6 ms − 1.0 ms = 0.6 ms are available to trigger the flash in this Nikon D850 example.
1248:
A typical problem with cameras using built-in flash units is the low intensity of the flash; the level of light produced will often not suffice for good pictures at distances of over 3 metres (10 ft) or so. Dark, murky pictures with excessive
430:
on X synch to keep the shutter open long enough for the bulb to ignite and burn. A smaller version which was not as bright but did not require the fibre ring, the AG-1, was introduced in 1958; it was cheaper, and rapidly supplanted the PF1.
1709:
The largest flashbulb, the mammoth GE Mazda Type 75, was initially developed to be used as a source of light for night time aerial photography during world war II. The Mazda 75 measured over eight inches long and had a girth of over four
437:
1289:
On some cameras the flash exposure measuring logic fires a pre-flash very quickly before the real flash. In some camera/people combinations this will lead to shut eyes in every picture taken. The blink response time seems to be around
533:
Other common flashbulb-based devices were the
Flashbar and Flipflash, which provided ten flashes from a single unit. The bulbs in a Flipflash were set in a vertical array, putting a distance between the bulb and the lens, eliminating
1012:
s only 3.1 ms − 2.4 ms = 0.7 ms are available to trigger and fire the flash while achieving a uniform flash exposure, so the maximum flash duration, and therefore maximum flash output, must be, and is, reduced.
161:
160:
157:
162:
904:. Focal-plane shutters expose using two curtains that cross the sensor. The first one opens and the second curtain follows it after a delay equal to the nominal shutter speed. A typical modern focal-plane shutter on a
681:
in new designs, modelling lights typically being proportionately variable to flash power require dimmable LEDs and suitable circuitry in the head. Multiple flashes may be synchronised for multi-source lighting.
461:
1309:
equipment, may need to be carefully secured, especially if hanging overhead, so it does not fall on anyone. A small breeze can easily topple a flash with an umbrella on a lightstand if it is not tied down or
159:
1365:
1121:
402:
fused to the glass bulb. The largest flashbulb ever produced was the GE Mazda No. 75, being over eight inches long with a girth of 4 inches, initially developed for nighttime aerial photography during
449:
1341:
1389:
1064:*before* the first shutter curtain begins to move (M-sync); the X-sync used for electronic flash normally fires only when the first shutter curtain reaches the end of its travel.
677:, a lamp close to the flash tube; the continuous illumination of the modelling light lets the photographer visualize the effect of the flash. LED lamps are replacing the previous
1190:
To strobe, some high end units can be set to flash a specified number of times at a specified frequency. This allows action to be frozen multiple times in a single exposure.
561:
3833:
3775:
1787:
196:
to help illuminate a scene. The main purpose of a flash is to illuminate a dark scene. Other uses are capturing quickly moving objects or changing the quality of light.
1845:
1120:
Current (2010) flash units frequently have much lower guide numbers in HSS mode than in normal modes, even at speeds below the shutter traverse time. For example, the
229:
cable or radio signal, or are light-triggered, meaning that only one flash unit needs to be synchronized with the camera, and in turn triggers the other units, called
1353:
1200:
Open flash, free flash or manually-triggered flash refers to modes in which the photographer manually triggers the flash unit to fire independently of the shutter.
158:
1325:
1301:
flash at some earlier time, long (many seconds) before taking the real picture. Many camera manufacturers do not make the TTL pre-flash interval configurable.
664:
have an electronic flash unit built in. For more sophisticated and longer-range lighting several synchronised flash units at different positions may be used.
398:. Its peak light output was around a million lumens. Other flashbulbs in common use were the M-series, M-2, M-3 etc., which had a small ("miniature") metal
767:
A camera that implements multiple flashes can be used to find depth edges or create stylized images. Such a camera has been developed by researchers at the
643:
of maximum shutter opening with full flash brightness, unlike flashbulbs which were slower to reach full brightness and burned for a longer time, typically
3823:
3770:
211:
Flash units are commonly built directly into a camera. Some cameras allow separate flash units to be mounted via a standardized accessory mount bracket (a
3550:
514:
rotated the flashcube 90° to a fresh bulb. This arrangement allowed the user to take four images in rapid succession before inserting a new flashcube.
548:
443:
The AG-1 flashbulb, introduced in 1958, used wires protruding from its base as electrical contacts; this eliminated the need for a separate metal base.
768:
2420:
1818:
780:
varying the capacitor charge, making color correction necessary. Constant-color-temperature flash can be achieved by using appropriate circuitry.
1547:
1098:. For example, if the guide number is 100, and the shutter traverse time is 5 ms (a shutter speed of 1/200s), and the shutter speed is set to
747:. These are commonly used by scientists or engineers for examining extremely fast-moving objects or reactions, famous for producing images of
715:; these terms are frequently used as generic terms for electronic flash units designed to be mounted on, and triggered by, a camera hot shoe.
2526:
2278:
2179:
2158:
2137:
2116:
2006:
1492:
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1415:
735:. The photo was taken in a darkened room, with camera's shutter open and the flash was triggered by the sound of the shot using a microphone.
1377:
3828:
60:
1862:
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contract). However, very good results can be obtained only with a flash unit that is separated from the camera, sufficiently far from the
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of a second) were initially used on cameras to ensure proper synchronization and to make use of all the bulb's light output. Cameras with
2053:
1498:
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discharging the light. Most current flash units are electronic, having evolved from single-use flashbulbs and flammable powders. Modern
576:
3765:
3312:
2246:
871:
625:. When the flash is triggered by the shutter's flash synchronization contact, the capacitor is discharged rapidly through a permanent
3521:
2047:
1637:
1596:
126:
1060:
s, because of the greater shutter travel time required for a wider, heavier, shutter that travels farther across a larger sensor.
1016:
Contemporary (2018) focal-plane shutter cameras with full-frame or smaller sensors typically have maximum normal X-sync speeds of
3488:
1159:, flat-white backgrounds, drapes and reflector cards are commonly used for this purpose (even with small hand-held flash units).
107:
3807:
3785:
3274:
605:
593:
reluctant to take up the idea. Electronic flash, often called "strobe" in the US following
Edgerton's use of the technique for
1779:
670:
that fit to a camera's lens can be used for shadow free portrait and macro photography; some lenses have built-in ring-flash.
79:
3906:
3453:
2941:
2728:
1839:
1696:
64:
1455:
1371:
Bauer E 251 - Compact automatic flash with built-in rechargeable battery Made in
Germany, Robert Bosch Photokino GMBH, 1969
639:
of a second, shorter than shutter speeds used, with full brightness before the shutter has started to close, allowing easy
3362:
3294:
3047:
2574:
2208:
1197:
are commonly used, so that the light of the flash is the same as tungsten lights (using a CTO gel) or fluorescent lights.
1730:
743:
is a high-voltage device that discharges a flash of light with an exceptionally short duration, often much less than one
86:
3795:
3790:
1964:
859:. These values determine the ability of a flash to "freeze" moving subjects in applications such as sports photography.
2195:
1910:
1410:
3800:
3072:
2579:
3214:
728:
560:
928:
s to cross the sensor, so at exposure times shorter than this only part of the sensor is uncovered at any one time.
3901:
3526:
3117:
2415:
507:
93:
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3443:
3403:
3256:
3142:
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2789:
2733:
2589:
2346:
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1435:
31:
950:
s. However some time is required to trigger the flash. At the maximum (standard) D850 X-sync shutter speed of
3699:
3289:
3022:
2814:
144:
1286:, or by using bounce flash, where the flash head is angled to bounce light off a wall, ceiling or reflector.
1163:
is a related technique in which flash is directed onto a reflective surface, for example a white ceiling or a
75:
1942:
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3367:
3231:
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2467:
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1187:, allow the receiver unit to be around a corner, or at a distance too far to trigger using an optical sync.
1164:
1160:
1155:, diffusers that cover the flash lamp, scatter direct light and reduce its harshness. Reflectors, including
678:
395:
53:
673:
In a photographic studio, more powerful and flexible studio flash systems are used. They usually contain a
526:
foil in the flash. A Magicube could also be fired using a key or paper clip to trip the spring manually.
3911:
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589:
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1810:
1179:
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756:
640:
386:
350:
226:
3327:
1124:
flash unit has a guide number of 58 in normal operation, but only 20 in HSS mode, even at low speeds.
542:
was struck mechanically by a spring-loaded striker, which was cocked each time the film was advanced.
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Metz 171 mecablitz - Compact electronic flash. Made in
Germany, Metz-Werke GmbH & Co. KG, 1967
892:
in low-light photography; it can also be used as a general-purpose non-photographic light source.
147:
is frozen by flash. The flash has given the foreground more illumination than the background. See
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3322:
3147:
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2966:
2946:
2884:
2839:
2804:
2779:
2341:
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822:
Flash duration is commonly described by two numbers that are expressed in fractions of a second:
689:
designed to simplify exposure setting. The energy released by larger studio flash units, such as
614:
297:
148:
486:
Flashcube fitted to a Kodak
Instamatic camera, showing both unused (left) and used (right) bulbs
482:
992:
and above) have an unusual menu-selectable feature which increases the maximum X-Sync speed to
100:
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2002:
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2079:. Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism (Ottawa,Canada, August 1975).
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2644:
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2519:
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2311:
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was an alternate name for
Magicubes, indicating the appearance of the camera's socket.
278:
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started the
Manchester Magnesium Company with Edward Mellor. With the help of engineer
252:
2022:
1140:
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is the length of time the light intensity is above 0.5 (50%) of the peak intensity
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is the length of time the light intensity is above 0.1 (10%) of the peak intensity
2071:
1245:
or softbox (the flash will have to be off-camera for this) makes softer shadows.
30:
For the partial exposure technique in still photography and motion pictures, see
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1117:, or about 3.16, so the resultant guide number at this speed would be about 32.
876:
744:
594:
354:
331:
222:
217:). In professional studio equipment, flashes may be large, standalone units, or
175:
42:
2215:
1257:
1067:
High-end flash units address this problem by offering a mode, typically called
3840:
3352:
3332:
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1457:
Speedlights & Speedlites: Creative Flash Photography at the Speed of Light
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1238:
temperature compensation, and the picture may suffer from more grain or noise.
1170:
989:
936:
700:
667:
626:
499:
455:
Flashbulbs have ranged in size from the diminutive AG-1 to the massive No. 75.
247:
139:
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Solbert, Oscar N.; Newhall, Beaumont; Card, James G., eds. (November 1953).
1430:
1274:
1225:
1136:
Image exposed without additional lighting (left) and with fill flash (right)
889:
690:
618:
523:
519:
470:
with "Kodalite Flasholder" and Sylvania P25 blue-dot daylight-type flashbulb
358:
265:
17:
1193:
Colored gels can also be used to change the color of the flash. Correction
2073:
The Importance of Artificial Light in the Development of Night Photography
1213:
3337:
3152:
2654:
2584:
2452:
2378:
2373:
1156:
213:
755:). An example of a process by which to create a high speed flash is the
3377:
2531:
2477:
1311:
1152:
1132:
940:+ 1.0 ms = 3.4 ms, corresponding to a shutter speed of about
2929:
2351:
2301:
1270:
748:
661:
581:
347:
343:
205:
193:
1314:
Larger equipment (e.g., monoblocks) will need a supply of AC power.
1269:" is another problem with on camera and ring flash units. Since the
783:
Flash intensity is typically measured in stops or in fractions (1,
3592:
3012:
2472:
1256:
1144:
Lighting produced by direct flash (left) and bounced flash (right)
1139:
1131:
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cameras when using focal-plane shutters are somewhat slower, e.g.
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722:
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604:
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491:
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326:
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2039:
Mastering Digital Flash Photography: The Complete Reference Guide
685:
The strength of a flash device is often indicated in terms of a
622:
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602:
amateur electronic flashes were available for less than $ 100.
310:
intense non-explosive flashes produced by a special mechanized
305:
was damp. An electrically triggered flash lamp was invented by
2256:
656:
A single electronic flash unit is often mounted on a camera's
554:
Undersides of Flashcube (left) and Magicube (right) cartridges
36:
974:
Mid- to high-end Nikon DSLRs with a maximum shutter speed of
839:
For example, a single flash event might have a t0.5 value of
2084:
Hallett, Michael (1986). "Early magnesium light portraits".
1997:(7th ed.). Focal Press/Butterworth Heinemann. p.
1359:
Metz 171 mecablitz - compact electronic flash disassembled
629:, producing an immediate flash lasting typically less than
498:
replaced the individual flashbulb technology used on early
1083:
is the shutter traverse time, the guide number reduces by
342:; magnesium filaments were contained in bulbs filled with
2129:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art
338:
The use of flash powder in an open lamp was replaced by
420:
of a second—while most bulbs require a shutter speed of
225:. They are either synchronized with the camera using a
518:
primer tube at the base of the bulb, which contained a
1173:
or "fill-in flash" describes flash used to supplement
900:
Electronic flash units have shutter speed limits with
1645:
Image, Journal of Photography of George Eastman House
1604:
Image, Journal of Photography of George Eastman House
200:
refers either to the flash of light itself or to the
178:
that produces a brief burst of light (lasting around
1574:"Taking instantaneous photographs by electric light"
1108:
s (0.5 ms), the guide number reduces by a factor of
288:
Vintage AHA smokeless flash powder lamp kit, Germany
166:
Video demonstration of high-speed flash photography.
3816:
3758:
3658:
3601:
3507:
3391:
3303:
3255:
3000:
2767:
2567:
2294:
2196:"Flash Photography with Canon EOS Cameras – Part I"
221:, powered by special battery packs or connected to
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1990:
1002:s = 3.1 ms with some electronic flashes. At
346:gas, and electrically ignited by a contact in the
1943:"How fast is the Nikon 850 electronic shutter?"
1916:. Paul C. Buff, Inc. p. 13. Archived from
1911:"Einstein – User Manual/Operation Instructions"
2150:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
751:tearing through light bulbs and balloons (see
357:. Subsequently, the magnesium was replaced by
2272:
1516:. Manchester: Palatine Press. pp. 17–18.
1484:An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology
8:
1751:"Kodak Unveils 8 'Flashcube' Camera Types",
588:The electronic flash tube was introduced by
27:Device producing a burst of artificial light
3824:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1984:
1982:
3551:Comparison of digital and film photography
2279:
2265:
2257:
2132:. Oxford University Press. pp. 490–.
1584:(2). Hearst Magazines: 233. February 1905.
1383:Bauer E 251 electronic flash disassembled
1335:flash attachment for AG-1 flashbulbs, 1960
208:often activate flash units automatically.
3776:Photographs considered the most important
1811:"Harold Edgerton: The man who froze time"
1149:from the flash or provide other effects.
769:Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
300:, was introduced by its German inventors
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1889:"Studio Flash Explained: Flash Duration"
2202:"A Minolta/Sony Alpha Flash Compendium"
2174:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 754–.
2108:The History of Photography: An Overview
1780:"A Brief History of Photographic Flash"
1529:"History of Flash and Ilford Flashguns"
1446:
1321:
544:
433:
292:An alternative to magnesium ribbon was
2171:The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography
1790:from the original on 25 February 2018
1416:List of photographic equipment makers
908:or smaller sensor camera takes about
7:
1821:from the original on 30 January 2018
613:A typical electronic flash unit has
580:The built-in flash of a SLR camera,
296:, a mixture of magnesium powder and
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3771:Museums devoted to one photographer
2198:. PhotoNotes.org. 12 December 2010.
1723:"flashbulbs.com - philips - page 6"
1699:from the original on 28 August 2014
896:Focal-plane-shutter synchronization
609:Two professional xenon tube flashes
478:Flashcubes, Magicubes and Flipflash
361:, which produced a brighter flash.
3313:Timeline of photography technology
1778:Ivan Tolmachev (19 January 2011).
1755:(Rochester NY), July 9, 1965, pC-1
1395:Front and back views of a Minolta
703:names its electronic flash units
25:
1965:"Fujifilm GFX 50R Specifications"
1764:"Flashcube, Cameras Introduced",
522:, which in turn ignited shredded
3874:
3864:
3863:
2056:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1809:Stephen Dowling (23 July 2014).
1512:Chapman, James Gardiner (1934).
1501:from the original on 2018-05-02.
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1331:Front and back views of an Agfa
1324:
1224:
1212:
1178:aperture setting. Secondary or
731:firing, taken with a high speed
559:
547:
460:
448:
436:
143:The high-speed wing action of a
41:
3875:
1733:from the original on 2 May 2018
1487:. Routledge. pp. 113–114.
1036:s. Some cameras are limited to
660:or a bracket; many inexpensive
52:needs additional citations for
2098:10.1080/03087298.1986.10443745
1:
3363:Painted photography backdrops
3295:Golden triangle (composition)
2575:35 mm equivalent focal length
2042:. Lark Books. pp. 102–.
1945:. Jim Kasson. 30 October 2017
617:to charge a high-capacitance
256:Demonstration of a magnesium
1678:"Flash Bulbs - the Lowdown!"
1399:electronic flashlamp ca 1978
729:Smith & Wesson Model 686
3073:Intentional camera movement
2153:. Routledge. pp. –84.
2126:Ward, Gerald W. R. (2008).
2111:. UNM Press. pp. 26–.
1865:. Photo.net. Archived from
1863:"Non-photorealistic Camera"
566:"Flip flash" type cartridge
3928:
3766:Most expensive photographs
3118:Multi-exposure HDR capture
2209:"Photographic Cheat Sheet"
2168:Peres, Michael R. (2013).
2025:. Addendum. June 12, 2010.
1989:Langford, Michael (2000).
1651:(7): 49–50. Archived from
1533:www.photomemorabilia.co.uk
1514:Manchester and Photography
1079:is the shutter speed, and
888:video recordings or as an
508:Sylvania Electric Products
245:
29:
3859:
2253:. Bart Zieba Photography.
2238:List of flashbulbs models
1768:, July 10, 1965, pp. 2-5.
1638:"Photoflash 62 Years Ago"
1454:Jones, Lou (2013-06-19).
1436:Through-the-lens metering
1122:Mecablitz 58 AF-1 digital
32:Flashing (cinematography)
3700:Digital image processing
2105:Davenport, Alma (1991).
1636:Wightman, Dr. Eugene P.
1460:. Taylor & Francis.
960:s, the exposure time is
867:Flash LED used in phones
679:incandescent light bulbs
334:Wetzlar flash from 1950s
76:"Flash" photography
3808:Photography periodicals
3368:Photography and the law
1840:For example, the Nikon
1691:Anderson, Christopher.
1610:(6): 34. Archived from
1411:Battery–capacitor flash
396:twin-lens reflex camera
242:Flash-lamp/Flash powder
3720:Gelatin silver process
2744:Science of photography
2729:Photographic processes
2707:Perspective distortion
2244:Flash comparison chart
2147:Hannavy, John (2013).
2086:History of Photography
2070:Wood, Deloris (1975).
2036:George, Chris (2008).
1753:Democrat and Chronicle
1597:"The First Flash Bulb"
1262:
1145:
1137:
1046:s. X-sync speeds for
880:
753:Harold Eugene Edgerton
736:
610:
590:Harold Eugene Edgerton
585:
487:
335:
289:
261:
167:
152:
3907:Photographic lighting
3173:Schlieren photography
2717:Photographic printing
2640:Exposure compensation
1695:. Darklight Imagery.
1548:"Dangers in the Dark"
1260:
1143:
1135:
890:autofocus assist lamp
874:
757:exploding wire method
726:
608:
579:
540:piezoelectric crystal
485:
468:Kodak Brownie Hawkeye
330:
287:
255:
227:flash synchronization
202:electronic flash unit
165:
145:hummingbird hawk-moth
142:
2962:Straight photography
2600:Chromatic aberration
2240:. David L. Brittain.
1481:McNeil, Ian (2002).
902:focal-plane shutters
615:electronic circuitry
174:is a device used in
61:improve this article
3834:photographic plates
3509:Digital photography
2692:Hyperfocal distance
2605:Circle of confusion
1891:. Paul C. Buff, Inc
1842:Medical Nikkor Lens
883:High-current flash
621:to several hundred
496:Rochester, New York
307:Joshua Lionel Cowen
3328:Autochrome Lumière
3323:Analog photography
3148:Pigeon photography
2942:Social documentary
2421:discontinued films
2249:2016-03-03 at the
2234:. Gordon McKinney.
1869:on 25 January 2012
1848:2015-07-29 at the
1727:www.flashbulbs.com
1693:"Photoflash bulbs"
1263:
1146:
1138:
881:
879:integrated circuit
737:
693:, is indicated in
611:
586:
488:
336:
298:potassium chlorate
290:
262:
188:of a second) at a
168:
153:
149:Inverse-square law
3902:Flash photography
3889:
3888:
3680:Collodion process
3616:Chromogenic print
3603:Color photography
3113:Multiple exposure
3088:Lo-fi photography
2620:Color temperature
2181:978-1-136-10614-9
2160:978-1-135-87327-1
2139:978-0-19-531391-8
2118:978-0-8263-2076-6
2008:978-0-240-51592-2
1993:Basic Photography
1578:Popular Mechanics
1527:Fisher, Maurice.
1494:978-1-134-98165-6
1467:978-1-136-09821-5
599:lead-acid battery
502:cameras with the
190:color temperature
163:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3919:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3866:
3740:Print permanence
3685:Cross processing
3643:CMYK color model
3628:Color management
3581:Foveon X3 sensor
3576:Three-CCD camera
3220:Miniature faking
3178:Sabattier effect
2795:Astrophotography
2650:Zebra patterning
2281:
2274:
2267:
2258:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2220:
2214:. Archived from
2213:
2185:
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2143:
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2101:
2080:
2078:
2058:
2057:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1996:
1986:
1977:
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1939:
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1861:Nicholls, Kyle.
1858:
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1658:on 9 August 2014
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1550:. Archived from
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1421:Flash comparison
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719:High speed flash
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638:
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572:Electronic flash
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464:
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384:
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187:
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69:
45:
37:
21:
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3920:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3855:
3812:
3754:
3745:Push processing
3661:
3654:
3648:RGB color model
3597:
3503:
3387:
3299:
3265:Diagonal method
3251:
2996:
2900:Photojournalism
2763:
2595:Black-and-white
2563:
2542:Slide projector
2537:Movie projector
2416:available films
2290:
2285:
2251:Wayback Machine
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2064:Further reading
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1850:Wayback Machine
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1766:Chicago Tribune
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1680:. 23 July 2018.
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1617:on 14 July 2014
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1426:Photoflash bomb
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1073:High Speed Sync
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935:For example, a
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875:Flash LED with
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841:
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820:
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775:Flash intensity
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675:modelling light
649:
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641:synchronization
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3285:Rule of thirds
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2092:(4): 299–301.
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1923:on 1 July 2013
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1554:on May 4, 2015
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1267:red-eye effect
1261:Red eye effect
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818:Flash duration
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658:accessory shoe
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390:attached to a
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279:William Mather
260:lamp from 1909
246:Main article:
243:
240:
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219:studio strobes
192:of about 5500
135:
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3781:Photographers
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3670:Bleach bypass
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3638:primary color
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3623:Reversal film
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3193:Stopping down
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3158:Rephotography
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2790:Architectural
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2702:Metering mode
2700:
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2615:Color balance
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2580:Angle of view
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2221:on 2015-05-29
2217:
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2206:
2204:. Fotografie.
2203:
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2063:
2055:
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2049:9781600592096
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2018:
2015:
2010:
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1546:Jayon, Bill.
1542:
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1185:PocketWizards
1181:
1176:
1175:ambient light
1172:
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1154:
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1134:
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1125:
1123:
1118:
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1049:
1048:medium format
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754:
750:
746:
742:
741:air-gap flash
734:
733:air-gap flash
730:
727:A photo of a
725:
718:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
683:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
663:
659:
654:
653:of a second.
642:
628:
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583:
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557:
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541:
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531:
529:
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521:
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511:
509:
506:developed by
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:Eastman Kodak
484:
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475:
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458:
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109:
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99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3846:Polaroid art
3735:K-14 process
3730:Instant film
3725:Gum printing
3675:C-41 process
3660:Photographic
3561:Image sensor
3556:Film scanner
3210:Sun printing
3143:Print toning
2935:space selfie
2905:Pictorialism
2835:Ethnographic
2815:Conservation
2687:Guide number
2682:Focal length
2432:
2223:. Retrieved
2216:the original
2170:
2149:
2128:
2107:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2038:
2031:
2023:"Stobe Tips"
2017:
1992:
1969:. Retrieved
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1918:the original
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1856:
1841:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1814:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1783:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1708:
1701:. Retrieved
1686:
1672:
1660:. Retrieved
1653:the original
1648:
1644:
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1612:the original
1607:
1603:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1556:. Retrieved
1552:the original
1541:
1532:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1483:
1476:
1456:
1449:
1396:
1332:
1303:
1288:
1284:optical axis
1264:
1247:
1243:
1199:
1192:
1189:
1169:
1161:Bounce flash
1151:
1147:
1119:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1062:
1015:
973:
934:
930:
899:
882:
861:
849:and t0.1 of
838:
832:
826:
821:
782:
778:
766:
738:
699:
695:watt-seconds
687:guide number
684:
672:
668:Ring flashes
666:
655:
612:
587:
582:Pentax MZ-30
532:
527:
516:
512:
503:
489:
474:
408:
404:World War II
400:bayonet base
392:press camera
363:
339:
337:
317:pyrotechnics
302:Adolf Miethe
294:flash powder
291:
263:
258:flash powder
230:
218:
212:
210:
201:
197:
171:
169:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
18:Camera flash
3851:Stereoscopy
3710:E-6 process
3705:Dye coupler
3633:color space
3546:Digiscoping
3539:camera back
3454:Philippines
3383:Visual arts
3373:Glass plate
3358:Heliography
3257:Composition
3232:Ultraviolet
3188:Stereoscopy
3183:Slow motion
3168:Scanography
3083:Kite aerial
3028:Contre-jour
2920:Post-mortem
2910:Pornography
2890:Neues Sehen
2825:Documentary
2759:Zone System
2734:Reciprocity
2660:Film format
2590:Backscatter
2568:Terminology
2438:beauty dish
2342:rangefinder
2307:light-field
2288:Photography
1895:19 November
1873:28 December
1825:24 February
1794:24 February
1312:sandbagged.
1251:image noise
1180:slave flash
984:s (roughly
877:charge pump
763:Multi-flash
745:microsecond
595:stroboscopy
355:colour film
332:Ernst Leitz
264:Studies of
223:mains power
176:photography
3896:Categories
3841:Lomography
3662:processing
3611:Print film
3527:comparison
3494:Uzbekistan
3444:Luxembourg
3404:Bangladesh
3353:Dufaycolor
3333:Box camera
3290:Simplicity
3247:Zoom burst
3242:Xerography
3237:Vignetting
3227:Time-lapse
3215:Tilt–shift
3108:Mordançage
3098:Luminogram
3063:Holography
3058:High-speed
3038:Fill flash
3023:Burst mode
3001:Techniques
2982:Vernacular
2977:Underwater
2972:Toy camera
2952:Still life
2880:Monochrome
2870:High-speed
2820:Cloudscape
2810:Conceptual
2712:Photograph
2697:Lens flare
2677:Film speed
2559:Zone plate
2505:wide-angle
2490:long-focus
2225:2006-09-19
1971:4 December
1967:. Fujifilm
1949:4 December
1703:23 October
1442:References
1171:Fill flash
937:Nikon D850
906:full-frame
713:Speedlight
691:monolights
627:flash tube
500:Instamatic
387:flash sync
340:flashbulbs
323:Flashbulbs
248:Flash-lamp
87:newspapers
3786:Norwegian
3750:Stop bath
3695:Developer
3690:Cyanotype
3318:Ambrotype
3280:Lead room
3203:Slit-scan
3138:Photogram
3133:Panoramic
3043:Fireworks
2875:Landscape
2520:telephoto
2468:reflector
2463:monolight
2458:lens hood
2443:cucoloris
2384:safelight
2295:Equipment
1431:Flashtube
1275:human eye
1204:Drawbacks
1157:umbrellas
1153:Softboxes
1128:Technique
705:Speedlite
619:capacitor
524:zirconium
520:fulminate
504:Flashcube
359:zirconium
266:magnesium
117:June 2018
3870:Category
3566:CMOS APS
3464:Slovenia
3392:Regional
3338:Calotype
3275:Headroom
3153:Redscale
3068:Infrared
3018:Brenizer
2992:Wildlife
2915:Portrait
2860:Forensic
2850:Fine-art
2785:Aircraft
2775:Abstract
2655:F-number
2635:Exposure
2610:Clipping
2585:Aperture
2453:hot shoe
2379:enlarger
2374:Darkroom
2247:Archived
2054:Archived
1846:Archived
1819:Archived
1788:Archived
1731:Archived
1697:Archived
1662:4 August
1499:Archived
1405:See also
1231:No flash
1071:or HSS (
584:, firing
490:In 1965
214:hot shoe
3881:Outline
3817:Related
3499:Vietnam
3484:Ukraine
3419:Denmark
3399:Albania
3378:Tintype
3305:History
3270:Framing
3163:Rollout
3128:Panning
3078:Kirlian
2987:Wedding
2865:Glamour
2845:Fashion
2830:Eclipse
2800:Banquet
2722:Albumen
2532:Monopod
2510:fisheye
2478:softbox
2332:pinhole
2322:instant
2312:digital
1710:inches.
1621:26 June
1558:25 July
1397:Auto 28
1318:Gallery
1295:⁄
1273:of the
1113:0.5 / 5
1111:√
1103:⁄
1086:√
1069:FP sync
1055:⁄
1041:⁄
1031:⁄
1021:⁄
1007:⁄
997:⁄
979:⁄
965:⁄
955:⁄
945:⁄
923:⁄
913:⁄
854:⁄
844:⁄
808:⁄
798:⁄
788:⁄
749:bullets
662:cameras
648:⁄
634:⁄
536:red eye
425:⁄
415:⁄
380:⁄
370:⁄
351:shutter
315:bit of
206:cameras
183:⁄
101:scholar
3879:
3868:
3796:street
3791:Polish
3479:Turkey
3474:Taiwan
3459:Serbia
3449:Norway
3424:Greece
3409:Canada
3008:Afocal
2967:Street
2947:Sports
2930:Selfie
2885:Nature
2840:Erotic
2805:Candid
2780:Aerial
2768:Genres
2670:medium
2547:Tripod
2515:swivel
2428:Filter
2406:holder
2401:format
2302:Camera
2230:
2178:
2157:
2136:
2115:
2046:
2005:
1927:5 July
1491:
1464:
1280:irises
1271:retina
707:, and
528:X-cube
348:camera
344:oxygen
274:Roscoe
270:Bunsen
231:slaves
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3801:women
3759:Lists
3715:Fixer
3593:Pixel
3522:D-SLR
3469:Sudan
3439:Korea
3434:Japan
3429:India
3414:China
3198:Strip
3123:Night
3103:Macro
3013:Bokeh
2957:Stock
2925:Ruins
2665:large
2495:prime
2473:snoot
2433:Flash
2411:stock
2352:still
2337:press
2327:phone
2317:field
2219:(PDF)
2212:(PDF)
2077:(PDF)
1921:(PDF)
1914:(PDF)
1784:Https
1737:2 May
1656:(PDF)
1641:(PDF)
1615:(PDF)
1600:(PDF)
1333:Tully
1265:The "
1219:Flash
1026:s or
986:D7000
918:s to
711:uses
709:Nikon
701:Canon
623:volts
394:or a
237:Types
198:Flash
172:flash
108:JSTOR
94:books
3829:film
3534:MILC
3033:ETTR
2895:Nude
2855:Fire
2754:Sync
2552:head
2500:zoom
2485:Lens
2448:gobo
2396:base
2391:Film
2367:view
2176:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2113:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2003:ISBN
1973:2018
1951:2018
1929:2013
1897:2022
1875:2011
1827:2018
1796:2018
1739:2018
1705:2014
1664:2014
1623:2014
1560:2014
1489:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1307:grip
1195:gels
1105:2000
990:D800
981:8000
885:LEDs
846:1200
833:t0.5
827:t0.1
636:1000
272:and
80:news
3571:CCD
2362:toy
2357:TLR
2347:SLR
2094:doi
1999:117
1815:BBC
1057:125
1043:160
1033:250
1023:200
1009:320
999:320
988:or
967:250
957:250
947:290
925:300
915:400
856:450
739:An
494:of
375:to
268:by
185:200
63:by
3898::
2090:10
2088:.
2052:.
2001:.
1981:^
1817:.
1813:.
1786:.
1782:.
1729:.
1725:.
1707:.
1649:IV
1647:.
1643:.
1606:.
1602:.
1580:.
1576:.
1531:.
1497:.
1297:10
1091:/
803:,
793:,
759:.
697:.
650:30
510:.
427:15
417:30
406:.
382:50
372:10
319:.
233:.
170:A
2280:e
2273:t
2266:v
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2184:.
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2100:.
2096::
2011:.
1975:.
1953:.
1931:.
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1741:.
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1608:2
1582:7
1562:.
1535:.
1470:.
1293:1
1101:1
1093:t
1089:s
1081:t
1077:s
1053:1
1039:1
1029:1
1019:1
1005:1
995:1
977:1
963:1
953:1
943:1
921:1
911:1
852:1
842:1
810:8
806:1
800:4
796:1
790:2
786:1
646:1
632:1
423:1
413:1
378:1
368:1
194:K
181:1
151:.
130:)
124:(
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115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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