173:
very high levels of valve acceleration and lift and also very small valve-to-valve and valve-to-piston clearances to be used in combination with very high engine speeds. For example, prior to the FIA restrictions, Formula 1 engines ran at speeds of over 20,000 RPM and power outputs of over 330bhp/litre normally aspirated using a conventional camshaft and mechanical valve actuation; it is extremely unlikely that this high engine speed and output can be achieved with camless valve actuation. At 20,000 RPM, the valves open and close 166 times per second.
106:
that, compared to a similar traditional engine, it offers a 50% reduction in size (including a 50-millimetre-lower (2.0 in) height), 30% reduction in weight, 30% improvement in power and torque, 30% improvement in fuel economy, and a 50% reduction in emissions. Christian von
Koenigsegg claims in a video that the Qamfree engine with the PHEA camless technology is based on an existing Qoros engine that was "...developed in Germany and Austria five, six years ago...".
269:, which is powered by a sequentially turbocharged 2.0-liter inline-three engine in conjunction with three electric motors. Two of those electric motors, each of which makes 600 bhp (450 kW), are on the rear wheels. The third motor is attached to the engine crankshaft and makes 400 bhp (300 kW). Working with the motor to propel the front wheels is what Koenigsegg calls the
42:
as only a few profiles can be in operation at once. This is not the case with the camless engine, where lift and valve timing can be adjusted freely from valve to valve and from cycle to cycle. It also allows multiple lift events per cycle and, indeed, no events per cycle—switching off the cylinder entirely.
181:
Camless engines are able to produce fewer emissions than their equivalent camshaft counterparts because they are able to more precisely control the combustion procedure, allowing for more complete combustion of all hydrocarbons. The computer is able to sense when not all of the fuel is being consumed
41:
Camshafts normally have one lobe per valve, with a fixed valve duration and lift. Although many modern engines use camshaft phasing, adjusting the lift and valve duration in a working engine is more difficult. Some manufacturers use systems with more than one cam lobe, but this is still a compromise
172:
Conventional mechanical camshaft actuation is capable of generating extremely high forces which, combined with very high stiffness/low mechanical compliance of a conventional modern valve train layout, are used to very accurately and consistently control the position the engine valves. This enables
202:
Camless engines can further reduce NOx emissions with the use of fuel staging. Instead of simply injecting a constant stream of fuel, fuel staging injects the fuel at the optimal time for the most complete combustion. Fuel injection can shut off when there is sufficient pressure and add more fuel
138:
engines was engaged by physically changing the direction of the cam roller, whereas with the new camless engine, it is controlled by a computer. This eliminates the risk of mechanical failures that could damage the engine if there was a malfunction while changing directions. Additionally, because
105:
hatchback at the 2016 Guangzhou Motor Show, which showcased a new Qoros "Qamfree" engine. The engine's
Swedish designer FreeValve claims that the 1.6-litre (98 cu in) turbocharged engine will produce 170 kW (230 hp) and 320 N⋅m (240 lb⋅ft) of torque. They also claim
163:
as control elements. They are multifunctional in a way to release, shut off, mix, or distribute fluids with high reliability and fast processing. The market for solenoid valves is growing with the imperative growth in all the regions. Increasing application areas year on year and advancement in
326:
148:
and can be constantly changed and adjusted without stopping the engine. This allows for the engine to run at a lower RPM, a feature useful in ships as it allows better low speed maneuvering while docking. Additionally, when a ship is maneuvering, the computer controlled
215:
Because these new engines can diagnose themselves and run efficiently without an operator changing settings, these engines require a smaller crew to maintain them at sea. This crew reduction equates to cheaper shipping and more global trade.
182:
and immediately relax valve timings to supply less fuel to a cylinder. The ECU can constantly adjust valve timing, height, and fuel/air mixtures to optimize efficiency for a given RPM/torque load. It can sense when there is a high amount of
143:
on the engine is lower, which is particularly useful in large marine engines, as it can equate to a large amount of power savings. With a camless engine, fuel injection and exhaust timing are directly controlled by an
415:
Lou, Zheng David; Deng, Qiangquan; Wen, Shao; Zhang, Yunhai; Yu, Mengjin; Sun, Ming; Zhu, Guoming (2013). "Progress in
Camless Variable Valve Actuation with Two-Spring Pendulum and Electrohydraulic Latching".
542:
236:
2.0-litre 4-cylinder petrol engine, and they jointly published results at the 2017 Aachen
Colloquium. Camcon also discussed features and benefits in an article and video that was published in
841:
918:
734:
194:
hotter or cooler. Since the engine is run electronically and not mechanically, camless engines can be updated to meet new emission regulations without mechanical modifications.
860:
139:
there is no chain connection between the crankshaft and the camshaft, the engine is lighter with fewer points of failure. The absence of a camshaft also means that the
807:
340:
601:
90:
sister company FreeValve. Some of these systems are commercially available, although not yet in engines in production road vehicles. In the Spring of 2015,
551:
134:
system which uses the existing oil pumps, thus reducing development risks of the new system by employing existing technology. Direction changing on older
911:
228:
is developing a camless engine for passenger vehicles based on their proprietary
Intelligent Valve Actuation (IVA) system. Camcon has collaborated with
1463:
159:
are used to control valve activation that is electronically operated. These are used for controlling liquid or gas flow and are most commonly used in
94:
told reporters that the technology pursued by his company is "getting ready for fruition", but said nothing specific about his company's timetable.
109:
Christian von
Koenigsegg also claims that the PHEA camless technology allows the elimination of the pre-catalytic converter, because the standard
465:
904:
696:
872:
755:
730:
324:, Serge Masse, "Valve actuating device, and method for controlling same", published 2005-03-29, assigned to Renault Sport
845:
640:
621:
1029:
130:, they may have fewer moving parts. In these systems, the camshaft follower, rocker arms, and/or pushrods have been replaced by an
307:
864:
490:
365:
568:
662:
1122:
1049:
341:"Valeo tests camless system for gas engines; supplier hopes to produce fuel-saving technology by '08: AutoWeek Magazine"
945:
140:
131:
444:
1199:
1039:
91:
817:
344:
207:. This allows the engine to run as efficiently as the environment and heat capacity of the metal will allow.
38:. Actuators can be used to both open and close valves, or to open valves closed by springs or other means.
1458:
1194:
1149:
1059:
992:
233:
788:
1184:
1179:
1159:
1084:
1044:
1034:
987:
834:"Advanced Actuators Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina"
321:
164:
technology and developed fluid automation technologies, all are driving the market on a global scale.
1189:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1132:
1074:
965:
960:
927:
808:"Valeo tests camless system for gas engines; supplier hopes to produce fuel-saving technology by '08"
469:
390:
135:
1423:
1247:
1174:
1069:
1019:
145:
110:
1242:
1112:
1107:
1064:
1002:
716:
520:
237:
83:
879:
763:
34:
operated by means of electromagnetic, hydraulic, or pneumatic actuators instead of conventional
688:
153:
and valve timing allows for faster RPM control, hence faster stopping in emergency situations.
1232:
1117:
1102:
1079:
266:
229:
225:
79:
1222:
1217:
587:"Camcon Auto Ltd, reducing CO2 and NOX emissions from vehicles through innovative actuators"
425:
282:
896:
1237:
1227:
1141:
1094:
997:
78:
who developed electro-hydraulic valve actuation in the late 1980s as a spinoff of their
1007:
270:
156:
150:
67:
1452:
1418:
1408:
1265:
1054:
972:
931:
861:"Study of a Pneumatic Hybrid aided by a FPGA Controlled Free Valve Technology System"
603:
Intelligent Valve
Actuation – a Radical New Electro-Magnetic Poppet Valve Arrangement
31:
27:
950:
369:
204:
187:
731:"Freevalve technology unveiled at Beijing Motor Show in Qoros Qamfree concept car"
50:
Camless valve trains have long been investigated by several companies, including
1209:
1014:
955:
191:
71:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1024:
977:
710:
514:
262:
244:
87:
75:
203:
when there is less pressure, allowing the engines to run closer to a perfect
1367:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1275:
1270:
113:
can be brought up to temperature quickly by manipulating the exhaust cycle.
273:
engine. It is rated at 600 bhp and uses the camless
Freevalve technology.
1433:
1428:
1413:
1392:
1387:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1257:
812:
429:
287:
243:
The
Swedish company Freevalve AB (formerly Cargine), a sister company to
160:
127:
82:
program (both utilised similar electro-hydraulic actuation and control),
35:
663:"What It's Like To Ride In A Car With The Camless Engine Of The Future"
248:
102:
51:
833:
586:
255:
98:
63:
59:
16:
Engine type that controls valves without using conventional cams
900:
842:"Valeo signs up 'several global automakers' for camless engine"
622:"New engine valve tech gives petrols the efficiency of diesels"
792:
183:
55:
600:
Roger Stone; David Kelly; John Geddes; Sam
Jenkinson (2017).
641:"Inside Koenigsegg Looks At Future Engine Technology: Video"
258:
presented a concept car incorporating Freevalve technology.
609:. 26th Aachen Colloquium Automobile and Engine Technology.
394:
873:"ME Engines – the New Generation of Diesel Engines"
308:"1.6-liter 'camless' engine delivers 230 hp in Qoros 3"
445:"Koenigsegg planning four-door model, camless engine"
719:
from the original on 2021-12-21 – via YouTube.
516:
Freevalve Update Camless Engine - /INSIDE KOENIGSEGG
1401:
1348:
1256:
1208:
1140:
1131:
1093:
938:
569:"Intelligent Engines – The New Generation Machines"
97:In November 2016, Chinese automobile manufacturer
247:, is developing a camless system on an existing
712:Koenigsegg describes Freevalve - camless engine
912:
541:"Camless two stroke main propulsion engine".
491:"Koenigsegg camless engine wins PopSci award"
8:
254:In April 2016, the Chinese car manufacturer
117:Camless engines in marine and power stations
509:
507:
190:emission and change the timing to make the
1137:
919:
905:
897:
366:"Lotus Active Valve Train Research System"
343:. Autoweek.com. 2009-02-06. Archived from
791:. David Bowes. 2011-01-20. Archived from
693:KTH Industrial Engineering and Management
265:announced its first four-seater car, the
86:, Jiangsu Gongda Power Technologies, and
299:
468:. Top Gear. 2015-03-04. Archived from
466:"Get ready for the 4-door Koenigsegg"
7:
418:SAE International Journal of Engines
661:Travis Okulski (26 February 2014).
14:
1464:Engine valvetrain configurations
715:. Drivers Magazine. 2016-01-09.
699:from the original on 2017-02-25.
368:. Grouplotus.com. Archived from
126:Because camless engines have no
737:from the original on 2016-06-11
523:from the original on 2021-12-21
1:
733:. Koenigsegg. 26 April 2016.
620:Cropley, Steve (2017-05-24).
756:"Tiny friendly giant engine"
1480:
544:MAN B&W Diesel Engines
132:electro-hydraulic actuator
639:Kurt Ernst (2013-02-20).
519:. The Drive. 2016-11-09.
393:. Cargine. Archived from
271:Tiny Friendly Giant (TFG)
263:Koenigsegg Automotive AB
245:Koenigsegg Automotive AB
92:Christian von Koenigsegg
789:"EVIC Engine Home Page"
689:"Free Valve Technology"
220:Camless engines in cars
1060:Single-acting cylinder
993:Double-acting cylinder
550:. 2003. Archived from
30:is an engine that has
928:Engine configurations
820:on September 29, 2007
493:. Msn.com. 2016-10-30
168:Technical limitations
1030:Oscillating cylinder
643:. Motorauthority.com
530:– via YouTube.
430:10.4271/2013-01-0590
224:The British company
1123:Two-and four-stroke
1025:Intake over exhaust
687:Gundersen, Øyvind.
232:to fit IVA onto an
146:engine control unit
111:catalytic converter
101:Auto displayed the
46:Camless development
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1142:Inline / straight
1040:Overhead camshaft
230:Jaguar Land Rover
226:Camcon Technology
211:Long-term effects
80:active suspension
76:Lotus Engineering
1471:
1138:
1133:Cylinder layouts
921:
914:
907:
898:
893:
891:
890:
884:
878:. Archived from
877:
868:
863:. Archived from
856:
854:
853:
844:. Archived from
837:
829:
827:
825:
816:. Archived from
803:
801:
800:
775:
774:
772:
771:
762:. Archived from
752:
746:
745:
743:
742:
727:
721:
720:
707:
701:
700:
684:
678:
677:
675:
673:
658:
652:
651:
649:
648:
636:
630:
629:
617:
611:
610:
608:
597:
591:
590:
583:
577:
576:
565:
559:
558:
556:
549:
538:
532:
531:
529:
528:
511:
502:
501:
499:
498:
487:
481:
480:
478:
477:
462:
456:
455:
453:
452:
440:
434:
433:
412:
406:
405:
403:
402:
387:
381:
380:
378:
377:
362:
356:
355:
353:
352:
337:
331:
330:
329:
325:
318:
312:
311:
304:
283:Helical camshaft
238:Autocar magazine
1479:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1397:
1344:
1252:
1204:
1127:
1089:
934:
925:
888:
886:
882:
875:
871:
859:
851:
849:
840:
832:
823:
821:
806:
798:
796:
787:
784:
779:
778:
769:
767:
754:
753:
749:
740:
738:
729:
728:
724:
709:
708:
704:
686:
685:
681:
671:
669:
660:
659:
655:
646:
644:
638:
637:
633:
619:
618:
614:
606:
599:
598:
594:
585:
584:
580:
567:
566:
562:
554:
547:
540:
539:
535:
526:
524:
513:
512:
505:
496:
494:
489:
488:
484:
475:
473:
464:
463:
459:
450:
448:
442:
441:
437:
414:
413:
409:
400:
398:
389:
388:
384:
375:
373:
364:
363:
359:
350:
348:
339:
338:
334:
327:
320:
319:
315:
306:
305:
301:
296:
279:
261:In March 2020,
222:
213:
200:
179:
170:
157:Solenoid valves
124:
119:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1477:
1475:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1045:Overhead valve
1042:
1037:
1035:Opposed-piston
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
969:
968:
963:
953:
948:
942:
940:
936:
935:
932:piston engines
926:
924:
923:
916:
909:
901:
895:
894:
869:
867:on 2012-07-22.
857:
838:
830:
804:
783:
782:External links
780:
777:
776:
747:
722:
702:
679:
653:
631:
612:
592:
578:
573:Marine Insight
560:
557:on 2016-04-22.
533:
503:
482:
457:
435:
407:
382:
357:
332:
313:
298:
297:
295:
292:
291:
290:
285:
278:
275:
221:
218:
212:
209:
199:
198:Fuel injection
196:
178:
175:
169:
166:
151:fuel injection
141:parasitic load
123:
120:
118:
115:
68:General Motors
47:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1476:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Engine valves
1457:
1456:
1454:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1095:Stroke cycles
1092:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
967:
964:
962:
959:
958:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
903:
902:
899:
885:on 2016-03-03
881:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
848:on 2012-03-18
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
819:
815:
814:
809:
805:
795:on 2011-07-10
794:
790:
786:
785:
781:
766:on 2020-03-04
765:
761:
757:
751:
748:
736:
732:
726:
723:
718:
714:
713:
706:
703:
698:
694:
690:
683:
680:
668:
664:
657:
654:
642:
635:
632:
627:
623:
616:
613:
605:
604:
596:
593:
588:
582:
579:
575:. 2019-03-28.
574:
570:
564:
561:
553:
546:
545:
537:
534:
522:
518:
517:
510:
508:
504:
492:
486:
483:
472:on 2015-06-26
471:
467:
461:
458:
446:
443:Noah Joseph.
439:
436:
431:
427:
423:
419:
411:
408:
397:on 2009-07-17
396:
392:
386:
383:
372:on 2008-08-20
371:
367:
361:
358:
347:on 2011-05-22
346:
342:
336:
333:
323:
317:
314:
309:
303:
300:
293:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
252:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
219:
217:
210:
208:
206:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
176:
174:
167:
165:
162:
158:
154:
152:
147:
142:
137:
133:
129:
121:
116:
114:
112:
107:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
43:
39:
37:
33:
32:poppet valves
29:
28:piston engine
26:
22:
1424:Split-single
1210:Flat / boxer
1070:Swing-piston
982:
887:. Retrieved
880:the original
865:the original
850:. Retrieved
846:the original
822:. Retrieved
818:the original
811:
797:. Retrieved
793:the original
768:. Retrieved
764:the original
759:
750:
739:. Retrieved
725:
711:
705:
692:
682:
670:. Retrieved
666:
656:
645:. Retrieved
634:
625:
615:
602:
595:
581:
572:
563:
552:the original
543:
536:
525:. Retrieved
515:
495:. Retrieved
485:
474:. Retrieved
470:the original
460:
449:. Retrieved
438:
421:
417:
410:
399:. Retrieved
395:the original
385:
374:. Retrieved
370:the original
360:
349:. Retrieved
345:the original
335:
316:
302:
260:
253:
251:car engine.
242:
223:
214:
205:diesel cycle
201:
180:
171:
155:
125:
108:
96:
88:Koenigsegg's
49:
40:
24:
20:
18:
1113:Five-stroke
1108:Four-stroke
1065:Split cycle
1003:Free-piston
946:Atmospheric
824:October 14,
424:: 319–326.
192:exhaust gas
1453:Categories
1118:Six-stroke
1103:Two-stroke
1020:Heron head
978:Cam engine
889:2009-07-22
852:2020-07-12
799:2011-01-20
770:2020-03-04
760:Koenigsegg
741:2016-06-11
647:2017-06-24
527:2017-06-24
497:2017-06-24
476:2017-06-24
451:2017-06-24
447:. Autoblog
401:2009-10-02
376:2009-10-02
351:2009-10-02
322:US 6871618
294:References
136:B&W MC
122:Advantages
25:free-valve
391:"Cargine"
177:Emissions
1050:Pentroof
998:Flathead
988:Compound
966:Rotative
813:AutoWeek
735:Archived
717:Archived
697:Archived
667:Jalopnik
521:Archived
288:Multiair
277:See also
234:Ingenium
161:fluidics
128:camshaft
1258:V / Vee
1075:Uniflow
1008:Stelzer
983:Camless
961:Cornish
626:Autocar
103:Qoros 3
72:Ricardo
52:Renault
21:camless
1419:Radial
1409:Deltic
1055:Rotary
973:Bourke
672:5 June
328:
267:Gemera
1402:Other
1085:Wedge
951:Axial
883:(PDF)
876:(PDF)
607:(PDF)
555:(PDF)
548:(PDF)
256:Qoros
99:Qoros
64:Valeo
1080:Watt
1015:Hemi
956:Beam
939:Type
930:for
826:2005
674:2016
249:SAAB
186:and
84:Ford
60:Fiat
36:cams
1393:W30
1388:W24
1383:W18
1378:W16
1373:W12
1340:V24
1335:V20
1330:V18
1325:V16
1320:V14
1315:V12
1310:V10
1298:VR6
1286:VR5
1248:F16
1243:F12
1238:F10
1200:I14
1195:I12
426:doi
188:SOx
184:NOx
56:BMW
23:or
1455::
1368:W8
1363:W6
1358:W3
1305:V8
1293:V6
1281:V5
1276:V4
1271:V3
1266:V2
1233:F8
1228:F6
1223:F4
1218:F2
1190:I9
1185:I8
1180:I7
1175:I6
1170:I5
1165:I4
1160:I3
1155:I2
1150:I1
810:.
758:.
695:.
691:.
665:.
624:.
571:.
506:^
420:.
240:.
74:,
70:,
66:,
62:,
58:,
54:,
19:A
1434:X
1429:U
1414:H
1350:W
920:e
913:t
906:v
892:.
855:.
836:.
828:.
802:.
773:.
744:.
676:.
650:.
628:.
589:.
500:.
479:.
454:.
432:.
428::
422:6
404:.
379:.
354:.
310:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.