1632:
36:
434:. The Canal Mauri replaces the Uchusuma canal, but according to a report in 1977, the Canal Uchusuma is still used when the other canal is under maintenance. Groundwater wells were added to the system in 1970 and 1995. The Canal Patapujo became operative in 1992. In 2001 the canal Canal Mauri was modified to reduce
449:
as a consequence of a contract with the
Peruvian government concluded in 1960 devised a plan to extend that canal to the Mauri by pumping water from a reservoir that was to be built on the Mauri, close to the border with Bolivia. The plan was shelved owing to the lack of information on the area and
329:
and runs for 47.5 kilometres (29.5 mi) (25 kilometres (16 mi) of it through
Chilean territory) in a rectangular canal. The Patapujo I canal joins it soon afterwards, and there are two gauging stations there. The path of the canal takes it through Chilean territory from Laguna Blanca along
317:
sources. These canals have capacities of 0.8 cubic metres per second (28 cu ft/s), they collect water from tributaries of the Mauri River to transfer it to the
Uchusuma. In 2016 another canal named Calachaca was put into service for the same purpose, since the Patapujo canal was leaky.
312:
on the
Quebrada Casillaco, Quebrada Chungará, Quebrada Iñuma of the Kallapuma River basin (a tributary of the Mauri) are the source of the 44.5 kilometres (27.7 mi) long Patapujo II canal, whose final part has a construction aimed to dissipate water energy. This canal in turn becomes the 5
275:
According to measurements taken in the years 1936–1956, the amount of water transferred was about 13,581,269 cubic metres per year (0.430 m/s) through both the Canal Mauri and Canal
Uchusuma; further measurements in 1952-1972 indicated a yield of 27,800,000 cubic metres per year
497:
gold as of 2015 is 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) from the canal. Minsur as a compromise undertook a project to cover part of the canal to resolve issues. The first part of this project was completed in 2014 and covered about 840 metres (2,760 ft) of the canal.
1132:
Pino, Edwin; Ramos, Lía; Avalos, Oscar; Tacora, Príncipe; Chávarri, Eduardo; Angulo, Oscar; Ascensios, David; Mejía, Jesús; Pino, Edwin; Ramos, Lía; Avalos, Oscar; Tacora, Príncipe; Chávarri, Eduardo; Angulo, Oscar; Ascensios, David; Mejía, Jesús (October 2019).
304:
Paucarani (8,500,000 cubic metres (6,900 acre⋅ft)) and
Condorpico (800,000 cubic metres (650 acre⋅ft)); they store water for Tacna and the valley and regulate water flows in the Uchusuma River. Laguna Casiri is an additional reservoir in the system.
414:
and receive additional waters through 45 kilometres (28 mi) and 27 kilometres (17 mi) long canals from the
Uchusuma and Putani rivers, respectively. The plan projected that about 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres) of land could be irrigated at a
346:. It turns around Tacora, crosses the Rio Azufre and ends close to the Peru-Chile border between the mountains Cerro Huaylillas and Cerro Tabajchuno (Paso Huaylillas Sur) into the Quebrada Vilavilani. It crosses the
279:
The amount of water withdrawn from the
Uchusuma River is large enough that the river only reaches the Mauri during wet periods when the capacity of the diversion is exceeded. This has also resulted in damage to the
1529:
470:
Hydrological analysis of this concept (along with two planned reservoirs at
Chuapalca and Chilicollpa) suggest that the Mauri River would lose about 50% of its flow through such diversions and even more during
462:
is also recharged from the groundwater. Further plans published in 2015 envisaged the transfer of water directly from the Mauri River (at
Villachaullani) to the Calachaca canal and from the Ojos de Copapujo
350:
through the 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) long Huaylillas Sur tunnel, the water then enters the Quebrada Vilavilani proper. The Canal Mauri has a capacity of 2 cubic metres per second (71 cu ft/s).
398:
transferred the canal and Tacna back to Peru, which thus became the owner of the system; further the treaty established that Peru had a right to maintain the parts of the canal that still laid in Chile.
1682:
231:
The diversion has damaged wetlands in the region and consequently the expansion project "Vilavilani II" - which would take additional water directly from the Mauri River - has engendered opposition.
300:
watershed to the Pacific slope. The construction of the canals was facilitated by the gentle terrain of the Mauri River valley. Other infrastructure associated with the Canal Mauri are the
402:
An early proposal by the engineer Jorge Vargas Salcedo envisaged transferring 5.8 cubic metres per second (200 cu ft/s) of water 65 kilometres (40 mi) from the Mauri to the
1522:
445:
in the Uchusuma River would increase the availability of water for the system, since the capacity of the Uchusuma diversion is limited and excess water flows past the diversion. The
493:
mine lies close to the canal, raising concerns about water in the canal becoming polluted and causing an interstate dispute in 2007. The mine with reserves estimated to be 555,000
394:(where the Mauri ends into) being impeded by the loss of water and water supply issues; Bolivia however succeeded insofar as the Mauri River itself was not diverted. In 1929, the
374:
Already during Spanish colonial time plans were developed to use the waters of the Uchusuma for irrigation. After Chile had occupied what is now its northern territory and Peru's
1515:
224:) and diverts it through Chilean territory into the Quebrada Vilavilani, a tributary of the Caplina River; from there it is later diverted for irrigation purposes in the
1677:
220:
was constructed in the early 19th century and was replaced by the Canal Mauri. This canal collects water from several tributaries of the Mauri River (notably the
971:
Narvaez-Montoya, Christian; Torres-Martínez, Juan Antonio; Pino-Vargas, Edwin; Cabrera-Olivera, Fredy; Loge, Frank J.; Mahlknecht, Jürgen (February 2022).
667:
1302:
627:
1488:
1210:
362:. There is a diversion on the Quebrada Vilavilani before it reaches the Caplina at Chuschuco, which gives rise to another canal also known as
1233:
391:
354:
The Quebrada Vilavilani descends the Andes in southwestward direction, where it has several different names, and ends close to the city of
1334:
1359:"PROYECTOS DE IRRIGACIÓN DE LOS VALLES DE TACNA, LLUTA Y AZAPA: DOCUMENTOS INÉDITOS DEL ARCHIVO SUCESIÓN FERNÁNDEZ ERRÁZURIZ, 1902-1903"
870:
458:
The Canal Mauri is currently a major source of water for the Tacna valley, and most of its water is used for irrigation. The regional
446:
1631:
318:
Another diversion on the Quebrada Queñuta collects its water separately in the Canal Queñuta and diverts it to the Uchusuma River.
1135:"Factores que inciden en el agotamiento y la contaminación por intrusión marina en el acuífero costero de La Yarada, Tacna, Perú"
1435:
403:
1707:
1416:
390:. Construction of the canal finally began in 1921, over the objection of Bolivia which was concerned about navigation on the
152:
112:
747:
1134:
1692:
145:
105:
1279:
1702:
922:
1687:
438:
losses. Plans to expand the diversion system to the Mauri River itself hit opposition by Bolivia in 2009 and 2010.
1542:
1371:
331:
1672:
276:(0.880 m/s). A publication in 2012 estimated a yield of 42,000,000 cubic metres per year (1.34 m/s).
928:
1697:
1616:
973:"Predicting adverse scenarios for a transboundary coastal aquifer system in the Atacama Desert (Peru/Chile)"
1358:
932:
1586:
395:
387:
347:
1257:"¿(In) sostenibilidad minera en América Latina? Una revisión sistemática de las perspectivas y brechas"
638:
450:
the opposition of the Bolivian government (the reservoir would have extended into Bolivian territory).
1596:
420:
293:
1591:
1581:
1621:
1403:
464:
379:
339:
479:
would be impacted. This has resulted in opposition by inhabitants of affected areas and by the
1484:
1366:
1156:
1489:"Actualización del Plan de Desarrollo Local Concertado del distrito de Pocollay 201 2 - 2021"
423:
4,443,020; the revenue from the irrigated land would be sufficient to offset the investment.
1646:
1395:
1146:
984:
375:
1507:
35:
1651:
1571:
1556:
1417:"Marcos Normativos e Institucionales de Regulación de Cuencas Transfronterizas en el Perú"
366:. The water is taken from the Caplina at the Piedras Blancas and Calientes water intakes.
467:
by 2017 and from the Chiliculco River by 2019; this concept is known as "Vilavilani II".
1460:"IMPACTOS TRANSFRONTERIZOS DE PROYECTOS DE TRASVASE: EL CASO DE LA CUENCA DEL RÍO MAURI"
483:. Such water disputes about reservoirs and river diversions have become common in Peru.
1611:
1576:
431:
427:
343:
326:
284:
that are located along the Uchusuma, as well as complaints by the Bolivian government.
221:
217:
89:
20:
1256:
1666:
1459:
407:
359:
322:
309:
297:
209:
989:
972:
263:, which starts on the Quebrada Vilavilani at Chuschuco; this canal is also known as
1467:
1386:
Glassner, Martin Ira (1970). "The Rio Lauca: Dispute over an International River".
416:
1601:
1566:
1561:
1538:
1458:
Molina Carpio, Jorge; Cruz, Rodolfo; Alurralde, Juan Carlos (9 September 2012).
1439:
890:
888:
717:
715:
480:
383:
314:
267:. The Patapujo Canal is for parts of its path also known as Chuapalca-Uchusuma.
205:
1303:"Tacna: Minera Minsur entregó ayer obra de recubrimiento del canal de Uchusuma"
1151:
532:
530:
528:
526:
798:
213:
1160:
167:
154:
127:
114:
1004:
1002:
1000:
951:
949:
442:
411:
301:
748:"Agente Rodríguez alerta sobre agenda del agua pendiente con Perú y Chile"
702:
700:
313:
kilometres (3.1 mi) Patapujo I canal, which also receives water from
1211:"Proyecto Vilavilani II, la manzana de la discordia entre Tacna y Puno"
476:
472:
459:
435:
410:
on the present-day Peru-Chile border. Laguna Blanca would operate as a
281:
1407:
1234:"Alcalde de Tacna denuncia que movieron hito 52 en frontera con Chile"
871:"Canal Calachaca Tramo II Permite Incrementar Captación hasta 250 L/s"
799:"Plan de gestión de los recursos hídricos de cuenca Caplina - Locumba"
751:
486:
335:
1399:
829:
827:
825:
823:
592:
590:
565:
563:
561:
559:
557:
494:
355:
260:
225:
201:
193:
53:
1341:
490:
197:
49:
1511:
1107:
1095:
1059:
1031:
1029:
894:
784:
721:
536:
382:, it examined the possibility of transferring water from the
40:
Map of the general region, with the canal shown in the centre
1083:
1008:
673:(in Spanish). Comision Carta Geologica Nacional. p. 37
1197:
1185:
1173:
1071:
955:
906:
857:
845:
733:
706:
548:
430:
already existed since 1820; it intercepted water from the
513:
511:
966:
964:
1683:
Buildings and structures in Arica y Parinacota Region
1471:(in Spanish). 25th Latin American Hydraulic Congress
1422:(in Spanish). Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
1639:
1549:
183:
143:
103:
95:
85:
77:
72:
64:
59:
45:
28:
1280:"Minsur niega uso de más agua para exploraciones"
1119:
833:
772:
691:
608:
596:
581:
569:
1335:"MODELO HIDROLÓGICO DE LA CUENCA MAURE - MAURI"
873:(in Spanish). Projeto Especial Tacna. July 2016
666:Jaén, Hugo; Ortiz, Guillermo (September 1963).
661:
659:
1440:"Actualización hidrológica del Proyecto Maure"
1047:
1035:
1523:
8:
668:"GEOLOGI A DE L CUA DRA NGULO DE HUAYLILLAS"
1415:Laureano del Castillo Pinto (8 July 2013).
1530:
1516:
1508:
1267:: 13 – via Internet Archive Scholar.
1213:(in Spanish). La República. 9 October 2017
239:The canal is known in Peruvian sources as
25:
1445:(in Spanish). Autoridad Nacional del Agua
1357:Castro, Luis; Figueroa, Carolina (2002).
1333:Autoridad Nacional de Agua (April 2015).
1150:
988:
441:In 1977 it was suggested that creating a
1232:Nieto, Luz Elena Vega (30 August 2013).
1198:Molina Carpio, Cruz & Alurralde 2012
1186:Molina Carpio, Cruz & Alurralde 2012
1020:
734:Molina Carpio, Cruz & Alurralde 2012
707:Molina Carpio, Cruz & Alurralde 2012
621:
619:
617:
517:
507:
1678:Geography of Arica y Parinacota Region
917:
915:
7:
1261:Revista do Departamento de Geografia
1108:Ministry of Agriculture of Peru 1977
1096:Ministry of Agriculture of Peru 1977
1060:Ministry of Agriculture of Peru 1977
895:Ministry of Agriculture of Peru 1977
785:Ministry of Agriculture of Peru 1977
746:Luizaga, Dennis (12 November 2016).
722:Ministry of Agriculture of Peru 1977
628:"CRISIS DEL AGUA Y CAMBIO CLIMATICO"
537:Ministry of Agriculture of Peru 1977
334:southwestward between the mountains
208:watershed and transfers it into the
1301:Guevara, Diego (11 December 2014).
1278:Rivera, Liz Ferrer (6 March 2015).
447:Electric Power Development Company
14:
1282:(in Spanish). Tacna. La República
259:is also the name of a canal near
1630:
1084:Laureano del Castillo Pinto 2013
1009:Laureano del Castillo Pinto 2013
977:Science of the Total Environment
927:(Map) (2nd ed.). 1:250000.
34:
1494:(in Spanish). Pocollay District
1436:Ministry of Agriculture of Peru
1255:Eyzaguirre, Indira AL. (2022).
1174:Autoridad Nacional de Agua 2015
1072:Autoridad Nacional de Agua 2015
990:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150386
956:Autoridad Nacional de Agua 2015
907:Autoridad Nacional de Agua 2015
858:Autoridad Nacional de Agua 2015
846:Autoridad Nacional de Agua 2015
549:Autoridad Nacional de Agua 2015
296:that transports water from the
1139:Tecnología y ciencias del agua
635:Centro de Competencias de Agua
204:. It transfers water from the
1:
797:Grupo Inclam (October 2013).
321:The canal proper starts at a
1344:: Autoridad Nacional de Agua
924:Tarata, Peru; Bolivia; Chile
216:purposes. An earlier canal
1724:
1236:(in Spanish). La República
1152:10.24850/j-tyca-2019-05-07
1048:Castro & Figueroa 2002
1036:Castro & Figueroa 2002
806:Autoridad Nacional de Agua
18:
1628:
1543:Arica y Parinacota Region
68:47.5 km (29.5 miles)
33:
929:Joint Operations Graphic
19:Not to be confused with
16:Canal in Peru and Chile
1372:University of Tarapacá
1370:(in Spanish) (20–21).
1120:Pocollay District 2012
933:Defense Mapping Agency
834:Pocollay District 2012
773:Pocollay District 2012
692:Pocollay District 2012
626:Chávez, Manuel Colla.
609:Pocollay District 2012
597:Pocollay District 2012
582:Pocollay District 2012
570:Pocollay District 2012
388:irrigated agriculture
386:into Tacna to enable
168:17.81111°S 69.82111°W
128:17.57583°S 69.63611°W
475:periods. Additional
332:Arica–La Paz railway
294:transbasin diversion
173:-17.81111; -69.82111
133:-17.57583; -69.63611
1693:Irrigation in Chile
1388:Geographical Review
1309:(in Spanish). Tacna
644:on 24 February 2017
265:Canal Uchusuma Bajo
253:Canal Uchusuma Alto
164: /
124: /
99:Quebrada Vilavilani
1703:Irrigation in Peru
380:War of the Pacific
348:Cordillera Barroso
1708:Chile–Peru border
1688:Irrigation canals
1660:
1659:
1485:Pocollay District
392:Desaguadero River
292:Canal Mauri is a
187:
186:
1715:
1634:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1493:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1411:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1339:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
995:
994:
992:
968:
959:
953:
944:
943:
941:
939:
919:
910:
904:
898:
892:
883:
882:
880:
878:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
818:
817:
815:
813:
803:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
763:
761:
759:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
710:
704:
695:
689:
683:
682:
680:
678:
672:
663:
654:
653:
651:
649:
643:
637:. Archived from
632:
623:
612:
606:
600:
594:
585:
579:
573:
567:
552:
546:
540:
534:
521:
515:
376:Tacna Department
179:
178:
176:
175:
174:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
139:
138:
136:
135:
134:
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
38:
26:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1673:Canals in Chile
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1652:Cotacotani Lake
1635:
1626:
1545:
1536:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1438:(August 1977).
1434:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1361:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1114:
1110:, pp. 2–3.
1106:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
998:
970:
969:
962:
954:
947:
937:
935:
921:
920:
913:
905:
901:
893:
886:
876:
874:
869:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
821:
811:
809:
801:
796:
795:
791:
783:
779:
771:
767:
757:
755:
745:
744:
740:
732:
728:
720:
713:
705:
698:
690:
686:
676:
674:
670:
665:
664:
657:
647:
645:
641:
630:
625:
624:
615:
607:
603:
595:
588:
580:
576:
568:
555:
547:
543:
535:
524:
516:
509:
504:
456:
372:
342:, close to the
290:
273:
237:
172:
170:
166:
163:
158:
155:
153:
151:
150:
132:
130:
126:
123:
118:
115:
113:
111:
110:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Canals in Peru
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Canal Uchusuma
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1481:
1455:
1432:
1412:
1400:10.2307/213680
1394:(2): 192–207.
1383:
1367:Diálogo Andino
1354:
1340:(in Spanish).
1329:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1293:
1270:
1263:(in Spanish).
1247:
1224:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1176:, p. 178.
1166:
1145:(5): 177–213.
1141:(in Spanish).
1124:
1112:
1100:
1088:
1076:
1074:, p. 122.
1064:
1052:
1040:
1025:
1023:, p. 203.
1013:
996:
960:
958:, p. 177.
945:
911:
899:
884:
862:
850:
848:, p. 230.
838:
836:, p. 141.
819:
789:
777:
775:, p. 131.
765:
750:(in Spanish).
738:
726:
711:
696:
684:
655:
613:
611:, p. 143.
601:
599:, p. 140.
586:
584:, p. 123.
574:
572:, p. 142.
553:
551:, p. 176.
541:
522:
520:, p. 204.
506:
505:
503:
500:
455:
454:Current status
452:
432:Uchusuma River
428:Canal Uchusuma
396:Treaty of Lima
371:
368:
364:Canal Uchusuma
344:Canal Uchusuma
327:Uchusuma River
310:diversion dams
289:
286:
272:
269:
257:Canal Uchusuma
243:, but also as
241:Canal Uchusuma
236:
233:
222:Uchusuma River
218:Canal Uchusuma
185:
184:
181:
180:
148:
141:
140:
108:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
90:Uchusuma River
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
60:Specifications
57:
56:
47:
43:
42:
39:
31:
30:
21:Canal Uchusuma
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1720:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
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1647:Chungará Lake
1645:
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1122:, p. 38.
1121:
1116:
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1085:
1080:
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1065:
1062:, p. 14.
1061:
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1049:
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1038:, p. 85.
1037:
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1026:
1022:
1021:Glassner 1970
1017:
1014:
1011:, p. 26.
1010:
1005:
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991:
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926:
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908:
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897:, p. 12.
896:
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859:
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787:, p. 35.
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735:
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724:, p. 34.
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539:, p. 13.
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529:
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519:
518:Glassner 1970
514:
512:
508:
501:
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489:'s Pucamarca
488:
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408:General Lagos
406:northwest of
405:
404:Laguna Blanca
400:
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369:
367:
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361:
360:Caplina River
357:
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328:
324:
323:diversion dam
319:
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298:Lake Titicaca
295:
287:
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249:Alto Uchusuma
246:
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210:Caplina River
207:
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1606:
1496:. Retrieved
1473:. Retrieved
1468:ResearchGate
1466:
1447:. Retrieved
1424:. Retrieved
1391:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1365:
1346:. Retrieved
1311:. Retrieved
1307:La República
1306:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1227:
1215:. Retrieved
1205:
1200:, p. 7.
1193:
1188:, p. 6.
1181:
1169:
1142:
1138:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1098:, p. 2.
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1016:
980:
976:
936:. Retrieved
923:
902:
875:. Retrieved
865:
853:
841:
810:. Retrieved
808:(in Spanish)
805:
792:
780:
768:
756:. Retrieved
741:
736:, p. 4.
729:
709:, p. 5.
687:
675:. Retrieved
646:. Retrieved
639:the original
634:
604:
577:
544:
485:
469:
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440:
425:
417:capital cost
401:
373:
363:
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320:
308:A series of
307:
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278:
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264:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
238:
230:
189:
188:
1607:Canal Mauri
1602:Canal Lauca
1539:Hydrography
1498:28 February
1475:28 February
1449:27 February
1377:27 February
1348:28 February
1313:28 February
1286:28 February
1240:28 February
938:27 February
877:28 February
812:28 February
758:28 February
677:27 February
648:28 February
481:Puno Region
384:Mauri River
378:during the
315:groundwater
206:Mauri River
190:Canal Mauri
171: /
146:coordinates
131: /
106:coordinates
86:Start point
29:Canal Mauri
1667:Categories
754:. La Rázon
502:References
340:Caracarani
302:reservoirs
214:irrigation
159:69°49′16″W
156:17°48′40″S
119:69°38′10″W
116:17°34′33″S
104:Beginning
1597:Viscacham
1572:Camarones
1557:Cosapilla
1161:2007-2422
443:reservoir
412:reservoir
358:into the
271:Hydrology
245:Azucarero
96:End point
81:Southwest
78:Direction
73:Geography
1617:San José
1592:Tignamar
1582:Rivilcar
1577:Uchusuma
1487:(2012).
477:wetlands
282:wetlands
228:region.
1622:Atajama
1426:1 March
1326:Sources
1217:1 March
473:drought
465:springs
460:aquifer
436:seepage
370:History
325:on the
144:Ending
46:Country
1550:Rivers
1408:213680
1406:
1159:
752:La Paz
495:ounces
487:Minsur
336:Tacora
65:Length
1640:Lakes
1567:Lauca
1562:Lluta
1492:(PDF)
1463:(PDF)
1443:(PDF)
1420:(PDF)
1404:JSTOR
1362:(PDF)
1338:(PDF)
983:: 4.
802:(PDF)
671:(PDF)
642:(PDF)
631:(PDF)
356:Tacna
261:Tacna
226:Tacna
202:Chile
194:canal
192:is a
54:Chile
1587:Seco
1500:2018
1477:2018
1451:2018
1428:2018
1379:2018
1350:2018
1342:Lima
1315:2018
1288:2018
1242:2018
1219:2018
1157:ISSN
940:2018
879:2018
814:2018
760:2018
679:2018
650:2018
491:gold
426:The
421:US$
338:and
330:the
288:Path
235:Name
212:for
200:and
198:Peru
50:Peru
1541:of
1396:doi
1147:doi
985:doi
981:806
419:of
251:or
196:in
1669::
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993:.
987::
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816:.
762:.
681:.
652:.
23:.
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