1549:
1190:. Subsequently, the caseids adopted a strictly herbivorous diet and evolved into gigantic forms. These herbivorous caseids had spatulate teeth equipped with more or less numerous cuspules and a very enlarged and barrel-shaped rib cage which must have housed highly developed intestines necessary for the digestion of plants with low nutritional value. This adaptation would partly explain the diversification and expansion of the group at the end of the Lower Permian and during the Middle Permian, because it allowed them to exploit a fiber-rich plant resource that had by then become abundant and widespread. Nevertheless, small probably faunivorous caseids like
1540:
853:
1392:
9195:
839:
654:
8893:
130:
1205:
1108:
8905:
636:
625:
1093:
107:
9228:
8899:
8372:
8377:
757:, simply conical and pointed in insectivorous species, adopt in herbivorous species a leafy or spatulate morphology and are provided with more or less numerous cuspules. Numerous small teeth also adorned several bones of the palate. Herbivorous species do not show a simple evolutionary trend towards increasing tooth complexity. Thus, the teeth of the basal taxa
1275:. This low bone density would have been a handicap for animals weighing several hundred kilos with a strictly terrestrial lifestyle. Lambertz et al. also argued that the joints between the vertebrae and the dorsal ribs allowed only small ranges of motion of the rib cage, thus limiting costal ventilation. To overcome this, they proposed that a proto-
1378:
1283:
to which the caseid deposits correspond are not incompatible with an aquatic lifestyle of these animals. These paleoenvironments in fact included a significant number of water bodies (rivers, lakes and lagoons). The arid conditions could have been the reason why the animals would sometimes congregate
1222:
in particular considered that the degree of ossification of the skeleton, the relatively short feet and hands, the massive claws, the limbs with very powerful extensor muscles, and the solid sacrum, strongly suggested a terrestrial lifestyle. Olson did not rule out that the caseids spent some time in
1227:
implied a low amplitude of vertical movements of the head which precluded the large species from feeding at ground level. Another hypothesis suggests that the caseids could have used their powerful forelimbs to fold large plants towards them, which they would have torn off with their powerful claws.
675:
Caseids measured from less than 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) to 7 metres (23 ft) in length. They had a small head wider than high and with a forward-inclined snout, a very short neck, a long tail, robust forelimbs, and a body of variable proportions depending on their diet. Small insectivorous
1328:
lifestyle. Thus, due to these unusual data, Angielczyk and
Kammerer consider that the available evidence is still insufficient to question the more widely assumed terrestrial lifestyle of caseids. Robert Reisz and colleagues also dispute the supposed semiaquatic lifestyle of the caseids on the fact
868:
The forelimbs of caseids are often more robust than the hindlimbs. It has indeed been observed that the bones of the forelimbs gained in robustness from the beginning of the evolution of the group, before the appearance of large species, while the hindlimbs remained slenderer. These characteristics
1303:
data combined with the absence in these large caseids of morphological adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle. According to
Angielczyk and Kammerer, the low bone density of caseids identified by Lambertz et al. does not resemble that of semiaquatic animals, which tend to have a more strongly ossified
6947:
Schneider, J.W.; Lucas, S.G.; Scholze, F.; Voigt, S.; Marchetti, L.; Klein, H.; Opluštil, S.; Werneburg, R.; Golubev, V.K.; Barrick, J.E.; Nemyrovska, T.; Ronchi, A.; Day, M.O.; Silantiev, V.V.; Rößler, R.; Saber, H.; Linnemann, U.; Zharinova, V.; Shen, S-Z. (2020). "Late
Paleozoic–early Mesozoic
1223:
water, but he considered locomotion on land to be an important aspect of their lifestyle. It has been suggested that the very powerful forelimbs, with strong and very tendinous extensor muscles, as well as very massive claws, could be used to dig up roots or tubers. However, the very short
6728:
Marchetti, L.; Forte, G.; Kustatscher, E.; DiMichele, W.A.; Lucas, S.G.; Roghi, G.; Juncal, M.A.; Hartkopf-Fröder, C.; Krainer, K.; Morelli, C.; Ronchi, A. (2022). "The
Artinskian Warming Event: an Euramerican change in climate and the terrestrial biota during the early Permian".
704:, necessary for the digestion of high-fiber rich plants. In these forms, the skull has very large external nostrils and a very short facial region with a strong forward inclination of the end of the snout which clearly overhangs the dental row. The
7469:
1163:, the adult was still able to feed on insects, but it also possesses a draft of the herbivorous diet specializations present in later caseids, such as a relatively short, slightly forward-inclined snout, and a dentition that is almost
1033:(the latter from more recent strata). According to Sacchi and colleagues, some footprints from the Lodève Basin (unspecified geological formation) are similar to those from the Wellington Formation and these authors designate them as
6449:
Marchetti, L.; Voigt, S.; Lucas, S.G. (2019). "An anatomy-consistent study of the
Lopingian eolian tracks of Germany and Scotland reveals the first evidence of the end-Guadalupian mass extinction at low paleolatitudes of Pangea".
873:
by more derived and larger caseids to support their weights of up to several hundred kilograms. During their evolutionary history, caseids also show a reduction in their phalangeal formula. The most basal caseids like
6911:
Citton, P.; Ronchi, A.; Maganuco, S.; Caratelli, M.; Nicosia, U.; Sacchi, E.; Romano, M. (2019). "First tetrapod footprints from the
Permian of Sardinia and their palaeontological and stratigraphical significance".
848:. (A) Specimen GAA 00242 in anterior, labial, posterior, ventral, and dorsal views; (B) Specimen GAA 00239 in labial (showing a complete tooth with tricuspid distal end), partial labial, posterior and ventral views.
809:
must have fed on tougher plants than those on which most other herbivorous caseids fed. Herbivorous caseids also show very different dietary adaptations from those seen in another group of basal synapsids, the
1102:
preserved on the back (A). Detail of the right hand (B). Right ilium covered dorsally by the proximal end of the femur (C). Coprolites of sharks placed on the slab of the holotype during the 19th century
818:
and on the inner surface of the lower jaws. In herbivorous caseids, the palatal teeth are smaller, and the inner surface of the lower jaws bears no teeth. Instead of a dental battery, they had a massive
6691:
5721:
Romano, M.; Citton, P.; Maganuco, S.; Sacchi, E.; Caratelli, M.; Ronchi, A.; Nicosia, U. (2018). "New basal synapsid discovery at the
Permian outcrop of Torre del Porticciolo (Alghero, Italy)".
1179:
processing in the evolution of caseid herbivory. A juvenile insectivorous diet would have provided the opportunity for successful introduction into the intestine of microorganisms capable of
1121:
During their evolutionary history, caseids shifted from faunivorous to herbivorous diet, a pattern that also occurred independently in other
Carboniferous and Permian tetrapod groups such as
5635:. In 2015 Romano and Nicosia however demonstrated that the third digit of the foot of this species indeed had three phalanges and not two. Consequently the phalangeal formula of the foot of
1472:
data indicate that the majority of edaphosaurids favored humid habitats (their remains are found mainly in lacustrine and marshy deposits) while herbivorous caseids generally lived in drier
1284:
and eventually die. In addition, arid environments have a low density of plants, which would require even more locomotor effort to find food. Thus, for
Lambertz et al., large caseids like
1826:. A possible Gondwanan occurrence was proposed as early as the 1990s by Michael S.Y. Lee and in 2021 by Asher J. Lichtig and Spencer G. Lucas, who reinterpreted the middle Permian taxon
647:. Top : skull reconstruction in left lateral view, and medial and lateral views of mandible; bottom : skull reconstruction in dorsal, ventral, posterior and anterior views.
916:
the manus and pes show a phalangeal formula of 2-2-3-3-2. Along with this reduction in the number of phalanges, the proportions of the autopods also change in derived caseids with
1522:
from the
Chickasha Formation in Oklahoma probably date to the early Roadian, while the caseids from the San Angelo Formation in Texas are slightly older and may straddle the
5831:
Berman, D.S.; Maddin, H.C.; Henrici, A.C.; Sumida, S.S.; Scott, D.; Reisz, R.R. (2020). "New primitive Caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Early Permian of Germany".
1818:
does not allow us to know the precise moment of the arrival of caseids in this region of the world. According to Werneburg and colleagues, the presence of caseids at this
1013:, this type of track showing false anatomical features generated by locomotion on sandy inclined paleosurface. In 2014, Eva Sacchi and colleagues described the ichnotaxon
6985:"The age of North America's youngest Paleozoic continental vertebrates : a review of data from the Middle Permian Pease River (Texas) and El Reno (Oklahoma) Groups"
7295:
Voigt, S.; Saber, H.; Schneider, J.W.; Hmich, D.; Hminna, A. (2011). "Late Carboniferous-Early Permian Tetrapod Ichnofauna from the Khenifra Basin, Central Morocco".
7260:
Voigt, S.; Lagnaoui, A.; Hminna, A.; Saber, H.; Schneider, J.W. (2011). "Revisional notes on the Permian tetrapod ichnofauna from the Tiddas Basin, central Morocco".
1027:. The morphological study of these footprints and their comparison with tetrapod skeletons revealed that they probably belong to a large caseid comparable in size to
9385:
9321:
6775:
Spindler, F.; Voigt, S.; Fischer, J. (2019). "Edaphosauridae (Synapsida, Eupelycosauria) from Europe and their relationship to North American representatives".
1324:, which emphasize high maneuverability, rapid acceleration and hydrodynamic control of buoyancy. However, the caseid morphology was totally incompatible with a
1333:, on the interpretation that this animal lived in a dry environment for part of the year as indicated by the presence of numerous skeletons of the amphibian
861:
5696:
Angielczyk, K.D.; Kammerer, C.F. (2018). "Non-Mammalian synapsids : the deep roots of the mammalian family tree". In Zachos, F.E.; Asher, R.J. (eds.).
6626:
Lambertz, M.; Shelton, C.D.; Spindler, F.; Perry, S.F. (2016). "A caseian point for the evolution of a diaphragm homologue among the earliest synapsids".
1045:
exhibits great morphological variation and that its producers can be assigned to different zoological groups among non-therapsid synapsids and not just
6539:"Insight on the evolution of synapsid locomotion based on tetrapod tracks from the lower Permian of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean)"
6116:
5618:. It is listed starting from digit I (corresponding in men to the thumb and big toe) to digit V (the equivalent of the little finger and little toe).
869:
suggest that the initial strengthening of the forelimbs was probably related to a particular function such as digging, and that this trait was later
9308:
547:
With a fossil record spanning from the Late Carboniferous to the Middle Permian, caseids are one of the basal synapsids groups (formerly known as “
9380:
7514:
Benson, R.B.J. (2012). "Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies".
1548:
5705:
7411:"A Re-Description of 'Mycterosaurus' smithae, an Early Permian Eothyridid, and Its Impact on the Phylogeny of Pelycosaurian-Grade Synapsids"
6414:
Silva, R.C.; Sedor, F.A.; Fernandes, A.C.S. (2012). "Fossil footprints from the Late Permian of Brazil: An example of hidden biodiversity".
1437:. During the Permian, the representatives of the clade mainly evolved towards herbivory. These herbivorous caseids experienced an important
7637:
6367:"Permian-Triassic vertebrate footprints from South Africa: Ichnotaxonomy, producers and biostratigraphy through two major faunal crises"
1460:. The decline of edaphosaurids and the propagation of caseids coincides with an aridification of the environment that occurred from the
1232:
used their limbs with powerful claws to defend themselves against predators, or during intraspecific activities linked in particular to
973:. In 2019, Lorenzo Marchetti and colleagues, however, determined that dinocephalians were most likely the trackmakers of the ichnogenus
7610:
6254:"Cladistic analysis of Caseidae (Caseasauria, Synapsida): using the gap-weighting method to include taxa based on incomplete specimens"
805:
the teeth have a bulbous morphology with very short and wide crowns. Their sturdiness and the significant wear they show indicate that
5875:
1539:
1141:
had an unexpanded rib cage and dentition composed of very small conical teeth suggesting an insectivorous diet. Another basal caseid,
603:. Caseids are so far unknown in Upper Permian strata and probably disappeared at the end of the Middle Permian. They were replaced by
6067:
gen. et sp. nov., from the early Permian of Oklahoma, with a discussion of synapsid diversity at the classic Richards Spur locality"
1295:
This hypothesis is however disputed by Kenneth Angielczyk and Christian Kammerer as well as by Robert Reisz and colleagues based on
2647:
In 2015, Marco Romano and Umberto Nicosia published the first cladistic study including almost all Caseidae (with the exception of
1369:, passing part of their time in the water (being underwater walkers rather than swimming animals) but coming on dry land for food.
889:
692:, and a snout less inclined forward than in herbivorous caseids. The latter were characterized by their disproportionately small
9194:
7164:
Lyson, T.R.; Rubidge, B.S.; Scheyer, T.M.; de Queiroz, K.; Schachner, E.R.; Smith, R.M.H.; Botha-Brink, J.; Bever, G.S. (2016).
1476:
where ponds and streams water were ephemeral. The last caseids date from the Middle Permian and are mainly known in Europe with
6303:"A huge caseid pelycosaur from north-western Sardinia and its bearing on European Permian stratigraphy and palaeobiogeography"
1810:
during the Carboniferous and the Permian, with the exception of the Russian localities which were located at the level of the
6365:
Marchetti, L.; Klein, H.; Buchwitz, M.; Ronchi, A.; Smith, R.M.H.; De Klerk, W.J.; Sciscio, L.; Groenewald, G.H. (2019).
5765:"Oldest caseid synapsid from the late Pennsylvanian of Kansas, and the evolution of herbivory in terrestrial vertebrates"
1561:
showing the known distribution of caseid synapsids. Right: close-up of the paleogeographic location of the caseid sites.
1242:
have one to ten ribs broken and healed during life. Finally, for some authors, the large derived caseids would have been
1901:
in the same suborder, which they named Edaphosauria. This group is now abandoned, the edaphosaurids being closer to the
814:. The latter had, in addition to the marginal dentition, a dental battery made up of numerous teeth located both on the
1257:. These authors showed that the bone microstructure of the humerus, femur and ribs of adult and immature specimens of
8904:
8892:
3170:
A phylogenetic analysis published in 2016 by Neil Brocklehurst and colleagues includes for the first time the genera
1526:-Roadian boundary but it is not yet clear whether they date from the latest Kungurian or from the earliest Roadian.
1391:
852:
696:
compared to the size of the body. The postcranial skeleton indeed shows a spectacular increase in the volume of the
1355:
In 2022, Werneburg and colleagues proposed a somewhat different semiaquatic lifestyle, in which large caseids like
671:
on each side). The hyoid apparatus is not present here because it was removed during the preparation of the palate.
1814:
where a more temperate climate prevailed. The absence in Russia of terrestrial vertebrate localities prior to the
1279:
was present to facilitate breathing, especially in aquatic environment. These authors also consider that the arid
1111:
Comparison of size and proportions of the faunivorous and omnivorous basal caseasaurs with the herbivorous caseid
952:
Many vertebrate tracks have been proposed as belonging to Caseidae. In the early 2000s, large footprints known as
129:
1049:
as once thought. In 2021, Rafel Matamales-Andreu and colleagues assigned footprints found in the Lower Permian (
7716:
5614:
The phalangeal formula corresponds to the number of phalanges constituting each digits of the manus and pes of
1890:
208:
5999:
753:, suggest the presence of scaly "lips" which must have concealed the dentition when the jaws were closed. The
502:
in vertebrate history because the numerous herbivorous species in this family are among the first terrestrial
498:, making them the largest Permian synapsids. Caseids are considered important components of early terrestrial
380:
between about 300 and 265 million years ago. Fossils of these animals come from the south-central part of the
4204:. In the first cladogram, the position of the remaining caseids is poorly resolved. In the second cladogram,
1329:
that the latter possess no morphological adaptations to an aquatic lifestyle and, in the case of the species
7743:
7630:
7470:"A new large caseid (Synapsida, Caseasauria) from the Permian of Rodez (France), including a reappraisal of
6876:
Golubev, V.K. (2015). "Dinocephalian Stage in the History of the Permian Tetrapod Fauna of Eastern Europe".
6811:
6538:
5666:
Romano, M. (2017). "Long bone scaling of caseid synapsids: a combined morphometric and cladistic approach".
5584:
1934:
analysis of caseids was published in 2008 by Hillary C. Maddin and colleagues. In this analysis, the genus
730:. The dorsal surface of the skull is covered with numerous small pits. These suggest the presence of large
9248:
9096:
8898:
8371:
7113:
Bever, G.S.; Lyson, T.R.; Field, D.J.; Bhullar, B-A.S. (2015). "Evolutionary origin of the turtle skull".
6186:
Stovall, J.W.; Price, L.I.; Romer, A.S. (1966). "The Postcranial Skeleton of the Giant Permian Pelycosaur
1438:
1405:
Caseids first appear in the fossil record at the end of the Carboniferous and are already present in both
1172:
701:
511:
5986:(Synapsida: Caseidae) from the Middle Permian of Russia and the evolutionary relationships of Caseidae".
4230:, and a clade of remaining caseid. Within these remaining taxa, a sequence of branching taxa begins with
1236:. According to Olson, an interesting thing about this, is that almost all known specimens of the species
486:
diet. Some have evolved into gigantic forms that can reach 6–7 metres (20–23 ft) in length, such as
9347:
9003:
8977:
6826:
1921:
366:
1186:, particularly if the prey ingested were herbivorous insects which harbor such microorganisms in their
6344:"La palichnofaune de vertébrés tétrapodes du Permien supérieur du bassin de Lodève (Languedoc-France)"
838:
653:
9295:
9061:
9029:
7422:
7343:
7304:
7269:
7226:
7122:
6738:
6690:
Werneburg, R.; Spindler, F.; Falconnet, J.; Steyer, J.-S.; Vianey-Liaud, M.; Schneider, J.W. (2022).
6635:
6553:
6459:
6423:
6378:
6265:
5776:
1288:
must have been mainly aquatic animals that only came on dry land for the purposes of reproduction or
1167:
in the upper jaws and completely homodont in lower jaws. The sequence of dental trait acquisition in
1020:
8376:
4198:
is identified as one of the most basal caseids, and is positioned just above the Late Carboniferous
9375:
9119:
2679:
occupies a higher position than in previous analyses, and is identified as more closely related to
1853:
1811:
1253:
In 2016, Markus Lambertz and colleagues questioned the terrestrial lifestyle of large caseids like
583:. These last caseids still show a certain morphological diversity with medium to large herbivores (
9231:
8778:
8637:
8590:
7623:
7585:
7531:
7493:
7242:
7195:
7146:
7068:
7006:
6965:
6929:
6893:
6792:
6754:
6710:
6659:
6519:
6475:
6396:
6324:
6283:
6229:
6003:
5915:
5848:
5738:
5631:
a foot with the phalangeal formula of 2-2-2-3-2, i.e. a smaller formula than in the type species
1276:
1263:
resembled that of aquatic animals more than that of terrestrial animals, the bones having a very
715:
124:
28:
999:, could represent caseids footprints. In 2019, Marchetti and colleagues, however, reinterpreted
9352:
663:
in ventral view allowing to see the numerous small teeth adorning the bones of the palate (the
9334:
8718:
8691:
7450:
7359:
7187:
7138:
6692:"A new caseid synapsid from the Permian (Guadalupian) of the Lodève basin (Occitanie, France)"
6651:
6094:
5871:
5804:
5701:
1878:
1873:
suggests the future discovery of basal synapsids (including caseids) in the Permian basins of
1204:
723:
700:, which becomes very wide and barrel-shaped, probably to accommodate a particularly developed
9339:
9326:
2693:
may be biased by the extreme incompleteness of the material from the North American species.
8748:
8487:
8347:
7990:
7575:
7565:
7558:(Synapsida, Caseidae) from the Permian of Sardinia (Italy), and its phylogenetic affinities"
7523:
7485:
7440:
7430:
7386:
7351:
7312:
7277:
7234:
7177:
7130:
7058:
6996:
6957:
6921:
6885:
6784:
6746:
6702:
6643:
6601:
6561:
6511:
6467:
6431:
6386:
6314:
6273:
6221:
6166:
6084:
6074:
5995:
5955:
5907:
5840:
5794:
5784:
5730:
5675:
5414:
5016:
3681:
In 2017 Romano and colleagues published the first phylogenetic analysis including the genus
1630:
1502:
1357:
1289:
1280:
1272:
1219:
1147:, has a slightly enlarged barrel-shaped trunk and dentition in which teeth indicative of an
1107:
1046:
921:
917:
591:
362:
309:
8814:
8657:
8597:
8457:
8413:
7701:
6839:
3193:
Below is the phylogenetic analysis published by Neil Brocklehurst and colleagues in 2016.
1803:
1187:
912:
the manus has a formula of 2-3-4-4-3 (the pes is unknown). In the more derived forms like
901:
824:
401:
5601:
is present in the Mezen assemblage, which also includes an as yet undescribed species of
7426:
7347:
7308:
7273:
7230:
7126:
6742:
6639:
6557:
6463:
6427:
6382:
6269:
5780:
1092:
9286:
9142:
9073:
8771:
8700:
8620:
8583:
8541:
8532:
8284:
8188:
8133:
8122:
8079:
8045:
7955:
7830:
7728:
7445:
7410:
6948:
continental biostratigraphy — Links to the Standard Global Chronostratigraphic Scale".
6089:
6062:
5799:
5764:
5431:
5390:
5342:
4900:
4883:
4859:
4541:
4524:
4507:
4254:
4079:
4061:
4036:
3540:
3522:
3497:
2970:
2945:
2920:
2551:
2533:
2508:
2141:
1952:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1723:
1714:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1518:
1453:
1259:
1238:
1126:
1073:
and would have been produced by a caseid of modest size with proportions comparable to
1029:
811:
771:
727:
719:
668:
635:
624:
522:
488:
274:
116:
32:
7030:(Ph.D. thesis). Cambridge: Dept of Zoology, University of Cambridge. pp. 151–155.
6855:"Even Stratigraphy and Correlation of Kazanian Marine Deposits in the Stratotype Area"
1425:. These faunivorous caseids also exist at the beginning of the lower Permian, such as
1065:
but they also have differences. These footprints are left in open nomenclature as cf.
1019:
from about a hundred isolated footprints and several trackways from the early Permian
106:
9369:
9216:
9085:
8844:
8836:
8757:
8707:
8677:
8667:
8604:
8464:
8422:
8219:
8204:
8177:
8156:
8018:
8011:
7927:
7497:
7246:
7072:
7010:
6969:
6933:
6897:
6854:
6796:
6758:
6714:
6523:
6479:
6400:
5852:
5742:
5602:
5299:
3265:
3172:
2988:
2667:
1931:
1845:
1771:
1621:
1606:
1579:
1465:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1406:
1192:
1137:
1098:
996:
992:
905:
880:
792:
731:
507:
466:
450:
381:
373:
337:
330:
246:
64:
7589:
7535:
6750:
6663:
6328:
6287:
6007:
5919:
9221:
9211:
9175:
9035:
8992:
8966:
8828:
8764:
8569:
8555:
8548:
8471:
8443:
8170:
8086:
8025:
7969:
7962:
7920:
7913:
7906:
7855:
7199:
7150:
7087:
6146:
5597:
5588:
5567:
5366:
5268:
5251:
5227:
4842:
4818:
4794:
4722:
4490:
4473:
4449:
4391:
4260:
4248:
4242:
4226:
4011:
3961:
3943:
3918:
3683:
3465:
3440:
3365:
3290:
3215:
3178:
3083:
3065:
3040:
2681:
2649:
2483:
2458:
2408:
2290:
2230:
2159:
2116:
1958:
1947:
1942:
1913:
1894:
1877:, which were also part of the paleoequatorial belt and constituted one of the main
1874:
1841:
1836:
as a small burrowing caseid. Between these two dates, other researchers classified
1833:
1828:
1735:
1729:
1705:
1657:
1639:
1588:
1570:
1512:
1496:
1482:
1421:
1397:
1366:
1335:
1325:
1313:
1296:
1233:
1210:
1180:
1122:
1075:
1005:
967:
925:
897:
844:
797:
765:
710:
664:
585:
580:
552:
494:
426:
421:
344:
288:
281:
239:
232:
225:
7316:
6155:, two historical and previously mistaken basal caseasaurian synapsids from Europe"
5911:
7527:
7435:
7281:
6961:
6565:
6515:
6435:
5789:
3182:
which are identified as basal caseids occupying an intermediate position between
835:) perhaps rough, with which they had to compress food against the palatal teeth.
555:
range. They also represent one of only two basal synapsid groups (along with the
9280:
9050:
9018:
8821:
8800:
8576:
8436:
8429:
8394:
8337:
8327:
8255:
8163:
8058:
7886:
7864:
7845:
6212:
Olson, E.C. (1962). "Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, U.S.A and U.S.S.R.".
5894:
Romano, M.; Brocklehurst, N.; Fröbisch, J. (2017). "The postcranial skeleton of
4283:
Below are the two caseid cladograms published by Berman and colleagues in 2020.
3702:
3201:
2704:
2279:
2000:
1917:
1457:
1441:
during the second half of the lower Permian by becoming, with the moradisaurine
1348:
1340:
1243:
1148:
568:
556:
533:
526:
515:
461:
435:
190:
39:
7355:
6812:"The faunal assemblages of Permian terrestrial vertebrates from Eastern Europe"
6788:
6502:
n. isp. from the Early Permian of Oklahoma (USA): A Trace and its Trackmaker".
6343:
3694:
Below is the phylogenetic analysis published by Romano and colleagues in 2017.
2228:
Another phylogenetic analysis carried out in 2012 by Benson includes the genus
795:
position, have teeth bearing 5 to 7 cuspules and 5 to 8 cuspules respectively.
563:-dominated terrestrial communities. Thus, the last known caseids come from the
9165:
9155:
9108:
8935:
8922:
8856:
8786:
8734:
8518:
8450:
8297:
8212:
8197:
8107:
8100:
8072:
7997:
7983:
7182:
7165:
6889:
5960:
5939:
5575:
5203:
5100:
4770:
4657:
4425:
4333:
4236:
4186:
3793:
3390:
2795:
1981:
1865:
1861:
1860:
age for the most recent specimens. Elsewhere in Gondwana, the presence of the
1857:
1615:
1597:
1507:
1461:
1445:
1164:
1143:
1113:
1050:
1015:
1010:
979:
928:
becoming shorter and broader. At the extreme of this specialization the genus
870:
787:
742:
684:
659:
608:
604:
548:
518:
456:
442:
forms that lived mainly in the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian, such as
359:
316:
302:
84:
49:
9271:
6471:
6391:
6366:
1312:
bone microstructure is more similar to what is seen in animals living in the
977:. In 2012, Rafael Costa da Silva and colleagues proposed that the ichnogenus
8952:
8807:
8508:
8233:
8093:
8004:
7948:
7941:
7879:
7809:
7796:
7755:
7646:
5615:
5579:
5316:
5131:
5046:
5029:
4705:
4374:
4220:
4191:
3850:
3825:
3743:
3315:
2870:
2827:
2745:
2665:
representing a distinct unnamed genus. In their most parsimonious analysis,
2358:
2323:
2041:
1989:
1963:
1936:
1815:
1806:. This geographical distribution corresponds to the paleoequatorial belt of
1747:
1741:
1699:
1558:
1523:
1469:
1449:
1300:
1183:
1054:
970:
954:
777:
560:
499:
483:
323:
267:
260:
174:
141:
89:
7454:
7363:
7238:
7191:
7142:
7001:
6984:
6655:
6171:
6098:
5808:
2696:
Below is the cladogram of caseids published by Romano and Nicosia in 2015.
959:
6606:
6585:
6319:
6302:
5944:, a Large Terrestrial Herbivore From the Lower Permian of Oklahoma, U.S.A"
726:
are massively developed, establishing strong supporting contacts with the
9265:
8793:
8647:
8562:
8317:
8307:
8240:
8226:
8149:
8142:
7872:
7676:
7670:
7580:
5844:
5698:
Handbook of Zoology : Mammalian Evolution, Diversity and Systematics
4215:
3717:
2719:
2654:
2305:
2015:
1924:
1823:
1819:
1799:
1779:
1344:
1321:
1305:
1156:
1152:
1058:
1024:
750:
697:
503:
439:
431:
413:
389:
369:
161:
79:
74:
59:
54:
44:
7134:
6706:
6117:"Étude du premier caséidé (Reptilia, Pelycosauria) d'Europe occidentale"
2657:, then considered too fragmentary). This study again resolves the genus
430:
is indeed a caseid as some authors proposed in 2021. Caseids show great
9313:
7976:
7685:
7605:
6647:
6278:
6253:
6233:
6079:
4626:
4302:
4200:
3240:
1870:
1807:
1791:
1648:
1491:
1487:
1473:
1415:
1383:
1317:
1250:, which could also be used to manipulate the plants on which they fed.
1131:
893:
746:
738:
689:
678:
576:
572:
564:
479:
444:
409:
377:
295:
94:
69:
7489:
7047:
from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA, and the origin of turtles"
6498:
Sacchi, E.; Cifelli, R.; Citton, P.; Nicosia, U.; Romano, M. (2014). "
5679:
5081:
Below is the cladogram published by Werneburg and colleagues in 2022.
5020:
and published a phylogenetic analysis which concluded that the genera
9125:
8115:
7664:
7390:
5592:
5571:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1767:
1410:
1247:
988:
963:
933:
820:
815:
417:
405:
397:
393:
151:
9242:
7331:
6925:
6225:
5734:
521:, the dominant herbivores of terrestrial ecosystems in place of the
7217:
Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa".
7025:
6537:
Matamales-Andreu, R.; Mujal, E.; Galobart, À.; Fortuny, J. (2021).
5982:
Maddin, H.C.; Sidor, C.A.; Reisz, R.R. (2008). "Cranial anatomy of
2271:
Below is the cladogram of Caseasauria published by Benson in 2012.
1377:
1041:. The study by Sacchi et al. also demonstrates that the ichnogenus
579:) of France and European Russia, where they cohabited notably with
7934:
5179:
5155:
5032:
and are represented only by their type species. In this analysis,
4746:
4681:
4408:
4357:
4206:
3868:
3768:
3408:
3340:
2852:
2770:
2433:
2383:
2236:
2091:
2066:
1971:
1967:
1906:
1775:
1756:
1390:
1376:
1203:
1176:
1129:. Earliest and most basal caseids, such as the late Carboniferous
1106:
1091:
851:
837:
759:
754:
705:
693:
652:
475:
385:
253:
7570:
7553:
7063:
7042:
1431:, and may have existed until the base of the middle Permian with
1308:
control and increased stability against current and wave action.
801:, one of the most derived caseids, has teeth with 5 cuspules. In
9300:
7409:
Broklehurst, N.; Reisz, R.; Fernandez, V.; Fröbisch, J. (2016).
6579:
6577:
6575:
1387:, one of the oldest known caseids with a Late Carboniferous age.
1268:
1264:
1224:
1218:
Caseids are generally considered primarily terrestrial animals.
984:
941:
937:
688:
had a barely enlarged rib cage, a more elongated skull, smaller
9246:
8920:
8392:
7794:
7657:
7619:
7468:
Reisz, R.R.; Maddin, H.C.; Fröbisch, J.; Falconnet, J. (2011).
7377:
Romer, A.S.; Price, L.I. (1940). "Review of the pelycosauria".
1856:
and the last known representative of the family with a latest
1822:
suggests their possible existence in the temperate regions of
735:
6342:
Gand, G.; Garric, J.; Demathieu, G.; Ellenberger, P. (2000).
5691:
5689:
682:
had an unexpanded trunk. Others with an omnivorous diet like
7615:
6504:
Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces
1574:, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, late Roadian – early Wordian;
667:, triangular in shape in the center, and the very elongated
434:
and morphological diversity. The most basal taxa were small
7404:
7402:
7400:
3687:. The latter is recovered as the sister taxon of the genus
7552:
Romano, M.; Ronchi, A.; Maganuco, S.; Nicosia, U. (2017).
5591:
where skeletal remains of dinocephalians are abundant. In
1979:
representing a distinct genus which will be named in 2011
1718:, Hardeman County, Texas, late Kungurian – early Roadian;
595:), as well as small predatory or omnivorous forms such as
7213:
Day, M.O.; Smith, R.M.H. (2020). "Biostratigraphy of the
6247:
6245:
6243:
6000:
10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[160:CAOETS]2.0.CO;2
6685:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6301:
Ronchi, A.; Sacchi, E.; Romano, M.; Nicosia, U. (2011).
6110:
6108:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5627:
In 1962 Olson and Barghusen had reported in the species
769:
have three cuspules just like in the more derived forms
544:, but this hypothesis is disputed by other researchers.
6770:
6768:
6621:
6619:
6617:
5866:
Kemp, T.S. (1982). "Pelycosaurs". In Kemp, T.S. (ed.).
2248:
is identified as the sister group of a clade including
1912:) than to the caseids. The latter are grouped with the
1401:
from the Middle Permian, one of the last known caseids.
7547:
7545:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6134:
5014:
In 2022, Werneburg and colleagues described the genus
1751:, Knox County, Texas, late Kungurian – early Roadian;
1361:(whose bone texture is even more osteoporotic than in
983:, widely distributed in Permian desert facies (fossil
6493:
6491:
6489:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5889:
5887:
1557:
Left: paleogeographic map of Earth at the end of the
9171:
9161:
9151:
9082:
9047:
9015:
8989:
8963:
8948:
8745:
8730:
8688:
8673:
8663:
8653:
8643:
8633:
8529:
8514:
8504:
8410:
8343:
8333:
8323:
8313:
8303:
8293:
8055:
7842:
7826:
6586:"A re-examination of the enigmatic Russian tetrapod
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
4272:
are sister taxa and the clade forms a polytomy with
1246:
animals that used their hands with large claws like
823:(as indicated by the presence of a highly developed
514:
at the end of the early Permian, becoming, with the
9255:
9140:
9107:
9081:
9072:
9046:
9014:
8988:
8962:
8933:
8855:
8744:
8717:
8687:
8618:
8528:
8485:
8409:
8282:
8254:
8187:
8132:
8054:
8043:
7896:
7854:
7841:
7807:
7754:
7727:
7700:
5933:
5931:
5929:
1940:occupies the most basal position within the clade.
1464:and which would have favored the caseid expansion.
1228:Other hypotheses suggest that some caseids such as
6214:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
6145:Spindler, F.; Falconnet, J.; Fröbisch, J. (2015).
1694:, Cleveland County, Oklahoma, mid-late Kungurian;
7262:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6546:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1196:seem to have persisted until the Middle Permian.
7381:. Geological Society of America Special Papers.
6121:Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
2234:which occupies an intermediate position between
1652:, Greenwood County, Kansas, late Pennsylvanian;
1061:to a caseid. These footprints resemble those of
966:were considered to belong either to a caseid or
7092:and the Gondwanan ancestry of anapsid reptiles"
5040:, and forms a polytomy with a clade containing
1992:of caseids published by Maddin et al. in 2008.
1962:. This analysis reveals for the first time the
1881:between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
1709:, Comanche County, Oklahoma, early Artinskian;
1634:, Hérault, France, Wordian – early Capitanian;
5938:Reisz, R.R.; Scott, D.; Modesto, S.P. (2022).
5868:Mammal-like reptiles and the origin of Mammals
1685:, Logan County, Oklahoma, mid-late Kungurian;
1667:, Kingfisher County, Oklahoma, early Roadian;
1592:Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland, Gzhelian;
1069:sp.. They are, however, smaller than those of
7631:
7509:
7507:
6192:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
6037:
4190:in 2020, Berman and colleagues published two
1500:from the Roadian-(Wordian?) of Sardinia, and
532:In 2016 and 2022, paleontologists proposed a
8:
6207:
6205:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
5661:
5659:
1770:have been found in the southern and central
1365:) would be ecological equivalents of modern
862:Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History
741:running parallel to the ventral edge of the
7379:Geological Society of America Special Paper
6115:Sigoneau-Russell, D.; Russel, D.E. (1974).
6042:Olson, E.C. (1968). "The family Caseidae".
5574:only by their footprints attributed to the
1760:, Baylor County, Texas, mid-late Kungurian.
536:lifestyle for the most derived genera like
9243:
9078:
8941:
8930:
8917:
8723:
8626:
8497:
8493:
8406:
8402:
8389:
8279:
8064:
8051:
7851:
7819:
7815:
7804:
7791:
7733:
7706:
7697:
7654:
7638:
7624:
7616:
6628:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2685:. However, the close relationship between
1848:. If the first three authors are correct,
1676:, Blaine County, Oklahoma, early Roadian;
1155:replaced in adults by teeth suggesting an
749:, as well as along the dorsal edge of the
105:
20:
7579:
7569:
7444:
7434:
7181:
7062:
7000:
6605:
6390:
6318:
6277:
6170:
6088:
6078:
5959:
5798:
5788:
708:are also relatively large (especially in
460:. This type of caseid persists until the
6416:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
5940:"Cranial Anatomy of the Caseid Synapsid
5700:. Berlin: de Gruyter. pp. 117–198.
5583:. The latter has also been found in the
1583:, Bashkortostan, Russia, early Roadian;
510:. The caseids experienced a significant
6859:Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation
6584:Brocklehurst, N.; Fröbisch, J. (2017).
5655:
5560:
2260:is the sister group of the two species
1852:would be the first caseid found in the
734:on the head of these animals. Numerous
9386:Taxa named by Samuel Wendell Williston
7474:Sigogneau-Russell & Russell, 1974"
7166:"Fossorial origin of the turtle shell"
7027:Evolutionary Morphology of Pareiasaurs
6835:
6824:
5870:. London: Academic Press. p. 39.
1510:of southern France. In North America,
7611:Palaeos Vertebrates 390.100 Synapsida
1448:, the main herbivores of terrestrial
7:
4252:, then an apical clade of the three
1625:, Aveyron, France, late Artinskian;
1610:, Saône-et-Loire, France, Asselian;
1200:Semiaquatic vs terrestrial lifestyle
7516:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
7041:Lichtig, A.J.; Lucas, S.G. (2021).
5900:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
5406:
5382:
5358:
5291:
5284:
5243:
5219:
5195:
5171:
5147:
5123:
5116:
5092:
5084:
5070:and a more derived clade including
5036:is positioned just above the genus
4875:
4834:
4810:
4786:
4762:
4738:
4697:
4673:
4649:
4642:
4618:
4610:
4465:
4441:
4349:
4325:
4318:
4294:
4286:
4052:
4027:
4002:
3995:
3934:
3909:
3902:
3841:
3816:
3809:
3784:
3759:
3734:
3708:
3697:
3513:
3488:
3481:
3456:
3431:
3424:
3381:
3356:
3331:
3306:
3281:
3256:
3231:
3207:
3196:
3056:
3031:
2961:
2936:
2911:
2904:
2843:
2818:
2811:
2786:
2761:
2736:
2710:
2699:
2524:
2499:
2474:
2449:
2424:
2399:
2374:
2349:
2296:
2285:
2274:
2132:
2107:
2082:
2057:
2032:
2006:
1995:
1897:and L.W. Price placed Caseidae and
1889:The family Caseidae was erected by
1643:, Nurra, Sardinia, Italy, Roadian;
1096:Holotype of the faunivorous caseid
6590:and its evolutionary implications"
5988:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
5763:Reisz, R.R.; Fröbisch, J. (2014).
2661:as paraphyletic, with the species
14:
1601:, Thuringia, Germany, Sakmarian;
1352:, another well-known aestivator.
9227:
9226:
9193:
8903:
8897:
8891:
8375:
8370:
7219:South African Journal of Geology
6252:Romano, M.; Nicosia, U. (2015).
1547:
1538:
1413:with small predatory forms like
1057:) Port des Canonge Formation in
634:
623:
474:. During the early Permian, the
128:
6983:Laurin, M.; Hook, R.W. (2022).
6751:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103922
1175:vegetation processing preceded
791:, which occupy an intermediate
718:are large in size, and, on the
6989:BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin
478:is mainly represented by many
1:
9381:Prehistoric synapsid families
7317:10.1016/j.geobios.2010.11.008
6307:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
6159:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
5912:10.1080/14772019.2017.1367729
5050:and another clade containing
1267:structure, an extremely thin
1214:in a terrestrial environment.
932:has short, broad, and smooth
607:(with similar dentition) and
7528:10.1080/14772019.2011.631042
7436:10.1371/journal.pone.0156810
7282:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.02.010
6962:10.1016/j.palwor.2019.09.001
6566:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110589
6516:10.1080/10420940.2014.933070
6436:10.1016/j.jsames.2012.05.001
5790:10.1371/journal.pone.0094518
5062:. Within this latter clade,
1506:from the late Wordian-early
1304:skeleton to provide passive
1151:diet in juveniles have been
5054:, the two other species of
2256:. Within the latter genus,
1920:, which represent the most
16:Extinct family of synapsids
9402:
7562:Palaeontologia Electronica
7356:10.1126/science.33.851.631
7051:Palaeontologia Electronica
6789:10.1007/s12542-019-00453-2
6588:Phreatophasma aenigmaticum
6063:"A small caseid synapsid,
5948:Frontiers in Earth Science
4184:In describing the species
1905:(with which they form the
1580:Phreatophasma aenigmaticum
722:surface, the paroccipital
9206:
9191:
8944:
8929:
8916:
8889:
8726:
8629:
8500:
8496:
8405:
8401:
8388:
8368:
8278:
8067:
7822:
7818:
7803:
7790:
7736:
7709:
7696:
7653:
7183:10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.020
6890:10.1134/S0031030115120059
5961:10.3389/feart.2022.847560
5833:Annals of Carnegie Museum
5432:“Cotylorhynchus” hancocki
5428:
5411:
5404:
5391:“Cotylorhynchus” bransoni
5387:
5380:
5363:
5356:
5339:
5313:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5265:
5248:
5241:
5224:
5217:
5200:
5193:
5176:
5169:
5152:
5145:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5101:Martensius bromackerensis
5097:
5090:
5076:“Cotylorhynchus” hancocki
5068:“Cotylorhynchus” bransoni
4897:
4880:
4873:
4856:
4839:
4832:
4815:
4808:
4791:
4784:
4767:
4760:
4743:
4736:
4719:
4702:
4695:
4678:
4671:
4658:Martensius bromackerensis
4654:
4647:
4640:
4623:
4616:
4538:
4521:
4504:
4487:
4470:
4463:
4446:
4439:
4422:
4405:
4388:
4371:
4354:
4347:
4334:Martensius bromackerensis
4330:
4323:
4316:
4299:
4292:
4212:Martensius bromackerensis
4187:Martensius bromackerensis
4075:
4057:
4050:
4032:
4025:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3957:
3939:
3932:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3864:
3846:
3839:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3789:
3782:
3764:
3757:
3739:
3732:
3713:
3706:
3536:
3518:
3511:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3461:
3454:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3404:
3386:
3379:
3361:
3354:
3336:
3329:
3311:
3304:
3286:
3279:
3261:
3254:
3236:
3229:
3212:
3205:
3079:
3061:
3054:
3036:
3029:
2989:Ruthenosaurus russellorum
2984:
2966:
2959:
2941:
2934:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2866:
2848:
2841:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2791:
2784:
2766:
2759:
2741:
2734:
2715:
2708:
2547:
2529:
2522:
2504:
2497:
2479:
2472:
2454:
2447:
2429:
2422:
2404:
2397:
2379:
2372:
2354:
2347:
2319:
2301:
2294:
2283:
2252:and the three species of
2155:
2137:
2130:
2112:
2105:
2087:
2080:
2062:
2055:
2037:
2030:
2011:
2004:
1622:Ruthenosaurus russellorum
1598:Martensius bromackerensis
1271:, and having no distinct
936:phalanges which resemble
396:), from various parts of
372:that lived from the Late
221:
216:
125:Scientific classification
123:
113:
104:
23:
7330:Williston, S.W. (1911).
6472:10.1016/j.gr.2019.03.013
6392:10.1016/j.gr.2019.03.009
5898:(Synapsida, Caseidae)".
3826:Caseoides sanangeloensis
2828:Caseoides sanangeloensis
1891:Samuel Wendell Williston
1742:Caseoides sanangeloensis
7096:Palaeontologia Africana
6878:Paleontological Journal
5629:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
5585:Abrahamskraal Formation
5066:is the sister group of
4901:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
4884:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
4542:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
4525:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
4266:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
4264:. In this final clade,
4214:, and is followed by a
4062:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
4037:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
3541:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
3523:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
2971:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
2921:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
2673:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
2552:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
2534:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
1724:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
1715:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
1673:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
1664:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
1519:Cotylorhynchus bransoni
1239:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
489:Cotylorhynchus hancocki
7239:10.25131/sajg.123.0011
7090:Eunotosaurus africanus
7086:Modesto, S.P. (2000).
6853:Golubev, V.K. (2001).
6834:Cite journal requires
6810:Golubev, V.K. (2000).
6172:10.4202/app.00221.2015
3291:Datheosaurus macrourus
2671:is closely related to
1950:of a clade containing
1631:Lalieudorhynchus gandi
1589:Datheosaurus macrourus
1439:evolutionary radiation
1402:
1388:
1215:
1135:and the early Permian
1118:
1104:
865:
849:
672:
551:”) having the largest
512:evolutionary radiation
506:to occupy the role of
9348:Paleobiology Database
6821:(Suppl.2): S211–S224.
6731:Earth-Science Reviews
6607:10.5194/fr-20-87-2017
6320:10.4202/app.2010.0087
6188:Cotylorhynchus romeri
5942:Cotylorhynchus romeri
5343:Cotylorhynchus romeri
5269:“Angelosaurus” romeri
5034:Cotylorhynchus romeri
4860:Cotylorhynchus romeri
4723:Trichasaurus texensis
4508:Cotylorhynchus romeri
4392:Trichasaurus texensis
4227:Trichasaurus texensis
4080:Cotylorhynchus romeri
3498:Cotylorhynchus romeri
3366:Trichasaurus texensis
3266:Callibrachion gaudryi
2946:Cotylorhynchus romeri
2509:Cotylorhynchus romeri
2409:Trichasaurus texensis
2258:Cotylorhynchus romeri
2142:Cotylorhynchus romeri
1953:Cotylorhynchus romeri
1895:Alfred Sherwood Romer
1691:Cotylorhynchus romeri
1682:Cotylorhynchus romeri
1607:Callibrachion gaudryi
1394:
1380:
1331:Cotylorhynchus romeri
1260:Cotylorhynchus romeri
1207:
1110:
1099:Callibrachion gaudryi
1095:
1030:Cotylorhynchus romeri
858:Cotylorhynchus romeri
855:
841:
656:
645:Cotylorhynchus romeri
420:), and possibly from
117:Cotylorhynchus romeri
7556:Alierasaurus ronchii
7024:Lee, M.S.Y. (1995).
7002:10.1051/bsgf/2022007
6701:. 45(2)-e2 (2): e2.
6500:Dimetropus osageorum
6065:Arisierpeton simplex
5845:10.2992/007.086.0103
4843:Alierasaurus ronchii
4491:Alierasaurus ronchii
4278:Alierasaurus ronchii
4261:Alierasaurus ronchii
4210:is positioned above
4012:Alierasaurus ronchii
2650:Alierasaurus ronchii
1706:Arisierpeton simplex
1640:Alierasaurus ronchii
1211:Alierasaurus ronchii
1021:Wellington Formation
1016:Dimetropus osageorum
845:Arisierpeton simplex
495:Alierasaurus ronchii
7427:2016PLoSO..1156810B
7348:1911Sci....33..631W
7309:2011Geobi..44..399V
7274:2011PPP...302..474V
7231:2020SAJG..123..165D
7135:10.1038/nature14900
7127:2015Natur.525..239B
6743:2022ESRv..22603922M
6707:10.18563/pv.45.2.e2
6640:2016NYASA1385....3L
6558:2021PPP...579k0589M
6464:2019GondR..73...32M
6428:2012JSAES..38...31D
6383:2019GondR..72..139M
6270:2015Palgy..58.1109R
5984:Ennatosaurus tecton
5896:Ennatosaurus tecton
5781:2014PLoSO...994518R
5639:was 2-2-3-3-2 like
5252:Angelosaurus dolani
5132:Oromycter dolesorum
4819:Angelosaurus romeri
4795:Ennatosaurus tecton
4706:Oromycter dolesorum
4474:Angelosaurus romeri
4450:Ennatosaurus tecton
4375:Oromycter dolesorum
4249:Angelosaurus romeri
4243:Ennatosaurus tecton
4221:Oromycter dolesorum
3962:Angelosaurus romeri
3944:Angelosaurus greeni
3919:Ennatosaurus tecton
3744:Oromycter dolesorum
3466:Angelosaurus romeri
3316:Oromycter dolesorum
3084:Ennatosaurus tecton
3066:Angelosaurus dolani
3041:Angelosaurus romeri
2746:Oromycter dolesorum
2682:Angelosaurus dolani
2484:Angelosaurus romeri
2459:Ennatosaurus tecton
2359:Oromycter dolesorum
2160:Angelosaurus dolani
2117:Ennatosaurus tecton
2042:Oromycter dolesorum
1988:Below is the first
1959:Angelosaurus dolani
1854:Southern Hemisphere
1812:30th parallel north
1730:Angelosaurus dolani
1700:Oromycter dolesorum
1658:Angelosaurus romeri
1571:Ennatosaurus tecton
1513:Angelosaurus romeri
1398:Ennatosaurus tecton
955:Brontopus giganteus
892:condition of early
114:Fossil skeleton of
7564:. 20.2.26A: 1–27.
7332:"Permian Reptiles"
6914:Geological Journal
6648:10.1111/nyas.13264
6279:10.1111/pala.12197
6080:10.7717/peerj.6615
6061:Reisz, R. (2019).
6044:Fieldiana: Geology
5723:Geological Journal
4771:Euromycter rutenus
4426:Euromycter rutenus
4237:Euromycter rutenus
3794:Euromycter rutenus
3441:Ennatosaurus teton
3391:Euromycter rutenus
2796:Euromycter rutenus
1893:in 1911. In 1940,
1869:in the Permian of
1616:Euromycter rutenus
1403:
1389:
1216:
1208:Reconstruction of
1119:
1105:
962:basin in southern
904:and 2-3-4-5-4 for
898:phalangeal formula
866:
860:on display at the
850:
706:temporal fenestrae
673:
660:Euromycter rutenus
29:Late Carboniferous
9363:
9362:
9335:Open Tree of Life
9249:Taxon identifiers
9240:
9239:
9202:
9201:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9136:
9135:
8912:
8911:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8719:Sphenacodontoidea
8692:Palaeohatteriidae
8614:
8613:
8481:
8480:
8384:
8383:
8366:
8365:
8362:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8274:
8273:
8250:
8249:
8039:
8038:
8035:
8034:
7786:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7554:"New material of
7490:10.5252/g2011n2a2
7176:(14): 1887–1894.
7121:(7568): 239–242.
7057:((1):a13): 1–49.
6452:Gondwana Research
6371:Gondwana Research
5906:(13): 1097–1122.
5707:978-3-11-027590-2
5680:10.1111/let.12207
5551:
5550:
5542:
5541:
5533:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5515:
5514:
5506:
5505:
5497:
5496:
5488:
5487:
5479:
5478:
5470:
5469:
5461:
5460:
5452:
5451:
5443:
5442:
5328:
5327:
5011:
5010:
5002:
5001:
4993:
4992:
4984:
4983:
4975:
4974:
4966:
4965:
4957:
4956:
4948:
4947:
4939:
4938:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4920:
4912:
4911:
4607:
4606:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4580:
4579:
4571:
4570:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4552:
4181:
4180:
4172:
4171:
4163:
4162:
4154:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4136:
4135:
4127:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4090:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3972:
3889:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3624:
3623:
3615:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3596:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3167:
3166:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3113:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3095:
3094:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2891:
2890:
2882:
2881:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2335:
2334:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2170:
1530:Paleobiogeography
958:from the Permian
900:of 2-3-4-5-3 for
353:
352:
212:
9393:
9356:
9355:
9343:
9342:
9330:
9329:
9317:
9316:
9304:
9303:
9291:
9290:
9289:
9276:
9275:
9274:
9244:
9230:
9229:
9197:
9173:
9163:
9153:
9084:
9079:
9049:
9017:
8991:
8965:
8950:
8942:
8931:
8918:
8907:
8901:
8895:
8749:Sphenacodontidae
8747:
8732:
8724:
8690:
8675:
8665:
8655:
8645:
8635:
8627:
8531:
8516:
8506:
8498:
8494:
8488:Haptodontiformes
8412:
8407:
8403:
8390:
8379:
8374:
8348:Protoclepsydrops
8345:
8335:
8325:
8315:
8305:
8295:
8280:
8065:
8057:
8052:
7991:Lalieudorhynchus
7852:
7844:
7828:
7820:
7816:
7805:
7792:
7734:
7707:
7698:
7691:
7690:
7655:
7640:
7633:
7626:
7617:
7594:
7593:
7583:
7573:
7549:
7540:
7539:
7511:
7502:
7501:
7465:
7459:
7458:
7448:
7438:
7406:
7395:
7394:
7391:10.1130/SPE28-p1
7374:
7368:
7367:
7342:(851): 631–632.
7327:
7321:
7320:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7268:(3–4): 474–483.
7257:
7251:
7250:
7210:
7204:
7203:
7185:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7083:
7077:
7076:
7066:
7038:
7032:
7031:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7004:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6920:(4): 2084–2098.
6908:
6902:
6901:
6884:(2): 1346–1352.
6873:
6867:
6866:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6837:
6832:
6830:
6822:
6816:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6772:
6763:
6762:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6699:Palaeovertebrata
6696:
6687:
6668:
6667:
6623:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6581:
6570:
6569:
6543:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6495:
6484:
6483:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6394:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6339:
6333:
6332:
6322:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6281:
6264:(6): 1109–1130.
6249:
6238:
6237:
6209:
6200:
6199:
6183:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6142:
6129:
6128:
6112:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6082:
6073:. 7e6615: 1–20.
6058:
6052:
6051:
6039:
6012:
6011:
5979:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5935:
5924:
5923:
5891:
5882:
5881:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5828:
5813:
5812:
5802:
5792:
5760:
5747:
5746:
5729:(3): 1554–1566.
5718:
5712:
5711:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5663:
5644:
5625:
5619:
5612:
5606:
5565:
5415:Lalieudorhynchus
5407:
5383:
5359:
5292:
5285:
5244:
5220:
5196:
5180:“Casea” nicholsi
5172:
5148:
5124:
5117:
5093:
5085:
5072:Lalieudorhynchus
5060:Lalieudorhynchus
5017:Lalieudorhynchus
4876:
4835:
4811:
4787:
4763:
4739:
4698:
4674:
4650:
4643:
4619:
4611:
4466:
4442:
4350:
4326:
4319:
4295:
4287:
4053:
4028:
4003:
3996:
3935:
3910:
3903:
3869:“Casea” nicholsi
3851:Caseopsis agilis
3842:
3817:
3810:
3785:
3760:
3735:
3718:Eothyris parkeyi
3709:
3698:
3514:
3489:
3482:
3457:
3432:
3425:
3382:
3357:
3332:
3307:
3282:
3257:
3232:
3208:
3197:
3057:
3032:
2962:
2937:
2912:
2905:
2871:Caseopsis agilis
2853:“Casea” nicholsi
2844:
2819:
2812:
2787:
2762:
2737:
2720:Eothyris parkeyi
2711:
2700:
2663:“Casea” nicholsi
2525:
2500:
2475:
2450:
2425:
2400:
2375:
2350:
2306:Eothyris parkeyi
2297:
2286:
2275:
2133:
2108:
2083:
2058:
2033:
2007:
1996:
1879:migratory routes
1748:Caseopsis agilis
1551:
1542:
1503:Lalieudorhynchus
1466:Sedimentological
1358:Lalieudorhynchus
1290:thermoregulation
1220:Everett C. Olson
1047:Sphenacodontidae
638:
627:
592:Lalieudorhynchus
559:) to survive in
542:Lalieudorhynchus
508:primary consumer
310:Lalieudorhynchus
207:
202:
189:
133:
132:
109:
99:
27:Temporal range:
21:
9401:
9400:
9396:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9391:
9390:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9359:
9351:
9346:
9338:
9333:
9325:
9320:
9312:
9307:
9299:
9294:
9285:
9284:
9279:
9270:
9269:
9264:
9251:
9241:
9236:
9198:
9181:
9132:
9103:
9068:
9042:
9010:
8984:
8958:
8938:
8925:
8908:
8871:
8851:
8815:Secodontosaurus
8740:
8713:
8683:
8658:Hypselohaptodus
8623:
8610:
8598:Remigiomontanus
8524:
8490:
8477:
8458:Stereophallodon
8414:Ophiacodontidae
8397:
8380:
8354:
8270:
8246:
8183:
8128:
8048:
8031:
7892:
7837:
7812:
7799:
7770:
7750:
7723:
7717:Tetrapodomorpha
7702:Tetrapodomorpha
7692:
7660:
7659:
7649:
7644:
7602:
7597:
7551:
7550:
7543:
7513:
7512:
7505:
7467:
7466:
7462:
7421:(6): e0156810.
7408:
7407:
7398:
7376:
7375:
7371:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7212:
7211:
7207:
7170:Current Biology
7163:
7162:
7158:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7023:
7022:
7018:
6982:
6981:
6977:
6946:
6945:
6941:
6926:10.1002/gj.3285
6910:
6909:
6905:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6833:
6823:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6774:
6773:
6766:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6694:
6689:
6688:
6671:
6625:
6624:
6615:
6583:
6582:
6573:
6541:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6497:
6496:
6487:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6413:
6412:
6408:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6348:Palaevertebrata
6341:
6340:
6336:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6251:
6250:
6241:
6226:10.2307/1005904
6211:
6210:
6203:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6144:
6143:
6132:
6127:(230): 145–215.
6114:
6113:
6106:
6060:
6059:
6055:
6041:
6040:
6015:
5981:
5980:
5969:
5937:
5936:
5927:
5893:
5892:
5885:
5878:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5830:
5829:
5816:
5762:
5761:
5750:
5735:10.1002/gj.3250
5720:
5719:
5715:
5708:
5695:
5694:
5687:
5665:
5664:
5657:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5626:
5622:
5613:
5609:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5543:
5534:
5525:
5516:
5507:
5498:
5489:
5480:
5471:
5462:
5453:
5444:
5329:
5012:
5003:
4994:
4985:
4976:
4967:
4958:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4922:
4913:
4627:Eocasea martini
4608:
4599:
4590:
4581:
4572:
4563:
4554:
4303:Eocasea martini
4201:Eocasea martini
4182:
4173:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4101:
4092:
3983:
3974:
3890:
3881:
3730: Caseidae
3679:
3670:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3634:
3625:
3616:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3241:Eocasea martini
3227: Caseidae
3168:
3159:
3150:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2892:
2883:
2732: Caseidae
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2345: Caseidae
2336:
2324:Oedaleops campi
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2092:“Casea’’ rutena
2028: Caseidae
1887:
1804:European Russia
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1649:Eocasea martini
1554:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1532:
1384:Eocasea martini
1375:
1297:paleontological
1273:medullary canal
1202:
1153:ontogenetically
1090:
1085:
950:
842:Premaxillae of
825:hyoid apparatus
651:
650:
649:
648:
641:
640:
639:
630:
629:
628:
617:
482:that adopted a
402:European Russia
206:
200:
187:
127:
100:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
36:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9399:
9397:
9389:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9368:
9367:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9344:
9331:
9318:
9305:
9292:
9277:
9261:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9247:
9238:
9237:
9235:
9234:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9207:
9204:
9203:
9200:
9199:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9180:
9179:
9169:
9159:
9148:
9146:
9143:Incertae sedis
9138:
9137:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9130:
9129:
9128:
9122:
9113:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9090:
9088:
9076:
9074:Eutheriodontia
9070:
9069:
9067:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9055:
9053:
9044:
9043:
9041:
9040:
9039:
9038:
9032:
9023:
9021:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9007:
9006:
8997:
8995:
8986:
8985:
8983:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8971:
8969:
8960:
8959:
8957:
8956:
8945:
8939:
8934:
8927:
8926:
8921:
8914:
8913:
8910:
8909:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8884:
8881:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8869:
8868:
8867:
8861:
8859:
8853:
8852:
8850:
8849:
8841:
8833:
8825:
8818:
8811:
8804:
8797:
8790:
8783:
8775:
8772:Ctenospondylus
8768:
8761:
8753:
8751:
8742:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8727:
8721:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8711:
8704:
8701:Palaeohatteria
8696:
8694:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8671:
8661:
8651:
8641:
8630:
8624:
8621:Sphenacodontia
8619:
8616:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8608:
8601:
8594:
8587:
8584:Melanedaphodon
8580:
8573:
8566:
8559:
8552:
8545:
8542:Bohemiclavulus
8537:
8535:
8533:Edaphosauridae
8526:
8525:
8523:
8522:
8512:
8501:
8491:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8475:
8468:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8440:
8433:
8426:
8418:
8416:
8399:
8398:
8393:
8386:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8352:
8341:
8331:
8321:
8311:
8301:
8290:
8288:
8285:Incertae sedis
8276:
8275:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8266:
8260:
8258:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8223:
8216:
8209:
8201:
8193:
8191:
8189:Varanodontinae
8185:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8174:
8167:
8160:
8153:
8146:
8138:
8136:
8134:Mesenosaurinae
8130:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8123:Thrausmosaurus
8119:
8112:
8104:
8097:
8090:
8083:
8080:Archaeovenator
8076:
8068:
8062:
8049:
8046:Eupelycosauria
8044:
8041:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8029:
8022:
8015:
8008:
8001:
7994:
7987:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7956:Cotylorhynchus
7952:
7945:
7938:
7931:
7924:
7917:
7910:
7902:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7869:
7860:
7858:
7849:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7835:
7831:Diadectomorpha
7823:
7813:
7808:
7801:
7800:
7795:
7788:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7769:
7768:
7767:
7766:
7760:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7746:
7744:Reptiliomorpha
7737:
7731:
7729:Reptiliomorpha
7725:
7724:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7710:
7704:
7694:
7693:
7689:
7688:
7679:
7673:
7667:
7658:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7635:
7628:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7601:
7600:External links
7598:
7596:
7595:
7541:
7522:(4): 601–624.
7503:
7484:(2): 227–246.
7472:"Casea" rutena
7460:
7396:
7369:
7322:
7303:(4): 399–407.
7287:
7252:
7225:(2): 165–180.
7205:
7156:
7105:
7078:
7033:
7016:
6975:
6956:(2): 186–238.
6939:
6903:
6868:
6845:
6836:|journal=
6802:
6783:(1): 125–153.
6764:
6720:
6669:
6613:
6571:
6529:
6510:(3): 175–192.
6485:
6441:
6406:
6357:
6334:
6313:(4): 723–738.
6293:
6239:
6216:. New Series.
6201:
6178:
6165:(3): 597–616.
6130:
6104:
6053:
6013:
5994:(1): 160–180.
5967:
5925:
5883:
5877:978-0124041202
5876:
5858:
5814:
5748:
5713:
5706:
5685:
5674:(4): 511–526.
5654:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5620:
5607:
5605:dinocephalian.
5568:Dinocephalians
5559:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5386:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5362:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5295:
5290:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5199:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5096:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5056:Cotylorhynchus
5026:Cotylorhynchus
5009:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4838:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4814:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4766:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4747:Casea nicholsi
4742:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4701:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4513:
4512:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4409:Casea nicholsi
4404:
4401:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4353:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4298:
4293:
4291:
4285:
4255:Cotylorhynchus
4234:, followed by
4232:Casea nicholsi
4179:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4056:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3908:
3906:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3815:
3813:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3689:Cotylorhynchus
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3435:
3430:
3428:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:Casea nicholsi
3403:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2698:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:“Casea” rutena
2428:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2254:Cotylorhynchus
2242:“Casea” rutena
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2010:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1977:“Casea” rutena
1975:, the species
1910:Sphenacomorpha
1903:Sphenacodontia
1899:Edaphosauridae
1886:
1883:
1556:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1374:
1371:
1363:Cotylorhynchus
1310:Cotylorhynchus
1286:Cotylorhynchus
1255:Cotylorhynchus
1230:Cotylorhynchus
1201:
1198:
1171:suggests that
1127:Edaphosauridae
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
949:
946:
914:Cotylorhynchus
888:possessed the
812:Edaphosauridae
772:Cotylorhynchus
716:supratemporals
643:
642:
633:
632:
631:
622:
621:
620:
619:
618:
616:
613:
581:dinocephalians
569:middle Permian
538:Cotylorhynchus
462:middle Permian
351:
350:
349:
348:
341:
334:
327:
320:
313:
306:
299:
292:
285:
278:
275:Cotylorhynchus
271:
264:
257:
250:
243:
236:
229:
219:
218:
214:
213:
198:
194:
193:
185:
178:
177:
172:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
121:
120:
111:
110:
102:
101:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
37:
33:Middle Permian
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9398:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9354:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9323:
9319:
9315:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9297:
9293:
9288:
9282:
9278:
9273:
9267:
9263:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9245:
9233:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9217:Phthinosuchia
9215:
9213:
9209:
9208:
9205:
9196:
9178:
9177:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9150:
9149:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9139:
9127:
9123:
9121:
9117:
9116:
9115:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9106:
9098:
9097:Therocephalia
9094:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9086:Therocephalia
9080:
9077:
9075:
9071:
9063:
9059:
9058:
9057:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9045:
9037:
9033:
9031:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9013:
9005:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8987:
8979:
8975:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8968:
8961:
8955:
8954:
8947:
8946:
8943:
8940:
8937:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8919:
8915:
8906:
8902:
8900:
8894:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8862:
8860:
8858:
8854:
8847:
8846:
8845:Tetraceratops
8842:
8839:
8838:
8837:Tappenosaurus
8834:
8831:
8830:
8826:
8824:
8823:
8819:
8817:
8816:
8812:
8810:
8809:
8805:
8803:
8802:
8798:
8796:
8795:
8791:
8789:
8788:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8776:
8774:
8773:
8769:
8767:
8766:
8762:
8760:
8759:
8758:Cryptovenator
8755:
8754:
8752:
8750:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8729:
8728:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8708:Pantelosaurus
8705:
8703:
8702:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8686:
8680:
8679:
8678:Tetraceratops
8672:
8670:
8669:
8668:Kenomagnathus
8662:
8660:
8659:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8642:
8640:
8639:
8632:
8631:
8628:
8625:
8622:
8617:
8607:
8606:
8605:Xyrospondylus
8602:
8600:
8599:
8595:
8593:
8592:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8581:
8579:
8578:
8574:
8572:
8571:
8567:
8565:
8564:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8553:
8551:
8550:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8513:
8511:
8510:
8503:
8502:
8499:
8495:
8492:
8489:
8484:
8474:
8473:
8469:
8467:
8466:
8465:Stereorhachis
8462:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8434:
8432:
8431:
8427:
8425:
8424:
8423:Archaeothyris
8420:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8391:
8387:
8378:
8373:
8350:
8349:
8342:
8340:
8339:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8322:
8320:
8319:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8302:
8300:
8299:
8292:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8281:
8277:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8257:
8253:
8243:
8242:
8238:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8224:
8222:
8221:
8220:Tambacarnifex
8217:
8215:
8214:
8210:
8207:
8206:
8205:Mycterosaurus
8202:
8200:
8199:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8178:Microvaranops
8175:
8173:
8172:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8161:
8159:
8158:
8157:Elliotsmithia
8154:
8152:
8151:
8147:
8145:
8144:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8120:
8118:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8089:
8088:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8060:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8042:
8028:
8027:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8019:Ruthenosaurus
8016:
8014:
8013:
8012:Phreatophasma
8009:
8007:
8006:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7988:
7986:
7985:
7981:
7979:
7978:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7951:
7950:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7928:Callibrachion
7925:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7911:
7909:
7908:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7877:
7875:
7874:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7840:
7833:
7832:
7825:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7793:
7789:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7753:
7745:
7741:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7726:
7718:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7695:
7687:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7674:
7672:
7668:
7666:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7641:
7636:
7634:
7629:
7627:
7622:
7621:
7618:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7599:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7581:11573/1045550
7577:
7572:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7557:
7548:
7546:
7542:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7499:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7478:Geodiversitas
7475:
7473:
7464:
7461:
7456:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7412:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7373:
7370:
7365:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7326:
7323:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7291:
7288:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7256:
7253:
7248:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7216:
7209:
7206:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7160:
7157:
7152:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7116:
7109:
7106:
7101:
7097:
7093:
7091:
7082:
7079:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7048:
7046:
7037:
7034:
7029:
7028:
7020:
7017:
7012:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6979:
6976:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6951:
6943:
6940:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6907:
6904:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6872:
6869:
6865:(5): 454–472.
6864:
6860:
6856:
6849:
6846:
6841:
6828:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6732:
6724:
6721:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6665:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6614:
6608:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6594:Fossil Record
6591:
6589:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6540:
6533:
6530:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6445:
6442:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6410:
6407:
6402:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6361:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6335:
6330:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6297:
6294:
6289:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6258:Palaeontology
6255:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6208:
6206:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6182:
6179:
6173:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6149:Callibrachion
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6111:
6109:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6066:
6057:
6054:
6049:
6045:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5962:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5943:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5869:
5862:
5859:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5775:(4): e94518.
5774:
5770:
5766:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5717:
5714:
5709:
5703:
5699:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5662:
5660:
5656:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5595:, the caseid
5594:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5570:are known in
5569:
5564:
5561:
5554:
5547:
5546:
5538:
5537:
5529:
5528:
5520:
5519:
5511:
5510:
5502:
5501:
5493:
5492:
5484:
5483:
5475:
5474:
5466:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5448:
5447:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5426:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5409:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5300:Ruthenosaurus
5294:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5245:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5222:
5221:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5198:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5174:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5126:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5042:Ruthenosaurus
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5007:
5006:
4998:
4997:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4979:
4971:
4970:
4962:
4961:
4953:
4952:
4944:
4943:
4935:
4934:
4926:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4682:Casea broilii
4676:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4652:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4594:
4593:
4585:
4584:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4444:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:Casea broilii
4352:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4258:species plus
4257:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4207:Casea broilii
4203:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4177:
4176:
4168:
4167:
4159:
4158:
4150:
4149:
4141:
4140:
4132:
4131:
4123:
4122:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4096:
4095:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4005:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3978:
3977:
3969:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3912:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3769:Casea broilii
3762:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3674:
3673:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3646:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3593:
3592:
3584:
3583:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3556:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3491:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:Casea broilii
3334:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3284:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:Callibrachion
3163:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3135:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3005:
3004:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2771:Casea broilii
2764:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2668:Ruthenosaurus
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2586:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:Casea broilii
2377:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2237:Casea broilii
2233:
2232:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2067:Casea broilii
2060:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1916:in the clade
1915:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:pantestudines
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1820:paleolatitude
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:United States
1769:
1759:
1758:
1757:Casea broilii
1754:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1550:
1541:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:Phreatophasma
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:edaphosaurids
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1434:Phreatophasma
1430:
1429:
1428:Callibrachion
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1407:North America
1400:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:preserved in
1338:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1281:paleoclimates
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1193:Phreatophasma
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:endosymbiotic
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:insectivorous
1146:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:Callibrachion
1134:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:Captorhinidae
1116:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
997:South America
994:
993:North America
990:
986:
982:
981:
976:
972:
969:
968:dinocephalian
965:
961:
957:
956:
947:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:plesiomorphic
887:
883:
882:
881:Callibrachion
877:
872:
863:
859:
854:
847:
846:
840:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
813:
808:
804:
800:
799:
794:
790:
789:
784:
780:
779:
774:
773:
768:
767:
762:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:
681:
680:
676:species like
670:
666:
662:
661:
655:
646:
637:
626:
614:
612:
610:
606:
602:
599:and possibly
598:
597:Phreatophasma
594:
593:
588:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
553:stratigraphic
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
523:edaphosaurids
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
467:Phreatophasma
463:
459:
458:
453:
452:
451:Callibrachion
447:
446:
441:
437:
436:insectivorous
433:
429:
428:
424:if the genus
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:United States
379:
375:
374:Carboniferous
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
347:
346:
342:
340:
339:
338:Ruthenosaurus
335:
333:
332:
331:Phreatophasma
328:
326:
325:
321:
319:
318:
314:
312:
311:
307:
305:
304:
300:
298:
297:
293:
291:
290:
286:
284:
283:
279:
277:
276:
272:
270:
269:
265:
263:
262:
258:
256:
255:
251:
249:
248:
247:Callibrachion
244:
242:
241:
237:
235:
234:
230:
228:
227:
223:
222:
220:
215:
210:
205:
199:
196:
195:
192:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
131:
126:
122:
119:
118:
112:
108:
103:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
34:
30:
22:
19:
9256:
9222:Theriodontia
9212:Pelycosauria
9176:Niaftasuchus
9174:
9164:
9154:
9141:
9004:Dinocephalia
8993:Dinocephalia
8978:Biarmosuchia
8967:Biarmosuchia
8951:
8896:
8843:
8835:
8829:Steppesaurus
8827:
8820:
8813:
8806:
8799:
8792:
8785:
8777:
8770:
8765:Ctenorhachis
8763:
8756:
8733:
8706:
8699:
8676:
8666:
8656:
8646:
8636:
8603:
8596:
8589:
8582:
8575:
8570:Ianthasaurus
8568:
8561:
8556:Glaucosaurus
8554:
8549:Edaphosaurus
8547:
8540:
8517:
8507:
8472:Varanosaurus
8470:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8444:Echinerpeton
8442:
8435:
8428:
8421:
8346:
8336:
8326:
8316:
8306:
8296:
8283:
8239:
8232:
8225:
8218:
8211:
8203:
8196:
8176:
8171:Mesenosaurus
8169:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8141:
8121:
8114:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8087:Ascendonanus
8085:
8078:
8071:
8026:Trichasaurus
8024:
8017:
8010:
8003:
7996:
7989:
7982:
7975:
7970:Ennatosaurus
7968:
7963:Datheosaurus
7961:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7933:
7926:
7921:Arisierpeton
7919:
7914:Angelosaurus
7912:
7907:Alierasaurus
7905:
7897:
7885:
7878:
7871:
7863:
7856:Eothyrididae
7829:
7681:
7675:Superclass:
7606:Tree of Life
7571:10.26879/684
7561:
7555:
7519:
7515:
7481:
7477:
7471:
7463:
7418:
7414:
7382:
7378:
7372:
7339:
7335:
7325:
7300:
7296:
7290:
7265:
7261:
7255:
7222:
7218:
7214:
7208:
7173:
7169:
7159:
7118:
7114:
7108:
7099:
7095:
7089:
7081:
7064:10.26879/886
7054:
7050:
7045:Chinlechelys
7044:
7036:
7026:
7019:
6992:
6988:
6978:
6953:
6949:
6942:
6917:
6913:
6906:
6881:
6877:
6871:
6862:
6858:
6848:
6827:cite journal
6818:
6805:
6780:
6776:
6734:
6730:
6723:
6698:
6631:
6627:
6600:(1): 87–93.
6597:
6593:
6587:
6549:
6545:
6532:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6455:
6451:
6444:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6374:
6370:
6360:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6310:
6306:
6296:
6261:
6257:
6220:(2): 1–224.
6217:
6213:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6181:
6162:
6158:
6153:Datheosaurus
6152:
6148:
6124:
6120:
6070:
6064:
6056:
6047:
6043:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5867:
5861:
5839:(1): 43–75.
5836:
5832:
5772:
5768:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5697:
5671:
5667:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5623:
5610:
5598:Ennatosaurus
5596:
5589:South Africa
5578:
5563:
5430:
5429:
5413:
5412:
5389:
5388:
5367:Alierasaurus
5365:
5364:
5341:
5340:
5315:
5314:
5298:
5297:
5267:
5266:
5250:
5249:
5228:Ennatosaurus
5226:
5225:
5202:
5201:
5178:
5177:
5154:
5153:
5130:
5129:
5099:
5098:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5064:Alierasaurus
5063:
5059:
5055:
5052:Alierasaurus
5051:
5045:
5041:
5038:Angelosaurus
5037:
5033:
5030:paraphyletic
5025:
5022:Angelosaurus
5021:
5015:
5013:
4899:
4898:
4882:
4881:
4858:
4857:
4841:
4840:
4817:
4816:
4793:
4792:
4769:
4768:
4745:
4744:
4721:
4720:
4704:
4703:
4680:
4679:
4656:
4655:
4625:
4624:
4540:
4539:
4523:
4522:
4506:
4505:
4489:
4488:
4472:
4471:
4448:
4447:
4424:
4423:
4407:
4406:
4390:
4389:
4373:
4372:
4356:
4355:
4332:
4331:
4301:
4300:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4241:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4183:
4078:
4076:
4060:
4058:
4035:
4033:
4010:
4008:
3960:
3958:
3942:
3940:
3917:
3915:
3867:
3865:
3849:
3847:
3824:
3822:
3792:
3790:
3767:
3765:
3742:
3740:
3716:
3714:
3693:
3688:
3684:Alierasaurus
3682:
3680:
3539:
3537:
3521:
3519:
3496:
3494:
3464:
3462:
3439:
3437:
3407:
3405:
3389:
3387:
3364:
3362:
3339:
3337:
3314:
3312:
3289:
3287:
3264:
3262:
3239:
3237:
3216:Eothyrididae
3213:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:Datheosaurus
3177:
3171:
3169:
3082:
3080:
3064:
3062:
3039:
3037:
2987:
2985:
2969:
2967:
2944:
2942:
2919:
2917:
2869:
2867:
2851:
2849:
2826:
2824:
2794:
2792:
2769:
2767:
2744:
2742:
2718:
2716:
2695:
2691:Ennatosaurus
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:Ennatosaurus
2676:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2550:
2548:
2532:
2530:
2507:
2505:
2482:
2480:
2457:
2455:
2432:
2430:
2407:
2405:
2382:
2380:
2357:
2355:
2322:
2320:
2304:
2302:
2291:Eothyrididae
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2250:Angelosaurus
2249:
2246:Ennatosaurus
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:Trichasaurus
2229:
2227:
2158:
2156:
2140:
2138:
2115:
2113:
2090:
2088:
2065:
2063:
2040:
2038:
2014:
2012:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1957:
1951:
1948:sister group
1943:Ennatosaurus
1941:
1935:
1932:phylogenetic
1929:
1914:Eothyrididae
1888:
1875:North Africa
1864:
1850:Eunotosaurus
1849:
1838:Eunotosaurus
1837:
1834:South Africa
1829:Eunotosaurus
1827:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1497:Alierasaurus
1495:
1483:Ennatosaurus
1481:
1477:
1432:
1426:
1422:Datheosaurus
1420:
1414:
1404:
1396:
1382:
1381:Holotype of
1362:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1336:Brachydectes
1334:
1330:
1309:
1294:
1285:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1237:
1234:reproduction
1229:
1217:
1209:
1191:
1184:cellulolysis
1168:
1160:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1112:
1097:
1083:Paleobiology
1076:Ennatosaurus
1074:
1071:D. osageorum
1070:
1066:
1063:D. osageorum
1062:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1014:
1006:nomen dubium
1004:
1000:
978:
974:
953:
951:
940:rather than
930:Angelosaurus
929:
913:
909:
885:
879:
875:
867:
857:
856:Skeleton of
843:
832:
829:Ennatosaurus
828:
807:Angelosaurus
806:
803:Angelosaurus
802:
798:Angelosaurus
796:
793:phylogenetic
786:
783:Ennatosaurus
782:
776:
770:
766:Arisierpeton
764:
758:
711:Ennatosaurus
709:
683:
677:
674:
665:parasphenoid
658:
644:
601:Eunotosaurus
600:
596:
590:
586:Ennatosaurus
584:
546:
541:
537:
531:
493:
487:
472:Eunotosaurus
471:
465:
455:
449:
443:
427:Eunotosaurus
425:
422:South Africa
355:
354:
345:Trichasaurus
343:
336:
329:
322:
315:
308:
301:
294:
289:Ennatosaurus
287:
282:Datheosaurus
280:
273:
266:
259:
252:
245:
240:Arisierpeton
238:
233:Angelosaurus
231:
226:Alierasaurus
224:
203:
181:
168:
115:
18:
9281:Wikispecies
9062:Gorgonopsia
9051:Gorgonopsia
9036:dicynodonts
9030:Anomodontia
9019:Anomodontia
8822:Sphenacodon
8801:Macromerion
8591:Ramodendron
8577:Lupeosaurus
8437:Clepsydrops
8430:Baldwinonus
8395:Metopophora
8338:Mastersonia
8328:Knoxosaurus
8256:Metopophora
8164:Heleosaurus
8059:Varanopidae
7887:Vaughnictis
7865:Asaphestera
7846:Caseasauria
7215:Endothiodon
6950:Palaeoworld
6634:(1): 1–18.
6377:: 139–168.
6123:. Série 3.
5637:C. bransoni
5603:anteosaurid
4270:C. bransoni
3703:Caseasauria
3202:Caseasauria
2705:Caseasauria
2280:Caseasauria
2266:C. bransoni
2262:C. hancocki
2001:Caseasauria
1918:Caseasauria
1842:parareptile
1494:of Russia,
1452:instead of
1443:captorhinid
1349:Gnathorhiza
1343:and of the
1341:aestivation
1244:semiaquatic
922:metatarsals
918:metacarpals
615:Description
609:dicynodonts
605:pareiasaurs
557:Varanopidae
534:semiaquatic
516:captorhinid
484:herbivorous
470:and may be
191:Caseasauria
9376:Caseasaurs
9370:Categories
9210:See also:
9166:Kamagorgon
9156:Dinosaurus
9120:Cynodontia
9109:Cynodontia
8936:Therapsida
8923:Therapsida
8866:see below↓
8857:Therapsida
8787:Dimetrodon
8735:Shashajaia
8519:Milosaurus
8451:Ophiacodon
8298:Dimacrodon
8265:see below↓
8213:Ruthiromia
8198:Aerosaurus
8108:Nitosaurus
8101:Dendromaia
8073:Apsisaurus
7998:Martensius
7984:Euromycter
7765:see below↓
6995:(10): 10.
6737:: 103922.
6552:: 110589.
6354:(1): 1–82.
6198:(1): 1–30.
6050:: 225–349.
5651:References
5576:ichnogenus
5204:Euromycter
4196:Martensius
4192:cladograms
1982:Euromycter
1930:The first
1866:Dimetropus
1862:ichnotaxon
1858:Capitanian
1508:Capitanian
1470:taphonomic
1462:Artinskian
1458:diadectids
1450:ecosystems
1446:eureptiles
1316:, such as
1314:open ocean
1301:taphonomic
1173:intestinal
1169:Martensius
1161:Martensius
1157:omnivorous
1144:Martensius
1114:Euromycter
1067:Dimetropus
1051:Artinskian
1043:Dimetropus
1035:Dimetropus
1011:taphotaxon
1001:Chelichnus
980:Chelichnus
948:Footprints
910:Euromycter
886:Martensius
833:Euromycter
788:Euromycter
743:premaxilla
728:squamosals
685:Martensius
669:pterygoids
549:pelycosaur
527:diadectids
519:eureptiles
500:ecosystems
457:Martensius
440:omnivorous
376:to Middle
317:Martensius
303:Euromycter
9124:includes
9034:includes
8953:Raranimus
8808:Neosaurus
8509:Ianthodon
8234:Varanodon
8094:Eoscansor
8005:Oromycter
7949:Caseopsis
7942:Caseoides
7880:Oedaleops
7810:Synapsida
7797:Synapsida
7756:Synapsida
7677:Tetrapoda
7663:Kingdom:
7647:Synapsida
7498:129458820
7385:: 1–538.
7247:225834576
7073:233454789
7011:248955905
6970:210316208
6934:135216684
6898:130694755
6797:198140317
6759:245892961
6715:253542331
6524:129567990
6480:146780505
6458:: 32–53.
6422:: 31–43.
6401:133781923
5853:216027787
5743:133755506
5641:C. romeri
5633:C. romeri
5616:tetrapods
5580:Brontopus
5317:Caseopsis
5088:Caseidae
5047:Caseopsis
4614:Caseidae
4290:Caseidae
4274:C. romeri
4194:in which
3188:Oromycter
2687:A. dolani
1990:cladogram
1964:paraphyly
1937:Oromycter
1925:synapsids
1885:Phylogeny
1816:Kungurian
1736:A. greeni
1559:Paleozoic
1524:Kungurian
1486:from the
1395:Skull of
1373:Evolution
1322:pinnipeds
1318:cetaceans
1277:diaphragm
1159:diet. In
1055:Kungurian
1039:osageorum
975:Brontopus
971:therapsid
926:phalanges
827:found in
778:Caseopsis
724:processes
720:occipital
702:intestine
657:Skull of
561:therapsid
504:tetrapods
432:taxonomic
370:synapsids
324:Oromycter
268:Caseopsis
261:Caseoides
209:Williston
175:Synapsida
148:Kingdom:
142:Eukaryota
9287:Caseidae
9266:Wikidata
9257:Caseidae
9232:Category
8794:Eosyodon
8779:Cutleria
8648:Haptodus
8638:Cutleria
8563:Gordodon
8318:Gorgodon
8308:Driveria
8241:Watongia
8227:Varanops
8150:Cabarzia
8143:Anningia
7898:Caseidae
7873:Eothyris
7671:Chordata
7669:Phylum:
7665:Animalia
7590:73577681
7536:84706899
7455:27333277
7415:PLOS ONE
7364:17798180
7336:Sciences
7192:27426515
7143:26331544
7102:: 15–20.
6664:24680688
6656:27859325
6329:55085495
6288:86489484
6099:30997285
6008:44064927
5954:: 1–19.
5920:89922565
5809:24739998
5769:PLOS ONE
4218:between
4216:polytomy
2655:Sardinia
2016:Eothyris
1824:Gondwana
1800:Sardinia
1780:Oklahoma
1474:biotopes
1345:lungfish
1306:buoyancy
1165:homodont
1059:Mallorca
1025:Oklahoma
894:amniotes
739:foramina
698:rib cage
690:nostrils
414:Sardinia
390:Oklahoma
356:Caseidae
204:Caseidae
197:Family:
162:Chordata
158:Phylum:
152:Animalia
138:Domain:
24:Caseidae
9340:4946133
9314:3238570
9301:4530626
9272:Q132725
9126:mammals
7977:Eocasea
7686:Amniota
7446:4917111
7423:Bibcode
7344:Bibcode
7305:Bibcode
7297:Geobios
7270:Bibcode
7227:Bibcode
7200:3935231
7151:4401555
7123:Bibcode
6739:Bibcode
6636:Bibcode
6554:Bibcode
6460:Bibcode
6424:Bibcode
6379:Bibcode
6266:Bibcode
6234:1005904
6090:6462398
5800:3989228
5777:Bibcode
5668:Lethaia
4246:, then
4240:, then
3184:Eocasea
1966:of the
1946:is the
1871:Morocco
1808:Pangaea
1792:Germany
1768:fossils
1766:Caseid
1492:Wordian
1488:Roadian
1416:Eocasea
1326:pelagic
1248:paddles
1188:viscera
1132:Eocasea
896:with a
871:exapted
751:dentary
747:maxilla
714:), the
679:Eocasea
577:Wordian
573:Roadian
571:(Upper
567:of the
480:species
445:Eocasea
410:Germany
378:Permian
360:extinct
358:are an
296:Eocasea
217:Genera
9327:117172
8116:Pyozia
7588:
7534:
7496:
7453:
7443:
7362:
7245:
7198:
7190:
7149:
7141:
7115:Nature
7071:
7009:
6968:
6932:
6896:
6795:
6757:
6713:
6662:
6654:
6522:
6478:
6399:
6327:
6286:
6232:
6097:
6087:
6006:
5918:
5874:
5851:
5807:
5797:
5741:
5704:
5593:Russia
5572:France
4077:
4059:
4034:
4009:
3959:
3941:
3916:
3866:
3848:
3823:
3791:
3766:
3741:
3715:
3701:
3538:
3520:
3495:
3463:
3438:
3406:
3388:
3363:
3338:
3313:
3288:
3263:
3238:
3214:
3200:
3081:
3063:
3038:
2986:
2968:
2943:
2918:
2868:
2850:
2825:
2793:
2768:
2743:
2717:
2703:
2549:
2531:
2506:
2481:
2456:
2431:
2406:
2381:
2356:
2321:
2303:
2289:
2278:
2157:
2139:
2114:
2089:
2064:
2039:
2013:
1999:
1802:, and
1796:Poland
1788:France
1784:Kansas
1745:, and
1411:Europe
1367:hippos
1269:cortex
1265:spongy
1009:and a
989:Europe
964:France
960:Lodève
938:hooves
934:ungual
924:, and
884:, and
876:Eoasea
821:tongue
816:palate
736:labial
732:scales
565:strata
454:, and
418:Poland
416:, and
406:France
398:Europe
394:Kansas
392:, and
363:family
211:, 1912
9353:38913
9322:IRMNG
7935:Casea
7682:Clade
7586:S2CID
7532:S2CID
7494:S2CID
7243:S2CID
7196:S2CID
7147:S2CID
7069:S2CID
7007:S2CID
6966:S2CID
6930:S2CID
6894:S2CID
6815:(PDF)
6793:S2CID
6755:S2CID
6711:S2CID
6695:(PDF)
6660:S2CID
6542:(PDF)
6520:S2CID
6476:S2CID
6397:S2CID
6325:S2CID
6284:S2CID
6230:JSTOR
6071:PeerJ
6004:S2CID
5916:S2CID
5849:S2CID
5739:S2CID
5555:Notes
5156:Casea
2659:Casea
2653:from
1972:Casea
1968:genus
1922:basal
1907:clade
1844:or a
1840:as a
1832:from
1776:Texas
1088:Diets
1003:as a
987:) of
985:dunes
942:claws
908:. In
902:manus
760:Casea
755:teeth
694:skull
476:clade
464:with
386:Texas
367:basal
254:Casea
182:Clade
169:Clade
9309:GBIF
9118:see
9095:see
9060:see
9028:see
9002:see
8976:see
7742:see
7715:see
7451:PMID
7360:PMID
7188:PMID
7139:PMID
6840:help
6777:PalZ
6652:PMID
6632:1385
6151:and
6095:PMID
5872:ISBN
5805:PMID
5702:ISBN
5074:and
5058:and
5044:and
5028:are
5024:and
4276:and
4268:and
3186:and
3176:and
2689:and
2264:and
2240:and
1956:and
1703:and
1661:and
1619:and
1565:and
1516:and
1480:and
1468:and
1456:and
1419:and
1409:and
1320:and
1299:and
1225:neck
1177:oral
1125:and
1103:(D).
1037:cf.
995:and
831:and
785:and
775:and
763:and
745:and
589:and
540:and
525:and
492:and
438:and
40:PreꞒ
9296:EoL
7576:hdl
7566:doi
7524:doi
7486:doi
7441:PMC
7431:doi
7387:doi
7352:doi
7313:doi
7278:doi
7266:302
7235:doi
7223:123
7178:doi
7131:doi
7119:525
7059:doi
6997:doi
6993:193
6958:doi
6922:doi
6886:doi
6785:doi
6747:doi
6735:226
6703:doi
6644:doi
6602:doi
6562:doi
6550:579
6512:doi
6468:doi
6432:doi
6387:doi
6315:doi
6274:doi
6222:doi
6196:135
6190:".
6167:doi
6163:361
6085:PMC
6075:doi
5996:doi
5956:doi
5908:doi
5841:doi
5795:PMC
5785:doi
5731:doi
5676:doi
5587:in
1786:),
1023:in
906:pes
365:of
9372::
9350::
9337::
9324::
9311::
9298::
9283::
9268::
7684::
7584:.
7574:.
7560:.
7544:^
7530:.
7520:10
7518:.
7506:^
7492:.
7482:33
7480:.
7476:.
7449:.
7439:.
7429:.
7419:11
7417:.
7413:.
7399:^
7383:28
7358:.
7350:.
7340:33
7338:.
7334:.
7311:.
7301:44
7299:.
7276:.
7264:.
7241:.
7233:.
7221:.
7194:.
7186:.
7174:26
7172:.
7168:.
7145:.
7137:.
7129:.
7117:.
7100:36
7098:.
7094:.
7067:.
7055:24
7053:.
7049:.
7005:.
6991:.
6987:.
6964:.
6954:29
6952:.
6928:.
6918:54
6916:.
6892:.
6882:49
6880:.
6861:.
6857:.
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