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that extensive galling can be observed even at low densities following infection. Other pests and diseases can gain entry through the physical damage caused by gall formation, leading to rots. They have not been shown to cause direct damage to the enlarged tuberous roots, but plant height can be reduced if the root system is reduced. Nematicides reduce the numbers of galls per feeder root, along with fewer rots in the tuberous roots. The organophosphorus nematicide femaniphos does not reduce crop growth or harvest yield. Nematicide use in cassava is not terribly effective at increasing harvested yield, but lower infestation at harvest and lower subsequent storage loss provide a higher effective yield. The use of tolerant and resistant cultivars is the most practical management method in most locales.
51:
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expressed transcripts of different haplotype origins were enriched for different functionality during tissue development. In each tissue, 20–30% of transcripts showed allele-specific expression differences with <2% of direction-shifting. Despite high gene synteny, the HiFi genome assembly revealed extensive chromosome rearrangements and abundant intra-genomic and inter-genomic divergent sequences, with significant structural variations mostly related to long terminal repeat retrotransposons.
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1733:, because it does well on poor soils and with low rainfall, and because it is a perennial that can be harvested as required. Its wide harvesting window allows it to act as a famine reserve and is invaluable in managing labor schedules. It offers flexibility to resource-poor farmers because it serves as either a subsistence or a cash crop. Worldwide, 800 million people depend on cassava as their primary food staple.
7540:
1910:
2061:. Traditionally, cassareep was boiled in a soft pot, the actual "pepper pot", which would absorb the flavors and also impart them (even if dry) to foods such as rice and chicken cooked in it. The poisonous but volatile hydrogen cyanide is evaporated by heating. Nevertheless, improperly cooked cassava has been blamed for a number of deaths. Amerindians from Guyana reportedly made an antidote by steeping
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sections of approximately 15 cm (5.9 in), these being planted prior to the wet season. Cassava growth is favorable under temperatures ranging from 25 to 29 °C (77 to 84 °F), but it can tolerate temperatures as low as 12 °C (54 °F) and as high as 40 °C (104 °F). These conditions are found, among other places, in the northern part of the
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1838:
or starch must be processed to remove the cyanogenic glucosides. The large roots are peeled and then ground into flour, which is then soaked in water, squeezed dry several times, and toasted. The starch grains that flow with the water during the soaking process are also used in cooking. The flour is used throughout South
America and the
1692:, and able to grow productively on poor soil. Cassava grows well within 30° of the equator, where it can be produced at up to 2,000 m (7,000 ft) above sea level, and with 50 to 5,000 mm (2 to 200 in) of rain per year. These environmental tolerances suit it to conditions across much of South America and Africa.
891:, shown to be the progenitor of domesticated cassava, are centered in west-central Brazil, where it was likely first domesticated no more than 10,000 years ago. Forms of the modern domesticated species can also be found growing in the wild in the south of Brazil. By 4600 BC, cassava pollen appears in the
1837:
For some smaller-rooted, sweet varieties, cooking is sufficient to eliminate all toxicity. The cyanide is carried away in the processing water and the amounts produced in domestic consumption are too small to have environmental impact. The larger-rooted, bitter varieties used for production of flour
1388:
While alternative methods for controlling post-harvest deterioration have been proposed, such as preventing reactive oxygen species effects by using plastic bags during storage and transport, coating the roots with wax, or freezing roots, such strategies have proved to be economically or technically
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initiated by cyanide release during mechanical harvesting. Cassava shelf life may be increased up to three weeks by overexpressing a cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase, which suppressed ROS by 10-fold. Post-harvest deterioration is a major obstacle to the export of cassava. Fresh cassava can be
1833:
Societies that traditionally eat cassava generally understand that processing (soaking, cooking, fermentation, etc.) is necessary to avoid getting sick. Brief soaking (four hours) of cassava is not sufficient, but soaking for 18–24 hours can remove up to half the level of cyanide. Drying may not be
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Cassava yields a large amount of food energy per unit area of land per day – 1,000,000 kJ/ha (250,000 kcal/ha), as compared with 650,000 kJ/ha (156,000 kcal/ha) for rice, 460,000 kJ/ha (110,000 kcal/ha) for wheat and 840,000 kJ/ha (200,000 kcal/ha) for maize.
1961:
The traditional method used in West Africa is to peel the roots and put them into water for three days to ferment. The roots are then dried or cooked. In
Nigeria and several other west African countries, including Ghana, Cameroon, Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, and Burkina Faso, they are usually grated
1181:. This disease originated in South America and has followed cassava around the world. Bacterial blight has been responsible for near catastrophic losses and famine in past decades, and its mitigation requires active management practices. Several other bacteria attack cassava, including the related
970:
by
Portuguese and Spanish traders, who planted it in their colonies in Goa, Malacca, Eastern Indonesia, Timor and the Philippines. Cassava has also become an important crop in Asia. While it is a valued food staple in parts of eastern Indonesia, it is primarily cultivated for starch extraction and
774:
The complete and haplotype-resolved
African cassava (TME204) genome has been reconstructed and made available using the Hi-C technology. The genome shows abundant novel gene loci with enriched functionality related to chromatin organization, meristem development, and cell responses. Differentially
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subsistence lifestyle. A story tells that the great spirit
Makunaima climbed a tree, cutting off pieces with his axe; when they landed on the ground, each piece became a type of animal. The opossum brought the people to the tree, where they found all the types of food, including bitter cassava. A
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spp. feeding produces physically damaging galls with eggs inside them. Galls later merge as the females grow and enlarge, and they interfere with water and nutrient supply. Cassava roots become tough with age and restrict the movement of the juveniles and the egg release. It is therefore possible
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are especially high in these toxins. A dose of 25 mg of pure cassava cyanogenic glucoside, which contains 2.5 mg of cyanide, is sufficient to kill a rat. Excess cyanide residue from improper preparation causes goiters and acute cyanide poisoning, and is linked to ataxia (a neurological
6333:
Sayre, R.; Beeching, J. R.; Cahoon, E. B.; Egesi, C.; Fauquet, C.; Fellman, J.; Fregene, M.; Gruissem, W.; Mallowa, S.; Manary, M.; Maziya-Dixon, B.; Mbanaso, A.; Schachtman, D. P.; Siritunga, D.; Taylor, N.; Vanderschuren, H.; Zhang, P. (2011). "The BioCassava Plus
Program: Biofortification of
1019:
Optimal conditions for cassava cultivation are: mean annual temperatures between 20 and 29 °C (68 and 84 °F), annual precipitation between 1,000 and 2,500 mm (39 and 98 in), and an annual growth period of no less than 240 days. Cassava is propagated by cutting the stem into
1110:
and by the transplanting of diseased plants into new fields. Sometime in the late-1980s, a mutation occurred in Uganda that made the virus even more harmful, causing the complete loss of leaves. This mutated virus spread at a rate of 80 kilometres (50 miles) per year, and as of 2005 was found
945:
in their early occupation of
Caribbean islands did not want to eat cassava or maize, which they considered insubstantial, dangerous, and not nutritious. They much preferred foods from Spain, specifically wheat bread, olive oil, red wine, and meat, and considered maize and cassava damaging to
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Cassava tubers and hay are used worldwide as animal feed. Young cassava hay is harvested at three to four month, when it reaches about 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18 in) above ground; it is dried in the sun until its dry matter content approaches 85 percent. The hay contains 20–27 percent
4000:
Legg, James P.; Sseruwagi, Peter; Boniface, Simon; Okao-Okuja, Geoffrey; Shirima, Rudolph; Bigirimana, Simon; et al. (2014). "Spatio-temporal patterns of genetic change amongst populations of cassava
Bemisia tabaci whiteflies driving virus pandemics in East and Central Africa".
2003:
to detoxify cassava is by peeling, grinding, and mashing; filtering the mash through a basket tube to remove the hydrogen cyanide; and drying and sieving the mash for flour. The poisonous filtrate water was boiled to release the hydrogen cyanide, and used as a base for stews.
2553:, including to improve the efficiency of conversion from cassava flour, and to convert crop residues such as stems and leaves as well as the more easily processed roots. China has created facilities to produce substantial amounts of ethanol fuel from cassava roots.
1003:, Vishakham Thirunal Maharaja, after a great famine hit the kingdom, as a substitute for rice. However, there are documented cases of cassava cultivation in parts of the state before the time of Vishakham Thirunal Maharaja. Cassava is called kappa or maricheeni in
946:
Europeans. The cultivation and consumption of cassava were nonetheless continued in both
Portuguese and Spanish America. Mass production of cassava bread became the first Cuban industry established by the Spanish. Ships departing to Europe from Cuban ports such as
1949:
A safe processing method known as the "wetting method" is to mix the cassava flour with water into a thick paste, spread it in a thin layer over a basket and then let it stand for five hours at 30 °C in the shade. In that time, about 83% of the cyanogenic
1231:
Nematode pests of cassava are thought to cause harms ranging from negligible to seriously damaging, making the choice of management methods difficult. A wide range of plant parasitic nematodes have been reported associated with cassava worldwide. These include
6674:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
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throughout Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. Viruses are a severe production limitation in the tropics. They are the primary reason for the complete lack of yield increases in the 25 years up to 2021.
3950:
Legg, James P.; Kumar, P. Lava; Makeshkumar, T.; Tripathi, Leena; Ferguson, Morag; Kanju, Edward; Ntawuruhunga, Pheneas; Cuellar, Wilmer (2015). "Cassava Virus Diseases: Biology, Epidemiology, and Management". In Loebenstein, Gad; Katis, Nikolaos I. (eds.).
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carried goods to Spain, but sailors needed to be provisioned for the voyage. The Spanish also needed to replenish their boats with dried meat, water, fruit, and large amounts of cassava bread. Sailors complained that it caused them digestive problems.
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Cassava is grown in sweet and bitter varieties; both contain toxins, but the bitter varieties have them in much larger amounts. Cassava has to be prepared carefully for consumption, as improperly prepared material can contain sufficient
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Sivamani, Selvaraju; Chandrasekaran, Arun Pandian; Balajii, Muthusamy; Shanmugaprakash, Muthusamy; Hosseini-Bandegharaei, Ahmad; Baskar, Rajoo (2018). "Evaluation of the potential of cassava-based residues for biofuels production".
6223:
Akindahunsi, A. A.; Grissom, F. E.; Adewusi, S. R.; Afolabi, O. A.; Torimiro, S. E.; Oke, O. L. (1998). "Parameters of thyroid function in the endemic goitre of Akungba and Oke-Agbe villages of Akoko area of southwestern Nigeria".
4834:
Morante, N.; Sánchez, T.; Ceballos, H.; Calle, F.; Pérez, J. C.; Egesi, C.; Cuambe, C. E.; Escobar, A. F.; Ortiz, D.; Chávez, A. L.; Fregene, M. (2010). "Tolerance to Postharvest Physiological Deterioration in Cassava Roots".
3160:
Pope, Kevin O.; Pohl, Mary E. D.; Jones, John G.; Lentz, David L.; von Nagy, Christopher; Vega, Francisco J.; Quitmyer, Irvy R. (2001). "Origin and Environmental Setting of Ancient Agriculture in the Lowlands of Mesoamerica".
1825:
in the late 2010s, dozens of deaths were reported due to Venezuelans resorting to eating bitter cassava in order to curb starvation. Cases of cassava poisoning were also documented during the famine accompanying the
1305:, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, gall midges, leafcutter ants, and termites contribute to losses of cassava in the field, while others contribute to serious losses, between 19% and 30%, of dried cassava in storage. In
5325:"Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC) on hydrocyanic acid in flavourings and other food ingredients with flavouring properties"
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5759:
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Coyne D. L.; Kagoda F.; Wambugu E.; Ragama P. (2006). "Response of cassava to nematicide application and plant-parasitic nematode infection in East Africa, with emphasis on root-knot nematode".
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1761:. Cassava varieties are often categorized as either bitter (high in cyanogenic glycosides) or sweet (low in those bitter compounds). Sweet cultivars can contain as little as 20 milligrams of
1094:
Cassava is subject to pests from multiple taxonomic groups, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, and insects. All cause reductions in yield, and some cause serious losses of crops.
2498:
652:
The harvested part of a cassava plant is the root. This is long and tapered, with an easily detached rough brown rind. The white or yellowish flesh is firm and even in texture. Commercial
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1970:. The fermentation process also reduces the level of antinutrients, making the cassava a more nutritious food. The reliance on cassava as a food source and the resulting exposure to the
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In 2022, world production of cassava root was 330 million tonnes, led by Nigeria with 18% of the total (table). Other major growers were Democratic Republic of the Congo and Thailand.
3880:
1106:
causes the leaves of the cassava plant to wither, limiting the growth of the root. An outbreak of the virus in Africa in the 1920s led to a major famine. The virus is spread by the
542:
of West Africa, is an edible coarse flour obtained by grating cassava roots, pressing moisture off the obtained grated pulp, and finally drying it (and roasting in the case of both
5947:
1842:. Industrial production of cassava flour, even at the cottage level, may generate enough cyanide and cyanogenic glycosides in the effluents to have a severe environmental impact.
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bio-fuel production in Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam. Cassava is sometimes described as the "bread of the tropics" but should not be confused with the tropical and equatorial
7585:
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Bumoko, G.M.-M.; Sadiki, N.H.; Rwatambuga, A.; Kayembe, K.P.; Okitundu, D.L.; Mumba Ngoyi, D.; Muyembe, J.-J.T.; Banea, J.-P.; Boivin, M.J.; Tshala-Katumbay, D. (2015).
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can be 5 to 10 centimetres (2 to 4 in) wide at the top, and some 15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in) long, with a woody vascular bundle running down the middle. The
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farmers. These pests were rampant in the 1970s and 1980s but were brought under control following the establishment of the Biological Control Centre for Africa of the
8202:
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1326:
1871:. It has to be prepared correctly to remove its toxicity. The root of the sweet variety is mild to the taste, like potatoes; Jewish households sometimes use it in
5829:
3414:. Proceedings of the Validation Forum on the Global Cassava Development Strategy. Vol. 2. Rome: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
6180:
Oboh, G.; Oladunmoye, M.K. (2007). "Biochemical Changes in Micro-Fungi Fermented Cassava Flour Produced from Low- and Medium-Cyanide Variety of Cassava Tubers".
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2956:"The haplotype-resolved chromosome pairs of a heterozygous diploid African cassava cultivar reveal novel pan-genome and allele-specific transcriptome features"
1463:
3626:
Del-Rosario-Arellano, José Luis; Aguilar-Rivera, Noe; Leyva-Ovalle, Otto Raúl; Andres-Meza, Pablo; Meneses-Marquez, Isaac; Bolio-López, Gloria Ivette (2022).
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Coyne, Danny L.; Cortada, Laura; Dalzell, Johnathan J.; Claudius-Cole, Abiodun O.; Haukeland, Solveig; Luambano, Nessie; Talwana, Herbert (25 August 2018).
992:. This description definitely holds in Africa and parts of South America; in Asian countries such as Vietnam fresh cassava barely features in human diets.
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factors and toxins, with the bitter varieties containing much larger amounts. The more toxic varieties of cassava have been used in some places as
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McGregor, Andrew; Manley, M.; Tubuna, S.; Deo, R.; Bourke, Mike (2020). "Pacific Island food security: situation, challenges and opportunities".
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810:(FT) is a gene producing FT proteins which affect the formation of storage roots in many plants, including this one. Alleles in cassava include
8329:
7864:
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7708:
7608:
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50:
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Chiwona-Karltun, Linley; Katundu, Chrissie; Ngoma, James; Chipungu, Felistus; Mkumbira, Jonathan; Simukoko, Sidney; Jiggins, Janice (2002).
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Before harvest, the leafy stems are removed. The harvest is gathered by pulling up the base of the stem and cutting off the tuberous roots.
1159:
whiteflies. Genetically engineered cassava offers opportunities for the improvement of virus resistance, including CMV and CBSD resistance.
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7879:
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7638:
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966:
Portuguese traders introduced cassava to Africa from Brazil in the 16th century. Around the same period, it was introduced to Asia through
507:, native to South America, from Brazil, Paraguay and parts of the Andes. Although a perennial plant, cassava is extensively cultivated in
5955:
2638:
In Java, a myth relates that food derives from the body of Dewi Teknowati, who killed herself rather than accept the advances of the god
571:, and able to grow productively on poor soil. The largest producer is Nigeria, while Thailand is the largest exporter of cassava starch.
7077:
6870:"Effect of cassava hay and rice bran oil supplementation on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows"
3328:
8444:
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7562:
6317:
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4383:
4120:
3814:
3322:
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1209:, the genus which causes potato blight. Cassava root rot can result in losses of as much as 80 percent of the crop. A major pest is a
1112:
213:
6681:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3468:
Adams, C.; Murrieta, R.; Siqueira, A.; Neves, W.; Sanches, R. (2009). "Bread of the Land: The Invisibility of Manioc in the Amazon".
1783:
Symptoms of acute cyanide intoxication appear four or more hours after ingesting raw or poorly processed cassava: vertigo, vomiting,
1423:
1376:, which oxidizes and blackens the roots, making them inedible after a few days. This deterioration is related to the accumulation of
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root. Cassava is predominantly consumed in boiled form, but substantial quantities are processed to extract cassava starch, called
5595:"Effect of cyanide-degrading bacteria inoculation on performance, rumen fermentation characteristics of sheep fed bitter cassava (
3553:
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7919:
1765:
per kilogram of fresh roots, whereas bitter cultivars may contain as much as 1000 milligrams per kilogram. Cassavas grown during
1568:
6397:
Aregheore, E. M.; Agunbiade, O. O. (1991). "The toxic effects of cassava (manihot esculenta grantz) diets on humans: a review".
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1988:
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Zárate-Chaves, Carlos A.; Gómez de la Cruz, Diana; Verdier, Valérie; López, Camilo E.; Bernal, Adriana; Szurek, Boris (2021).
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Alvarez, Elizabeth; Llano, Germán Alberto; Mejía, Juan Fernando (2012). "Cassava diseases in Latin America, Africa and Asia".
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A review of cassava in Africa with country case studies on Nigeria, Ghana, the United Republic of Tanzania, Uganda and Benin
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Soto-Blanco, Benito; Górniak, Silvana Lima (1 July 2010). "Toxic effects of prolonged administration of leaves of cassava (
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1688:. making it an important staple; more than 500 million people depend on it. It offers the advantage of being exceptionally
8469:
1134:
7038:
758:
7174:
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5457:
1881:, a dry meal made from cooked powdered cassava, is roasted in butter, eaten as a side dish, or sprinkled on other food.
1795:(which makes sulfur available for the patient's body to detoxify by converting the poisonous cyanide into thiocyanate).
1103:
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3352:"The Economic History of Havana, Cuba: A City So Beautiful and Important It Was Once Worth More Than All of Florida"
3247:
2766:
Genus Manihot is from the Tupi-Guarani name "manioca" which means cassava. Species esculenta means edible by humans.
2033:
is made from bitter cassava juice. The juice is boiled until it is reduced by half in volume, to the consistency of
1958:; the resulting hydrogen cyanide escapes to the atmosphere, making the flour safe for consumption the same evening.
1356:(a predatory mite) were found to effectively control the cassava mealybug and the cassava green mite, respectively.
8419:
8342:
7765:
6973:"Where Asian Indian folklore meets Arawak and Kalinago folklore, 'Sound' Symmetry and Asymmetry can make you jump!"
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1806:, which can be fatal. The risk is highest in famines, when as many as 3 percent of the population may be affected.
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1062:
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4042:
3955:. Control of Plant Virus Diseases: Vegetatively-Propagated Crops. Vol. 91. Academic Press. pp. 85–142.
3630:[Edaphoclimatic zoning of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) for sustainable production of bioproducts].
3628:"Zonificación edafoclimática de la yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) para la producción sostenible de bioproductos"
3592:
1393:
of cassava varieties with improved durability after harvest, achieved by different mechanisms. One approach used
1223:, can cause losses of over 80 percent of young cassava in Latin America when temperature and rainfall are high.
920:
664:, with small amounts of calcium (16 milligrams per 100 grams), phosphorus (27 mg/100 g), and
2580:
80:
8459:
7469:
7442:
6261:"Lower serum levels of selenium, copper, and zinc are related to neuromotor impairments in children with konzo"
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4570:
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in Mexico. In this part of Mexico the following soil types have been shown to be good for cassava cultivation:
853:
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Talking Taino: Caribbean Natural History from a Native Perspective (Caribbean Archaeology and Ethnohistory)
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Cassava deteriorates after harvest, when the tuberous roots are first cut. The healing mechanism produces
1183:
787:
734:
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6611:
The new food lover's companion: comprehensive definitions of nearly 6,000 food, drink, and culinary terms
2069:. The natives of Guyana traditionally brought the product to town in bottles, and it is available on the
1321:). These pests can cause up to 80 percent crop loss, which is extremely detrimental to the production of
8464:
8158:
5593:
Suharti, Sri; Oktafiani, Hafni; Sudarman, Asep; Baik, Myunggi; Wiryawan, Komang Gede (1 December 2021).
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2011:
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197:
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Rosane F. Schwan; Euziclei G. Almeida; Maria Aparecida G. Souza-Dias; Lene Jespersen (September 2007).
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to try to silence a gene involved in triggering deterioration; another strategy selected for plentiful
1199:
Several fungi bring about significant crop losses, one of the most serious being cassava root rot; the
786:
producers, they are vital to productivity at particular times. Small cassava farmers are no exception.
6919:
625:
is Latin for 'edible'. The common name "cassava" is a 16th century word from the French or Portuguese
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5979:"Yeast diversity in rice-cassava fermentations produced by the indigenous Tapirapé people of Brazil"
5943:
3503:"Cassava consumption and the occurrence of cyanide in cassava in Vietnam, Indonesia and Philippines"
1729:. Cassava plays a particularly important role in agriculture in developing countries, especially in
864:
in 1565: grating tuberous roots into paste, shaping the bread, and cooking it on a fire-heated burén
8409:
8303:
7525:
5827:
Padmaja, G.; Steinkraus, K. H. (1995). "Cyanide detoxification in cassava for food and feed uses".
5369:
3291:
The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700
2642:. She was buried, and her lower leg grew into a cassava plant. In Trinidad, folk stories tell of a
1717:) are important sources of food in the tropics. The cassava plant gives the third-highest yield of
1322:
1119:(CMV) is widespread in Africa, causing cassava mosaic disease (CMD). Bredeson et al. 2016 find the
899:
archaeological site. The oldest direct evidence of cassava cultivation comes from a 1,400-year-old
783:
722:
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6457:
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Latif, Sajid; Müller, Joachim (2015). "Potential of cassava leaves in human nutrition: a review".
8381:
8080:
7653:
7543:
7344:
7169:
7157:
7063:
7033:
6081:
5628:
5135:
5064:
4551:
4480:
4081:
3651:
3643:
2672:
2563:
2356:
2336:
2176:
2015:
1884:
1827:
1730:
1334:
1330:
1258:
1021:
986:
967:
686:
221:
75:
8334:
4422:
3277:
995:
There is a legend that cassava was introduced in 1880–1885 CE to the South Indian state of
8308:
8207:
2954:
Qi, W.; Lim, Y.; Patrignani, A.; Schläpfer, P.; Bratus-Neuenschwander, A.; et al. (2022).
8414:
8290:
8062:
7713:
7464:
7356:
7011:
6950:
6901:
6817:
6773:
6692:
6682:
6620:
6616:
6609:
6587:
6581:
6562:
6515:
6499:
6478:
6472:
6425:
6406:
6353:
6313:
6290:
6241:
6233:
6205:
6197:
6106:
6073:
6065:
6000:
5846:
5698:
5620:
5575:
5567:
5430:
5385:
5306:
5256:
5170:
5056:
4813:
4740:
4637:
4543:
4525:
4321:
4196:
4178:
4073:
4065:
4018:
3982:
3974:
3964:
3932:
3922:
3716:
3534:
3481:
3379:
3318:
3294:
3188:
3163:
3142:
3077:
3069:
2987:
2421:
2264:
1297:
1086:
932:
900:
580:
3312:
8295:
8181:
7964:
7914:
7396:
7307:
7147:
7003:
6891:
6883:
6809:
6765:
6552:
6544:
6533:"Cyanogenesis in Cassava : The Role of Hydroxynitrile Lyase in Root Cyanide Production"
6345:
6280:
6272:
6189:
6147:
6057:
5990:
5838:
5688:
5610:
5559:
5420:
5407:"Tropical calcific pancreatitis: strong association with SPINK1 trypsin inhibitor mutations"
5296:
5288:
5223:
5127:
5048:
4942:
4846:
4803:
4730:
4722:
4627:
4619:
4533:
4517:
4472:
4311:
4186:
4170:
4124:
4055:
4010:
3956:
3806:
3635:
3524:
3514:
3473:
3388:
3180:
3132:
3122:
3059:
3015:
2977:
2969:
2894:
1758:
1689:
951:
904:
610:
568:
567:; more than 500 million people depend on it. It offers the advantage of being exceptionally
4371:
4256:
4060:
4037:
868:
8474:
7854:
7505:
7367:
7317:
7229:
7050:
6756:
Bakky, Aa; Hoque, Mr; Islam, Ms (11 February 2021). "Production of Biofuel from Cassava".
6349:
4865:"Cassava production in 2022, Crops/World Regions/Production Quantity/Year from pick lists"
4790:"Variation in cassava germplasm for tolerance to post-harvest physiological deterioration"
3064:
3041:
1818:
1700:
1246:
936:
822:
588:
118:
2749:
2497:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1921:
1385:
or bleach as a fungicide, then wrapping in plastic, freezing, or applying a wax coating.
8031:
6805:
6517:
Meehans' monthly: a magazine of horticulture, botany and kindred subjects, Volumes 11-12
6451:
5555:
4521:
4159:"Cassava diseases caused by Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis and Xanthomonas cassavae"
3529:
3502:
3176:
3118:
2657:
people of Guyana is closely bound up with the growth and processing of cassava in their
1791:, partial paralysis, collapse, and death. It can be treated easily with an injection of
8434:
8321:
8316:
7904:
7718:
6896:
6869:
6285:
6260:
5914:"Manioc Root - Cargo Handbook - the world's largest cargo transport guidelines website"
5513:"Cassava poisoning was integral to Episode 177 of Series 17 of the BBC drama 'Doctors'"
5374:
5280:
5020:
4735:
4709:"Extending cassava root shelf life via reduction of reactive oxygen species production"
4708:
4632:
4601:
4538:
4499:
4316:
4291:
4191:
4158:
2982:
2955:
2924:
2860:. Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture. May 2016. Archived from
2682:
2658:
2627:
2621:
2534:
2058:
2007:
2000:
1668:
1390:
1351:
1155:
1102:
Several viruses cause enough damage to cassava crops to be of economic importance. The
892:
873:
842:
105:
6374:. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: Donald Danforth Plant Science Center. 2018. Archived from
5276:"Cyanogenesis in Cassava, The Role of Hydroxynitrile Lyase in Root Cyanide Production"
59:
8403:
8360:
7515:
7181:
6995:
6972:
6557:
6532:
6085:
5995:
5978:
5797:
5632:
5301:
5275:
3655:
3137:
3096:
2525:-ounce) reference serving, raw cassava provides 670 kilojoules (160 kilocalories) of
2132:
2070:
1809:
Like many other roots and tubers, both bitter and sweet varieties of cassava contain
1718:
1382:
1373:
1338:
1210:
1146:
928:
861:
826:
504:
164:
7043:
6726:
6583:
The History of British Guiana: Comprising a General Description of the Colony (1855)
5228:
5211:
5139:
4555:
4484:
4085:
3639:
3438:
3407:
3207:
1875:. It can be made into a flour that is used in breads, cakes and cookies. In Brazil,
8386:
8067:
7750:
7457:
7327:
7164:
7122:
7102:
6061:
5883:
5329:
5324:
4788:
Venturini, M. T; Santos, L. R; Vildoso, C. I; Santos, V. S; Oliveira, E. J (2016).
4014:
3271:
3212:
2650:, meaning to pound, for what is traditionally a woman's work of pounding cassava.
2108:
2062:
1810:
1777:
1746:
1710:
1680:
Cassava is the third-largest source of carbohydrates in food in the tropics, after
1302:
1252:
1205:
915:
of the native populations of northern South America, southern Mesoamerica, and the
877:
555:
Cassava is the third-largest source of carbohydrates in food in the tropics, after
154:
8054:
8041:
4602:"Correlation of Chemical Compositions of Cassava Varieties to Their Resistance to
3184:
2973:
7007:
6045:
6019:
5750:"Estragos de la crisis: Ocho niños han muerto en Aragua por consumir yuca amarga"
3960:
3477:
3355:
1962:
and lightly fried in palm oil to preserve them. The result is a foodstuff called
1830:(1958–1962) in China. Farmers may select bitter cultivars to reduce crop losses.
8241:
8166:
8014:
7500:
7452:
7447:
7432:
7240:
7218:
7191:
7152:
7137:
7112:
6769:
6046:"Parakari, an indigenous fermented beverage using amylolytic Rhizopus in Guyana"
5486:
4975:
4850:
4758:
2960:
2639:
2530:
2526:
2092:
1975:
1814:
1792:
1402:
912:
908:
779:
636:. The common name "yuca" or "yucca" is most likely also from Taíno, via Spanish
584:
564:
512:
481:
6676:
6193:
6151:
5615:
5594:
3392:
3106:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2898:
7894:
7391:
7361:
7297:
7142:
7107:
6813:
6276:
5842:
5754:
5722:
5693:
5679:
5674:
5563:
5039:
4476:
3936:
3679:. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Bangkok. Archived from
3578:
Materia medica of Hindoostan, and artisan's and agriculturalist's nomenclature
3519:
3443:
A review of cassava in Asia with country case studies on Thailand and Viet Nam
2395:
2281:
2247:
1955:
1900:
1754:
1741:
Cassava roots, peels and leaves are dangerous to eat raw because they contain
1726:
1398:
1346:
1000:
979:
972:
677:
673:
530:, which is used for food, animal feed, and industrial purposes. The Brazilian
6996:"Cassava and the Makushi: a shared history of resiliency and transformation""
6821:
6777:
6237:
6201:
6069:
5624:
5571:
5449:
5060:
4529:
4182:
4069:
3978:
3647:
3073:
8101:
7899:
7780:
7658:
7613:
7485:
7401:
7302:
7127:
7086:
6887:
5425:
5406:
4623:
3127:
3040:
Zierer, Wolfgang; Rüscher, David; Sonnewald, Uwe; Sonnewald, Sophia (2021).
2507:
Raw cassava is 60% water, 38% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible
2314:
2030:
2019:
1971:
1951:
1839:
1742:
1722:
1705:
1394:
1004:
942:
799:
791:
665:
8373:
8005:
6905:
6696:
6357:
6294:
6245:
6209:
6077:
6004:
5702:
5579:
5434:
4817:
4744:
4641:
4547:
4325:
4214:
4200:
4077:
4038:"Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Diseases: Current Perspectives and Beyond"
4022:
3986:
3538:
3192:
3146:
3081:
2991:
6566:
6548:
6531:
White, W. L. B.; Arias-Garzon, D. I.; McMahon, J. M.; Sayre R. T. (1998).
6410:
6028:
Their staple food is cassava, from which they make cassava bread and brew
5850:
5490:
5310:
5292:
5260:
4726:
2803:
8368:
7999:
7889:
7828:
7385:
7350:
7275:
7265:
7208:
4808:
4789:
3239:
2778:
2571:
2230:
2046:
2034:
1896:
1798:
Chronic, low-level exposure to cyanide may contribute to both goiter and
1622:
1586:
1291:
Grasshoppers, here on cassava in Nigeria, are secondary pests of cassava.
1200:
1138:
1107:
1068:
1033:
1025:
916:
857:
653:
630:
508:
131:
5913:
5243:
Aregheore E. M.; Agunbiade O. O. (1991). "The toxic effects of cassava (
4864:
4600:
Osipitan, A. A.; Sangowusi, V. T.; Lawal, O. I.; Popoola, K. O. (2015).
3439:"Cassava in Asia. Expanding the Competitive Edge in Diversified Markets"
2828:
8145:
8075:
7292:
7286:
7117:
7094:
5274:
White W. L. B.; Arias-Garzon D. I.; McMahon J. M.; Sayre R. T. (1998).
5068:
4946:
4898:
4444:
Caveness, F. E. (1982). "Root-knot nematodes as parasites of cassava".
4128:
3576:
3314:
Conquest and food: consequences of the encounter of two worlds; page 75
2654:
2550:
2546:
2210:
1966:. Fermentation is also used in other places such as Indonesia, such as
1872:
1851:
1766:
1762:
1664:
1550:
1516:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1008:
959:
838:
669:
605:
591:. Farmers may however choose bitter cultivars to minimise crop losses.
583:. The more toxic varieties of cassava have been used in some places as
576:
527:
174:
17:
8171:
4174:
3019:
2026:
and protein to improve the nutrition of people in sub-Saharan Africa.
927:
by the time of European contact in 1492. Cassava was a staple food of
7869:
7838:
7808:
7703:
7628:
7338:
7270:
7186:
7132:
5651:
3914:
3907:
Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams And Aroids
3599:
2567:
2297:
1892:
1877:
1788:
1784:
1640:
1306:
996:
955:
947:
661:
520:
500:
144:
7976:
5153:
5052:
3354:. San José State University, Department of Economics. Archived from
2914:"Preparation of cassava leaf products and their use as animal feeds"
6951:"The Folklore about Food Sustainability according Javanese Culture"
6131:"Simple wetting method to reduce cyanogen content of cassava flour"
5798:"Bitter cassava and women: an intriguing response to food security"
5131:
4922:"African Cassava Mosaic Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Control"
4500:"Plant-Parasitic Nematodes and Food Security in Sub-Saharan Africa"
4261:
spp.) in pot experiments and farmer-managed field trials in Uganda"
3501:
Mota-Guttierez, Jatziri; O'Brien, Gerard Michael (September 2019).
798:, and smallholders tend to retain less productive but more diverse
8194:
8106:
7755:
7745:
7312:
7255:
7245:
7198:
3712:
3674:"Production techniques for sustainable cassava production in Asia"
3593:"Kappa for all seasons - many avatars of the magic starch root..."
2122:
2054:
2042:
2038:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1888:
1803:
1772:
1685:
1604:
1534:
1286:
1085:
867:
852:
657:
600:
560:
538:
523:
496:
92:
67:
33:
8282:
5948:"Eat this! Hearty Brazilian feijoada, just in time for Carnival!"
3445:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
8093:
7280:
7250:
5954:. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide. Archived from
5162:
4869:
Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database
3377:
Super, John C. (1984). "Spanish Diet in the Atlantic Crossing".
2434:
2050:
2023:
1681:
556:
516:
7980:
7558:
7059:
3705:
Willy H. Verheye, ed. (2010). "Tropical Root and Tuber Crops".
1295:
Insects such as stem borers and other beetles, moths including
7909:
7648:
7633:
7260:
6504:. Society for promoting Christian knowledge. pp. 455–456.
5035:"Drought-tolerant Cassava for Africa, Asia, and Latin America"
2508:
2152:
2066:
5011:
The Crop Productivity Symposium, IRRI, los Banos, Philippines
4342:
Gapasin, R. M. (1980). "Reaction of golden yellow cassava to
4232:(Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 2019.
2723:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2022.
672:, whereas the leaves are rich in it, except for being low in
7055:
5648:"Cassava's cyanide-producing abilities can cause neuropathy"
2858:
National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Release 28
2537:
in significant content (i.e. above 10% of the relevant DV).
5783:
The Great Famine in China, 1958-1962: A Documentary History
4759:"Storage and processing of roots and tubers in the tropics"
3005:
3003:
3001:
1090:
An agronomist examines a diseased cassava crop in Thailand.
6645:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
3873:"Uganda to launch innovative gene-edited cassava research"
841:
towards the reproductive organs, as shown by experimental
543:
531:
5675:"Transgenic approaches for cyanogen reduction in cassava"
1978:
has been responsible for the endemic goiters seen in the
1274:
are the most widely reported and economically important.
668:(20.6 mg/100 g). Cassava roots contains little
3293:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–57, 151.
2662:
bird told the people how to prepare the cassava safely.
5450:"How do people learn to cook a poisonous plant safely?"
5376:
Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition
6758:
Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources
4976:"Dimensions of Need: An atlas of food and agriculture"
4257:"Reaction of cassava cultivars to root-knot nematode (
3097:"Evidence on the origin of cassava: phylogeography of
1770:
disorder affecting the ability to walk, also known as
5477:
5475:
1776:). It has also been linked to tropical fibrocalcific
32:"Yuca" redirects here. For the flowering shrubs, see
6868:
R. Lunsin; M. Wanapat; P. Rowlinson (October 2012).
6586:. Adamant Media Corporation (reprint). p. 185.
5370:"Ch. 7 Toxic substances and antinutritional factors"
4405:
Mc Sorley, R.; Ohair, S. K.; Parrado, J. L. (1983).
4290:
Makumbi-Kidza, N. N.; Speijer; Sikora R. A. (2000).
1405:
which may help to reduce oxidization after harvest.
7989:
7928:
7847:
7794:
7679:
7599:
7478:
7410:
7326:
7217:
7093:
6794:
Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology
3919:
Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International
2626:Cassava is used in laundry products, especially as
2545:Cassava has been studied as a feedstock to produce
2470:
2458:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2381:
2368:
2355:
2334:
2313:
2296:
2280:
2263:
2246:
2229:
2208:
2173:
2149:
2131:
2121:
2105:
2091:
2086:
6678:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
6608:
5373:
3470:Amazon Peasant Societies in a Changing Environment
2610:Drying on road to be used for pig and chicken feed
1123:cultivars most widely used on that continent have
931:peoples in the Americas and is often portrayed in
609:and the common name "manioc" both derive from the
5884:"Cassava: Benefits, toxicity, and how to prepare"
4684:. The World Food Prize Foundation. Archived from
4658:. The World Food Prize Foundation. Archived from
4296:on growth and storage-root formation of cassava (
3708:Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II
2346:
2220:
939:people often depicted cassava in their ceramics.
7044:Why cassava? Global Cassava Development Strategy
6226:African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences
5866:Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America
5718:"La yuca amarga alimenta la muerte en Venezuela"
5673:Siritunga D; Sayre RT (September–October 2007).
4569:Uchechukwumgemezu, Chidinma (21 December 2020).
4104:"Cassava bacterial blight: a manageable disease"
3866:
3864:
3837:"Hungry African nations balk at biotech cassava"
7418:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
6837:"China Biofuel Industry Faces Uncertain Future"
3801:
3799:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
1327:International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
790:is vital when productivity has declined due to
6520:. Thomas Meehan & Sons. 1901. p. 108.
5830:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
5017:Crop physiology case histories for major crops
4097:
4095:
3270:The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
2087:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
7570:
7071:
6875:Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
3900:
3898:
1753:. These are decomposed by the cassava enzyme
1721:per cultivated area among crop plants, after
1309:, a previous issue was the cassava mealybug (
1145:found that these two areas have two distinct
8:
6445:
6443:
4571:"Nigeria to introduce new cassava varieties"
4036:Rey, Chrissie; Vanderschuren, Hervé (2017).
2081:
2010:has been applied to grow cassava with lower
1994:Tuber, peeled and soaking to reduce toxicity
1780:in humans, leading to chronic pancreatitis.
1191:, which causes bacterial angular leaf spot.
1115:is a major threat to cultivation worldwide.
923:, who grew it using a high-yielding form of
495:(among numerous regional names), is a woody
8480:Crops originating from indigenous Americans
6020:"Tribal cures for modern ailments, Surinam"
5781:Zhou Xun (2012). "Ch. 3 Seasons of death".
4897:of the United Nations (FAO). Archived from
3621:
3619:
3617:
2570:. It is valued as a source of roughage for
1141:affects both East and Central Africa, Legg
7977:
7577:
7563:
7555:
7078:
7064:
7056:
6641:United States Food and Drug Administration
6474:Island Cooking: Recipes from the Caribbean
6308:Keegan, William; Carlson, Lisbeth (2008).
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5212:"Linamarin: the Toxic Compound of Cassava"
4337:
4335:
3575:Ainslie, Whitelaw; Halford, Henry (1813).
3437:Hershey, Clair; et al. (April 2000).
2190:
2080:
1899:or kari (Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam), and
1301:, scale insects, fruit flies, shootflies,
1167:Among the most serious bacterial pests is
58:
49:
40:
7423:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
6949:Sudardi, Bani; Widyastuti, Hesti (2016).
6895:
6727:"The Global Cassava Development Strategy"
6556:
6284:
6102:Enzyme Nutrition: The Food Enzyme Concept
5994:
5758:(in European Spanish). 22 February 2018.
5692:
5614:
5424:
5300:
5227:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5033:El-Sharkawy, Mabrouk A. (1 August 1993).
4807:
4734:
4631:
4537:
4315:
4190:
4059:
3528:
3518:
3136:
3126:
3063:
2981:
7034:Cassava – Purdue University Horticulture
6139:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
5210:Cereda, M. P.; Mattos, M. C. Y. (1996).
5095:"Nutrition per Hectare for Staple Crops"
4465:International Journal of Pest Management
4365:
4363:
4361:
4255:Coyne, D. L.; Talwana, L. A. H. (2000).
3807:"Virus ravages cassava plants in Africa"
2533:(DV) of vitamin C, but otherwise has no
1520:
6958:Journal of Education and Social Science
6720:
6718:
6615:. Barron's Educational Series. p.
5116:Stone, G. D. (2002). "Both Sides Now".
4920:Fauquet Claude; Fargette Denis (1990).
3667:
3665:
3272:Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera
2886:Trends in Food Science & Technology
2699:
2646:or snake-woman; the word is related to
2576:
1984:
1905:
1407:
1046:
682:
6835:Anderson-Sprecher, Andrew; Ji, James.
6731:U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization
6450:Nicholls, Henry Alfred Alford (1906).
6124:
6122:
6105:. Avery Publishing Group. p. 49.
5808:from the original on 22 September 2018
5544:Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology
5341:from the original on 29 September 2015
5216:Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins
4763:U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization
4386:from the original on 22 September 2018
4061:10.1146/annurev-virology-101416-041913
3408:"The cassava transformation in Africa"
3268:Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum.
2921:FAO Animal Production and Health Paper
2705:
2703:
2630:to stiffen shirts and other garments.
1217:. Superelongation disease, caused by
7039:Cassava Pests: From Crisis to Control
6350:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103751
5762:from the original on 23 February 2018
5730:from the original on 12 February 2018
5460:from the original on 4 September 2019
5186:from the original on 23 November 2016
4986:from the original on 24 November 2016
4829:
4827:
4581:from the original on 21 December 2020
3871:Afedraru, Lominda (31 January 2019).
3552:Saraswathy Nagarajan (27 June 2019).
3418:from the original on 11 February 2019
3250:from the original on 1 September 2020
3208:"CU team discovers Mayan crop system"
3065:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-084456
3042:"Tuber and Tuberous Root Development"
2744:
2742:
2727:from the original on 11 November 2022
1493:Frozen leaves in a Los Angeles market
1133:genes of which some appear to be CMD
7:
8430:Crops originating from South America
8270:fff73974-a377-4d3e-9bbe-a7e09d99e78e
7491:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
6842:. USDA Foreign Agriculture Service.
6737:from the original on 19 January 2012
6265:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
6161:from the original on 5 February 2015
5519:from the original on 8 February 2016
5247:Crantz) diets on humans: a review".
5075:from the original on 21 January 2022
4236:from the original on 9 November 2022
4138:from the original on 14 January 2023
4102:Lozano, J. Carlos (September 1986).
3449:from the original on 7 November 2017
3095:Olsen, K. M.; Schaal, B. A. (1999).
2949:
2947:
2945:
1481:Starch noodles packaged for shipping
845:reducing storage root accumulation.
837:expression encourages motivation of
6453:A text-book of tropical agriculture
5384:of the United Nations (FAO). 1990.
4522:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045833
4265:International Journal of Nematology
3883:from the original on 15 August 2021
2854:"Basic Report: 11134, Cassava, raw"
1469:Starch being prepared for packaging
7000:Food and Identity in the Caribbean
6930:from the original on 20 April 2023
6655:from the original on 27 March 2024
6018:van Vark, Manon (28 August 1999).
5894:from the original on 30 March 2022
4956:from the original on 9 August 2017
4939:American Phytopathological Society
4769:from the original on 22 April 2016
4121:American Phytopathological Society
3817:from the original on 16 March 2017
3564:from the original on 27 July 2020.
3331:from the original on 20 April 2023
1113:Cassava brown streak virus disease
25:
6849:from the original on 27 July 2020
6334:Cassava for Sub-Saharan Africa".
6044:Henkel, Terry W. (1 March 2005).
5864:Opie, Frederick Douglass (2008).
5489:. 29 January 2017. Archived from
5448:Harford, Tim (4 September 2019).
5382:Food and Agriculture Organization
5167:Food and Agriculture Organization
5105:from the original on 9 June 2016.
5005:Cock, James H. (September 1980).
4980:Food and Agriculture Organization
4895:Food and Agriculture Organization
3581:. Madras State: Government Press.
3220:from the original on 31 July 2019
1999:A traditional method used by the
1457:(cassava bread) to dry, Venezuela
621:for the plant. The specific name
8348:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:351790-1
7539:
7538:
6477:. Ten Speed Press. p. 138.
5996:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00241.x
5924:from the original on 20 May 2022
4707:Zidenga, T; et al. (2012).
4606:Horn (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)"
3845:. 31 August 2005. Archived from
3729:from the original on 11 May 2021
3554:"How tapioca came to Travancore"
3206:Carroll, Rory (23 August 2007).
2715:Crantz, Rei Herb. 1: 167 (1766)"
2603:
2591:
2579:
1987:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1633:
1615:
1597:
1579:
1569:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1561:
1543:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1061:
1049:
757:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
79:
6703:from the original on 9 May 2024
5716:Castro, Maolis (6 March 2017).
5603:Annals of Agricultural Sciences
5483:"CASSAVA POISONING – VENEZUELA"
5249:Veterinary and Human Toxicology
5229:10.1590/S0104-79301996000100002
4795:Genetics and Molecular Research
4505:Annual Review of Phytopathology
3640:10.4067/S0718-34022022000100361
3240:"Taino | History & Culture"
1895:(Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname),
1329:(IITA) under the leadership of
7960:List of international rankings
6337:Annual Review of Plant Biology
6312:. Fire Ant Books. p. 74.
6062:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832833
4015:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.11.018
3672:Howeler, Reinhardt H. (2007).
3632:Norte Grande Geography Journal
3047:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1982:area of southwestern Nigeria.
716:Tuberous root in cross-section
1:
6977:Lokoratna Journal of Folklore
6607:Herbst, Sharon Tyler (2001).
5650:. cidpusa.org. Archived from
3185:10.1126/science.292.5520.1370
2923:(95): 111–125. Archived from
2912:Ravindran, Velmerugu (1992).
1945:Preparation of bitter cassava
1381:preserved like potato, using
7008:10.5040/9781350042162.ch-001
5804:. Vol. 18, no. 4.
4376:African Crop Science Journal
3961:10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.10.001
3634:(in Spanish) (81): 361–383.
3478:10.1007/978-1-4020-9283-1_13
2493:Percentages estimated using
1869:many ways of cooking cassava
1104:African cassava mosaic virus
7521:Issues relating to biofuels
7511:Energy return on investment
6770:10.3329/jesnr.v12i1-2.52032
6471:Harris, Dunstan A. (2003).
4851:10.2135/cropsci2009.11.0666
4372:"Nematode pests of cassava"
4348:Annals of Tropical Research
4224:Invasive Species Compendium
2974:10.1093/gigascience/giac028
2833:Online Etymology Dictionary
2808:Online Etymology Dictionary
2783:Online Etymology Dictionary
2486:Link to USDA Database entry
2097:670 kJ (160 kcal)
1179:bacterial blight of cassava
1137:. Although the ongoing CMD
8496:
6971:Provost, M. C. L. (2011).
6498:Wood, John George (1886).
6194:10.1177/026010600701800405
6152:10.1016/j.jfca.2005.04.012
5616:10.1016/j.aoas.2021.09.001
5015:reprinted as a chapter in
3953:Advances in Virus Research
3393:10.1179/008228884791016718
2899:10.1016/j.tifs.2015.04.006
2756:. Singapore National Parks
2720:Plants of the World Online
2619:
2029:In Guyana the traditional
1887:made from cassava include
1860:
1849:
1821:. For example, during the
1800:tropical ataxic neuropathy
1524:Cassava production – 2022
1514:
1333:. The Centre investigated
1315:) and cassava green mite (
1079:
825:in leaves seems to not be
704:Unprocessed tuberous roots
31:
8445:Flora of Southern America
7954:
7534:
7496:Energy content of biofuel
6994:Schacht, Ryan N. (2013).
6814:10.1007/s11157-018-9475-0
6725:Tewe, Olumide O. (2004).
6580:Dalton, Henry G. (2005).
6277:10.1016/j.jns.2015.01.007
5870:Columbia University Press
5843:10.1080/10408399509527703
5564:10.1016/j.etp.2009.05.011
4611:Journal of Insect Science
4477:10.1080/09670870600722959
4421:: 261–287. Archived from
4163:Molecular Plant Pathology
4043:Annual Review of Virology
3715:Publishers. p. 273.
3520:10.1017/S136898001900524X
3012:Pacific Economic Bulletin
2598:A close-up of the product
2492:
2482:
2478:
2454:
2446:
2330:
2326:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2169:
2165:
2145:
2141:
2101:
1661:
1523:
1517:Tapioca § Production
1011:in Indian English usage.
872:17th-century painting by
563:, making it an important
544:
532:
227:
220:
203:
196:
76:Scientific classification
74:
66:
57:
48:
43:
8425:Central American cuisine
7470:Thermal depolymerization
7443:Industrial biotechnology
5888:www.medicalnewstoday.com
5785:. Yale University Press.
5515:. BBC. 5 February 2016.
3911:Wallingford, Oxfordshire
3602:, India. 1 February 2018
3406:Nweke, Felix I. (2005).
3350:Watkins, Thayer (2006).
2511:(table). In a 100-gram (
1389:impractical, leading to
1241:Rotylenchulus reniformis
1203:involved are species of
1082:List of cassava diseases
784:economically inefficient
7438:Fischer–Tropsch process
7428:Biomass heating systems
7049:7 November 2016 at the
6924:www.botanischetuinen.nl
6888:10.5713/ajas.2012.12051
6424:Jackson, J. R. (1872).
6129:Bradbury, J.H. (2006).
6099:Howell, Edward (1995).
5694:10.1093/jaoac/90.5.1450
5426:10.1053/gast.2002.36028
4407:"Nematodes of Cassava,
3905:Lebot, Vincent (2020).
3842:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
3507:Public Health Nutrition
3244:Encyclopedia Britannica
3128:10.1073/pnas.96.10.5586
2678:Maní (Amazonian legend)
2495:US recommendations
1378:reactive oxygen species
1337:for cassava pests; two
1235:Pratylenchus brachyurus
8450:French Guianan cuisine
5155:Save and Grow: Cassava
5023:, 2021, pages 588-633.
4604:Prostephanus truncatus
3289:Earle, Rebecca (2012)
3014:. Asia Pacific Press.
2499:the National Academies
1823:shortages in Venezuela
1757:, releasing poisonous
1292:
1184:Xanthomonas campestris
1170:Xanthomonas axonopodis
1091:
880:
865:
314:Ruiz & Pav. ex Pax
279:Jatropha flabellifolia
6549:10.1104/pp.116.4.1219
6501:Man and his handiwork
6456:. Macmillan. p.
5293:10.1104/pp.116.4.1219
5169:. 2013. p. iii.
4727:10.1104/pp.112.200345
4624:10.1093/jisesa/ieu173
4370:Coyne, D. L. (1994).
4304:Journal of Nematology
4294:Meloidogyne incognita
2620:Further information:
2195:Vitamins and minerals
2012:cyanogenic glycosides
1751:cyanogenic glycosides
1441:Starch wet-processing
1318:Mononychellus tanajoa
1290:
1265:Meloidogyne incognita
1089:
1080:Further information:
871:
856:
515:regions as an annual
423:Manihot flabellifolia
263:Jatropha digitiformis
8470:Tropical agriculture
6920:"Tapioca or Cassava"
6182:Nutrition and Health
5654:on 24 September 2010
5119:Current Anthropology
4809:10.4238/gmr.15027818
4446:IITA Research Briefs
3877:Alliance for Science
3760:The Cassava Handbook
3472:. pp. 281–305.
3311:Long, Janet (2003).
2688:Cassava-based dishes
2653:The identity of the
1863:Cassava-based dishes
1834:sufficient, either.
1368:Handling and storage
1312:Phenacoccus manihoti
1271:Meloidogyne javanica
1220:Elsinoë brasiliensis
1117:Cassava mosaic virus
983:(Artocarpus altilis)
925:shifting agriculture
883:Wild populations of
391:Manihot digitiformis
346:(J.F.Gmel.) D.Parodi
7590:agricultural output
7526:Sustainable biofuel
6806:2018RESBT..17..553S
5983:FEMS Yeast Research
5958:on 12 February 2010
5946:(3 February 2010).
5890:. 9 February 2021.
5556:2010EToxP..62..361S
5542:Crantz) to goats".
5099:GardeningPlaces.com
4901:on 18 November 2016
4346:spp. Inoculation".
3278:Thames & Hudson
3177:2001Sci...292.1370P
3171:(5520): 1370–1373.
3119:1999PNAS...96.5586O
2586:Tubers being grated
2083:
1954:are broken down by
1885:Alcoholic beverages
1852:Tapioca § Uses
990:(Treculia africana)
447:Manihot melanobasis
351:Mandioca utilissima
319:Jatropha silvestris
311:Jatropha paniculata
7586:Lists of countries
5599:Crantz) leaf meal"
5493:on 2 February 2017
4947:10.1094/pd-74-0404
4219:(rust of cassava)"
4217:Uromyces manihotis
4129:10.1094/PD-70-1089
4123:(APS): 1089–1093.
3811:The New York Times
3778:"Cassava (manioc)"
2930:on 15 January 2012
2673:Columbian Exchange
2566:and 1.5–4 percent
2460:Other constituents
2037:and flavored with
1828:Great Leap Forward
1749:, which are toxic
1731:sub-Saharan Africa
1335:biological control
1331:Hans Rudolf Herren
1293:
1215:Uromyces manihotis
1092:
1022:Gulf Coastal Plain
987:African breadfruit
968:Columbian Exchange
881:
866:
660:roots are largely
536:, and the related
463:Manihot utilissima
434:Pax & K.Hoffm.
402:(J.F.Gmel.) Baill.
327:Jatropha stipulata
287:Jatropha loureiroi
8420:Caribbean cuisine
8397:
8396:
8309:Manihot esculenta
8291:Open Tree of Life
8021:Manihot esculenta
7991:Manihot esculenta
7983:Taxon identifiers
7974:
7973:
7552:
7551:
7465:Sabatier reaction
7017:978-1-350-04216-2
6882:(10): 1364–1373.
6688:978-0-309-48834-1
6626:978-0-7641-1258-4
6593:978-1-4021-8865-7
6484:978-1-58008-501-4
6399:Vet. Hum. Toxicol
6372:"BioCassava Plus"
6032:, 'cassava beer'.
5918:cargohandbook.com
5597:Manihot esculenta
5540:Manihot esculenta
5405:Bhatia E (2002).
5245:Manihot esculenta
5176:978-92-5-107641-5
4978:. United Nations
4409:Manihot esculenta
4298:Manihot esculenta
4175:10.1111/mpp.13094
4169:(12): 1520–1537.
3928:978-1-78924-336-9
3722:978-1-84826-368-0
3686:on 5 October 2016
3513:(13): 2410–2423.
3487:978-1-4020-9282-4
3380:Terrae Incognitae
3113:(10): 5586–5591.
3099:Manihot esculenta
2752:Manihot esculenta
2713:Manihot esculenta
2505:
2504:
2450:
2449:
2073:in bottled form.
1939:Noodles, Cambodia
1903:(South America),
1675:
1674:
1671:
1537:
1417:Starch processing
1298:Chilomima clarkei
1126:M. carthaginensis
921:Caribbean islands
895:lowlands, at the
788:Genetic diversity
477:Manihot esculenta
473:
472:
467:
459:
451:
443:
439:Manihot loureiroi
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
387:
379:
375:Manihot cannabina
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
331:
323:
315:
307:
299:
291:
283:
275:
267:
259:
251:
243:
235:
207:Manihot esculenta
189:M. esculenta
16:(Redirected from
8487:
8455:Jamaican cuisine
8440:Flora of Jamaica
8390:
8389:
8377:
8376:
8364:
8363:
8351:
8350:
8338:
8337:
8325:
8324:
8312:
8311:
8299:
8298:
8286:
8285:
8273:
8272:
8263:
8262:
8250:
8249:
8237:
8236:
8224:
8223:
8211:
8210:
8198:
8197:
8185:
8184:
8175:
8174:
8162:
8161:
8149:
8148:
8136:
8135:
8123:
8122:
8110:
8109:
8097:
8096:
8084:
8083:
8071:
8070:
8058:
8057:
8045:
8044:
8035:
8034:
8025:
8024:
8023:
8010:
8009:
8008:
7978:
7965:Lists by country
7946:Organic farmland
7579:
7572:
7565:
7556:
7542:
7541:
7386:Pongamia pinnata
7080:
7073:
7066:
7057:
7022:
7021:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6955:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6899:
6865:
6859:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6848:
6841:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6764:(1–2): 171–174.
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6722:
6713:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6614:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6560:
6543:(4): 1219–1225.
6537:Plant Physiology
6528:
6522:
6521:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6447:
6438:
6437:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6378:on 27 March 2016
6368:
6362:
6361:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6288:
6271:(1–2): 149–153.
6256:
6250:
6249:
6232:(3–4): 239–242.
6220:
6214:
6213:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6160:
6135:
6126:
6117:
6116:
6096:
6090:
6089:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6015:
6009:
6008:
5998:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5940:
5934:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5824:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5793:
5787:
5786:
5778:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5696:
5687:(5): 1450–1455.
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5643:
5637:
5636:
5618:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5465:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5428:
5419:(4): 1020–1025.
5412:Gastroenterology
5402:
5396:
5395:
5379:
5366:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5287:(4): 1219–1225.
5271:
5265:
5264:
5240:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5207:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5185:
5160:
5150:
5144:
5143:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5030:
5024:
5014:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4955:
4941:(APS): 404–411.
4926:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4845:(4): 1333–1338.
4831:
4822:
4821:
4811:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4738:
4721:(4): 1396–1407.
4714:Plant Physiology
4704:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4635:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4541:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4460:
4454:
4453:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4367:
4356:
4355:
4339:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4194:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4089:
4063:
4033:
4027:
4026:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3921:). p. 541.
3902:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3803:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3780:. Archived from
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3754:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3623:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3522:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3308:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3130:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3067:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3007:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2951:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2918:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2707:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2574:such as cattle.
2524:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2350:
2301:
2285:
2268:
2251:
2234:
2224:
2191:
2084:
1991:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1817:during times of
1759:hydrogen cyanide
1690:drought-tolerant
1662:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1532:
1521:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1414:
1341:natural enemies
1135:resistance genes
1065:
1053:
860:women preparing
809:
808:
761:
749:
737:
725:
713:
701:
689:
587:during times of
569:drought-tolerant
547:
535:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
431:Manihot flexuosa
425:
417:
409:
401:
393:
385:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
295:Jatropha manihot
289:
281:
273:
265:
257:
255:Jatropha diffusa
249:
241:
233:
209:
84:
83:
62:
53:
41:
21:
8495:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8460:Root vegetables
8400:
8399:
8398:
8393:
8385:
8380:
8372:
8367:
8359:
8354:
8346:
8341:
8333:
8328:
8320:
8315:
8307:
8302:
8294:
8289:
8281:
8276:
8268:
8266:
8258:
8253:
8245:
8240:
8232:
8227:
8219:
8214:
8206:
8201:
8193:
8188:
8180:
8178:
8170:
8165:
8157:
8152:
8144:
8139:
8131:
8126:
8118:
8113:
8105:
8100:
8092:
8087:
8079:
8074:
8066:
8061:
8053:
8048:
8040:
8038:
8030:
8028:
8019:
8018:
8013:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7985:
7975:
7970:
7969:
7950:
7924:
7843:
7790:
7675:
7595:
7583:
7553:
7548:
7530:
7506:Energy forestry
7474:
7406:
7368:Jatropha curcas
7329:
7322:
7230:Camelina sativa
7220:
7213:
7089:
7084:
7051:Wayback Machine
7030:
7025:
7018:
6993:
6992:
6988:
6970:
6969:
6965:
6953:
6948:
6947:
6943:
6933:
6931:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6867:
6866:
6862:
6852:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6834:
6833:
6829:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6740:
6738:
6724:
6723:
6716:
6706:
6704:
6689:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6658:
6656:
6639:
6638:
6634:
6627:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6594:
6579:
6578:
6574:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6485:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6449:
6448:
6441:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6381:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6365:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6320:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6179:
6178:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6133:
6128:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6043:
6042:
6038:
6017:
6016:
6012:
5976:
5975:
5971:
5961:
5959:
5944:Zeldes, Leah A.
5942:
5941:
5937:
5927:
5925:
5912:
5911:
5907:
5897:
5895:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5872:. chapters 1–2.
5863:
5862:
5858:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5811:
5809:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5765:
5763:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5733:
5731:
5715:
5714:
5710:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5657:
5655:
5646:Wagner, Holly.
5645:
5644:
5640:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5496:
5494:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5368:
5367:
5354:
5344:
5342:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5209:
5208:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5177:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5147:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5053:10.2307/1311903
5032:
5031:
5027:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4989:
4987:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4904:
4902:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4872:
4871:(FAOSTAT). 2024
4863:
4862:
4858:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4772:
4770:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4688:on 11 July 2015
4680:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4662:on 11 July 2015
4654:
4653:
4649:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4584:
4582:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4426:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4369:
4368:
4359:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4310:(4S): 475–477.
4289:
4288:
4284:
4274:
4272:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4106:
4101:
4100:
4093:
4035:
4034:
4030:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3971:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3929:
3904:
3903:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3849:on 3 March 2012
3835:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3813:. 31 May 2010.
3805:
3804:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3784:on 30 June 2015
3776:
3775:
3771:
3763:
3756:
3755:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3723:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3625:
3624:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3500:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3325:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3288:
3284:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3039:
3038:
3027:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2953:
2952:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2864:on 12 July 2017
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2759:
2757:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2730:
2728:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2668:
2636:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2608:
2599:
2596:
2587:
2584:
2559:
2543:
2529:and 23% of the
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2488:
2483:
2441:
2428:
2415:
2402:
2389:
2376:
2363:
2351:
2321:
2308:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2266:
2258:
2249:
2241:
2232:
2225:
2196:
2185:
2180:
2161:
2156:
2117:
2112:
2079:
1995:
1992:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1928:
1925:
1916:
1913:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1819:food insecurity
1811:antinutritional
1739:
1715:Ipomoea batatas
1634:
1632:
1616:
1614:
1598:
1596:
1580:
1578:
1562:
1560:
1544:
1542:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1470:
1467:
1458:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1415:
1370:
1362:
1343:Anagyrus lopezi
1262:spp., of which
1247:Helicotylenchus
1177:, which causes
1084:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1017:
999:by the King of
976:(Encephalartos)
851:
806:
805:
772:
765:
762:
753:
750:
741:
738:
729:
726:
717:
714:
705:
702:
693:
690:
676:, an essential
650:
629:, in turn from
597:
589:food insecurity
519:for its edible
482:commonly called
455:Manihot sprucei
383:Manihot diffusa
343:Mandioca dulcis
271:Jatropha dulcis
239:Janipha manihot
216:
211:
205:
192:
78:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8493:
8491:
8483:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8402:
8401:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8387:wfo-0000235507
8378:
8365:
8352:
8339:
8326:
8313:
8300:
8287:
8274:
8264:
8251:
8238:
8225:
8212:
8199:
8186:
8176:
8163:
8150:
8137:
8124:
8111:
8098:
8085:
8072:
8059:
8046:
8036:
8026:
8011:
7995:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7981:
7972:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7936:Irrigated land
7932:
7930:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7905:Sunflower seed
7902:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7844:
7842:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7800:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7738:
7733:
7728:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7685:
7683:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7616:
7611:
7605:
7603:
7597:
7596:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7574:
7567:
7559:
7550:
7549:
7547:
7546:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7445:
7440:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7414:
7412:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7382:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7357:Chinese tallow
7354:
7347:
7342:
7334:
7332:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7225:
7223:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7204:Water hyacinth
7201:
7196:
7195:
7194:
7184:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7162:
7161:
7160:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7083:
7082:
7075:
7068:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7041:
7036:
7029:
7028:External links
7026:
7024:
7023:
7016:
6986:
6963:
6941:
6911:
6860:
6827:
6800:(3): 553–570.
6783:
6748:
6714:
6687:
6666:
6632:
6625:
6599:
6592:
6572:
6523:
6507:
6490:
6483:
6463:
6439:
6416:
6405:(3): 274–275.
6389:
6363:
6325:
6319:978-0817355081
6318:
6300:
6251:
6215:
6188:(4): 355–367.
6172:
6146:(4): 388–393.
6118:
6112:978-0895292216
6111:
6091:
6036:
6010:
5989:(6): 966–972.
5969:
5952:Dining Chicago
5935:
5905:
5875:
5856:
5837:(4): 299–339.
5819:
5802:LEISA Magazine
5788:
5773:
5741:
5726:(in Spanish).
5708:
5665:
5638:
5609:(2): 131–136.
5585:
5550:(4): 361–366.
5530:
5504:
5471:
5440:
5397:
5390:
5352:
5337:: 1–28. 2004.
5316:
5281:Plant Physiol.
5266:
5255:(3): 274–275.
5235:
5197:
5175:
5145:
5132:10.1086/341532
5126:(4): 611–630.
5108:
5086:
5047:(7): 441–451.
5025:
5021:Academic Press
4997:
4967:
4912:
4882:
4856:
4823:
4780:
4750:
4699:
4682:"1995: Herren"
4673:
4656:"1995: Herren"
4647:
4592:
4561:
4514:Annual Reviews
4490:
4471:(3): 215–223.
4455:
4436:
4425:on 3 June 2016
4397:
4382:(4): 355–359.
4357:
4331:
4282:
4247:
4206:
4149:
4091:
4052:Annual Reviews
4028:
4003:Virus Research
3992:
3969:
3942:
3927:
3894:
3860:
3828:
3795:
3769:
3766:. p. 258.
3740:
3721:
3697:
3661:
3613:
3584:
3567:
3544:
3493:
3486:
3460:
3429:
3398:
3369:
3342:
3324:978-9703208524
3323:
3303:
3299:978-1107693296
3282:
3261:
3231:
3198:
3152:
3087:
3056:Annual Reviews
3025:
2997:
2941:
2904:
2893:(2): 147–158.
2875:
2845:
2820:
2804:"cassava (n.)"
2795:
2770:
2738:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2683:Yellow cassava
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2659:slash-and-burn
2635:
2632:
2622:Laundry starch
2617:
2616:Laundry starch
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2578:
2558:
2555:
2542:
2539:
2535:micronutrients
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2078:
2075:
2059:cayenne pepper
2014:combined with
2008:Bioengineering
1997:
1996:
1993:
1986:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1907:
1861:Main article:
1858:
1857:Food and drink
1855:
1847:
1844:
1802:, also called
1738:
1735:
1711:sweet potatoes
1673:
1672:
1669:United Nations
1659:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1629:
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1625:
1611:
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1497:
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1492:
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1480:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1455:Casabe burrero
1452:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1409:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1352:Typhlodromalus
1339:South American
1285:
1284:
1229:
1228:
1197:
1196:
1165:
1164:
1156:Bemisia tabaci
1147:subpopulations
1100:
1099:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1016:
1013:
933:indigenous art
919:people in the
911:. It became a
893:Gulf of Mexico
874:Albert Eckhout
850:
847:
843:overexpression
782:are otherwise
771:
768:
767:
766:
763:
756:
754:
751:
744:
742:
739:
732:
730:
727:
720:
718:
715:
708:
706:
703:
696:
694:
691:
684:
666:vitamin C
649:
646:
596:
593:
471:
470:
469:
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
415:Manihot edulis
412:
404:
399:Manihot dulcis
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
324:
316:
308:
303:Jatropha mitis
300:
292:
284:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
234:(Pohl) J.Presl
225:
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55:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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4:
3:
2:
8492:
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8468:
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7560:
7557:
7545:
7537:
7536:
7533:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7516:Food vs. fuel
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
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7489:
7487:
7484:
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7232:
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7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7166:
7163:
7159:
7158:vegetable oil
7156:
7155:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
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7119:
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7109:
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7101:
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7058:
7052:
7048:
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7037:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7027:
7019:
7013:
7009:
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6997:
6990:
6987:
6982:
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6494:
6491:
6486:
6480:
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6475:
6467:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6426:"New Edibles"
6420:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6393:
6390:
6377:
6373:
6367:
6364:
6359:
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6321:
6315:
6311:
6304:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6278:
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6270:
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6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
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6191:
6187:
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6176:
6173:
6157:
6153:
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6141:
6140:
6132:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6114:
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6103:
6095:
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5997:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5973:
5970:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5879:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5823:
5820:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5792:
5789:
5784:
5777:
5774:
5761:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5686:
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5681:
5676:
5669:
5666:
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5649:
5642:
5639:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5598:
5589:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5531:
5518:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5444:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5401:
5398:
5393:
5391:9789251028629
5387:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5270:
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5262:
5258:
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5250:
5246:
5239:
5236:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5156:
5149:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5112:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5029:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4998:
4985:
4982:(FAO). 1995.
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4930:Plant Disease
4923:
4916:
4913:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4886:
4883:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4844:
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4839:
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4824:
4819:
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4746:
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4732:
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4710:
4703:
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4424:
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4401:
4398:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
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4353:
4349:
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4338:
4336:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
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4295:
4286:
4283:
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4262:
4260:
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4235:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4220:
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4210:
4207:
4202:
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4188:
4184:
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4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4112:Plant Disease
4105:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4032:
4029:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3970:9780128027622
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3920:
3917:, USA: CABI (
3916:
3912:
3908:
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3899:
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3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
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3861:
3848:
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3808:
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3649:
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3614:
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3597:
3594:
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3571:
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3563:
3559:
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3545:
3540:
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3521:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3483:
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3475:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3448:
3444:
3440:
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3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3370:
3358:on 2 May 2016
3357:
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3326:
3320:
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3307:
3304:
3300:
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3209:
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3017:
3013:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
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2979:
2975:
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2849:
2846:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2784:
2780:
2779:"manioc (n.)"
2774:
2771:
2767:
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2623:
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2601:
2594:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2510:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2248:Riboflavin (B
2245:
2238:
2236:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:Dietary fiber
2130:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:Carbohydrates
2104:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:chili peppers
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:fortification
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1856:
1853:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1719:carbohydrates
1716:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1429:Starch flour
1425:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1383:thiabendazole
1379:
1375:
1374:coumaric acid
1367:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1303:burrower bugs
1300:
1299:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
977:
974:
969:
964:
961:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
938:
934:
930:
929:pre-Columbian
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:Joya de Cerén
902:
898:
894:
890:
889:flabellifolia
886:
879:
875:
870:
863:
862:cassava bread
859:
855:
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:photoperiodic
824:
821:
817:
813:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
769:
760:
755:
748:
743:
736:
731:
724:
719:
712:
707:
700:
695:
692:Cassava plant
688:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:
602:
594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
546:
541:
540:
534:
529:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:Euphorbiaceae
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
483:
479:
478:
464:
461:
456:
453:
448:
445:
440:
437:
432:
429:
424:
421:
416:
413:
408:
407:Manihot edule
405:
400:
397:
392:
389:
384:
381:
376:
373:
368:
365:
360:
357:
352:
349:
344:
341:
336:
335:Mandioca aipi
333:
328:
325:
320:
317:
312:
309:
304:
301:
296:
293:
290:(Pohl) Steud.
288:
285:
282:(Pohl) Steud.
280:
277:
272:
269:
266:(Pohl) Steud.
264:
261:
258:(Pohl) Steud.
256:
253:
248:
247:Jatropha aipi
245:
240:
237:
232:
229:
228:
226:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
202:
199:
198:Binomial name
195:
191:
190:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:Euphorbiaceae
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
106:Tracheophytes
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
42:
39:
35:
30:
19:
8465:Staple foods
7990:
7859:
7384:
7378:
7374:
7366:
7349:
7345:Big bluestem
7337:
7330:energy crops
7285:
7235:
7228:
6999:
6989:
6980:
6976:
6966:
6957:
6944:
6932:. Retrieved
6923:
6914:
6879:
6873:
6863:
6851:. Retrieved
6830:
6797:
6793:
6786:
6761:
6757:
6751:
6739:. Retrieved
6705:. Retrieved
6677:
6669:
6657:. Retrieved
6648:
6635:
6610:
6602:
6582:
6575:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6516:
6510:
6500:
6493:
6473:
6466:
6452:
6433:
6430:Food Journal
6429:
6419:
6402:
6398:
6392:
6380:. Retrieved
6376:the original
6366:
6341:
6335:
6328:
6309:
6303:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6163:. Retrieved
6143:
6137:
6101:
6094:
6053:
6049:
6039:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6013:
5986:
5982:
5972:
5960:. Retrieved
5956:the original
5951:
5938:
5926:. Retrieved
5917:
5908:
5896:. Retrieved
5887:
5878:
5865:
5859:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5812:22 September
5810:. Retrieved
5801:
5791:
5782:
5776:
5764:. Retrieved
5753:
5744:
5732:. Retrieved
5721:
5711:
5684:
5678:
5668:
5656:. Retrieved
5652:the original
5641:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5588:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5521:. Retrieved
5507:
5495:. Retrieved
5491:the original
5462:. Retrieved
5453:
5443:
5416:
5410:
5400:
5375:
5343:. Retrieved
5334:
5330:EFSA Journal
5328:
5319:
5284:
5279:
5269:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5219:
5215:
5188:. Retrieved
5154:
5148:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5098:
5089:
5077:. Retrieved
5044:
5038:
5028:
5016:
5010:
5000:
4988:. Retrieved
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4934:
4928:
4915:
4903:. Retrieved
4899:the original
4885:
4873:. Retrieved
4859:
4842:
4838:Crop Science
4836:
4799:
4793:
4783:
4771:. Retrieved
4753:
4718:
4712:
4702:
4690:. Retrieved
4686:the original
4676:
4664:. Retrieved
4660:the original
4650:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4595:
4583:. Retrieved
4574:
4564:
4509:
4503:
4493:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4427:. Retrieved
4423:the original
4418:
4414:
4408:
4400:
4390:22 September
4388:. Retrieved
4379:
4375:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4307:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4292:"Effects of
4285:
4275:22 September
4273:. Retrieved
4268:
4264:
4258:
4250:
4238:. Retrieved
4222:
4216:
4209:
4166:
4162:
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4116:
4110:
4047:
4041:
4031:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3952:
3945:
3906:
3885:. Retrieved
3876:
3851:. Retrieved
3847:the original
3840:
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3810:
3786:. Retrieved
3782:the original
3772:
3759:
3731:. Retrieved
3707:
3700:
3688:. Retrieved
3681:the original
3631:
3604:. Retrieved
3595:
3587:
3577:
3570:
3557:
3547:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3469:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3442:
3432:
3420:. Retrieved
3411:
3401:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3360:. Retrieved
3356:the original
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3313:
3306:
3290:
3285:
3269:
3264:
3254:24 September
3252:. Retrieved
3243:
3234:
3222:. Retrieved
3213:The Guardian
3211:
3201:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3090:
3051:
3045:
3011:
2965:
2959:
2932:. Retrieved
2925:the original
2920:
2907:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2866:. Retrieved
2862:the original
2857:
2848:
2836:. Retrieved
2829:"yucca (n.)"
2823:
2811:. Retrieved
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2773:
2765:
2758:. Retrieved
2751:
2729:. Retrieved
2718:
2712:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2625:
2560:
2544:
2506:
2464:
2459:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2175:
2151:
2107:
2082:Cassava, raw
2028:
2006:
1998:
1960:
1948:
1883:
1876:
1866:
1836:
1832:
1808:
1797:
1782:
1778:pancreatitis
1771:
1747:lotaustralin
1740:
1714:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1676:
1655:
1650:
1533:millions of
1454:
1403:antioxidants
1387:
1371:
1363:
1350:
1342:
1316:
1310:
1296:
1294:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1253:Scutellonema
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1218:
1214:
1206:Phytophthora
1204:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1154:
1142:
1129:
1125:
1121:M. esculenta
1120:
1101:
1093:
1018:
994:
989:
982:
975:
965:
941:
888:
885:M. esculenta
884:
882:
878:Dutch Brazil
834:
833:clearly is.
830:
819:
815:
811:
804:
780:smallholders
777:
773:
651:
641:
637:
633:
626:
622:
618:
614:
613:(Tupi) name
604:
598:
573:
554:
549:
537:
492:
488:
484:
476:
475:
474:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
367:Manihot aypi
366:
359:Manihot aipi
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
286:
278:
270:
262:
254:
250:(Pohl) Göpp.
246:
238:
231:Janipha aipi
230:
206:
204:
188:
187:
175:
155:Malpighiales
138:
125:
112:
99:
38:
29:
8242:NatureServe
8167:iNaturalist
8015:Wikispecies
7501:Energy crop
7448:Pellet fuel
7433:Biorefinery
7397:Switchgrass
7241:Coconut oil
7219:Energy from
7153:Cooking oil
7138:Biogasoline
7113:Babassu oil
6741:24 November
6436:: 372-378 .
6344:: 251–272.
6056:(1): 1–11.
5766:25 February
5734:25 February
5523:13 February
5487:ProMED-mail
5464:4 September
4990:23 November
4905:24 November
4585:21 December
4516:: 381–403.
4415:Nematropica
4344:Meloidogyne
4259:Meloidogyne
4054:: 429–452.
3821:24 February
3733:29 December
3058:: 551–580.
2961:GigaScience
2731:11 November
2640:Batara Guru
2557:Animal feed
2531:Daily Value
2527:food energy
2231:Thiamine (B
2116:38.1 g
2041:—including
1976:thiocyanate
1974:effects of
1972:goitrogenic
1815:famine food
1793:thiosulfate
1727:sugar beets
1709:spp.), and
1505:Picked buds
1399:carotenoids
1323:subsistence
1276:Meloidogyne
1259:Meloidogyne
1015:Cultivation
913:staple food
909:El Salvador
887:subspecies
752:Flower buds
740:Leaf detail
648:Description
585:famine food
513:subtropical
354:(Pohl) Link
338:(Pohl) Link
119:Angiosperms
27:Staple crop
8410:Manihoteae
8404:Categories
8322:kew-119804
8317:Plant List
7900:Sugar cane
7895:Sugar beet
7796:Vegetables
7619:Corn/Maize
7411:Technology
7392:Salicornia
7375:Miscanthus
7298:Sugar beet
7170:cellulosic
7143:Bioliquids
7123:Biobutanol
6960:(3): 8–11.
6853:8 November
5962:5 February
5755:La Patilla
5680:J AOAC Int
5497:29 January
5190:27 October
5040:BioScience
4960:10 January
4240:27 October
4142:14 January
3937:1110672215
3596:Onmanorama
3453:28 January
3276:New York:
3020:1885/39234
2868:7 December
2695:References
2396:Phosphorus
2184:1.4 g
2160:0.3 g
2137:1.8 g
2127:1.7 g
1956:linamarase
1952:glycosides
1915:Heavy cake
1901:nihamanchi
1891:(Brazil),
1867:There are
1850:See also:
1755:linamarase
1515:See also:
1511:Production
1453:Spreading
1395:gamma rays
1360:Harvesting
1349:wasp) and
1347:parasitoid
1213:caused by
1001:Travancore
980:breadfruit
973:bread tree
897:San Andrés
823:expression
800:gene pools
678:amino acid
674:methionine
450:Müll. Arg.
242:(L.) Kunth
8133:200012596
8120:200012596
7804:Artichoke
7781:Raspberry
7771:Pineapple
7659:Triticale
7614:Buckwheat
7486:Agflation
7379:giganteus
7308:Sunflower
7303:Sugarcane
7221:foodstock
7128:Biodiesel
7087:Bioenergy
7002:: 15–29.
6822:1569-1705
6778:2408-8633
6238:0309-3913
6202:0260-1060
6086:218588548
6070:0027-5514
6050:Mycologia
5633:244191058
5625:0570-1783
5572:0940-2993
5061:1525-3244
5007:"Cassava"
4891:"Cassava"
4618:(1): 13.
4530:0066-4286
4452:(2): 2–3.
4271:: 153–158
4183:1464-6722
4070:2327-056X
4009:: 61–75.
3979:0065-3527
3887:15 August
3853:11 August
3656:249657496
3648:0718-3402
3558:The Hindu
3422:1 January
3387:: 60–63.
3362:20 August
3335:24 August
3074:1543-5008
2934:13 August
2572:ruminants
2409:Potassium
2383:Magnesium
2315:Vitamin C
2298:Folate (B
2282:Vitamin B
2265:Niacin (B
2077:Nutrition
2071:US market
2031:cassareep
2020:vitamin A
1840:Caribbean
1743:linamarin
1723:sugarcane
1706:Dioscorea
1699:Cassava,
1256:spp. and
1227:Nematodes
1201:pathogens
1174:manihotis
1130:glaziovii
1005:Malayalam
943:Spaniards
778:Although
654:cultivars
623:esculenta
595:Etymology
581:poisoning
579:to cause
274:J.F.Gmel.
183:Species:
89:Kingdom:
8415:Biofuels
8374:12800237
8369:Tropicos
8247:2.139193
8208:11022519
8195:351790-1
8000:Wikidata
7941:Land use
7890:Palm oil
7829:Rapeseed
7736:Eggplant
7731:Cucumber
7593:rankings
7544:Category
7479:Concepts
7362:Duckweed
7351:Camelina
7328:Non-food
7276:Rapeseed
7266:Palm oil
7209:Wood gas
7182:Methanol
7175:mixtures
7095:Biofuels
7047:Archived
6934:30 March
6928:Archived
6906:25049491
6844:Archived
6735:Archived
6701:Archived
6697:30844154
6659:28 March
6653:Archived
6643:(2024).
6382:23 March
6358:21526968
6295:25592410
6246:10497657
6210:18087867
6165:23 March
6156:Archived
6078:16389951
6024:BBC News
6005:17697080
5928:30 March
5922:Archived
5898:30 March
5892:Archived
5806:Archived
5760:Archived
5728:Archived
5703:17955993
5580:19559583
5517:Archived
5458:Archived
5454:BBC News
5435:12360463
5380:. Rome:
5339:Archived
5222:: 6–12.
5181:Archived
5140:18867515
5103:Archived
5079:19 April
5073:Archived
4984:Archived
4951:Archived
4818:27173317
4767:Archived
4745:22711743
4642:25700536
4579:Archived
4556:49615468
4548:29958072
4485:84771539
4384:Archived
4354:: 49–53.
4326:19270997
4234:Archived
4201:34227737
4133:Archived
4086:25767024
4078:28645239
4023:24291251
3987:25591878
3881:Archived
3815:Archived
3727:Archived
3562:Archived
3539:32438936
3530:11374567
3447:Archived
3416:Archived
3329:Archived
3317:. UNAM.
3248:Archived
3218:Archived
3193:11359011
3147:10318928
3082:33788583
2992:35333302
2725:Archived
2666:See also
2634:Folklore
2465:Quantity
2343:Quantity
2337:Minerals
2292:0.088 mg
2276:0.854 mg
2259:0.048 mg
2242:0.087 mg
2217:Quantity
2211:Vitamins
2047:cinnamon
2035:molasses
2001:Lucayans
1897:parakari
1737:Toxicity
1663:Source:
1623:Cambodia
1587:Thailand
1529:Country
1391:breeding
1189:cassavae
1163:Bacteria
1139:pandemic
1108:whitefly
1069:Grafting
1034:arenosol
1026:phaeozem
952:Santiago
829:, while
796:diseases
658:tuberous
615:mandioca
524:tuberous
509:tropical
503:family,
222:Synonyms
161:Family:
132:Eudicots
70:(waxed)
44:Cassava
8283:1491974
8229:MoBotPF
8146:3060998
8094:1154718
8076:Ecocrop
7929:Related
7915:Tobacco
7860:Cassava
7834:Soybean
7726:Coconut
7699:Avocado
7694:Apricot
7669:exports
7654:Sorghum
7643:exports
7623:exports
7601:Cereals
7293:Soybean
7287:Sorghum
7236:Cassava
7165:Ethanol
7148:Biomass
7118:Bagasse
7103:Alcohol
6897:4093022
6802:Bibcode
6707:21 June
6567:9536038
6411:1650055
6286:4323625
5851:7576161
5723:El País
5658:21 June
5552:Bibcode
5345:6 April
5311:9536038
5261:1650055
5069:1311903
5013:: 1–33.
4736:3425186
4633:4535132
4575:Todayng
4539:7340484
4411:Crantz"
4317:2620481
4192:8578842
3280:, 1997.
3224:31 July
3173:Bibcode
3164:Science
3115:Bibcode
2983:8952263
2754:Crantz"
2655:Macushi
2644:saapina
2564:protein
2551:biofuel
2547:ethanol
2541:Biofuel
2520:⁄
2442:0.34 mg
2377:0.27 mg
2357:Calcium
2322:20.6 mg
2177:Protein
1873:cholent
1767:drought
1763:cyanide
1667:of the
1665:FAOSTAT
1551:Nigeria
1283:Insects
1149:of the
1128:subsp.
1098:Viruses
1042:luvisol
1038:andosol
1030:regosol
1009:tapioca
985:or the
960:Baracoa
849:History
839:sucrose
670:protein
627:cassave
619:manioca
611:Guarani
606:Manihot
601:generic
577:cyanide
528:tapioca
521:starchy
499:of the
485:cassava
418:A.Rich.
410:A.Rich.
176:Manihot
171:Genus:
151:Order:
93:Plantae
18:Cassave
8475:Tubers
8330:PLANTS
8296:339369
8267:NZOR:
8234:280113
8221:503688
8172:165138
8159:431678
8055:116740
8042:107507
8039:APDB:
8029:AoFP:
8006:Q83124
7870:Cotton
7865:Coffee
7839:Turnip
7824:Potato
7814:Garlic
7809:Carrot
7786:Tomato
7761:Papaya
7719:Orange
7714:Citrus
7709:Cherry
7704:Banana
7629:Millet
7609:Barley
7339:Arundo
7271:Potato
7187:Stover
7133:Biogas
7014:
6904:
6894:
6820:
6776:
6695:
6685:
6623:
6590:
6565:
6555:
6481:
6409:
6356:
6316:
6293:
6283:
6244:
6236:
6208:
6200:
6109:
6084:
6076:
6068:
6030:kasiri
6003:
5849:
5701:
5631:
5623:
5578:
5570:
5433:
5388:
5309:
5299:
5259:
5173:
5138:
5067:
5059:
4875:29 May
4816:
4743:
4733:
4692:29 May
4666:29 May
4640:
4630:
4554:
4546:
4536:
4528:
4483:
4324:
4314:
4199:
4189:
4181:
4119:(12).
4084:
4076:
4068:
4021:
3985:
3977:
3967:
3935:
3925:
3915:Boston
3913:, UK;
3788:29 May
3719:
3654:
3646:
3606:11 May
3600:Kerala
3537:
3527:
3484:
3321:
3297:
3191:
3145:
3135:
3080:
3072:
2990:
2980:
2838:7 July
2813:7 July
2788:7 July
2760:7 July
2648:sabada
2628:starch
2568:tannin
2422:Sodium
2416:271 mg
2123:Sugars
2093:Energy
2057:, and
2043:cloves
2039:spices
1893:kasiri
1878:farofa
1789:ataxia
1785:goiter
1641:Brazil
1638:
1620:
1602:
1584:
1566:
1548:
1535:tonnes
1307:Africa
1250:spp.,
1151:vector
1143:et al.
1056:Stakes
1007:, and
997:Kerala
978:, the
958:, and
956:Bayamo
948:Havana
935:. The
903:site,
807:MeFT1
770:Genome
662:starch
634:caçabi
565:staple
545:farofa
533:farofa
501:spurge
489:manioc
370:Spruce
306:Rottb.
214:Crantz
145:Rosids
8435:Crops
8361:589-1
8356:SANBI
8203:IRMNG
8182:14128
8179:IPA:
8107:MANES
8068:3XV44
7855:Cacao
7848:Other
7819:Onion
7756:Mango
7746:Lemon
7741:Grape
7689:Apple
7681:Fruit
7664:Wheat
7458:stove
7313:Wheat
7256:Maize
7246:Grape
7199:Straw
7108:Algae
6954:(PDF)
6847:(PDF)
6840:(PDF)
6558:35028
6159:(PDF)
6134:(PDF)
6082:S2CID
5629:S2CID
5302:35028
5184:(PDF)
5159:(PDF)
5136:S2CID
5065:JSTOR
4954:(PDF)
4937:(6).
4925:(PDF)
4867:. UN
4802:(2).
4773:4 May
4552:S2CID
4512:(1).
4481:S2CID
4429:4 May
4226:(ISC)
4136:(PDF)
4107:(PDF)
4082:S2CID
4050:(1).
3764:(PDF)
3713:EOLSS
3690:3 May
3684:(PDF)
3677:(PDF)
3652:S2CID
3644:eISSN
3138:21904
3054:(1).
2928:(PDF)
2917:(PDF)
2549:as a
2471:Water
2429:14 mg
2403:27 mg
2390:21 mg
2364:16 mg
2309:27 μg
2055:sugar
1980:Akoko
1968:Tapai
1964:garri
1927:Bread
1889:cauim
1804:konzo
1773:konzo
1686:maize
1651:World
1645:17.6
1627:17.7
1609:25.6
1605:Ghana
1591:34.1
1573:48.8
1555:60.8
1354:aripo
1195:Fungi
1076:Pests
937:Moche
917:Taino
907:, in
858:Taíno
835:MeFT1
831:MeFT2
820:MeFT1
816:MeFT2
812:MeFT1
792:pests
764:Seeds
631:Taíno
603:name
561:maize
550:garri
539:garri
497:shrub
491:, or
378:Sweet
330:Vell.
322:Vell.
139:Clade
126:Clade
113:Clade
100:Clade
68:Tuber
34:Yucca
8343:POWO
8335:MAES
8304:PfaF
8278:OBIS
8260:3983
8255:NCBI
8216:ITIS
8190:IPNI
8154:GRIN
8141:GBIF
8102:EPPO
8081:1420
8050:APNI
8032:1813
7920:Wine
7885:Milk
7880:Meat
7875:Fish
7776:Plum
7766:Pear
7751:Lime
7639:Rice
7453:mill
7402:Wood
7281:Rice
7251:Hemp
7192:corn
7012:ISBN
6936:2022
6902:PMID
6855:2019
6818:ISSN
6774:ISSN
6743:2011
6709:2024
6693:PMID
6683:ISBN
6661:2024
6621:ISBN
6588:ISBN
6563:PMID
6479:ISBN
6407:PMID
6384:2018
6354:PMID
6314:ISBN
6291:PMID
6242:PMID
6234:ISSN
6206:PMID
6198:ISSN
6167:2018
6107:ISBN
6074:PMID
6066:ISSN
6001:PMID
5964:2010
5930:2022
5900:2022
5847:PMID
5814:2018
5768:2018
5736:2018
5699:PMID
5660:2010
5621:ISSN
5576:PMID
5568:ISSN
5525:2018
5499:2017
5466:2019
5431:PMID
5386:ISBN
5347:2013
5307:PMID
5257:PMID
5192:2016
5171:ISBN
5163:Rome
5081:2020
5057:ISSN
4992:2011
4962:2011
4907:2011
4877:2024
4814:PMID
4775:2016
4741:PMID
4694:2015
4668:2015
4638:PMID
4587:2020
4544:PMID
4526:ISSN
4431:2016
4392:2018
4322:PMID
4277:2018
4242:2022
4230:CABI
4197:PMID
4179:ISSN
4144:2023
4074:PMID
4066:ISSN
4019:PMID
3983:PMID
3975:ISSN
3965:ISBN
3933:OCLC
3923:ISBN
3889:2021
3855:2008
3823:2017
3790:2015
3735:2020
3717:ISBN
3692:2016
3608:2024
3535:PMID
3482:ISBN
3455:2018
3424:2011
3364:2015
3337:2020
3319:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3256:2020
3226:2019
3189:PMID
3143:PMID
3078:PMID
3070:ISSN
2988:PMID
2936:2010
2870:2016
2840:2024
2815:2024
2790:2024
2762:2024
2733:2022
2474:60 g
2435:Zinc
2370:Iron
2051:salt
2024:iron
1846:Uses
1745:and
1725:and
1701:yams
1684:and
1682:rice
1268:and
1211:rust
1187:pv.
1172:pv.
1040:and
901:Maya
814:and
794:and
728:Leaf
642:juca
638:yuca
599:The
559:and
557:rice
548:and
517:crop
511:and
493:yuca
466:Pohl
442:Pohl
426:Pohl
394:Pohl
386:Pohl
362:Pohl
8382:WFO
8128:FoC
8115:FNA
8089:EoL
8063:CoL
7910:Tea
7649:Rye
7634:Oat
7588:by
7318:Yam
7261:Oat
7004:doi
6892:PMC
6884:doi
6810:doi
6766:doi
6649:FDA
6617:105
6553:PMC
6545:doi
6541:116
6458:278
6346:doi
6281:PMC
6273:doi
6269:349
6190:doi
6148:doi
6058:doi
5991:doi
5839:doi
5689:doi
5611:doi
5560:doi
5421:doi
5417:123
5335:105
5297:PMC
5289:doi
5285:116
5224:doi
5128:doi
5049:doi
4943:doi
4847:doi
4804:doi
4731:PMC
4723:doi
4719:159
4628:PMC
4620:doi
4534:PMC
4518:doi
4473:doi
4312:PMC
4187:PMC
4171:doi
4125:doi
4056:doi
4011:doi
4007:186
3957:doi
3636:doi
3525:PMC
3515:doi
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3181:doi
3169:292
3133:PMC
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2320:23%
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