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of the surface. A capped grope is obtained by repeatedly replacing the caps of a capped surface by another capped surface. Capped surfaces and capped gropes are studied in
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A capped surface in a 4-manifold is roughly a surface together with some 2-disks, called caps, whose boundaries
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Proceedings of the
International Congress of Mathematicians, Vol. 1, 2 (Warsaw, 1983)
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Cannon, J. W. (1978), "The recognition problem: what is a topological manifold?",
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39:"because of its multitudinous fingers". Capped gropes were used by
122:(1984), "The disk theorem for four-dimensional manifolds",
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16:Construction used in 4-dimensional topology
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126:, Warszawa: PWN, pp. 647–663,
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96:10.1090/S0002-9904-1978-14527-3
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67:Freedman & Quinn (1990)
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181:Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
155:Princeton University Press
27:is a construction used in
139:Freedman, Michael Hartley
120:Freedman, Michael Hartley
47:, that work better for
149:Topology of 4-manifolds
29:4-dimensional topology
49:non-simply-connected
43:as a substitute for
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63:fundamental group
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217:4-manifolds
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73:References
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145:(1990),
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