Cargo cult - Knowledge (XXG)

764:

indigenous churches and political movements. The term has largely fallen out of favour and is now seldom used among anthropologists, though its use as a metaphor (in the sense of engaging in ritual action to obtain material goods) is widespread outside of anthropology in popular commentary and critique, based on stereotypes of cargo cultists as "primitive and confused people who use irrational means to pursue rational ends". Recent scholarship on "cargo cults" has challenged the suitability of the term for the movements associated with it, with recent anthropological sources arguing that the term is born of colonialism and prejudice and does not accurately convey the diversity or nature of the movements within the label, though some anthropologists continue to see the term as having some descriptive value, despite the "heterogeneous, uncertain, and confusing ethnographic reality".

887: 1963:

indigenous people, but the foreigners had unfairly gained control of these objects through malice or mistake. Thus, a characteristic feature of cargo cults was the belief that spiritual agents would, at some future time, give much valuable cargo and desirable manufactured products to the cult members. The goods promised by prophets and the means by which they would arrive both changed with the times, across eras of Western colonization. The earliest known cults foretold their ancestors with the goods would arrive on a canoe, then by sail, then by steamship, and the goods could be matches, steel, or

2068:(or airlifted to airstrips) to troops on these islands meant drastic changes to the lifestyle of the islanders, many of whom had never seen outsiders before. Manufactured clothing, medicine, canned food, tents, weapons and other goods arrived in vast quantities for the soldiers, who often shared some of it with the islanders who were their guides and hosts. This was true of the Japanese Army as well, at least initially before relations deteriorated in most regions. 2037: 99: 2243:, in contrast, placed more emphasis on cultural change, and on the use of memories of myths to comprehend new realities, including the "secret" of European material possessions. His emphasis on cultural change follows from Worsley's argument on the effects of capitalism; Burridge points out these movements were more common in coastal areas which faced greater intrusions from European colonizers. 826:

the goods the people desire, and ushering in a reign of eternal bliss. The people therefore prepare themselves for the Day by setting up cult organizations, and by building storehouses, jetties, and so on to receive the goods, known as ‘cargo’ in the local pidgin English. Often, also, they abandon their gardens, kill off their livestock, eat all their food, and throw away their money.

2001:-style economy. The movement began with a promised return to a golden age of ancestral potency. Minor alterations to priestly practices were undertaken to update them and attempt to recover some kind of ancestral efficacy. Colonial authorities saw the leader of the movement, Tuka, as a troublemaker, and he was exiled, although their attempts to stop him returning proved fruitless. 2225:'s analysis of cargo cults placed the emphasis on the economic and political causes of these popular movements. He viewed them as "proto-national" movements by indigenous peoples seeking to resist colonial interventions. He observed a general trend away from millenarianism towards secular political organization through political parties and cooperatives. 49: 2115:, many built life-size replicas of airplanes out of straw and cut new military-style landing strips out of the jungle, hoping to attract more airplanes. The cult members thought that the foreigners had some special connection to the deities and ancestors of the natives, who were the only beings powerful enough to produce such riches. 1096: 1914:

Elements that Ton Otto considered characteristic of most cargo cults include the synthesis of indigenous and foreign elements in the belief system, the expectation of help from ancestors, the presence of charismatic leaders, and strong belief in the appearance of an abundance of goods. The indigenous

763:

Groups labeled as cargo cults were subject to a considerable number of anthropological publications throughout the 1960s. After Melanesian countries gained political independence, few new groups matching the term have emerged since the 1970s, with some surviving "cargo cult" groups transitioning into

742:

following Western colonisation of the region in the late 19th century. Although the term "cargo cult" has been used by anthropologists to "label almost any sort of organised, village-based social movement with religious and political aspirations", features common to most cargo cult groups include the

2099:

In attempts to get cargo to fall by parachute or land in planes or ships again, islanders imitated the same practices they had seen the military personnel use. Cult behaviors usually involved mimicking the day-to-day activities and dress styles of US soldiers, such as performing parade ground drills

2095:

With the end of the war, the military abandoned the airbases and stopped dropping cargo. In response, charismatic individuals developed cults among remote Melanesian populations that promised to bestow on their followers deliveries of food, arms, Jeeps, etc. The cult leaders explained that the cargo

825:

strange religious movements in the South Pacific during the last few decades. In these movements, a prophet announces the imminence of the end of the world in a cataclysm which will destroy everything. Then the ancestors will return, or God, or some other liberating power, will appear, bringing all

755:. Claims made by these prophets varied greatly from movement to movement, with some predicting the return of the dead or an abundance of food. The movements usually sought to appease "ancestral spirits or other powerful beings" by either reviving ancestral traditions or adopting new rituals, such as 862:, or culture-contact or adjustment movements". Lindstrom writes that while many anthropologists suggest that "cargo" often signified literal material goods, it could also reflect desires for "moral salvation, existential respect, or proto-nationalistic, anti-colonial desire for political autonomy". 2083:

drinking (which had been suppressed by missionaries) and to maintain historic traditions. The movement predicted American assistance, which as foretold arrived in 1942. The movements rituals were influenced by Christianity, and also included similar elements to other cargo cults like "marching and

1942:

or actions imitative of colonial practices, like flag-raising and marching. Cargo cults often served to unite previously opposing groups. In some movements, the leaders engaged in authoritarian behaviour in order to uphold the new social order, with a particular focus on the issues of sorcery and

2282:

arguing that it does not refer to an identifiable empirical reality, and that the emphasis on "cargo" says more about Western ideological bias than it does about the movements concerned. Nancy McDowell argues that the focus on cargo cult isolates the phenomenon from the wider social and cultural

2257:

Contact with colonizing groups brought about a considerable transformation in the way indigenous peoples of Melanesia have thought about other societies. Early theories of cargo cults began from the assumption that practitioners simply failed to understand technology, colonization, or capitalist

849:

Anthropologist Lamont Lindstrom has written that some anthropologists consider the term to be a "false category" because it "bundles together diverse and particular uprisings, disturbances, and movements that may have little in common". Lindstrom also writes that "anthropologists and journalists

782:

Stemming directly from religious teaching of equality, and its resulting sense of injustice, is what is generally known as ‘Vailala Madness’, or ‘Cargo Cult’. . . . A native, infected with the disorder, states that a great number of ships loaded with ‘cargo’ had been sent by the ancestor of the

2286:

Lamont Lindstrom takes this analysis one step further through his examination of "cargoism", the discourse of the West about cargo cults. His analysis is concerned with Western fascination with the phenomenon in both academic and popular writing. In his opinion, the name "cargo cult" is deeply

2228:

Theodore Schwartz was the first to emphasize that both Melanesians and Europeans place great value on the demonstration of wealth. "The two cultures, broadly speaking, met on the common ground of materialistic, competitive striving for prestige through entrepreneurial achievement of wealth."

1962:

of the cults often maintained that the manufactured goods of the non-native culture had been created by spiritual means, such as through their deities and ancestors, or that an ancestor had learned how to manufacture the goods. These leaders claimed that the goods were intended for the local

1926:

Faced, through colonialism, with foreigners with a seemingly unending supply of goods for exchange, indigenous Melanesians experienced "value dominance". That is, they were dominated by others in terms of their own (not the foreign) value system. Many Melanesians found the concept of money

759:

or imitating the actions of colonists and military personnel. Most groups foretold the coming of a bounty of Western goods or money as part of their prophecy, although this was not a universal feature of such movements, with other prophets telling their followers to abandon Western goods.

2258:

reform; in this model, cargo cults are a misunderstanding of the systems involved in resource distribution, and an attempt to acquire such goods in the wake of interrupted trade. However, many of these practitioners actually focus on the importance of sustaining and creating new

778:, in an entry written by Norris Mervyn Bird, an ‘old Territories resident’, who expressed concern regarding the effects of World War II, the teachings of Christian missionaries and the increasing liberalisation of colonial authorities in Melanesia would have on local islanders. 783:

native for the benefit of the natives of a particular village or area. But the white man, being very cunning, knows how to intercept these ships and takes the ‘cargo’ for his own use. . . By his very nature the New Guinea native is peculiarly susceptible to these ‘cults’

1927:

incomprehensible, and many cargo cult movements ordered followers to abandon colonial money by either dumping it into the sea or spending it rapidly, with the prophets promising that it would be replaced by new money and they would be freed from their debts.

2287:

problematic because of its pejorative connotation of backwardness, since it imputes a goal (cargo) obtained through the wrong means (cult); the actual goal is not so much obtaining material goods as creating and renewing social relationships under threat.

2265:

Since the late twentieth century, alternative theories have arisen. For example, some scholars, such as Kaplan and Lindstrom, focus on Europeans' characterization of these movements as a fascination with manufactured goods and what such a focus says about

850:

borrowed the term to label almost any sort of organised, village-based social movement with religious and political aspirations", and that their usage of the term "could encompass a variety of forms of social unrest that ethnographers elsewhere tagged

1992:

Discussions of cargo cults usually begin with a series of movements that occurred in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The earliest recorded movement that has been described as a "cargo cult" was the Tuka Movement that began in

2652:

Cargo cult is one of anthropology's most successful conceptual offspring. Like "culture," "worldview," or "ethnicity," its usage has spread beyond our discipline. Other communities nowadays find the term as alluring as anthropologists used to

2283:

field (such as politics and economics) that gives it meaning. She states that people experience change as dramatic and complete, rather than as gradual and evolutionary. This sense of a dramatic break is expressed through cargo cult ideology.

2254:") thought to be recoverable by a return to traditional morality. This leader may characterize the present state as a dismantling of the old social order, meaning that social hierarchy and ego boundaries have been broken down. 2270:. Others point to the need to see each movement as reflecting a particularized historical context, even eschewing the term "cargo cult" for them unless there is an attempt to elicit an exchange relationship from Europeans. 2056:

forces used their foreknowledge of local cargo cult beliefs, intentionally misrepresenting themselves as the ancestors of the Melanesians and distributing goods freely in order to acquire compliance and labor. Later the

2122:

in the Melanesian culture. The leaders typically held cult rituals well away from established towns and colonial authorities, thus making reliable information about these practices very difficult to acquire.

760:

Anthropologists have described cargo cults as rooted in pre-existing aspects of Melanesian society, as a reaction to colonial oppression and inequality disrupting traditional village life, or both.

2246:

Cargo cults often develop during a combination of crises. Under conditions of social stress, such a movement may form under the leadership of a charismatic figure. This leader may have a "

2302:

The term "cargo cult" is widely used negatively as a metaphor outside anthropology. Usage often relates to the ideas of desire (particularly for wealth and material goods) and relatedly

1923:" political system in which individuals gained prestige through gift exchanges. The more wealth a man could distribute, the more people who were in his debt, and the greater his renown. 2310:, ritual action and the expectation of rational results from irrational means, though the term has been used as a general pejorative for "almost anything that some critic depreciates". 2239:

was able to add greater historical depth to the study of cargo cults, and observed the striking continuity in the indigenous value systems from pre-cult times to the time of his study.

838:(myth) described how European goods were invented by a cargo deity and indicated how men could get them from him via their ancestors by following a cargo prophet or leader. Cargo 363: 2413: 1901: 722: 797:", to which the term "cargo cult" was then retroactively applied. Bird took the term from derogatory descriptions used by planters and businessmen in the Australian 2052:. A small population of indigenous peoples observed, often directly in front of their dwellings, the largest war ever fought by technologically advanced nations. 1968: 380: 1934:. Many cargo cult movements sought to revive ancestral traditions (often in the face of their suppression by missionaries or colonial authorities) such as 1452: 1208: 650: 2229:

Melanesians felt "relative deprivation" in their standard of living, and thus came to focus on cargo as an essential expression of their personhood and

886: 368: 1409: 2205:

As of 1993, Lamont Lindstrom reports that many Melanesian political movements "must take care to deny explicitly" any connection with cargo cults.

670: 1894: 3185: 3148: 3027: 2898: 2729: 2686: 2630: 411: 851: 715: 67: 3049:

Nowadays, for example, many Melanesian political movements must take care to deny explicitly that they are any sort of cargo cult. .....

842:

was any religious activity designed to produce goods in this way and assumed to have been taught the leader by the deity. ... A cargo

2794: 1930:

Many cargo cults existed in opposition to colonial rule, often linked to burdens placed on villagers by colonial authorities, such as

1654: 1228: 2990: 3403: 2762: 2588: 1887: 644: 85: 3463: 2165: 3259: 2338: 2236: 941: 831: 708: 2294:

The term "cargo cult" in anthropology is increasingly avoided for failing to represent the complexity of Melanesian beliefs.

2291:

thus argues in favor of erasing the term altogether, though other writers like Ton Otto have argued the term remains useful.

1318: 506: 1546: 1091: 345: 2104:

from wood and wore them while sitting in fabricated control towers. They waved the landing signals while standing on the

1026: 2016:, one of the first anthropologists to conduct fieldwork in Papua New Guinea. Less dramatic cargo cults have appeared in 216: 2965: 2938: 2835: 1976: 35: 3107: 3415: 677: 801:. From this issue, the term became used in anthropology following the publications of Australian anthropologists 2251: 2004:

Cargo cults occurred periodically in many parts of the island of New Guinea, including the Taro Cult in northern

1767: 1624: 333: 1516: 1368: 981: 878: 2785:

Schwartz, Theodore (1976). "The Cargo Cult: A Melanesian Type-Response to Change". In DeVos, George A. (ed.).

634: 3458: 2218: 2127: 1943:

sexual activity. In some movements sexual morality was relaxed, ignoring the pre-existing customs regarding

1699: 1649: 1430: 1263: 1051: 774: 397: 3360: 2757:. University of Manchester at the University Press. pp. Introduction, page 5, second full paragraph. 2364: 2330: 2161: 2119: 2058: 2013: 1920: 1644: 1476: 1471: 1333: 1066: 624: 201: 132: 123: 2578: 1971:, the goods could be shoes, canned meat, knives, rifles, or ammunition, and they would arrive by armored 2709: 2666: 2346: 2247: 2214: 1877: 1659: 1496: 1388: 1383: 1338: 1308: 793:

Previous similar phenomena, first documented in the late 19th century, had been labelled with the term "

698: 486: 2383: – Experience one may have when moving to a cultural environment which is different from one's own 3438: 3453: 2096:

would be gifts from their own ancestors, or other sources, as had occurred with the outsider armies.

1806: 1531: 1416: 1378: 976: 926: 491: 466: 221: 2407: 1873: 1713: 1491: 1423: 1313: 859: 694: 3391: 3154: 3033: 2904: 2636: 2370: 2367: – Ritual inclusion of computer code that serves no purpose (cargo cults used as a metaphor) 2230: 2126:

Classification of groups as cargo cults was sometimes controversial. For example, the separatist

2017: 1972: 1679: 1570: 1328: 1103: 966: 798: 629: 531: 461: 250: 187: 137: 3396:

Journeys to the Past: Travels in New Guinea, Madagascar, and the Northern Territory of Australia

2518:

Otto, Ton (2009). "What happened to Cargo Cults? Material Religions in Melanesia and the West".

3399: 3181: 3144: 3023: 2894: 2790: 2758: 2725: 2682: 2626: 2584: 2177: 2112: 1565: 1437: 1298: 1288: 1217: 1135: 456: 441: 436: 3383: 3264:

Road belong cargo: a study of the Cargo Movement in the Southern Madang District, New Guinea

3136: 3015: 2886: 2754:

Road Belong Cargo: A Study of the Cargo Movement in the Southern Madang District, New Guinea

2717: 2674: 2618: 2527: 2475: 2401: 2005: 1831: 1590: 1575: 1526: 1358: 601: 591: 571: 561: 1855: 30:

This article is about religious movements in Melanesia. For the colloquial expression, see

3378: 3355: 3337: 2319: 2240: 2181: 2134:

was classed by Australian authorities as a cargo cult, but this was denied by its leaders

2053: 2009: 1958:

Since the modern manufacturing process was largely unknown to them, members, leaders, and

1826: 1816: 1639: 1460: 1323: 1278: 1233: 1223: 1021: 1011: 936: 794: 639: 596: 551: 536: 481: 231: 163: 158: 2467: 2076: 2036: 1939: 1836: 1811: 1684: 1303: 1243: 1238: 756: 752: 586: 576: 566: 511: 304: 107: 98: 3433: 3447: 3224: 2380: 2288: 2222: 2171: 2135: 2021: 1689: 1506: 1464: 1373: 1363: 1348: 1343: 1293: 1187: 814: 581: 516: 476: 471: 451: 339: 299: 294: 280: 270: 265: 168: 3423:

village and provides answers about the faith and its practices. Penguin Books, 1992.

3410: 2392: 2198: 2188: 2049: 1674: 1607: 1353: 1283: 1046: 1041: 951: 556: 546: 541: 501: 496: 446: 245: 226: 1792: 3076:

Burridge, Kenelm (1993). Lockwood, V. S.; Harding, T. G.; B. J., Wallace (eds.).

2752: 2386: 2303: 2267: 2131: 2087:

The John Frum movement has come to be described as the "archetypal" cargo cult.

2045: 2025: 1787: 1733: 1664: 1619: 1268: 1182: 1165: 1061: 1031: 991: 526: 521: 31: 3319: 2923: 2721: 2678: 2307: 1998: 1777: 1511: 1273: 1006: 1001: 986: 971: 961: 956: 931: 921: 806: 211: 206: 3180:, Cahiers du Credo, Marseille: pacific-credo Publications, pp. 169–185, 3174:"Chapter 7. Even More Strange Stories of Desire: Cargo Cult in Popular Media" 3037: 3009: 2640: 2612: 3420: 3364: 3254:

Neither cargo nor cult: ritual politics and the colonial imagination in Fiji

3178:

Kago, Kastom and Kalja: The Study of Indigenous Movements in Melanesia Today

3173: 2151: 2101: 2072: 1916: 1850: 1752: 1738: 1669: 1634: 1614: 1595: 1580: 1125: 1036: 946: 906: 855: 802: 772:

The term "cargo cult" first appeared in print in the November 1945 issue of

739: 606: 275: 178: 103: 3158: 3140: 2908: 2890: 2531: 2250:" (or "myth-dream") of the future, often linked to an ancestral efficacy (" 1150: 738:

were various spiritual and political movements that arose among indigenous

17: 3130: 3019: 2880: 2622: 2108:. They lit signal fires and torches to light up runways and lighthouses. 3303:

Kago, Kastom, Kalja: the study of indigenous movements in Melanesia today

3115: 1952: 1931: 1821: 1772: 1762: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1706: 1629: 1560: 1553: 1541: 1160: 1120: 1115: 260: 2065: 2044:

The most widely known period of cargo cult activity occurred among the

1959: 1944: 1862: 1843: 1799: 1694: 1585: 911: 846:

a complex of ritual activity associated with a particular cargo myth".

744: 182: 111: 2667:"12. Work, Wealth, and Knowledge: Enigmas of Cargoist Identifications" 2480: 2105: 1964: 1948: 1782: 1536: 1521: 1501: 1155: 1016: 996: 916: 748: 2064:

The vast amounts of military equipment and supplies that both sides

58:

provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject

2035: 1757: 1745: 1481: 1140: 1130: 1056: 255: 173: 97: 3172:

Lindstrom, Lamont (2013), Abong, Marcellin; Tabani, Marc (eds.),

3078:

Contemporary Pacific Societies: Studies in Development and Change

2079:

in Vanuatu. This tradition urged islanders to resume dancing and

3439:

2006 Smithsonian Magazine article entitled: "In John They Trust"

2080: 1994: 1935: 1486: 1145: 3289:

Like Fire - The Paliau Movement and Millenarianism in Melanesia

3271:

Cargo cult: strange stories of desire from Melanesia and beyond

3132:

Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of Desire from Melanesia and Beyond

3093:

Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of desire from Melanesia and beyond

3011:

Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of Desire from Melanesia and Beyond

2882:

Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of Desire from Melanesia and Beyond

2614:

Cargo Cult: Strange Stories of Desire from Melanesia and Beyond

2580:

Like Fire - The Paliau Movement and Millenarianism in Melanesia

821:; this description became the standard definition of the term: 3331:

The trumpet shall sound: a study of "cargo" cults in Melanesia

2564:

The Trumpet Shall Sound: A Study of 'Cargo Cults' in Melanesia

1600: 42: 3129:

Lindstrom, Lamont (31 March 2019). "CARGO CULTS EVERYWHERE".

3008:

Lindstrom, Lamont (1993). "1 WHAT HAPPENED TO CARGO CULTS?".

2611:

Lindstrom, Lamont (1993). "1 WHAT HAPPENED TO CARGO CULTS?".

2118:

Cargo cults were typically created by individual leaders, or

2710:"Chapter 1. Introduction Cargo, Cult, and Culture Critique" 2040:

Members of the John Frum cult at a ceremonial flag-raising.

3296:

Une pirogue pour le paradis: le culte de John Frum à Tanna

747:

figures foretelling an imminent cataclysm and/or a coming

3234:

Inglis, Judy. "Cargo Cults: The Problem of Explanation",

2278:

More recent work has debated the suitability of the term

2012:

that arose from 1919 to 1922. The last was documented by

3063:

New Heaven, New Earth: A study of Millenarian Activities

2262:

relationships, with material relations being secondary.

2991:"Complicated Aftermath Of The New Guinea Buka Troubles" 2375:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

63: 2787:

Responses to Change: Society, Culture, and Personality

3229:

Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture

2818:

Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches: The Riddles of Culture

2373: – 1985 autobiographical book by Richard Feynman 2100:

with wooden or salvaged rifles. The islanders carved

2404: – Belief in the connection of unrelated events 2397:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2353:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2326:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

3278:

A Cargo Situation in the Markham Valley, New Guinea

3080:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 283. 2414:

Sociological classifications of religious movements

3409:A chapter named "The oddest island in Vanuatu" in 2577:Schwartz, Theodore; Smith, Michael French (2021). 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2146:Some cargo cults are still active. These include: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 788:Norris Mervyn Bird, Pacific Islands Monthly, 1945 3287:Schwartz, Theodore & Smith, Michael French. 817:defined cargo cults as follows in his 1957 book 3316:, vol. 2, Hastings, NE: Crosier Missions, 1974. 3305:. Marseilles: Pacific-Credo Publications, 2013. 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 823: 780: 2617:. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 1–12. 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2410: – Material wealth–based Christian belief 3419:pages 267–277 describes Theroux's visit to a 3326:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. 3273:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993. 3249:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2004. 2861: 2859: 2857: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2716:, University of Hawaii Press, pp. 9–10, 2708:Jebens, Holger (2004), Jebens, Holger (ed.), 2061:arrived in the islands and did this as well. 1895: 891:Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru 716: 8: 3434:Vanuatu cargo cult marks 50 years (BBC News) 3377:Several pages are devoted to cargo cults in 2513: 2511: 1997:in 1885 at the height of the colonial era's 3310:Cargo cult in Asmat: Examples and prospects 2820:. New York: Random House, 1974, pg. 133-152 2789:. New York: Van Nostrand. p. 164,174. 2673:, University of Hawaii Press, p. 210, 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2157:The Tom Navy cult on Tanna Island (Vanuatu) 1938:drinking, and/or adopt new rituals such as 3014:. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 4. 2324: – 2007 film by Richard Martin-Jordan 1902: 1888: 869: 723: 709: 651:Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems 117: 3359:, feature documentary (2007, 52 min), by 2997:. Vol. 32, no. 12. 1 July 1962. 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2479: 2187:The Paliau movement on Papua New Guinea ( 86:Learn how and when to remove this message 2665:Otto, Ton (2004), Jebens, Holger (ed.), 2217:conceptualized the "Tuka movement" as a 2194:The Peli association on Papua New Guinea 2084:drilling, flags and poles, and flowers". 1410:Anthropological Perspectives on Religion 834:described the term as follows: "A cargo 3095:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 2425: 2164:on the island of Tanna, which worships 877: 671:Political and Legal Anthropology Review 131: 3256:. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995. 3212:My Friends, The New Guinea Headhunters 3065:. London: Basil Blackwell. p. 48. 2472:Cambridge Encyclopedia of Anthropology 327:Societies without hierarchical leaders 68:providing more context for the reader 32:the Wiktionary entry for "cargo cult" 7: 3333:, London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1957. 3301:Tabani, Marc & Abong, Marcelin. 3282:Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 3266:. Manchester University Press, 1964. 2966:"On The Trail of the Cargo Cultists" 1099:Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants 3390:A chapter named "Cargo Cult" is in 2879:Lindstrom, Lamont (31 March 2019). 2466:Lindstrom, Lamont (29 March 2018). 2174:based on Pentecost island (Vanuatu) 1951:, while in other movements, strict 1919:were typically characterized by a " 751:for followers—a worldview known as 3298:. Paris: Editions de la MSH, 2008. 2964:Inder, Stuart (1 September 1960). 2939:"They Still Believe in Cargo Cult" 2343: – Novel by Christopher Moore 1229:Archaeology of religion and ritual 809:in the late 1940s and early 1950s. 768:Origin of the term and definitions 25: 2714:Cargo, Cult, and Culture Critique 2671:Cargo, Cult, and Culture Critique 645:Political economy in anthropology 2377:(cargo cults used as a metaphor) 2180:cargo cult on Papua New Guinea ( 2166:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 885: 47: 3231:. New York: Random House, 1974. 2970:XXXI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly 2867:Parliament of a Thousand Tribes 2840:XVII(4) Pacific Islands Monthly 2340:Island of the Sequined Love Nun 942:Evolutionary origin of religion 3135:. University of Hawaii Press. 2943:XX(10) Pacific Islands Monthly 2885:. University of Hawaii Press. 2389: – New religious movement 2335: – 1980 film by Jamie Uys 2154:cult on Tanna Island (Vanuatu) 2048:in the years during and after 1097:Treatise on the Apparitions of 866:Causes, beliefs, and practices 507:Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges 1: 3312:, in: F. Trenkenschuh (ed.), 2032:Pacific cults of World War II 1547:Traditional African religions 1092:Coral Gardens and Their Magic 678:Journal of Legal Anthropology 346:The Art of Not Being Governed 3219:Anutu Conquers in New Guinea 3214:. Doubleday & Co., 1964. 2566:. New York: Schocken books. 1955:policies were implemented. 36:Cargo cult (disambiguation) 3480: 3416:The Happy Isles of Oceania 3091:Lindstrom, Lamont (1993). 2836:"How "Cargo-Cult" is Born" 2583:. ANU Press. p. 180. 858:, nativistic, vitalistic, 684:Journal of Law and Society 404:Colonialism and resistance 102:A ceremonial cross of the 29: 3061:Burridge, Kenelm (1969). 2869:, Heinemann, London, 1965 2722:10.1515/9780824840440-002 2679:10.1515/9780824840440-013 2395: – political theatre 2351: – television series 1625:Armenian Apostolic Church 358:Non-western state systems 334:African Political Systems 3324:The invention of culture 2751:Lawrence, Peter (1971). 2274:Discourse on cargo cults 2209:Theoretical explanations 1517:Native American religion 1172:Revitalization movements 1027:Sacred–profane dichotomy 879:Anthropology of religion 743:presence of charismatic 3464:New religious movements 3398:, Penguin Books, 1983. 3238:vol. xxvii no. 4, 1957. 3221:. Wartburg Press, 1957. 3106:Jarvis, Brooke (2019). 2995:Pacific Islands Monthly 2562:Worsley, Peter (1957). 2219:revitalization movement 2128:Hahalis Welfare Society 2071:In the late 1930s, the 2020:as well, including the 1431:The Journal of Religion 1052:Theories about religion 819:The Trumpet Shall Sound 775:Pacific Islands Monthly 383:and the State in Africa 3284:, vol. 14 no. 3, 1958. 3241:Jebens, Holger (ed.). 3141:10.2307/j.ctv9zcktq.12 2891:10.2307/j.ctv9zcktq.10 2532:10.3167/sa.2009.530106 2365:Cargo cult programming 2332:The Gods Must Be Crazy 2162:Prince Philip Movement 2041: 2014:Francis Edgar Williams 1477:Alaska Native religion 1472:Afro-American religion 1067:Veneration of the dead 828: 791: 625:Circumscription theory 412:Europe and the People 381:Technology, Tradition, 115: 34:. For other uses, see 27:New religious movement 3361:Richard Martin-Jordan 3210:Butcher, Benjamin T. 3020:10.2307/j.ctv9zcktq.7 2623:10.2307/j.ctv9zcktq.7 2348:Meet the Natives: USA 2215:Anthony F. C. Wallace 2039: 1878:cultural anthropology 1497:Chinese folk religion 1389:Anthony F. C. Wallace 1384:Daniel Martin Varisco 1309:E. E. Evans-Pritchard 1211:of the Religious Life 699:cultural anthropology 487:E. E. Evans-Pritchard 340:Papuan Big man system 101: 3217:Frerichs, Albert C. 2091:Postwar developments 2075:movement emerged on 2046:Melanesian islanders 1532:Shamanism in Siberia 1379:Edward Burnett Tylor 1209:The Elementary Forms 977:Magic (supernatural) 927:Comparative religion 492:Wolfgang Fikentscher 467:Henri J. M. Claessen 222:Pantribal sodalities 110:, New Hebrides (now 3342:Scientific American 3314:An Asmat Sketchbook 3269:Lindstrom, Lamont. 3108:"Who Is John Frum?" 2408:Prosperity theology 2201:on Papua New Guinea 1714:Hindu denominations 1655:Ethiopian Orthodoxy 1424:The Hibbert Journal 1334:Claude Lévi-Strauss 1319:Fustel de Coulanges 873:Part of a series on 635:Left–right paradigm 64:improve the article 3392:David Attenborough 2842:. 18 November 1946 2371:Cargo cult science 2042: 2018:western New Guinea 1768:Non-denominational 1680:Oriental Orthodoxy 1234:Poles in mythology 967:Laying on of hands 799:Territory of Papua 630:Legal anthropology 532:Thomas Blom Hansen 462:Robert L. Carneiro 251:Segmentary lineage 188:Leveling mechanism 138:legal anthropology 116: 3367:'s cult at Tanna. 3336:Worsley, Peter. " 3308:Trenkenschuh, F. 3291:. ANU Press, 2021 3187:978-2-9563981-2-7 3150:978-0-8248-7895-5 3118:on 18 April 2019. 3029:978-0-8248-1526-4 2900:978-0-8248-7895-5 2731:978-0-8248-4044-0 2688:978-0-8248-4044-0 2632:978-0-8248-1526-4 2138:and John Teosin. 2113:sympathetic magic 1988:First occurrences 1912: 1911: 1700:Russian Orthodoxy 1650:Eastern Orthodoxy 1299:Arnold van Gennep 1218:Purity and Danger 733: 732: 457:Jeremy Boissevain 442:Georges Balandier 437:E. Adamson Hoebel 96: 95: 88: 16:(Redirected from 3471: 3384:The God Delusion 3329:Worsley, Peter. 3252:Kaplan, Martha. 3247:Culture Critique 3198: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3114:. Archived from 3103: 3097: 3096: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2927:. 30 March 1962. 2919: 2913: 2912: 2876: 2870: 2863: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2832: 2821: 2816:Harris, Marvin. 2814: 2801: 2800: 2782: 2769: 2768: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2559: 2536: 2535: 2515: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481:10.29164/18cargo 2463: 2402:Magical thinking 2398: 2376: 2354: 2327: 2006:Papua New Guinea 1940:ecstatic dancing 1904: 1897: 1890: 1645:Coptic Orthodoxy 1359:Marshall Sahlins 1201:Related articles 889: 870: 789: 757:ecstatic dancing 725: 718: 711: 619:Related articles 602:Douglas R. White 592:Jonathan Spencer 572:Marshall Sahlins 562:Sally Falk Moore 118: 91: 84: 80: 77: 71: 51: 50: 43: 21: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3469: 3468: 3444: 3443: 3430: 3394:'s travel book 3379:Richard Dawkins 3374: 3372:Further reading 3356:God is American 3351: 3260:Lawrence, Peter 3207: 3202: 3201: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3151: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3042: 3040: 3030: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2901: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2804: 2797: 2784: 2783: 2772: 2765: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2645: 2643: 2633: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2560: 2539: 2520:Social Analysis 2517: 2516: 2489: 2465: 2464: 2427: 2422: 2396: 2374: 2361: 2352: 2325: 2321:God Is American 2316: 2300: 2276: 2241:Kenelm Burridge 2213:Anthropologist 2211: 2172:Turaga movement 2144: 2093: 2034: 2010:Vailala Madness 1990: 1985: 1908: 1868: 1867: 1660:Greek Orthodoxy 1640:Catholic Church 1456: 1455: 1444: 1443: 1404: 1403: 1394: 1393: 1369:Stanley Tambiah 1324:Clifford Geertz 1279:Joseph Campbell 1264:Augustin Calmet 1259: 1258: 1257:Major theorists 1249: 1248: 1224:Myth and ritual 1210: 1203: 1202: 1193: 1192: 1098: 1082: 1081: 1072: 1071: 1022:Sacred language 1012:Rite of passage 937:Divine language 902: 901: 892: 868: 795:Vailala Madness 790: 787: 770: 729: 689: 688: 665: 657: 656: 640:State formation 620: 612: 611: 597:Bjorn Thomassen 552:Elizabeth Mertz 537:Ted C. Lewellen 482:Pierre Clastres 432: 431:Major theorists 424: 423: 414:Without History 413: 382: 318: 310: 309: 232:Paramount chief 164:Achieved status 159:Ascribed status 151:Status and rank 147: 136: 92: 81: 75: 72: 61: 52: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3477: 3475: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3459:Millenarianism 3456: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3428:External links 3426: 3425: 3424: 3407: 3388: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3350: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3334: 3327: 3317: 3306: 3299: 3294:Tabani, Marc. 3292: 3285: 3274: 3267: 3257: 3250: 3239: 3232: 3225:Harris, Marvin 3222: 3215: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3186: 3164: 3149: 3121: 3098: 3083: 3068: 3053: 3028: 3000: 2982: 2956: 2930: 2914: 2899: 2871: 2865:White, Osmar. 2853: 2822: 2802: 2796:978-0442220945 2795: 2770: 2763: 2743: 2730: 2700: 2687: 2657: 2631: 2603: 2589: 2569: 2537: 2487: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2368: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2344: 2336: 2328: 2315: 2312: 2299: 2296: 2275: 2272: 2237:Peter Lawrence 2210: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2195: 2192: 2185: 2175: 2168: 2158: 2155: 2143: 2142:Current status 2140: 2092: 2089: 2033: 2030: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1967:fabric. After 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1892: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1685:Pentecostalism 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1465:folk religions 1457: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1427: 1420: 1413: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1289:Émile Durkheim 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1269:Akbar S. Ahmed 1266: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1244:Elite religion 1241: 1239:Lived religion 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1214: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1094: 1088: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 903: 900:Basic concepts 899: 898: 897: 894: 893: 890: 882: 881: 875: 874: 867: 864: 832:Peter Lawrence 785: 769: 766: 753:millenarianism 731: 730: 728: 727: 720: 713: 705: 702: 701: 691: 690: 687: 686: 681: 674: 666: 663: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 621: 618: 617: 614: 613: 610: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 587:Aidan Southall 584: 579: 577:James C. Scott 574: 569: 567:Rodney Needham 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 512:Ernest Gellner 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 433: 430: 429: 426: 425: 422: 421: 416: 408: 407: 405: 401: 400: 394: 393: 391: 387: 386: 376: 375: 372: 371: 366: 360: 359: 356: 354: 350: 349: 342: 337: 329: 328: 325: 323: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 305:Ritual warfare 302: 297: 291: 290: 288: 287:Law and custom 284: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 242: 241: 239: 235: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 198: 197: 195: 191: 190: 185: 176: 171: 166: 161: 155: 154: 152: 148: 146:Basic concepts 145: 144: 141: 140: 129: 128: 94: 93: 55: 53: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3476: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3449: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3404:0-14-00-64133 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3344:, 1 May 1959. 3343: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3039: 3038:j.ctv9zcktq.7 3035: 3031: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3004: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2875: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2841: 2837: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764:9780719004575 2760: 2756: 2755: 2747: 2744: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2704: 2701: 2690: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2642: 2641:j.ctv9zcktq.7 2638: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2607: 2604: 2592: 2590:9781760464240 2586: 2582: 2581: 2573: 2570: 2565: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:"Cargo cults" 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2381:Culture shock 2379: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2298:As a metaphor 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2289:Martha Kaplan 2284: 2281: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2223:Peter Worsley 2220: 2216: 2208: 2206: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2136:Francis Hagai 2133: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2111:In a form of 2109: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2059:Allied forces 2055: 2051: 2047: 2038: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1915:societies of 1905: 1900: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1690:Protestantism 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1374:Victor Turner 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1364:Melford Spiro 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1349:Roy Rappaport 1347: 1345: 1344:Steven Ozment 1342: 1340: 1339:Robert Marett 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1294:Mircea Eliade 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1253: 1252: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1188:Handsome Lake 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 896: 895: 888: 884: 883: 880: 876: 872: 871: 865: 863: 861: 857: 853: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 827: 822: 820: 816: 815:Peter Worsley 812: 811: 808: 807:H. Ian Hogbin 804: 800: 796: 784: 779: 777: 776: 767: 765: 761: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 737: 726: 721: 719: 714: 712: 707: 706: 704: 703: 700: 696: 693: 692: 685: 682: 680: 679: 675: 673: 672: 668: 667: 661: 660: 653: 652: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 622: 616: 615: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 582:Elman Service 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 517:David Graeber 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 477:John Comaroff 475: 473: 472:Jean Comaroff 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 452:Fredrik Barth 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 428: 427: 420: 417: 415: 410: 409: 406: 403: 402: 399: 396: 395: 392: 390:Legal systems 389: 388: 385: 384: 378: 377: 374: 373: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 357: 355: 352: 351: 348: 347: 343: 341: 338: 336: 335: 331: 330: 326: 324: 321: 320: 314: 313: 306: 303: 301: 300:Legal culture 298: 296: 295:Customary law 293: 292: 289: 286: 285: 282: 281:Theatre state 279: 277: 274: 272: 271:House society 269: 267: 266:Petty kingdom 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 236: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 184: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 169:Social status 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 153: 150: 149: 143: 142: 139: 134: 130: 127: 125: 120: 119: 113: 109: 105: 100: 90: 87: 79: 69: 65: 59: 56:This article 54: 45: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 3414: 3411:Paul Theroux 3395: 3382: 3354: 3341: 3330: 3323: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3295: 3288: 3281: 3277: 3276:Read, K. E. 3270: 3263: 3253: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3228: 3218: 3211: 3191:, retrieved 3177: 3167: 3131: 3124: 3116:the original 3111: 3101: 3092: 3086: 3077: 3071: 3062: 3056: 3048: 3041:. Retrieved 3010: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2973:. Retrieved 2969: 2959: 2949:30 September 2947:. Retrieved 2945:. 1 May 1950 2942: 2933: 2922: 2917: 2881: 2874: 2866: 2846:29 September 2844:. Retrieved 2839: 2817: 2786: 2753: 2746: 2735:, retrieved 2713: 2703: 2692:, retrieved 2670: 2660: 2651: 2644:. Retrieved 2613: 2606: 2594:. Retrieved 2579: 2572: 2563: 2523: 2519: 2471: 2393:Johnson cult 2347: 2339: 2331: 2320: 2301: 2293: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2245: 2235: 2227: 2212: 2204: 2199:Pomio Kivung 2189:Manus Island 2145: 2125: 2117: 2110: 2098: 2094: 2085: 2070: 2063: 2050:World War II 2043: 2003: 1991: 1969:World War II 1957: 1929: 1925: 1913: 1807:Conservative 1675:Nestorianism 1608:Christianity 1436: 1429: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1354:Saba Mahmood 1329:Robin Horton 1314:James Frazer 1284:Mary Douglas 1216: 1207: 1177: 1104:Neo-Paganism 1080:Case studies 1047:Superstition 1042:Soul dualism 952:Great Spirit 860:revivalistic 848: 843: 839: 835: 829: 824: 818: 813: 810: 792: 781: 773: 771: 762: 735: 734: 683: 676: 669: 649: 557:Sidney Mintz 547:Ralph Linton 542:Edmund Leach 502:Morton Fried 497:Meyer Fortes 447:F. G. Bailey 418: 379: 344: 332: 317:Case studies 276:Ethnic group 246:Band society 121: 108:Tanna island 106:cargo cult, 82: 73: 62:Please help 57: 40: 3454:Cargo cults 3349:Filmography 3338:Cargo Cults 3320:Wagner, Roy 3243:Cargo, Cult 3159:j.ctv9zcktq 2909:j.ctv9zcktq 2737:9 September 2387:Ghost Dance 2304:consumerism 2268:consumerism 2132:Buka Island 1734:Vaishnavism 1665:Lutheranism 1620:Anglicanism 1304:René Girard 1183:Ghost Dance 1062:Transtheism 1032:Sacred site 992:Nympholepsy 852:millenarian 740:Melanesians 736:Cargo cults 527:Ulf Hannerz 522:Lesley Gill 18:Cargo cults 3448:Categories 3205:References 2924:Mondo cane 2308:capitalism 2280:cargo cult 2102:headphones 2066:airdropped 1999:plantation 1932:head taxes 1856:Śvetāmbara 1492:Böö mörgöl 1274:Talal Asad 1178:Cargo cult 1007:Polytheism 1002:Pilgrimage 987:Monotheism 972:Liminality 962:Initiation 957:Henotheism 932:Divination 922:Communitas 419:Cargo cult 322:Acephelous 212:Matriarchy 207:Patriarchy 194:Leadership 3421:John Frum 3365:John Frum 2975:2 October 2152:John Frum 2073:John Frum 1917:Melanesia 1851:Digambara 1793:Yazdânism 1773:Quranists 1753:Ahmadiyya 1739:Ayyavazhi 1670:Methodism 1635:Calvinism 1615:Adventism 1596:Vajrayana 1581:Theravada 1571:Pure Land 1453:Religions 1126:Bobohizan 1037:Shamanism 947:Fetishism 907:Afterlife 856:messianic 830:In 1964, 803:Lucy Mair 607:Eric Wolf 179:Age grade 133:Political 104:John Frum 76:June 2024 3413:'s book 2359:See also 2054:Japanese 2008:and the 1983:Examples 1960:prophets 1953:celibacy 1832:Orthodox 1822:Haymanot 1763:Mahdavia 1729:Smartism 1724:Shaktism 1719:Shaivism 1707:Hinduism 1630:Baptists 1566:Nichiren 1561:Mahayana 1554:Buddhism 1542:Tengrism 1417:Folklore 1402:Journals 1161:Slametan 1121:Babaylan 1116:Angakkuq 786:— 664:Journals 261:Chiefdom 238:Polities 124:a series 122:Part of 3381:' book 3236:Oceania 3193:12 July 3043:15 June 2694:25 June 2646:15 June 2596:21 June 2184:region) 2120:big men 2106:runways 2028:areas. 1945:exogamy 1921:big man 1863:Sikhism 1844:Jainism 1827:Karaite 1817:Hasidic 1800:Judaism 1695:Quakers 1591:Tibetan 1586:Tiantai 1576:Shingon 1512:Kejawèn 1438:Oceania 912:Animism 745:prophet 369:Mandala 202:Big man 183:Age set 114:), 1967 112:Vanuatu 3402: 3245:, and 3184: 3157: 3147: 3036: 3026: 2907: 2897: 2793: 2761: 2728: 2685: 2639: 2629: 2587: 2260:social 2248:vision 2231:agency 2182:Madang 2178:Yali's 1965:calico 1949:incest 1874:Social 1837:Reform 1812:Haredi 1783:Sufism 1537:Shinto 1527:Shindo 1522:Noaidi 1502:Hanitu 1461:Ethnic 1156:Pawang 1151:Jhākri 1110:Ritual 1017:Ritual 997:Oracle 917:Augury 840:ritual 836:belief 749:utopia 695:Social 364:Negara 3363:, on 3155:JSTOR 3112:Topic 3034:JSTOR 2905:JSTOR 2653:..... 2637:JSTOR 2526:(1). 2420:Notes 2314:Works 2077:Tanna 2022:Asmat 1977:plane 1788:Sunni 1758:Ibadi 1746:Islam 1507:Hausa 1482:Anito 1141:Dukun 1131:Bomoh 1086:Magic 1057:Totem 353:State 256:Tribe 227:Chief 217:Elder 174:Caste 3400:ISBN 3195:2024 3182:ISBN 3145:ISBN 3045:2024 3024:ISBN 2977:2021 2951:2021 2895:ISBN 2848:2021 2791:ISBN 2759:ISBN 2739:2024 2726:ISBN 2696:2024 2683:ISBN 2648:2024 2627:ISBN 2598:2024 2585:ISBN 2306:and 2252:mana 2197:The 2170:The 2160:The 2150:The 2081:kava 2026:Dani 2024:and 1995:Fiji 1973:ship 1947:and 1936:kava 1876:and 1778:Shia 1487:Atua 1463:and 1146:Miko 1136:Bora 982:Mana 844:cult 805:and 697:and 398:Kapu 3340:", 3137:doi 3016:doi 2887:doi 2718:doi 2675:doi 2619:doi 2528:doi 2476:doi 2130:on 1975:or 1601:Zen 135:and 66:by 3450:: 3322:. 3280:. 3262:. 3227:. 3176:, 3153:. 3143:. 3110:. 3047:. 3032:. 3022:. 2993:. 2968:. 2941:. 2903:. 2893:. 2856:^ 2838:. 2825:^ 2805:^ 2773:^ 2724:, 2712:, 2681:, 2669:, 2650:. 2635:. 2625:. 2540:^ 2524:53 2522:. 2490:^ 2474:. 2470:. 2428:^ 2233:. 2221:. 1979:. 1166:Wu 854:, 126:on 3406:. 3387:. 3161:. 3139:: 3018:: 2979:. 2953:. 2911:. 2889:: 2850:. 2799:. 2767:. 2720:: 2677:: 2621:: 2600:. 2534:. 2530:: 2484:. 2478:: 2191:) 1903:e 1896:t 1889:v 724:e 717:t 710:v 181:/ 89:) 83:( 78:) 74:( 70:. 60:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index