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another. Once they are close enough to attack, they pause slightly, and then one cat leaps and tries to bite the nape of the other cat. The other cat has no choice but to retaliate and both cats roll aggressively on the ground. During such confrontations both cats produce loud intense screams. After some time, the cats separate and stand face to face to begin the attack all over again. This can go on for some time until one remains seated, showing defeat. The defeated cat does not move until the victor completes sniffing the area and moves outside the fighting area. Once this happens, the defeated cat leaves the area, ending the fight.
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side (defensive posture), and retreating when the dominant cat approaches. Dominant cats present a specific body posture as well. The cat displays ears straight up, the base of its tail will be arched, and it looks directly at subordinate cats. These dominant cats are usually not aggressive, but if a subordinate cat blocks the food source they may become aggressive. When this aggressive behavior occurs, it could also lead to the dominant cat preventing subordinate cats from eating and using the litter box. This can cause the subordinate cat to defecate somewhere else and create problems with human interaction.
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for many hours a week. The process is made easier if there is another socialized cat present but not necessarily in the same space as the one being socialized. If the handler can get a cat to urinate in the litter tray, then the others in a litter will usually follow. Initial contact with thick gloves is highly recommended until trust is established, usually within the first week. On the other hand, it is a challenge to socialize an adult cat. This is because socialized adult feral cats tend to trust only those who they trusted in their socialization period, and therefore can be very fearful around strangers.
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half-raised tail can indicate less pleasure, and discontent is indicated with a tail held low. A cat's tail may swing from side to side, and if this motion is slow and "lazy", it generally indicates that the cat is in a relaxed state. Cats will twitch the tip of their tails when hunting, alert, or playful. A stalking domestic cat will typically hold its tail low to the ground while in a crouch, and twitch it quickly from side to side. This tail behavior is also observed when a cat becomes "irritated" and is about to lash out and attack typically done by biting or scratching with the claws extended.
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946:. After this period, socialization can be less effective. Studies have shown that the earlier the kitten is handled by people, the less fearful the kitten will be toward people. Other factors that can enhance socialization are having many people handle the kitten frequently, the presence of the mother, and feeding. The presence of the mother is important because cats are observational learners. For example, a mother that is comfortable around humans can reduce anxiety in the kitten and promote the kitten-human relationship.
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966:. This type of learning emerges early in a cat's life, and has been shown in many laboratory studies. Young kittens learn to hunt from their mothers by observing their techniques when catching prey. The mother ensures their kittens learn hunting techniques by first bringing dead prey to the litter, followed by live prey. With the live prey, she demonstrates the techniques required for successful capture. Prey-catching behavior of kittens improves at higher levels over time when their mothers are present.
542:– The cat is lying on its belly or crouching directly on top of its paws. Its entire body may be shaking and very near the ground when standing up; Breathing is also fast, with its legs bent near the surface, and its tail curled and very close to its body when standing on all fours. As such, a fearful and a defensive cat makes itself smaller, lowers itself toward the ground, arches its back and leans its body away from the threat rather than forward. Fighting usually occurs only when escape is impossible.
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554:– The hind legs stiffen, the rump elevated, but the back stays flat; while tail hairs are erected. The nose is pushed forward and the ears are pulled back slightly. And because cats have both claws and teeth, they can easily cause injury if they become involved in a fight, so this posture is an attempt to elicit deference from a competitor without fighting. The aggressor may attempt to make the challengers retreat and will pursue them if they do not flee.
578:– The cat is lying on its belly, while the back of the body is more visibly lower than the front part when the cat is standing or moving. Its breathing may be fast, and its legs are tucked under its body. The tail is close to the body and maybe curled forward (or close to the body when standing), with the tip of the tail moving up and down (or side to side). The tail is also moved to the side when ready to be mounted by the male cat.
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548:– The cat is crouched directly on top of its paws, with visible shaking seen in some parts of the body. Its tail is close to the body, and might be propped up, together with its hair on the back. The legs are very stiff or bent to increase their size. Typically, cats avoid contact when they feel threatened, although they can resort to varying degrees of aggression when they feel cornered, or when escape is impossible.
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780:". This communication might have an olfactory component as there are scent glands in this area of the body, and is possibly for seeking attention when the cat turns its head down or to the side. Some cats also rub their faces on humans as a friendly greeting or indicating affection. This tactile action is combined with olfactory communication as the contact leaves scent around the mouth and cheeks.
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584:– This posture also indicates that the cat is relaxed. When cats lie on their back with their bellies exposed, they are in a position of vulnerability. Therefore, this position may communicate a feeling of trust or comfort. They may also roll onto their backs to defend themselves with their claws or to bask in areas of bright sunlight.
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When greeting their owners, cats often hold their tails straight up with a quivering motion that indicates extreme happiness. A scared or surprised cat may erect the hairs on its tail and back. It may stand more upright and turn its body sideways to increase its apparent size as a threat. Tailless cats, such as the
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dogs. If the hiss and growl warning does not remove the threat, an attack may follow. It's also used to scare off intruders into their territory. Kittens as young as two to three weeks may hiss and spit when first picked up by a human. Spitting is a shorter but louder and more emphatic version of hissing.
572:– The cat is lying on its belly, with the back of its body lower than its upper body (slinking) when standing or moving back; Its hind legs are bent and front legs are extended when standing, and the tail is close to the body, tensed or curled downward; there can be twitching when the cat is standing up.
521:(as perceived by humans) such as slowly blinking to signal relaxation and comfort in their environment. Domestic cats frequently use visual communication with their eyes, ears, mouths, tails, coats and body postures. The change in a cat's facial features can be a strong indicator of their communication.
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Dominance can be seen among domestic cats in multi-cat households. "Subordinate" cats submit to the "dominant" cat. Dominance includes such behaviors as the submissive cats walking around the dominant cat, waiting for the dominant cat to walk past them, avoiding eye contact, crouching, lying on their
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Cats carry these infantile behaviors beyond nursing and into adulthood. Some cats "nurse", that is, suck on clothing or bedding during kneading. The cat exerts firm downward pressure with its paw, spreading its toes to expose its claws, then curls its toes as it lifts its paw. The process takes place
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Usually, when strange cats meet, one of them makes a sudden move that puts the other cat into a defensive mode. The cat will then draw in on itself and prepare to attack if needed. The submissive cat will usually run away before a physical altercation ensues. This is not always the case, and what is
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Observational learning is not limited to kitten-hood – it can also be observed during adulthood. Studies have shown that adult cats that see others performing a task, such as pressing a lever after a visual cue, learn to perform the same task faster than those who did not witness another cat at that
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Kittens also show observational learning when they are socializing with humans. They are more likely to initiate socialization with humans when their mothers are exhibiting non-aggressive and non-defensive behaviors. Even though mothers spend more time with their kittens, male cats play an important
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Observational learning for cats can be described in terms of the drive to complete the behavior, the cue that initiates the behavior, the response to the cue, and the reward for completing the behavior. This is shown when cats learn predatory behavior from their mothers. The drive is hunger, the cue
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rubbing the scent glands, by urine and fecal deposits, spraying seems to be the "loudest" feline olfactory communication. It is most frequently observed in intact male cats in competition with other males. Males neutered in adulthood may still spray after neutering. Female cats also sometimes spray.
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Cats have nine different scent glands in their body. These are the pinna (outer ear flaps), temporal (on their temples), cheek (on the sides of their face), perioral (on the mouth corners), submandibular (under the jaw), interdigital (between toes), anal (on the sides of the anus), caudal (all along
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from the mother during nursing. Kittens "knead" the breast while suckling, using the forelimbs one at a time in an alternating pattern to push against the mammary glands to stimulate lactation. Cats have scent glands on the underside of their paws and when they knead or scratch objects or people, it
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Cats often use their tails to communicate. For example, a cat holding its tail vertically generally indicates positive emotions such as happiness or confidence; the vertical tail is often used as a friendly gesture toward people or other cats. Additionally, a cat may twitch its tail when playing. A
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Cats use body language and movement to communicate a wide range of feelings and information. There are various responses such as when cats arch their backs, erect their hairs and adopt a sideward posture to communicate fear or aggression. Other visual communication can be a single behavioral change
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The growl, spit, and hiss are sounds associated with either offensive or defensive aggression. They are usually accompanied by a postural display intended to have a visual effect on the perceived threat. Cats growl, hiss, and spit as a display of defense against both cats and other species, such as
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The chirr or chirrup sounds like a meow rolled on the tongue. It is commonly used by mother cats to call their kittens inside the nest. As such, kittens recognize their own mother's chirp, but they do not respond to the chirps of other mothers. It is also used in a friendly manner by cats when they
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Brown et al. categorized the vocal responses of cats based on the behavioral context. These contexts include situations such as the separation of kittens from mother cats, instances of food deprivation, pain responses, occurrences before or during threatening or aggressive behaviors (e.g., disputes
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communicate for a variety of reasons, including to show happiness, express anger, solicit attention, and observe potential prey. Additionally, they collaborate, play, and share resources. When cats communicate with humans, they do so to get what they need or want, such as food, water, attention, or
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The first sign of an imminent tomcat duel is when both cats draw themselves up high on their legs, all hair along the middle of their backs is raised straight up, and they mew and howl loudly as they approach one another. The steps the cats make become slower and shorter, as they get closer to one
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Social conflict among cats depends solely on the behavior of the cats. Some research has shown that cats rarely pick fights, but when they do, it is usually for protecting food and/or litters, and defending their territory. Fights can happen between two females or between a male and a female. Cats
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Feral kittens around two to seven weeks old can be socialized usually within a month of capture. Some species of cats cannot be socialized because of factors such as genetic influence and in some cases specific learning experiences. The best way to get a kitten to socialize is to handle the kitten
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Grooming is extremely important not only to clean themselves but also to control ectoparasites. Fleas tend to be the most common ectoparasite in cats and some studies show indirect evidence that grooming in cats is effective in dislodging fleas from the head and neck. Cats may also use grooming to
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Owens et al. categorized cat vocalizations based on their acoustic structures. There are three categories: tonal sounds, pulse sounds, and broadband sounds. Tonal sounds are further categorized into groups of harmonically structured sounds or regular tonal sounds. Pulse vocalizations are separated
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There are a number of problematic behaviors that affect the human-cat relationship. One behavior is when cats attack people by scratching and biting. This often occurs spontaneously or could be triggered by sudden movements. Another problematic behavior is the "petting and biting syndrome", which
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Gentle biting (often accompanied by purring and kneading) can communicate affection or playfulness, directed at the human owner or another cat. Stronger bites that are often accompanied by hissing or growling usually communicate aggression. When cats mate, the tom bites the scruff of the female's
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while kneading, usually taken to indicate contentment and affection. They also purr mostly when newborn, when feeding, or when trying to feed on their mother's teat. The common association between the two behaviors may confirm the evidence in favor of the origin of kneading as a remnant instinct.
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When playing, a cat, usually a kitten, may raise the base of its tail high and stiffen all but the tip into a shape like an upside-down "U". This signals great excitement, to the point of hyperactivity. It may also be seen when younger cats chase each other, or when they run around by themselves.
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from glands located around the mouth, chin, forehead, cheeks, lower back, tail and paws. Their rubbing and head-bumping behaviors are methods of depositing these scents on substrates, including humans. The cat rubs its cheeks on prominent objects in the preferred territory, depositing a chemical
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is a rare occurrence in cats, except in warm weather environments, or after delivery. Some cats may pant in response to anxiety, fear or excitement. It can also be caused by play, exercise, or stress from stimuli, such as car rides. Panting in cat-moms after delivery is normal and not related to
536:– The cat is seen lying on the side or sitting. Its breathing is slow to normal, with legs bent, or hind legs laid out or extended. The tail is loosely wrapped, extended, or held up. It also hangs down loosely when it is standing. When they are calm, they tend to stand relaxed with a still tail.
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points backward. Although cats may mark with both sprayed and non-sprayed urine, the spray is usually more thick and oily than normally deposited urine, and may contain additional secretions from anal sacs that help the cat make a stronger communication. While cats mark their territory both by
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Cats can change the position of their ears very quickly, and continuously. They are erect when the cat is alert and focused, slightly relaxed when the cat is calm, and flattened against the head when extremely defensive or aggressive. In cats, flattened ears generally indicate that it feels
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222:. However, the reason why cats purr is still uncertain. Cats may purr for a variety of reasons, including when they are hungry, happy, or anxious. In some cases, purring is thought to be a sign of contentment and encouragement for further interaction. Purring is believed to indicate a
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Moelk used a phonetic alphabet to transcribe or write down the different sounds. She claimed that cats had six different forms of meows to represent friendliness, confidence, dissatisfaction, anger, fear, and pain. Moelk classified eight other sounds involved in mating and fighting.
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into pulse bursts and hybrid pulse bursts with tonal endings. Broadband sounds are separated into four groups: non-tonal broadband sounds, broadband sounds with tonal beginnings, broadband sounds with short tonal elements, and broadband sounds with long tonal endings.
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involves the cat being petted and then suddenly attacking and running away. Other problems are house soiling, scratching furniture, and bringing dead prey into the house. It is these kinds of behaviors that put a strain on the relationship between cats and people.
566:– The cat is lying on its belly, or it may be sitting; Its back is almost horizontal when standing and moving; Its breathing normal, with its legs bent or extended (when standing); Its tail is curved back or straight upward and may twitch when positioned downward.
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or to bond (this grooming is usually done between familiar cats). They also sometimes lick humans, which may indicate affection. Oral grooming for domestic and feral cats is a common behavior. Domestic cats spend about 8% of waking time grooming themselves.
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A mew is a high-pitched meow that is often produced by domestic kittens. It is apparently used to solicit attention from their mother, but they are also used by adult cats. By around three to four weeks of age, kittens do not mew when at least one
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Cats, domestic or wild, participate in social behaviors, even though it is thought that most cat species (besides lions) are solitary, antisocial animals. These include socialization between humans and other cats, social learning, and conflicts.
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Purring is sometimes accompanied by other sounds, though this varies between individual cats. Some may only purr, while others emit low-level outbursts, sometimes called "lurps" or "yowps". It was once believed that only the cats of the
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There are 52 measured cat personality traits in cats, with one study showing that five reliable personality factors were found using principal-axis factor-analysis: neuroticism, extroversion, dominance, impulsiveness and agreeableness.
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Cat vocalizations have been categorized according to a range of characteristics. In 1944, Mildred Moelk published the first phonetic study of cat sounds and classified the 16 different vocal patterns into three main classes:
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is present, and at four to five months of age, kittens stop mewing altogether. Adult cats rarely meow to each other, and so adult meowing to human beings is likely to be a post-domestication extension of mewing by kittens.
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226:, but cats sometimes purr when they are ill, tense, or experiencing traumatic or painful moments such as giving birth. It has also been suggested that purring can act as a soothing mechanism and can promote healing.
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A direct stare by a cat usually communicates a challenge or threat and is more likely to be seen in high-ranking cats; lower-ranking cats usually withdraw in response. The direct stare is often used during
560:– The cat may walk around in a more comfortable manner with its tail up to the sky. Cats often walk through houses with their tails standing up high above them, making them look grander and more elegant.
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Although videos which seemingly show cats speaking in human language are frequently shared on the internet, differences in cats' vocal tract prevent them from vocalising human language exactly. Instead,
325:). The meow can be assertive, plaintive, friendly, bold, welcoming, attention-soliciting, demanding, or complaining. It can even be silent, where the cat opens its mouth but does not produce any sound.
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Cats sometimes make excited chirping or chattering noises when observing or stalking prey. These sounds range from quiet clicking sounds to a loud but sustained chirping mixed with an occasional meow.
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The call is a loud, rhythmic sound, that is made with the mouth closed. It is primarily associated with female cats soliciting males, and sometimes occurs in males when fighting with each other. A
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877:(MMB), the sulfur-containing compound that gives cat urine its characteristically strong odor. Felinine is produced in the urine from 3-methylbutanol-cysteinylglycine (3-MBCG) that is excreted
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A cat that urinates outside the litter box may indicate dissatisfaction with the box, due to a variety of factors such as substrate texture, cleanliness, and privacy. It can also be a sign of
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explain they are modifying the "meow" vocalisation to mimic certain human words. For example, a cat which frequently hears its owner say "no" may learn to use "mow" in a low tone.
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made a purring sound when air was passed through them, meaning that muscle contraction is not required. Instead, the sounds were made possible by connective tissue embedded in the
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that lowered the frequency of the sounds they produced. When an animal purrs, its vocal cords vibrate at a low frequency, which creates a distinctive rumbling sound produced with
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Szenczi, P.; Bánszegi, O.; Urrutia, A.; Faragó, T.; Hudson, R. (2016). "Mother–offspring recognition in the domestic cat: Kittens recognize their own mother's call".
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Casey, Rachel; Bradshaw, John (November 2008). "The effects of additional socialisation for kittens in a rescue centre on their behaviour and suitability as a pet".
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Miller classified vocalizations into categories according to the sound produced: the purr, meow, chirrup, chirp, call, and growl/snarl/hiss, and the howl/moan/wail.
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pheromone produced in glands in the cheeks. This is known as a contentment pheromone. Synthetic versions of the feline facial pheromone are available commercially.
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Herbst, Christian T.; Prigge, Tamara; Garcia, Maxime; Hampala, Vit; Hofer, Riccardo; Weissengruber, Gerald E.; Svec, Jan G.; Fitch, W. Tecumseh (November 2023).
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are more tonal, while moans are long and slowly modulated. On the other hand, anger wails are combined with growls, while yowls are similar to howls but longer.
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greeting calls or murmurs, extended vocal dialogues between cats in separate cages, "frustration" calls during training, or extinction of conditioned responses.
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with alternate paws at intervals of one to two seconds. They may knead while sitting on their owner's lap, which may be painful if the cat has sharp claws.
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or for territorial reasons. In contrast to a direct stare, cats will lower their eyelids or slowly blink them to show trust and affection to their owners.
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590:– Sometimes combined with a stretch this is another posture of a relaxed cat. Having the mouth open and no teeth exposed indicates playfulness.
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However, if panting is excessive or the cat appears in distress, it may be a symptom of a more serious condition, such as a nasal blockage,
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Brown, Kenneth A.; Buchwald, Jennifer S.; Johnson, Judith R.; Mikolich, Dennis J. (November 1978). "Vocalization in the cat and kitten".
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Head-bumping and cheek rubbing may be displays of social dominance as they are often exhibited by a dominant cat toward a subordinate.
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or juvenile traits that persist in the adults, kneading may be a relic juvenile behavior retained in adult domestic cats. It may also
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A cat's posture can be friendly or aggressive, depending on the situation. Some of the most basic and familiar cat postures include:
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Male cats on poor diets are susceptible to crystal formation in the urine which can block the urethra and lead to health problems.
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77:, to express emotions like relaxation, fear, and aggression. Cats use several types of tactile behaviors to communicate, such as
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sounds produced with the mouth held tensely open in the same position (growls, snarls, hisses, spits, chattering, and chirping).
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Litchfield, Carla A.; Quinton, Gillian; Tindle, Hayley; Chiera, Belinda; Kikillus, K. Heidy; Roetman, Philip (23 August 2017).
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58:. They rarely meow to communicate with fellow cats or other animals. Cats can socialize with each other and are known to form "
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Two cats lay with each other to conserve body heat, notice how they lay on their stomach and side indicating relaxation
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Owens, Jessica L.; Olsen, Mariana; Fontaine, Amy; Kloth, Christopher; Kershenbaum, Arik; Waller, Sara (June 2017).
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2669:"A major urinary protein of the domestic cat regulates the production of felinine, a putative pheromone precursor"
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Cats sometimes "head-bump" humans or other cats with the front part of the head; this action is referred to as "
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are greeted by another cat or a human. Therefore, people can mimic the sound to reassure and greet pet cats.
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1394:"About the voice production mechanism of cat purring – a critical appraisal of Remmers & Gautier, 1972"
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Touching noses, sometimes referred to as "sniffing noses", as a sign of affection and to mark territory.
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Crowell-Davis, Sharon L. (2007). "Cat
Behaviour: Social Organization, Communication & Development".
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731:. This is instinctive to kittens and adults and is presumably derived from the action used to stimulate
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injections), and instances of kitten deprivation. Less common calls from mature cats included purring,
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Caro, T. M. (1980). "Effects of the Mother, Object Play, and Adult
Experience on Predation in Cats".
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Miyazaki, M.; Yamashita, T.; Suzuki, Y.; Saito, Y.; Soeta, S.; Taira, H.; Suzuki, A. (October 2006).
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280:(tigers, lions, jaguars and leopards) also produce sounds similar to purring but only on the exhale.
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known as a "tomcat duel" may follow. Dominance is also seen as an underlying factor that depict how
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sounds produced when the mouth is first opened and then gradually closed (meowing, howling, yowling)
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is the prey, the response is to catch the prey, and the reward is to relieve the hunger sensation.
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62:," where a dominant cat is leading a few lesser cats. This is common in multi-cat households.
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Eckstein, Robert A.; Hart, Benjamin L. (2000). "Grooming and
Control of Fleas in Cats".
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666:. In many cases, feline panting, especially if accompanied by other symptoms, such as
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The howl, moan, and wail sounds are commonly vocalized during threatening situations.
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The purr is a continuous, soft, vibrating sound made in the throat by most species of
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1903:. Lund, Sweden: Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University. pp. 85–90.
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A cat hissing and arching its back to make itself appear larger to ward off a threat
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3015:
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2685:
2668:
2268:
1849:
1626:
1st Intl. Workshop on Vocal interactivity in-and-between Humans, Animals and Robots
986:
846:. Cats urinate by squatting onto a horizontal surface, while standing up. Unlike a
427:
173:
1899:
Schötz, S. (June 2015). "Agonistic vocalisations in domestic cats: A case study".
1138:
Tavernier, Chloé; Ahmed, Sohail; Houpt, Katherine Albro; Yeon, Seong Chan (2020).
727:
Cats sometimes repeatedly tread their front paws on humans or soft objects with a
3031:
2763:
2607:
2585:
1943:. Animal Welfare Research Report No 8. UFAW, UK Cat Behavior Working Group. 1995.
1393:
1088:
115:
4003:
3905:
3850:
3845:
3810:
3800:
3705:
3690:
3660:
3498:
3483:
3411:
3401:
3277:
3234:
3197:
2365:
2352:
Schwartz, Stefanie (June 2003). "Separation anxiety syndrome in dogs and cats".
1242:
Brown, K. A.; Buchwald, J. S.; Johnson, J. R.; Mikolich, D. J. (November 1978).
1044:
may need to be reintroduced or separated to avoid fights in a closed household.
638:
250:
238:
3131:
Cat
Behaviour: The Predatory & Social Behaviour of Domestic & Wild Cats
1691:
1598:
1585:
Bradshaw, John W.S. (January 2016). "Sociality in cats: A comparative review".
4078:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3921:
3875:
3870:
3770:
3750:
3730:
3725:
3695:
3655:
3488:
3376:
3264:
3244:
3189:
2128:
1518:
1493:
866:
756:
737:
627:
478:
294:
140:
1568:
1314:
1267:
1220:
1163:
3820:
3815:
3700:
3680:
3675:
3458:
3249:
3239:
3207:
2395:
McPherson, F.J; Chenoweth, P.J (April 2012). "Mammalian sexual dimorphism".
1494:"Domestic cat larynges can produce purring frequencies without neural input"
1155:
878:
752:
732:
655:
610:
499:
has erect hairs on her tail and back. This indicates excitement or curiosity
382:
55:
3023:
2782:
2694:
2416:
2373:
2338:
1990:
Little, Susan E. (2011). "Female
Reproduction". In Little, Susan E. (ed.).
1763:
1527:
1332:
1181:
651:
temperature, female cats may pant for several days up to weeks postpartum.
481:; the Cyprus cat is arched with erect hair to appear larger and threatening
457:
3066:
1665:
1259:
1243:
4033:
4028:
3955:
3880:
3775:
3665:
3493:
3426:
3416:
3282:
3222:
1673:
1401:
1291:"Visual classification of feral cat Felis silvestris catus vocalizations"
1275:
870:
463:
Surprised cats have enlarged pupils and erect ears held slightly backward
302:
The most familiar sounds of adult cats are "meow" or "miaow" (pronounced
276:
242:
172:
over territory or food), episodes of acute stress or pain (e.g., routine
17:
1615:
Schötz, Susanne; van de Weijer, Joost; Eklund, Robert (25 August 2017).
1306:
65:
Cats can use a range of communication methods, including vocal, visual,
3983:
3926:
3825:
1228:
1196:
748:
674:), is considered to be abnormal and is treated as a medical emergency.
671:
258:
219:
1755:
3978:
3895:
3795:
3650:
3468:
3327:
3212:
2877:. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. pp. 78, 198–200.
1692:"People Are Seriously Convinced That Their Cats Are Speaking English"
1005:
A conflict situation of one tomcat meeting another, making loud calls
881:
663:
390:
254:
234:
81:
or biting each other. They also use olfactory communication, such as
1212:
740:
are transferred to the person or object being kneaded or scratched.
54:. Studies have shown that domestic cats tend to meow much more than
1022:
Domestic cats fighting shortly after being introduced to each other
3765:
3755:
2712:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 49–59.
1828:
1008:
993:
985:
885:
824:
820:
808:
760:
686:
667:
637:
358:
293:
270:
266:
261:
rapidly, causing air vibrations during inhalation and exhalation.
200:
29:
4113:
3349:
3344:
3150:
764:
386:
289:
196:
154:
3154:
3002:
Alder, H. E. (1955). "Some
Factors of Observational Learning".
2735:"The 'Feline Five': An exploration of personality in pet cats (
600:
threatened and may attack used as a defense or attack posture.
3478:
3181:
1718:"Can Cats Speak English? - Cats That Mimic The Human Language"
1465:
Turner, Dennis C.; Bateson, Paul
Patrick Gordon (2000-06-08).
1369:. Association of Animal Behavior Professionals. Archived from
1197:"Vocalizing in the House-Cat; A Phonetic and Functional Study"
1087:
Turner, Dennis C.; Bateson, Paul
Patrick Gordon (2000-06-08).
942:
Cats between the age of three and nine weeks are sensitive to
42:
2612:(2nd ed.). University Press, Cambridge. pp. 69–70.
799:
position which communicates that she is receptive to mating.
317:
249:
studies, is that cats produce the purring noise by using the
1392:
Herbst, Christian T.; Svec, Jan G.; Fitch, Tecumseh (2023).
888:
into the more-volatile chemical MMB. Felinine is a possible
97:
3133:. New York: Garland Publishing. pp. 164–216, 227–231.
311:
2898:
Heath, Sarah E. (2007). "Behaviour
Problems and Welfare".
2839:
2037:. Wallingford, Oxfordshire: CAB International. p. 58.
1915:"Test to determine how well you know feline body language"
2114:
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
865:
The urine of mature male cats in particular contains the
2710:
Free-ranging Cats: Behaviour, Ecology & Management
2354:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
2129:"Cat Slow Blinking: Why Your Cat Blinks Slowly at You"
1941:
An Ethogram for Behavioral Studies of the Domestic Cat
1618:
Phonetic Characteristics of Domestic Cat Vocalisations
1546:
Anatomy by Dyce, K.M., Sack, W.O. and Wensing, C.J.G."
2556:"Cat Pheromones – Synthetic Feline Facial Pheromones"
2843:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 47–89.
1901:
Proceedings from Fonetik 2015: Lund, June 8–10, 2015
4175:
4132:
3992:
3954:
3914:
3611:
3592:
3519:
3385:
3308:
3263:
3188:
1994:. Saint Louis: W. B. Saunders. pp. 1195–1227.
314:
308:
3084:
2802:
2606:Turner, Dennis C.; Bateman, Patrick, eds. (2000).
2049:
755:the cat and make it feel good, similar to a human
747:Since most of the preferred "domestic traits" are
153:sounds produced with the mouth closed (murmurs –
1119:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
836:tail), and supra-caudal (at the base of tail).
2805:The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour
1468:The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour
1090:The Domestic Cat: The Biology of Its Behaviour
974:role by breaking up fights among littermates.
3166:
2640:Sunquist, Mel; Sunquist, Fiona (2017-05-15).
233:researching cat vocalizations found that the
8:
2801:Turner, Dennis C.; Bateson, Patrick (1988).
2536:. VetWest Animal Hospitals. 2 February 2008
2294:"Why Does My Cat Lick Me? 7 Common Reasons"
1580:
1578:
50:methods have been significantly altered by
3608:
3173:
3159:
3151:
2534:"Communication – How do cats communicate?"
1441:"The complicated truth about a cat's purr"
1115:"How do cats communicate with each other?"
381:argues that chattering and chirping mimic
3091:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp.
2772:
2762:
2684:
2017:
1992:The Cat: Clinical Medicine and Management
1685:
1683:
1610:
1608:
1517:
1322:
1171:
3087:The Cat: History, Biology, and Behaviour
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2902:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 91–107.
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
884:. It then slowly degrades via bacterial
257:to alternately dilate and constrict the
2809:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
2480:"Cat Nose Tap: Why Do Cats Touch Noses"
2185:. www.best-cat-tips.com. Archived from
1079:
34:A primary form of cat communication is
3534:Associazione Nazionale Felina Italiana
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3078:
3076:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2211:Common Sense Book of Complete Cat Care
1418:
1407:
138:
27:Feline means of exchanging information
2997:
2995:
2796:
2794:
2792:
1716:Laurent, Anaëlle (December 8, 2020).
1690:Rennex, Michelle (12 February 2020).
1434:
1432:
819:Cats communicate through scent using
7:
2978:. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
2214:. Quill/William Morrow. p. 66.
1244:"Vocalization in the cat and kitten"
393:. It is used as a hunting strategy.
2430:Johnson-Bennett, Pam (3 May 2012).
759:. Kneading is often a precursor to
38:, such as the position of the ears.
3559:Governing Council of the Cat Fancy
2000:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0660-4.00040-5
1561:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01554.x
1201:The American Journal of Psychology
25:
4019:Congenital sensorineural deafness
3574:The International Cat Association
3529:American Cat Fanciers Association
3004:The Journal of Genetic Psychology
2875:The Behaviour of the Domestic Cat
2409:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.02.007
713:scratch itchy areas of the body.
4206:
4205:
3554:Fédération Internationale Féline
2932:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
2478:McGonagle, Joanne (2024-01-12).
2319:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
2244:"Panting in Cats: Is It Normal?"
2133:Veterinary Healthcare Associates
906:
898:
506:
488:
470:
456:
442:
304:
139:Problems playing this file? See
113:
2646:. University of Chicago Press.
2056:. Barron's Educational Series.
1797:"Why Do Cats Chatter at Birds?"
245:. One hypothesis, supported by
3016:10.1080/00221325.1955.10532903
2944:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.01.003
2686:10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.08.013
2562:. 20 June 2018. Archived from
2153:"Cat articles on Iams website"
1875:"Stages of Kitten Development"
1587:Journal of Veterinary Behavior
1471:. Cambridge University Press.
1093:. Cambridge University Press.
704:Cats often lick other cats as
1:
3105:– via Internet Archive.
3059:10.1016/S0163-1047(80)92456-5
3047:Behavioral and Neural Biology
2873:Bradshaw, John W. S. (1992).
2823:– via Internet Archive.
2331:10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00095-2
2066:– via Internet Archive.
1144:Journal of Veterinary Science
875:3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol
2764:10.1371/journal.pone.0183455
2035:Feline Behaviour and Welfare
1140:"Feline vocal communication"
274:could purr. Now people know
4188:List of longest-living cats
4069:Lower urinary tract disease
4049:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
3569:Southern Africa Cat Council
2397:Animal Reproduction Science
2366:10.2460/javma.2003.222.1526
2052:Communicating with Your Cat
1744:Developmental Psychobiology
1654:Developmental Psychobiology
1248:Developmental Psychobiology
298:A cat meowing for attention
4253:
3544:Cat Aficionado Association
1599:10.1016/j.jveb.2015.09.004
1555:(5): 387. September 1988.
1035:interact with each other.
720:
287:
253:and/or the muscles of the
194:
4201:
4024:Feline corneal sequestrum
3549:Cat Fanciers' Association
2048:Helgren, J. Anne (1999).
1549:Equine Veterinary Journal
1519:10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.014
477:A Tabby cat hissing at a
370:A cat chattering at birds
3539:Canadian Cat Association
3129:Leyhausen, Paul (1979).
2708:Spotte, Stephen (2014).
2586:"Scent Glands on Cats |"
873:which is a precursor to
340:animal behaviour experts
224:positive emotional state
4183:List of individual cats
3083:Beadle, Muriel (1977).
2673:Chemistry & Biology
2269:"Cat Panting Explained"
2208:Vine, Louis L. (1992).
2033:Fraser, Andrew (2012).
1825:Virtual Pet Behaviorist
1195:Moelk, Mildred (1944).
1156:10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e18
860:urinary tract problems.
803:Olfactory communication
83:marking their territory
71:olfactory communication
4059:Infectious peritonitis
4054:Immunodeficiency virus
2643:Wild Cats of the World
2179:"Common Cat Behaviors"
2084:. Three Rivers Press.
1965:Warner Bros. Discovery
1544:Textbook of Veterinary
1417:Cite journal requires
1023:
1006:
991:
964:observational learners
816:
795:neck as she assumes a
701:
670:or shallow breathing (
643:
371:
299:
215:
214:Video of a cat purring
102:
39:
4124:Viral rhinotracheitis
4099:Tritrichomonas foetus
3564:New Zealand Cat Fancy
3432:Cats in ancient Egypt
2127:JacobP (2023-06-28).
1821:"Meowing and Yowling"
1666:10.1002/dev.420110605
1260:10.1002/dev.420110605
1021:
1004:
989:
812:
699:
678:Tactile communication
641:
369:
297:
213:
101:
33:
4232:Animal communication
3686:Colorpoint Shorthair
3584:World Cat Federation
3318:Cat–dog relationship
2504:"Play Therapy Pt. 2"
2273:The Cat Health Guide
2106:"Aggression in Cats"
1504:(21): 4727–4732.e4.
1402:10.25365/phaidra.420
1058:Animal communication
434:Visual communication
422:Howl, moan, and wail
405:is the cry of a cat
231:University of Vienna
229:Scientists from the
3886:Traditional Persian
3671:California Spangled
3641:Brazilian Shorthair
3437:Cultural depictions
3422:Cat-scratch disease
2976:The Welfare of Cats
2900:The Welfare of Cats
2841:The Welfare of Cats
2755:2017PLoSO..1283455L
2454:"Cat Behavior Tips"
2159:on 25 February 2010
1971:on 21 November 2011
1777:Schötz, S. (2013).
1510:2023CBio...33E4727H
1365:Miller, P. (2000).
944:human socialization
844:territorial marking
827:, and chemicals or
700:Cat grooming itself
89:Vocal communication
3806:Oriental Shorthair
3716:European Shorthair
3631:American Shorthair
3579:World Cat Congress
2508:Cats International
2432:"Bunting Behavior"
1955:"Reading Your Cat"
1439:Dowling, Stephen.
1373:on 5 November 2013
1367:"Whisker whispers"
1024:
1007:
992:
817:
702:
644:
372:
300:
216:
103:
40:
4219:
4218:
4044:Hepatic lipidosis
3950:
3949:
3646:British Shorthair
3255:Tortoiseshell cat
2653:978-0-226-51823-7
2484:The Tiniest Tiger
1756:10.1002/dev.21402
1478:978-0-521-63648-3
1307:10.1093/cz/zox013
1100:978-0-521-63648-3
1068:Dog communication
1019:
1002:
990:Two cats fighting
922:
921:
697:
576:Anxious/ovulating
497:tortoiseshell cat
413:Growl, spit, hiss
367:
247:electromyographic
211:
129:
48:cat communication
16:(Redirected from
4244:
4209:
4208:
4193:Cats in folklore
3791:Norwegian Forest
3761:Kurilian Bobtail
3741:Japanese Bobtail
3721:Exotic Shorthair
3609:
3474:National Cat Day
3231:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3145:
3144:
3126:
3107:
3106:
3090:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3042:
3036:
3035:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2971:
2948:
2947:
2938:(1–2): 196–205.
2927:
2914:
2913:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2870:
2855:
2854:
2836:
2825:
2824:
2811:112–113, 159–168
2808:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2766:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2609:The Domestic Cat
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2514:on 19 April 2007
2510:. Archived from
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2403:(3–4): 109–122.
2392:
2386:
2385:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2242:Spielman, Bari.
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2155:. Archived from
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2055:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1967:. Archived from
1951:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1917:. Archived from
1911:
1905:
1904:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:Alley Cat Rescue
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1631:. pp. 5–6.
1630:
1623:
1612:
1603:
1602:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1521:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1362:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1084:
1020:
1003:
910:
902:
895:
894:
763:, and many cats
736:is likely these
698:
510:
492:
474:
460:
446:
377:An article from
368:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
212:
131:
130:
100:
21:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4197:
4171:
4134:Cats by country
4128:
3995:
3988:
3946:
3910:
3786:Neva Masquerade
3613:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3515:
3388:
3381:
3372:Righting reflex
3304:
3259:
3227:
3184:
3179:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3128:
3127:
3110:
3103:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3001:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2973:
2972:
2951:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2858:
2851:
2838:
2837:
2828:
2821:
2800:
2799:
2790:
2749:(8): e0183455.
2732:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2654:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2567:
2566:on 20 June 2018
2554:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2360:(11): 1526–32.
2351:
2350:
2346:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2300:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2078:Morris, Desmond
2076:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2010:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1921:on 20 June 2018
1913:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1801:The Spruce Pets
1795:
1794:
1790:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1722:animalwised.com
1715:
1714:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1498:Current Biology
1491:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1416:
1406:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1340:
1295:Current Zoology
1288:
1287:
1283:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1213:10.2307/1416947
1194:
1193:
1189:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1054:
1041:
1009:
994:
984:
960:
958:Social learning
940:
927:
805:
792:
774:
729:kneading action
725:
723:Kneading (cats)
719:
706:social grooming
687:
685:
680:
636:
619:
606:
597:
527:
518:
517:
516:
515:
514:
511:
502:
501:
500:
493:
484:
483:
482:
475:
466:
465:
464:
461:
452:
451:
450:
447:
436:
424:
415:
399:
379:The Spruce Pets
359:
357:
348:
307:
303:
292:
286:
201:
199:
193:
146:
145:
137:
135:
134:
133:
132:
114:
111:
104:
98:
91:
46:play. As such,
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4162:United Kingdom
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Skin disorders
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4064:Leukemia virus
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3960:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3901:Turkish Angora
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Chinese Li Hua
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3606:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:Cats and Islam
3461:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3147:
3146:
3139:
3108:
3101:
3072:
3037:
3010:(1): 159–177.
2991:
2984:
2949:
2915:
2908:
2890:
2883:
2856:
2849:
2826:
2819:
2788:
2725:
2718:
2700:
2679:(10): 1071–9.
2659:
2652:
2632:
2618:
2598:
2577:
2547:
2525:
2495:
2470:
2444:
2422:
2387:
2344:
2325:(2): 141–150.
2309:
2285:
2260:
2234:
2220:
2200:
2170:
2144:
2119:
2097:
2090:
2069:
2062:
2040:
2025:
2008:
1982:
1946:
1932:
1906:
1891:
1866:
1854:Dictionary.com
1841:
1812:
1788:
1769:
1750:(5): 568–577.
1734:
1708:
1679:
1660:(6): 559–570.
1644:
1637:
1604:
1574:
1533:
1484:
1477:
1457:
1428:
1419:|journal=
1384:
1338:
1301:(3): 331–339.
1281:
1254:(6): 559–570.
1234:
1207:(2): 184–205.
1187:
1130:
1106:
1099:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1040:
1037:
983:
980:
959:
956:
939:
936:
926:
923:
920:
919:
916:
912:
911:
903:
840:Urine spraying
804:
801:
791:
788:
773:
770:
721:Main article:
718:
715:
684:
681:
679:
676:
658:disease, head
635:
632:
618:
615:
605:
602:
596:
593:
592:
591:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
555:
549:
543:
537:
526:
523:
512:
505:
504:
503:
494:
487:
486:
485:
476:
469:
468:
467:
462:
455:
454:
453:
448:
441:
440:
439:
438:
437:
435:
432:
423:
420:
414:
411:
398:
395:
356:
353:
347:
344:
288:Main article:
285:
282:
195:Main article:
192:
189:
165:
164:
161:
158:
136:
112:
107:
106:
105:
96:
95:
94:
90:
87:
60:social ladders
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4249:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4167:United States
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Toxoplasmosis
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Panleukopenia
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3841:Scottish Fold
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3626:American Curl
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Play and toys
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3340:Communication
3338:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:dental health
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:Coat genetics
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:Domestic cats
3176:
3171:
3169:
3164:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3142:
3140:9780824070175
3136:
3132:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3102:9780671224516
3098:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2985:9781402032271
2981:
2977:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2909:9781402032271
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2850:9781402032271
2846:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2820:9780521354479
2816:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2719:9781118884010
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2633:
2621:
2619:9780521636483
2615:
2611:
2610:
2602:
2599:
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2557:
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2526:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2459:
2455:
2452:White, Mary.
2448:
2445:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2310:
2299:
2298:www.petmd.com
2295:
2289:
2286:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2235:
2223:
2221:9780688116187
2217:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2189:on 3 May 2012
2188:
2184:
2183:Best Cat Tips
2180:
2174:
2171:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2091:9780517880531
2087:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2063:9780764108556
2059:
2054:
2053:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2009:9781437706604
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1960:Animal Planet
1956:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1895:
1892:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1638:9782956202905
1634:
1627:
1620:
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1611:
1609:
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1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
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1202:
1198:
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1157:
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1149:
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1141:
1134:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Cat pheromone
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1028:
988:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
965:
957:
955:
951:
947:
945:
937:
935:
931:
925:Socialization
924:
917:
914:
913:
909:
904:
901:
897:
896:
893:
891:
890:cat pheromone
887:
883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
856:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
815:
814:Scent rubbing
811:
807:
802:
800:
798:
789:
787:
784:
781:
779:
771:
769:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
739:
734:
733:milk let-down
730:
724:
716:
714:
710:
707:
682:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
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642:A cat panting
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52:domestication
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36:body language
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4237:Cat behavior
3994:Diseases and
3836:Russian Blue
3711:Egyptian Mau
3603:experimental
3454:Dog-like cat
3397:Ailurophobia
3362:Intelligence
3339:
3322:
3218:Odd-eyed cat
3130:
3086:
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2272:
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2251:. Retrieved
2248:PetPlace.com
2247:
2237:
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2210:
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2187:the original
2182:
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1991:
1985:
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1969:the original
1958:
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1925:12 September
1923:. Retrieved
1919:the original
1909:
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1884:23 September
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1033:conspecifics
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174:prophylactic
170:
166:
147:
92:
64:
47:
41:
4157:New Zealand
4084:Polydactyly
4014:Calicivirus
3906:Turkish Van
3846:Selkirk Rex
3801:Ojos Azules
3691:Cornish Rex
3499:Library cat
3484:Working cat
3412:Cat massage
3407:Cat killers
3389:interaction
3300:Vaccination
3235:Bicolor cat
2737:Felis catus
2591:28 December
2570:11 November
2163:30 November
2082:Catwatching
1975:22 December
1850:"caterwaul"
1593:: 113–124.
852:cat's penis
848:dog's penis
251:vocal folds
239:vocal folds
178:conspecific
157:, trilling)
85:via urine.
4226:Categories
4079:Giardiasis
3932:Highlander
3831:Ragamuffin
3771:Maine Coon
3751:Khao Manee
3731:German Rex
3621:Abyssinian
3521:Registries
3504:Ship's cat
3489:Bodega cat
3245:Calico cat
3190:Felinology
3032:1297110751
2884:085198715X
2540:5 November
2489:2024-03-18
2303:2024-03-18
2138:2024-03-18
1806:2024-03-18
1727:5 November
1701:5 November
1377:5 November
1150:(1): e18.
1124:2024-03-05
1074:References
867:amino acid
842:is also a
829:pheromones
757:stretching
738:pheromones
662:, or drug
582:Stretching
552:Aggressive
479:Cyprus cat
331:littermate
141:media help
56:feral cats
4142:Australia
4104:Roundworm
4039:Heartworm
3996:disorders
3956:Landraces
3942:Serengeti
3891:Tonkinese
3861:Singapura
3821:Pixie-bob
3816:Peterbald
3736:Himalayan
3701:Devon Rex
3676:Chartreux
3597:full list
3459:Feral cat
3442:fictional
3402:Cat cafés
3387:Human–cat
3278:Declawing
3250:Tabby cat
3240:Black cat
3208:Dwarf cat
2560:PetMD.com
2253:7 January
2110:ASPCA.org
1569:0425-1644
1315:1674-5507
1268:0012-1630
1221:0002-9556
1164:1229-845X
982:Dominance
962:Cats are
879:peptidase
869:known as
753:stimulate
749:neotenous
664:poisoning
656:heartworm
611:predation
558:Confident
546:Terrified
403:caterwaul
243:harmonics
18:Cat urine
4211:Category
4094:Ringworm
4034:Coccidia
3937:Savannah
3866:Snowshoe
3856:Siberian
3781:Munchkin
3746:Javanese
3666:Burmilla
3636:Balinese
3614:domestic
3511:Zoonosis
3494:Farm cat
3447:Internet
3427:Cat show
3417:Cat meat
3357:Kneading
3333:valerian
3323:Catfight
3310:Behavior
3223:Squitten
3203:Genetics
3028:ProQuest
3024:14354164
2783:28832622
2743:PLOS ONE
2695:17052611
2458:LifeTips
2437:30 March
2417:22482798
2382:37324864
2374:12784957
2339:10771322
2080:(1986).
1785:: 65–68.
1764:26935009
1528:37794583
1450:3 August
1333:29491992
1182:32017479
1052:See also
1039:Conflict
915:Felinine
871:felinine
797:lordosis
761:sleeping
717:Kneading
683:Grooming
668:coughing
385:such as
277:Panthera
235:larynxes
79:grooming
4176:Related
3927:Chausie
3851:Siamese
3826:Ragdoll
3811:Persian
3706:Donskoy
3661:Burmese
3479:Pet cat
3198:Anatomy
3093:100–111
3067:7387584
2774:5568325
2751:Bibcode
2019:7158189
1783:Fonetik
1506:Bibcode
1324:5804184
1229:1416947
1173:7000907
778:bunting
772:Bunting
672:dyspnea
648:panting
634:Panting
588:Yawning
540:Fearful
534:Relaxed
407:in heat
391:rodents
346:Chirrup
259:glottis
220:felines
155:purring
67:tactile
4147:Canada
4089:Rabies
4009:Asthma
3979:Sokoke
3974:Kellas
3969:Cyprus
3964:Aegean
3922:Bengal
3915:Hybrid
3896:Toyger
3876:Sphynx
3871:Somali
3796:Ocicat
3726:Foldex
3696:Cymric
3656:Bombay
3651:Birman
3593:Breeds
3469:Lolcat
3377:Senses
3328:Catnip
3293:senior
3265:Health
3213:Kitten
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3030:
3022:
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1696:Junkee
1674:720761
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1097:
978:task.
938:Humans
882:cauxin
790:Biting
660:trauma
255:larynx
4152:Japan
3766:Lykoi
3756:Korat
3612:Fully
3273:Aging
2378:S2CID
1829:ASPCA
1629:(PDF)
1622:(PDF)
1225:JSTOR
886:lyase
825:feces
821:urine
570:Tense
564:Alert
495:This
428:Howls
387:birds
355:Chirp
271:Felis
267:genus
4114:Tick
4029:Flea
4004:Acne
3881:Thai
3776:Manx
3350:Purr
3345:Meow
3283:Diet
3135:ISBN
3097:ISBN
3063:PMID
3020:PMID
2980:ISBN
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2879:ISBN
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2627:2012
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2593:2019
2572:2019
2542:2013
2520:2007
2465:2012
2439:2015
2413:PMID
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2335:PMID
2280:2011
2255:2010
2229:2021
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2004:ISBN
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1927:2016
1886:2021
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1217:ISSN
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1160:ISSN
1095:ISBN
918:MMB
850:, a
765:purr
628:Manx
617:Tail
604:Eyes
595:Ears
397:Call
389:and
383:prey
290:Meow
284:Meow
197:Purr
191:Purr
69:and
43:Cats
3984:Van
3055:doi
3012:doi
2940:doi
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2327:doi
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