32:
255:, committed by attaching pressure-triggered bombs to the bodies of their victims, demanding ransoms, and when they weren't received, leaving the bombs to explode, killing their victims in the process. In this way, the group assassinated in 1977 the industrialist and chemical tycoon José María Bultó, and in 1978 the ex-mayor of Barcelona, Joaquín Viola, along with his wife.
270:
Seven people were arrested in connection with the killings of Bultó and the Violas. Two of them were tried in 1980; one was acquitted entirely, whilst Martínez
Vendrell, the other, was sentenced to a year and three months in prison, although this was not directly related to the assassinations.
271:
However, he had already served this time awaiting trial, so was immediately released. The remaining five were tried in 1982, saying at the time that they "learned of the assassination through the newspapers and television".
76:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
62:
244:. Jaume Martínez Vendrell, the leader of the military wing of the National Front, became its commander. EPOCA trained its militants in urban warfare techniques, smuggling in weaponry from
590:
594:
891:
19:
This article is about the paramilitary group supporting
Catalan independence from Spain, active from 1976 to 1980. For the Civil War-era military unit, see
79:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
274:
A number of additional arrests were made towards the end of 1980 in connection with the construction of the bombs that were used in the killings.
901:
621:
566:
324:
258:
By 1979, the group had become inactive in comparison with many other contemporary groups. Following discussions with paramilitaries from
693:
87:
371:
896:
109:
20:
886:
180:
241:
818:[The suspects in the "Bultó case" declare that they learned of the assassination through the papers and TV].
100:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing
Catalan Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
849:"Detenidos los presuntos constructores de las bombas que ocasionaron las muertes de Bultó y del matrimonio Viola"
851:[The suspected constructors of the bombs which caused the deaths of Bultó and the Violas are detained].
288:
95:
44:
262:, the groups decided to merge. This led to many of the better-trained EPOCA militants joining Terra Lliure.
816:"Los procesados en el "caso Bultó" declara que se enteraron del asesinato por los diarios y la televisión"
512:
407:
116:
750:
649:
482:
848:
815:
782:
717:
226:
185:
559:
La transición sangrienta : una historia violenta del proceso democrático en España, 1975-1983
584:
856:
823:
790:
758:
725:
699:
689:
657:
627:
617:
572:
562:
535:
464:
456:
377:
367:
330:
320:
91:
348:
Campuzano
Carvajal, Francisco; Guereña, Jean-Louis; Orobon, Mark-Angele; et al. (2002).
539:
359:
507:
Cuesta, Carlos (8 October 2013). "Maravillosos moderados" [Marvellous moderates].
351:
Les nationalismes en
Espagne : de l'État libéral à l'État des autonomies, 1876-1978
311:
Jiménez Ramos, María; Domínguez
Iribarren, Florencio; Marrodán Ciordia, Javier (2019).
880:
443:
ho va fer un comando de l'Exèrcit
Popular Català dirigit per Jaume Martínez Vendrell.
252:
616:] (in Spanish) (First ed.). Barcelona: Penguin Random House. p. 213.
356:
Nationalisms in Spain: from the liberal state to the state of autonomies, 1876-1978
283:
259:
229:
199:
516:
411:
349:
245:
720:[The police reveal strange implications in the Viola and Bultó cases].
631:
334:
860:
827:
794:
762:
729:
703:
661:
576:
468:
381:
173:
363:
532:
Terrorism: understanding Terra Lliure using the
Structural-Cognitive Model
358:] (in French). Montpelier: Presses universitaires de la Méditerranée.
652:[Terra Lliure: The old violent actors burst into the 'process'].
429:[The circulation of clandestine books during the era of Franco].
98:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
543:
313:
Heridos y olvidados : los supervivientes del terrorismo en España
718:"La policía revela extrañas implicaciones en los casos Viola y Bultó"
426:
319:] (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros.
73:
650:"Terra Lliure: Los antiguos violentos irrumpen en el 'procés'"
25:
427:"La circulació de llibres clandestins durant el franquisme"
240:
The group was founded in 1969, as a breakaway group of the
783:"Puestos en libertad los dos procesados por el caso Bultó"
317:
Injured and forgotten: the survivors of terrorism in Spain
785:[Freed: the two arrested in the Bultó case].
69:
65:
a machine-translated version of the
Catalan article.
402:"Dinero para un ejército independentista catalán".
179:
168:
160:
152:
144:
132:
251:The group came to prominence through a number of
751:"Caso Bultó: dos sentencias con fallos dispares"
94:accompanying your translation by providing an
56:Click for important translation instructions.
43:expand this article with text translated from
457:"Àngel Serra, alcalde republicà de Puig-reig"
220:
214:
8:
589:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
593:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
485:[The resurgence of Terra Lliure].
406:(Basque Country ed.). 6 August 2016.
129:
433:(in Catalan). No. 22. pp. 44–50
172:The creation of an independent state of
106:{{Translated|ca|Exèrcit Popular Català}}
300:
610:Breve historia del separatismo catalán
582:
557:Sánchez Soler, Mariano, 1954- (2010).
489:(in European Spanish). 16 October 2017
232:group which existed during the 1970s.
679:
677:
643:
641:
614:A brief history of Catalan separatism
561:(1a ed.). Barcelona: Península.
530:Segura Julian, Martí (30 June 2017).
16:Catalan separatist paramilitary group
7:
892:Secessionist organizations in Europe
306:
304:
487:Observatorio de Seguridad y Defensa
219:, EPOCA), known by its members as
14:
289:Front d'Alliberament de Catalunya
425:Cornellà-Detrell, Jordi (2018).
30:
684:Lleida, Miquel Albamur (2013).
648:Segura, Cristian (2015-12-25).
104:You may also add the template
1:
847:Quinta, Alfons (1980-10-16).
814:Gor, Francisco (1982-01-12).
749:Gor, Francisco (1982-01-20).
608:Ucelay da Cal, Enric (2018).
483:"El resurgir de Terra Lliure"
902:1969 establishments in Spain
242:National Front of Catalonia
918:
789:(in Spanish). 1980-06-18.
724:(in Spanish). 1979-03-15.
686:La voz callada de Cataluña
534:(Master's degree thesis).
68:Machine translation, like
21:People's Army of Catalonia
18:
455:Oriols, Pol Vila (2014).
191:
138:
137:
133:Catalan People's Army
45:the corresponding article
198:Members integrated into
148:Jaume Martínez Vendrell
115:For more guidance, see
511:(in Spanish). Madrid.
364:10.4000/books.pulm.761
221:
216:Exèrcit Popular Català
215:
139:Exèrcit Popular Català
897:Politics of Catalonia
211:Catalan People's Army
117:Knowledge:Translation
88:copyright attribution
688:. pp. 108–109.
471:– via Dialnet.
887:Catalan nationalism
227:Catalan nationalist
186:Catalan nationalism
266:Trials and justice
96:interlanguage link
623:978-84-666-6511-7
568:978-84-9942-001-1
536:Leiden University
326:978-84-9164-520-7
207:
206:
195:Succeeded by
128:
127:
57:
53:
909:
871:
870:
868:
867:
844:
838:
837:
835:
834:
811:
805:
804:
802:
801:
779:
773:
772:
770:
769:
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
714:
708:
707:
681:
672:
671:
669:
668:
645:
636:
635:
605:
599:
598:
588:
580:
554:
548:
547:
527:
521:
520:
504:
498:
497:
495:
494:
479:
473:
472:
452:
446:
445:
440:
438:
422:
416:
415:
399:
393:
392:
390:
388:
345:
339:
338:
308:
224:
218:
140:
130:
107:
101:
74:Google Translate
55:
51:
34:
33:
26:
917:
916:
912:
911:
910:
908:
907:
906:
877:
876:
875:
874:
865:
863:
846:
845:
841:
832:
830:
813:
812:
808:
799:
797:
781:
780:
776:
767:
765:
748:
747:
743:
734:
732:
716:
715:
711:
696:
683:
682:
675:
666:
664:
647:
646:
639:
624:
607:
606:
602:
581:
569:
556:
555:
551:
529:
528:
524:
506:
505:
501:
492:
490:
481:
480:
476:
454:
453:
449:
436:
434:
424:
423:
419:
401:
400:
396:
386:
384:
374:
347:
346:
342:
327:
310:
309:
302:
297:
280:
268:
238:
203:
202:
197:
124:
123:
122:
105:
99:
58:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
915:
913:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
879:
878:
873:
872:
855:(in Spanish).
839:
822:(in Spanish).
806:
774:
757:(in Spanish).
741:
709:
695:978-1291538113
694:
673:
656:(in Spanish).
637:
622:
600:
567:
549:
522:
499:
474:
447:
417:
394:
372:
340:
325:
299:
298:
296:
293:
292:
291:
286:
279:
276:
267:
264:
253:assassinations
237:
234:
205:
204:
193:
192:
189:
188:
183:
177:
176:
170:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
154:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
135:
134:
126:
125:
121:
120:
113:
102:
80:
77:
66:
59:
40:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
914:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
882:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
840:
829:
825:
821:
817:
810:
807:
796:
792:
788:
784:
778:
775:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
742:
731:
727:
723:
719:
713:
710:
705:
701:
697:
691:
687:
680:
678:
674:
663:
659:
655:
651:
644:
642:
638:
633:
629:
625:
619:
615:
611:
604:
601:
596:
592:
586:
578:
574:
570:
564:
560:
553:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
526:
523:
518:
514:
510:
503:
500:
488:
484:
478:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
448:
444:
432:
428:
421:
418:
413:
409:
405:
398:
395:
383:
379:
375:
373:2-84269-472-4
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
344:
341:
336:
332:
328:
322:
318:
314:
307:
305:
301:
294:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
277:
275:
272:
265:
263:
261:
256:
254:
249:
247:
243:
235:
233:
231:
228:
223:
217:
212:
201:
196:
190:
187:
184:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
136:
131:
118:
114:
111:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
64:
61:
60:
54:
48:
46:
41:You can help
37:
28:
27:
22:
864:. Retrieved
852:
842:
831:. Retrieved
819:
809:
798:. Retrieved
786:
777:
766:. Retrieved
754:
744:
733:. Retrieved
721:
712:
685:
665:. Retrieved
653:
613:
609:
603:
558:
552:
531:
525:
508:
502:
491:. Retrieved
486:
477:
460:
450:
442:
435:. Retrieved
430:
420:
403:
397:
385:. Retrieved
355:
350:
343:
316:
312:
284:Terra Lliure
273:
269:
260:Terra Lliure
257:
250:
239:
230:paramilitary
210:
208:
200:Terra Lliure
194:
92:edit summary
83:
50:
42:
463:(119): 17.
246:Switzerland
52:(June 2020)
881:Categories
866:2020-06-22
833:2020-06-22
800:2020-06-22
768:2020-06-22
735:2020-06-22
667:2020-06-22
632:1078344963
544:1887/83829
517:1439935055
493:2020-06-22
412:1809118993
335:1090543709
295:References
153:Foundation
47:in Catalan
861:1134-6582
828:1134-6582
795:1134-6582
763:1134-6582
730:1134-6582
704:923828024
662:1134-6582
585:cite book
577:609530404
469:2385-3492
382:469301145
174:Catalonia
161:Dissolved
110:talk page
513:ProQuest
509:El Mundo
408:ProQuest
278:See also
225:, was a
181:Ideology
86:provide
853:El País
820:El País
787:El País
755:El País
722:El País
654:El País
437:22 June
404:El País
387:22 June
236:History
222:La Casa
169:Motives
108:to the
90:in the
49:.
859:
826:
793:
761:
728:
702:
692:
660:
630:
620:
575:
565:
515:
467:
461:L'Erol
431:Querol
410:
380:
370:
333:
323:
145:Leader
612:[
354:[
315:[
70:DeepL
857:ISSN
824:ISSN
791:ISSN
759:ISSN
726:ISSN
700:OCLC
690:ISBN
658:ISSN
628:OCLC
618:ISBN
595:link
591:link
573:OCLC
563:ISBN
465:ISSN
439:2020
389:2020
378:OCLC
368:ISBN
331:OCLC
321:ISBN
209:The
164:1979
156:1969
84:must
82:You
63:View
540:hdl
360:doi
72:or
883::
753:.
698:.
676:^
640:^
626:.
587:}}
583:{{
571:.
538:.
459:.
441:.
376:.
366:.
329:.
303:^
248:.
869:.
836:.
803:.
771:.
738:.
706:.
670:.
634:.
597:)
579:.
546:.
542::
519:.
496:.
414:.
391:.
362::
337:.
213:(
119:.
112:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.