146:(DAGs). However the phrase âcausal mapâ is usually reserved for qualitative or merely semi-quantitative maps. In this sense, causal maps can be seen as a type of concept map. Systems diagrams and Fuzzy Cognitive Maps also fall under this definition. Causal maps have been used since the 1970âs by researchers and practitioners in a range of disciplines from management science to ecology, employing a variety of methods. They are used for many purposes, for example:
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one of the causes 1 and 2 can be true, i.e. both cannot be true simultaneously. The
Inclusive (at least one) constraint states that at least one of the causes 1, 2 or 3 must be true, i.e. all cannot be false simultaneously. The one and only one (OaOO or simply O) constraint states that only one of the causes 1, 2 or 3 must be true. The Requires constraint states that if cause 1 is true, then cause 2 must be true, and it is impossible for 1 to be true and 2 to be false.
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field theorists. Causal mapping in this sense is loosely based on "concept mapping" and âcognitive mappingâ, and sometimes the three terms are used interchangeably, though the latter two are usually understood to be broader, including maps in which the links between factors are not necessarily causal and are therefore not causal maps.
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Constraints may be added to the causes and effects. These are represented as edges labeled with the constraint symbol using a dashed line. For causes, valid constraint symbols are E (exclusive), O (one and only one), I (at least one), and R (Requires). The exclusive constraint states that at most
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that maps a set of causes to a set of effects. The causes may be thought of as the input to the program, and the effects may be thought of as the output. Usually the graph shows the nodes representing the causes on the left side and the nodes representing the effects on the right side. There may
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The phrase âcausal mappingâ goes back at least to Robert
Axelrod, based in turn on Kellyâs personal construct theory . The idea of wanting to understand the behaviour of actors in terms of internal âmapsâ of the word which they carry around with them goes back further, to Kurt Lewin and the
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Causal mapping is the process of constructing, summarising and drawing inferences from a causal map, and more broadly can refer to sets of techniques for doing this. While one group of such methods is actually called âcausal mappingâ, there are many similar methods which go by a wide variety of
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Different kinds of causal maps can be distinguished particularly by the kind of information which can be encoded by the links and nodes. One important distinction is to what extent the links are intended to encode causation or (somebodyâs) belief about causation.
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For effects, valid constraint symbol is M (Mask). The mask constraint states that if effect 1 is true then effect 2 is false. Note that the mask constraint relates to the effects and not the causes like the other constraints.
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This definition could cover diagrams representing causal connections between variables which are measured in a strictly quantitative way and would therefore also include closely related statistical models like
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can be defined as a network consisting of links or arcs between nodes or factors, such that a link between C and E means, in some sense, that someone believes or claims C has or had some causal influence on E.
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Literature on the theory and practice of causal mapping includes a few canonical works as well as book-length interdisciplinary overviews, and guides to particular approaches.
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706:"Generating credible evidence of social impact using the Qualitative Impact Protocol (QuIP): the challenge of positionality in data coding and analysis"
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Moon, Katie; Guerrero, Angela M.; Adams, Vanessa. M.; Biggs, Duan; Blackman, Deborah A.; Craven, Luke; Dickinson, Helen; Ross, Helen (2019-03-07).
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As a way to encode the separate views of many different respondents on âwhat causes whatâ in a subject area
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As tools to investigate the differences in how different subjects view causal links in a subject area
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The graph can always be rearranged so there is only one node between any input and any output. See
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As tools to form and represent a consensus of expert views on âwhat causes whatâ in a subject area
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be intermediate nodes in between that combine inputs using logical operators such as AND and OR.
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To represent âtheories of changeâ and âprogram theoryâ in project management and evaluation
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Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55(4), 189.
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Investment and tithing in Thai villages: a behavioral study of rural modernization
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Part of a causal map showing how Factor B causally influences Factor C
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622:"Participatory systems mapping for complex energy policy evaluation"
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Structure of
Decision : the Cognitive Maps of Political Elites
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742:"Scale, Complexity and the Representation of Theories of Change"
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Clogg, Clifford C.; Bollen, Kenneth A.; Long, J. Scott (1993).
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824:"Beneath the mask. An introduction to theories of personality"
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A network consisting of links or arcs between nodes or factors
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Systems
Approaches to Managing Change: A Practical Guide
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A causeâeffect graph is useful for generating a reduced
449:"Mental models for conservation research and practice"
336:"The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect"
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Causal
Mapping for Research in Information Technology
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Narayanan, V.K.; Armstrong, Deborah J., eds. (2005).
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Powell, S; Remnant, F; Avard, R; Goddard, S (2021).
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Bougon, Michel; Weick, Karl; Binkhorst, Din (1977).
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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620:Barbrook-Johnson, Pete; Penn, Alexandra (2021).
224:Causes --> intermediate nodes --> Effects
340:Journal of the American Statistical Association
153:As tools to understand how decisions are made
669:Laukkanen, Mauri; Wang, Mingde (2016-03-03).
577:Reynolds, Martin; Holwell, Sue, eds. (2010).
150:As sketch diagrams to summarise causal links
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289:"Testing Structural Equation Models"
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704:Copestake, J; Remnant, F (2019).
406:Administrative Science Quarterly
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334:Pearl, J; Mackenzie, D (2018).
252:List of Causal Mapping Software
34:needs additional citations for
548:. Princeton University Press.
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362:10.1080/01621459.2020.1721245
897:10.1016/0024-6301(91)90132-8
840:10.1016/0191-8869(81)90099-4
977:The Art of Software Testing
973:Myers, Glenford J. (1979).
881:"Mapping strategic thought"
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672:Comparative Causal Mapping
140:Structural Equation Models
981:. John Wiley & Sons.
955:"Guide to Causal Mapping"
930:10.4018/978-1-59140-396-8
790:Theory-driven evaluations
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758:10.1177/1356389004043124
639:10.1177/1356389020976153
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740:Davies, Rick (2004).
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453:Conservation Letters
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885:Long Range Planning
589:2010satm.book.....R
879:Huff, A.S (1990).
466:10.1111/conl.12642
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193:Causeâeffect graph
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