38:
46:
179:) content of these limestones can be as low as 80% by weight. During the calcination process that occurs in the production of clinker, limestone is broken into Lime (calcium oxide), which is incorporated into the final clinker product, and carbon dioxide which is typically released into the atmosphere.
425:
The first 28 days are the most critical for the hardening. The concrete does not dry but one says that it sets and hardens. The cement is a hydraulic binder whose hydration requires water. It can perfectly set under water. Water is essential to its hardening and water losses must be avoided at the
362:
Clinker, if stored in dry conditions, can be kept for several months without appreciable loss of quality. Because of this, and because it can be easily handled by ordinary mineral handling equipment, clinker is internationally traded in large quantities. Cement manufacturers purchasing clinker
358:
after its inventor, James Pulham (1820–1898). Other ingredients were
Portland cement and sand. Pulhamite can be extremely convincing and was popular in creating natural looking rock gardens in the nineteenth century.
563:
European cement standard EN 197-1 Cement – Part 1: "Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements" which defines 27 distinct common cement products and their constituents.
363:
usually grind it as an addition to their own clinker at their cement plants. Manufacturers also ship clinker to grinding plants in areas where cement-making raw materials are not available.
163:
The major raw material for the clinker-making is usually limestone mixed with a second material containing clay as a source of alumino-silicate. An impure limestone containing clay or
306:), the most reactive mineral phase (exothermic hydration reaction) in Portland clinker. It may also be combined with other active ingredients or cement additions to produce
60:
as an intermediary product. Clinker occurs as lumps or nodules, usually 3 millimetres (0.12 in) to 25 millimetres (0.98 in) in diameter. It is produced by
430:(evaporation of unreacted water). Traditional methods for preventing desiccation involve covering the product with wet burlap or use of plastic sheeting..
220:
at high temperature. The products of the chemical reaction aggregate together at their sintering temperature, about 1,450 °C (2,640 °F).
371:
Gypsum is added to clinker primarily as an additive preventing the flash settings of the cement, but it is also very effective to facilitate the
573:
Sohoni, S.; R. Sridhar; G. Mandal (1991). "Effect of grinding aids on the fine grinding of limestone, quartz and portland cement clinker".
402:
Upon addition of water, clinker minerals react to form different types of hydrates and "set" (harden) as the hydrated cement paste becomes
325:
433:
For larger projects, such as highways, the surface is sprayed with a solution of curing compound that leaves a water-impermeable coating.
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minerals) represent the main "glue" components of the concrete. After initial setting the concrete continues to harden and to develop its
463:
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386:(TEA) is commonly used at 0.1 wt. % and has proved to be very effective. Other additives are sometimes used, such as
267:
372:
503:
688:
407:
31:
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The clinker and its hydration reactions are characterized and studied in detail by many techniques, including
186:
other than limestone) depend on the purity of the limestone. Some of the second raw materials used are: clay,
483:
271:
137:
600:
Whiting, Nancy M.; Snyder, Mark B. (2003). "Effectiveness of
Portland Cement Concrete Curing Compounds".
233:
520:
Siegbert Sprung "Cement" in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2012 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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259:
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121:
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Stone, an
Illustrated Magazine: Devoted to the Quarrying and Cutting of Stone for Architectural Uses
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Ferrari, L. (2012). "Reaction of clinker surfaces investigated with atomic force microscopy".
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of clinker by preventing agglomeration and coating of the powder at the surface of balls and
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Organic compounds are also often added as grinding aids to avoid powder agglomeration.
24:
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to a fine powder and used as the binder in many cement products. A small amount of
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young age to avoid the development of cracks. Young concrete is protected against
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81:
449:. Most of those emissions were produced in the clinker manufacturing process.
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225:
37:
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Transportation
Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board
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510:. New York, New York, United States: Frank W. Hoyt: 55–56. December 1898.
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CEM II: composite cements with a limited addition of limestone filler or
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152:). These main mineral phases are produced by heating at high temperature
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to reduce the sintering temperature and contribute little to the cement
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clinker is made by heating a homogeneous mixture of raw materials in a
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290:(less than 5 wt.%) must be added to avoid the flash setting of the
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Clinker is one of the ingredients of an artificial rock imitating
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Portland cement clinker (abbreviated k in the
European norms) is
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The
Portland clinker essentially consists of four minerals: two
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648:
314:
CEM I: pure
Portland clinker (Ordinary Portland Cement, OPC)
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As of 2018, cement production contributed about 8% of all
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CEM V: composite cements (with large additions of BFS,
485:
Calcium
Sulphate Retarders for Portland Cement Clinker
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including, following the
European EN 197-1 standard:
247:(SR) types, it is necessary to limit the amount of
56:is a solid material produced in the manufacture of
64:(fusing together without melting to the point of
23:, which is also used in cement products like
8:
504:"Apparatus for Burning and Grinding Cement"
182:The second raw material (materials in the
445:worldwide, contributing substantially to
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7:
539:Construction and Building Materials
14:
551:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.089
394:, and dodecyl-benzene sulfonate.
16:Main component of Portland cement
464:Environmental impact of concrete
641:emitter you may not know about"
490:U.S. Government Printing Office
437:Contribution to global warming
1:
526:10.1002/14356007.a05_489.pub2
482:Berger, Ernest Elmer (1929).
239:For special cements, such as
635:Rodgers, Lucy (2018-12-17).
587:10.1016/0032-5910(91)80109-V
268:scanning electron microscope
88:Composition and preparation
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398:Clinker minerals hydration
29:
18:
408:calcium silicate hydrates
19:Not to be confused with
272:atomic force microscopy
41:Typical clinker nodules
228:are present only as a
138:calcium aluminoferrite
50:
42:
410:(C-S-H) (hydrates of
367:Clinker grinding aids
328:blast furnace cements
308:other types of cement
48:
40:
292:tricalcium aluminate
249:tricalcium aluminate
122:tricalcium aluminate
30:For other uses, see
420:mechanical strength
171:) can be used. The
319:blast furnace slag
76:materials such as
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575:Powder Technology
488:. United States:
264:X-ray diffraction
245:sulfate resistant
173:calcium carbonate
94:calcium silicates
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388:ethylene glycol
384:Triethanolamine
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222:Aluminium oxide
214:Portland cement
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74:aluminosilicate
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120:), along with
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54:Cement clinker
25:Clinker blocks
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652:. Retrieved
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66:liquefaction
53:
52:
428:desiccation
354:and called
344:silica fume
256:calorimetry
218:rotary kiln
82:cement kiln
80:during the
49:Hot clinker
668:Categories
654:2018-12-17
470:References
392:oleic acid
333:pozzolanic
226:iron oxide
684:Limestone
622:110538072
608:: 59–68.
545:: 92–96.
356:pulhamite
352:limestone
340:fly ashes
324:CEM III:
243:(LH) and
158:limestone
70:limestone
62:sintering
679:Concrete
645:BBC News
453:See also
404:concrete
373:grinding
331:CEM IV:
260:strength
251:formed.
241:low heat
234:strength
196:iron ore
335:cements
326:BFS-OPC
204:fly ash
200:bauxite
144:(Al,Fe)
84:stage.
32:Clinker
674:Cement
620:
416:belite
406:. The
379:wall.
288:gypsum
284:ground
184:rawmix
136:) and
110:belite
108:) and
618:S2CID
412:alite
342:, or
321:(BFS)
188:shale
175:(CaCO
154:clays
98:alite
606:1834
414:and
377:mill
278:Uses
270:and
230:flux
224:and
208:slag
206:and
192:sand
167:(SiO
156:and
78:clay
72:and
649:BBC
610:doi
583:doi
547:doi
522:doi
422:.
294:(Ca
236:.
160:.
140:(Ca
124:(Ca
116:SiO
112:(Ca
104:SiO
100:(Ca
670::
647:.
643:.
616:.
604:.
579:67
577:.
543:35
541:.
506:.
390:,
298:Al
274:.
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128:Al
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657:.
639:2
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612::
589:.
585::
553:.
549::
524::
346:)
304:6
302:O
300:2
296:3
177:3
169:2
150:5
148:O
146:2
142:2
134:6
132:O
130:2
126:3
118:4
114:2
106:5
102:3
34:.
27:.
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