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knapweed to devote its resources to competition while its neighbors are conserving resources to survive. The high number of seeds produced by diffuse knapweed is also a common trait of invasive plants. A higher density of knapweed will not only increase the concentration of allelopathic chemicals in the soil but will also restrict the nutrients available to native plants. Unfortunately, very little research has been conducted to determine the relative competitive ability between diffuse knapweed and its novel competitors. However, tests conducted on the effect of diffuse knapweed on North
American grasses in the absence on allelopathic chemicals demonstrated that the fitness of these grasses declined in the presence of diffuse knapweed.
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novel competitor's fitness is decreased. This situation provides an example of the effectiveness of the allelopathy mechanism benefiting from the ERH. The increased effectiveness of allelopathic chemicals cause diffuse knapweed to experience less competitive pressure. As a result, diffuse knapweed is able to establish more predominantly in this new area.
929:, the enemy release hypothesis (ERH) and superior resource competition. However, the most importance must be attributed to the ERH because diffuse knapweed, while a very effective invasive species in its novel environment, is non-invasive and doesn't establish monocultures in its native range. It is the differences,
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diffuse knapweed, which generally thrives in its invaded environment, is significantly inhibited through the introduction of natural enemies, it can be concluded that diffuse knapweed is more competitive in the absence of its natural enemies. A recent effort at biocontrol of diffuse knapweed in Idaho's
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Curiously, diffuse knapweed's allelopathic chemicals were shown to have a deleterious effect on the North
American competitors but were beneficial to its native competitors. While diffuse knapweed's native competitors are able to compete more effectively in the presence of allelopathic chemicals, the
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To demonstrate that the ERH applies to diffuse knapweed, it is essential to show that the absence of natural enemies has a significant positive effect on its success. One way to show this is to observe the effect of introducing some of diffuse knapweed's natural enemies into its novel environment. If
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Diffuse knapweed is known to establish more easily and effectively in recently disturbed environments. Disturbed environments generally present low environmental stress because more resources are available than are being used. These available resources often allow the establishment of an invasion in
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Another aspect of diffuse knapweed's success relies on the effect of its allelopathic chemicals in its novel environment. Although there is still debate concerning the effectiveness of allelopathic chemicals in the field, the evidence of allelopathic effects demonstrated in a laboratory setting and
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are also effective for control. In order to be most effective, it must be applied before the knapweed plants have released their seeds, regardless of which herbicide is used. Ongoing research at the
University of Colorado suggests that Tordon treatment does not contribute to long-term reductions of
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While cutting the aboveground portion of diffuse knapweed will greatly decrease the spread of seeds, it does not remove the root. With only its root still intact, diffuse knapweed can survive and continue to grow. For a program of cutting to be effective, it must be long-term so that the effect of
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effectively reduced 80 square kilometres (20,000 acres) of knapweed to minimal levels through the release of the lesser knapweed flower weevil and the knapweed root weevil. Since both of the insects released are natural competitors of diffuse knapweed, and since this and other similar efforts at
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The largest impact of humans on diffuse knapweed is efforts in controlling and eradicating its invasive populations. Besides reducing the spread of diffuse knapweed, efforts are also providing selective pressure against the individuals that cannot withstand a certain method of control. Selective
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setting fire to a crowd of knapweed, if the fire is sufficiently severe, can successfully destroy the above ground and belowground sections of diffuse knapweed. However, precautions must be taken to first ensure that the fire is properly contained and that a new plant community is established to
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Effective control of diffuse knapweed requires a fusion of well-executed land management, biological control, physical control, chemical control and reestablishment of the native species. Any method of control must ensure that the root is removed or the plant will grow back. Additionally, native
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Diffuse knapweed is successful in its novel range primarily because the organisms and conditions that prevent it from becoming invasive in its native environment are absent. It follows that the introduction of species from its native habitat would be an effective method of control. However, the
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Besides the advantages that diffuse knapweed gains from the ERH and allelopathy, it also possesses several characteristically invasive traits. One factor leading to the superior resource competition of diffuse knapweed is its ability to exist in drought conditions. This advantage allows diffuse
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this removes both the portion above ground and the root of diffuse knapweed and has shown to be very effective; if the plant is properly disposed of, it can neither regrow nor spread its seeds. The largest problem with digging knapweed is that it is extremely labor-intensive. Additionally, the
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To successfully control diffuse knapweed, an understanding of the mechanism that allows it to be invasive must be developed. Isolating the reason for its invasiveness would allow control methods designed to specifically target the effectiveness of that mechanism to be developed. Additionally,
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in a community. In turn, less species diversity can lead to unused resources, which allow invasive species to more readily establish. Areas such as fallow land, ditches, rangelands, residential and industrial districts and roadsides are all disturbed habitats where diffuse knapweed frequently
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involves the introduction of organisms, usually natural competitors of the invasive species, into the invaded environment in order to control the invasive species. Since 1970, 12 insects have been released to control diffuse knapweed. Of these 12, 10 have become established, and 4 are widely
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soil. This effect is probably due to the absence of unfavorable soil conditions or soil microorganisms that exist in its native environment. As a result, the allelopathic chemicals will be able to reach higher concentrations, spread farther and therefore be more effective. By effecting more
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By 1998 diffuse knapweed had naturalized over 26,640 square kilometres (10,290 sq mi) in the western US, and was increasing its range at a rate of 18% annually. Diffuse knapweed can establish itself in grassland, scrubland and riparian environments. It has little value as feed for
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Myers, J.H., Risley, C., 2000. Why reduced seed production is not necessarily translated into successful biological weed control. In: Spencer, N. (Ed.), Proceedings X. International
Symposium Biological Control of Weeds. Montana State University, Bozeman, MO, pp.
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can devastate entire stands of knapweed. The adult weevils feed upon the stems, branches, leaves and undeveloped flower buds. It is native to Greece and is now found in
Montana, Washington, Idaho and Oregon. Insects are also used for biocontrol, such as the
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of invasive species such as diffuse knapweed. If an individual diffuse knapweed plant survives control efforts because of a trait it possesses, its progeny will make up a greater portion of the population than the plants that succumbed to the control.
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Areas in which diffuse knapweed has been established generally are plains rangelands or forest benchlands. Land that has recently been disturbed is commonly colonized. It grows in semi-arid and arid environments and seems to favor light, dry, porous
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Clements, David R.; Di
Tommaso, Antonio; Jordan, Nicholas; Booth, Barbara D.; Cardina, John; Doohan, Douglas; Mohler, Charles L.; Murphy, Stephen D.; Swanton, Clarence J. (December 2004). "Adaptability of plants invading North American cropland".
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carried at the tips of the many branches. Diffuse knapweed often assumes a short rosette form for one year, reaching maximum size, then rapidly growing and flowering during the second year. A single plant can produce approximately 18,000
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Gyll. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a suitable candidate for the biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweed in North
America. In: Final Report C.A.B International Institute of Biological Control. Delemont, Switzerland, p.
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Vivanco, Jorge M.; Bais, Harsh P.; Stermitz, Frank R.; Thelen, Giles C.; Callaway, Ragan M. (April 2004). "Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry: novel weapons and exotic invasion".
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to control diffuse knapweed. The herbicide Tordon (picloram) is recognized as the most effective, but it is common to use multiple herbicides in order to reduce strain on local grasses. The herbicides 2,4-D,
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Sakai, Ann K.; Allendorf, Fred W.; Holt, Jodie S.; Lodge, David M.; Molofsky, Jane; With, Kimberly A.; Baughman, Syndallas; Cabin, Robert J. (November 2001). "The
Population Biology of Invasive Species".
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Another connection between allelopathy and the ERH is the fact that concentrations of allelopathic chemicals were found to increase when diffuse knapweed was planted in North
American soil as opposed to
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introduction of a non-native organism has the potential to result in another invasive species outbreak. Therefore, any method of biological control must be preceded by analysis of possible effects.
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exotic species cover and may contribute to recruitment of other invasive species, such as redstem filaree and
Japanese brome, which quickly take the place of herbicide-treated diffuse knapweed.
771:). Research based on simulation models have shown that for biocontrol agents to be effective, they must kill their host, otherwise plants can compensate by having increased seedling survival.
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Vivanco, J.M.; Bais, H.P.; Stermitz, F.R.; Thelen, G.C.; Callaway, R.M. (2004). "Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry: novel weapons and exotic invasion".
1016:
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Willis, Anthony J.; Thomas, Matthew B.; Lawton, John H. (September 1999). "Is the increased vigour of invasive weeds explained by a trade-off between growth and herbivore resistance?".
790:, they feed upon the seeds of their host plant. As the females of this species can create from 28 to 130 eggs and each larva can consume an entire seed head, an adequate population of
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state. The seeds had presumably been transported in an impure alfalfa seed shipment coming from somewhere in the species native range. Now present in at least 19 states in the
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Harris, P., and R. Cranston. 1979. An economic evaluation of control methods for diffuse and spotted knapweed in western Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 59:375-382.
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Fielding, D. J.; Brusven, M. A.; Kish, L. P. (1996). "Consumption of diffuse knapweed by two species of polyphagous grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southern Idaho".
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Palmer, Miquel; Linde, Marta; Pons, Guillem X. (December 2004). "Correlational patterns between invertebrate species composition and the presence of an invasive plant".
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an ecological community. The concentration of diffuse knapweed in such an area is often linked to the level of soil disturbance. Human disturbances often lead to less
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Seastedt, T. R.; Gregory, Nathan; Buckner, David (April 2003). "Effect of biocontrol insects on diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) in a Colorado grassland".
722:, as its thistles can damage the mouth and digestive tract of animals that attempt to feed on it. A study in 1973 concluded that ranches lost approximately
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Colautti, Robert I.; Ricciardi, Anthony; Grigorovich, Igor A.; MacIsaac, Hugh J. (2004). "Is invasion success explained by the enemy release hypothesis?".
492:. This species is common throughout western North America but is not actually native to the North American continent, but to the eastern Mediterranean.
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20/km (8 cents per acre) of diffuse knapweed due to decreased grazing area. In an agricultural setting, it can greatly reduce crop yield and purity.
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establishes. Additionally, the removal of foliage and other ground cover increases the likelihood that seeds will come in contact with the soil and
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Jacobs, James S.; Sheley, Roger L. (November 1999). "Grass Defoliation Intensity, Frequency, and Season Effects on Spotted Knapweed Invasion".
1852:; Weiner, Jacob (May 2004). "Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species? – evidence from pair‐wise experiments".
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Harrod, R. J.; Taylor, R. J. (1995). "Reproduction and pollination biology of Centaurea and Acroptilon species, with emphasis on C. diffusa".
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Callaway, Ragan M.; Aschehoug, Erik T. (2000). "Invasive Plants Versus Their New and Old Neighbors: A Mechanism for Exotic Invasion".
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Sheley, Roger L.; Jacobs, James S.; Carpinelli, Michael F. (2017-06-12). "Distribution, Biology, and Management of Diffuse Knapweed (
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in multiple ways, such as contamination of food, wind dispersal, and water dispersal however wind is the primary dispersal method.
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The success of diffuse knapweed must be attributed to a combination of several mechanisms. Its invasiveness is due to a mix of
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recently vacated soil should be planted with a native species to avoid knapweed reintroducing itself in the disturbed soil.
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have been successful, there is significant evidence that diffuse knapweed benefits from the absence of its natural enemies.
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Kiemnec, G.; Larson, L. (1991). "Germination and root growth of two noxious weeds as affected by water and salt stresses".
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Thompson, D. J.; Stout, D. G. (1991). "Duration of the juvenile period in diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa)".
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Larson, L.; Kiemnec, G. (2003). "Seedling growth and interference of diffuse knapweed and bluebunch wheatgrass".
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One of the first influences humans had on diffuse knapweed was to inadvertently introduce it to North America.
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plant growth in areas where diffuse knapweed has been removed should be encouraged to prevent reestablishment.
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its propensity to establish monocultures support the importance of allelopathy to diffuse knapweed's success.
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Physical control of diffuse knapweed primarily comprises cutting, digging or burning to remove the plants.
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neighboring plants, the favorable changes in soil condition contribute to the success of diffuse knapweed.
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Keane, Ryan M.; Crawley, Michael J. (2002). "Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis".
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Powell, R. D. (1990). "The role of spatial pattern in the population biology of Centaurea diffusa".
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precautions designed to minimize the invisibility of at-risk environments could be carried out.
699:. Areas with large amounts of shade or high levels of water discourage diffuse knapweed growth.
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Wilson, Rob; Beck, K. George; Westra, Philip (June 2004). "Combined effects of herbicides and
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Hierro, José L.; Callaway, Ragan M. (2003). "Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion".
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Rice, Elroy L. (1977). "Some roles of allelopathic compounds in plant communities".
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1193:"Novel weapons: invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability"
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782:. Individuals of these species lay their eggs on the seed heads of both diffuse and
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1290:(1999). "Roles of Allelopathy in Plant Biodiversity and Sustainable Agriculture".
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Maron, J. L.; Vila, M.; Bommarco, R.; Elmendorf, S.; Beardsley, P. (2004).
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Weston, Leslie A.; Duke, Stephen O. (2003). "Weed and Crop Allelopathy".
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Centaurea diffusa next to the Columbia River, Douglas County Washington
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was first identified in North America in 1907 when it was found in an
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2008:"Defusing Diffuse Knapweed - Biological Control of an Explosive Weed"
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94:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1619:"Evolution in invasive plants: implications for biological control"
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Müller-Schärer, Heinz; Schaffner, Urs; Steinger, Thomas (2004).
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2046:. Lists general information and resources for Diffuse Knapweed.
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Some of the more commonly utilized biocontrol agents are the
655:, having established itself in many areas of the continent.
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10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0237:EOBIOD]2.0.CO;2
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10.1614/0890-037X(2003)017[0079:SGAIOD]2.0.CO;2
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10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0436:NWISAT]2.0.CO;2
671:, it has naturalized in all contiguous states west of the
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83:
987:, which has a negative effect on plants that have not
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with smaller leaves alternating on the upright stems.
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are usually white or pink and grow out of urn-shaped
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Mizutani, Junya (1999). "Selected Allelochemicals".
1064:"Successful biological control of diffuse knapweed,
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152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
805:), and several species of Tephritid flies, mostly
852:prevent the reintroduction of diffuse knapweed.
504:Centaurea diffusa basal rosette, first year plant
2042:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
1191:Callaway, Ragan M.; Ridenour, Wendy M. (2004).
1163:Baker, H. G. (1974). "The Evolution of Weeds".
899:pressure, given sufficient time, can cause the
2006:Whaley, Dale K.; Piper, Gary L. (June 2002).
8:
1153:Washington State weed info: Diffuse knapweed
2044:United States National Agricultural Library
456:Lam., Encycl. Méth. Bot., 1: 675-676, 1785
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2096:
301:
290:
2051:"Diffuse and Spotted Knapweed Biocontrol"
1430:
1314:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
834:reduced seed spreading can be realized.
277:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
1747:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114037
1735:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
1197:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
1165:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
691:have also been colonized by this plant.
1057:
1055:
1000:
983:The roots of Centaurea diffusa release
1573:"Rapid evolution of an invasive plant"
1261:Carpenter, Alan T.; Murray, Thomas A.
912:Toward an integrated control strategy
860:Chemical control involves the use of
7:
2036:Species Profile - Diffuse Knapweed (
1158:Diffuse Knapweed (Centaurea diffusa)
1073:. Biological Control. Archived from
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1028:
150:adding citations to reliable sources
1713:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
1530:. Invasive Species Specialist Group
1177:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000245
2056:Colorado Department of Agriculture
1897:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
1292:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
1263:"ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for
786:. When the larvae emerge from the
647:Diffuse knapweed is considered an
14:
2029:from homonym one in Bugwood Wiki
1626:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
1504:Fire Effects Information System,
1450:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
241:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
34:This article has multiple issues.
2507:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:190370-1
2083:
2071:
1888:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00576.x
1866:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12682.x
1528:Global invasive species database
1347:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00616.x
1136:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00576.x
797:Yellow-winged knapweed root moth
520:, as well as a basal rosette of
322:
228:
126:
64:
23:
1271:(Lam.) Sojak) diffuse knapweed"
137:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
1068:, in British Columbia, Canada"
603:, specifically the nations of
1:
1462:10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02499-0
776:Lesser knapweed flower weevil
1725:10.1016/0305-1978(77)90005-9
1246:10.1126/science.290.5491.521
1675:10.1016/j.actao.2004.05.005
1411:Journal of Range Management
878:Human influence on invasion
482:, is a member of the genus
90:the claims made and adding
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2025:This article is extracted
1830:Canadian Journal of Botany
1638:10.1016/j.tree.2004.05.010
1326:10.1016/j.agee.2004.03.003
759:, the root boring beetle,
16:Species of flowering plant
1813:10.1017/S0890037X00043931
1610:10.1080/07352689991309432
1483:10.1017/S0890037X00027421
1304:10.1080/07352689991309414
446:
439:
319:Scientific classification
317:
309:
300:
293:
1977:) population dynamics".
1795:) and Spotted Knapweed (
1062:Judith H. Myers (2009).
547:Centaurea microcalathina
254:may contain suggestions.
239:may need to be rewritten
2012:Agrichem. Environ. News
1971:Sphenoptera jugoslavica
1394:10.1023/A:1026208327014
814:Urophora quadrifasciata
762:Sphenoptera jugoslavica
756:Urophora quadrifasciata
508:Diffuse knapweed is an
1356:Great Basin Naturalist
687:. Portions of western
639:
505:
1973:on diffuse knapweed (
1946:10.1007/s004420050899
637:
503:
2080:at Wikimedia Commons
1598:Crit. Rev. Plant Sci
780:Knapweed root weevil
675:and additionally in
582:Centaurea comperiana
563:Centaurea parviflora
146:improve this article
1938:1999Oecol.120..632W
1667:2004AcO....26..219P
1500:"Centaurea diffusa"
1498:Zouhar, K. (2001).
1238:2000Sci...290..521C
643:An invasive species
161:"Centaurea diffusa"
1797:Centaurea maculosa
1684:Journal of Ecology
1185:Wood River Journal
985:8-hydroxyquinoline
744:Biological control
739:Biological control
640:
555:Centaurea cycladum
506:
75:possibly contains
2576:
2575:
2468:centaurea-diffusa
2443:Open Tree of Life
2171:centaurea-diffusa
2140:Centaurea diffusa
2110:Centaurea diffusa
2102:Taxon identifiers
2090:Centaurea diffusa
2078:Centaurea diffusa
2076:Media related to
2038:Centaurea diffusa
1991:10.1614/P2001-061
1975:Centaurea diffusa
1909:10.1080/713610861
1793:Centaurea diffusa
1522:Centaurea diffusa
1369:Northwest Science
1267:Lamarck (synonym
1265:Centaurea diffusa
1232:(5491): 521–523.
1107:Groppe, K. 1990.
1066:Centaurea diffusa
888:species diversity
765:, and the weevil
651:in some parts of
467:Centaurea diffusa
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450:Centaurea diffusa
311:Centaurea diffusa
295:Centaurea diffusa
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2200:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2097:
2088:Data related to
2087:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2015:
2002:
1965:
1920:
1903:(3–4): 367–389.
1891:
1869:
1850:Vilà, Montserrat
1845:
1824:
1787:
1758:
1728:
1707:
1678:
1649:
1623:
1613:
1592:
1567:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1494:
1465:
1444:
1434:
1405:
1376:
1363:
1350:
1329:
1307:
1288:Chou, Chang-Hung
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1257:
1220:
1180:
1140:
1139:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1088:
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1085:
1079:
1072:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1040:www.iucngisd.org
1032:
1023:
1021:, Flora Europea
1014:
1008:
1005:
856:Chemical control
821:Physical control
808:Urophora affinis
784:spotted knapweed
750:Urophora affinis
649:invasive species
595:It is native to
472:diffuse knapweed
470:, also known as
452:
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305:
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2005:
1968:
1923:
1894:
1876:Ecology Letters
1872:
1848:
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1827:
1801:Weed Technology
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1761:
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1696:10.2307/2261118
1681:
1655:Acta Oecologica
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1124:Ecology Letters
1121:
1120:
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1109:Larinus minutus
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1017:In Tutin &
1015:
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981:
923:
914:
880:
858:
823:
802:Agapeta zoegana
792:Larinus minutus
768:Larinus minutus
741:
732:
715:
645:
627:, and southern
593:
543:
498:
480:tumble knapweed
459:
454:
448:
435:
432:C. diffusa
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283:
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2553:wfo-0000061575
2544:
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2250:
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2227:
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2201:
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2165:
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2130:
2114:
2112:
2106:
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2094:
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2092:at Wikispecies
2081:
2068:
2067:
2047:
2033:
2021:
2020:External links
2018:
2017:
2016:
2003:
1985:(3): 418–423.
1966:
1932:(4): 632–640.
1921:
1892:
1882:(4): 285–292.
1870:
1860:(2): 229–238.
1846:
1836:(2): 368–371.
1825:
1807:(2): 353–362.
1788:
1770:(2): 237–245.
1759:
1729:
1719:(3): 201–206.
1708:
1690:(2): 374–388.
1679:
1661:(3): 219–226.
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1604:(5): 653–671.
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1583:(2): 261–280.
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1477:(3): 612–615.
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1417:(6): 626–632.
1406:
1382:Plant and Soil
1377:
1364:
1351:
1341:(8): 721–733.
1330:
1320:(3): 379–398.
1308:
1298:(5): 609–636.
1284:
1269:Acosta diffusa
1258:
1221:
1203:(8): 436–443.
1188:
1181:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1145:
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1141:
1130:(4): 285–292.
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979:Phytochemicals
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597:Eastern Europe
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514:biennial plant
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488:in the family
476:white knapweed
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1189:
1187:. A16 (2004).
1186:
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1080:on 2010-06-11
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747:established (
745:
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681:Massachusetts
678:
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669:United States
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653:North America
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451:
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441:Binomial name
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349:Tracheophytes
347:
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237:This article
235:
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216:
213:
205:
194:
191:
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184:
180:
177:
173:
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163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
147:
141:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
93:
89:
85:
79:
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73:This article
71:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2109:
2060:. Retrieved
2054:
2037:
2026:
2011:
1982:
1979:Weed Science
1978:
1974:
1970:
1929:
1925:
1900:
1896:
1879:
1875:
1857:
1853:
1833:
1829:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1767:
1764:Weed Science
1763:
1738:
1734:
1716:
1712:
1687:
1683:
1658:
1654:
1629:
1625:
1601:
1597:
1580:
1577:Ecol. Monogr
1576:
1547:
1544:Weed Technol
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1527:
1521:
1508:. Retrieved
1503:
1474:
1470:
1453:
1449:
1432:10150/643948
1414:
1410:
1388:(1): 29–39.
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1338:
1334:
1317:
1313:
1295:
1291:
1277:. Retrieved
1268:
1264:
1229:
1225:
1200:
1196:
1184:
1183:K. Bossick,
1168:
1164:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1108:
1103:
1093:
1082:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1065:
1043:. Retrieved
1039:
1018:
1012:
1003:
982:
973:
969:
960:
956:
952:
943:Camas County
939:
924:
915:
897:
884:
881:
859:
850:
846:
845:
841:
837:
836:
832:
828:
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824:
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800:
791:
773:
766:
760:
754:
748:
742:
733:
716:
702:
701:
693:
656:
646:
601:Western Asia
594:
591:Distribution
581:
573:
562:
554:
546:
507:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
465:
464:
449:
447:
431:
430:
418:
381:
368:
355:
342:
310:
294:
288:
273:
257:
248:You can help
238:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
144:Please help
139:verification
136:
106:
97:
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
2594:Tumbleweeds
2391:NatureServe
2306:iNaturalist
2134:Wikispecies
1741:: 305–332.
1518:Larson, L.
927:allelopathy
677:Connecticut
496:Description
362:Angiosperms
2583:Categories
2537:WisFlora:
2476:Plant List
2158:Calflora:
2062:2021-05-21
1534:2019-08-09
1510:2019-08-09
1279:2019-08-09
1084:2009-12-18
1045:2023-04-28
995:References
989:co-evolved
948:biocontrol
901:adaptation
871:glyphosate
862:herbicides
685:New Jersey
665:Washington
657:C. diffusa
490:Asteraceae
408:Asteraceae
313:in flower
260:March 2023
202:April 2022
172:newspapers
100:April 2022
84:improve it
39:improve it
2589:Centaurea
2259:200023635
2246:200023635
2168:Cal-IPC:
1926:Oecologia
1550:: 79–83.
1375:: 97–105.
1217:1540-9295
991:with it.
905:evolution
893:germinate
720:livestock
707:dispersed
663:field in
485:Centaurea
426:Species:
419:Centaurea
398:Asterales
332:Kingdom:
252:talk page
88:verifying
45:talk page
2527:VASCAN:
2515:Tropicos
2396:2.137343
2347:10199292
2334:190370-1
2148:BioLib:
2125:Q4115083
2119:Wikidata
2027:p.p.max.
1999:84341891
1962:26101345
1954:28308315
1917:84429018
1821:85850618
1784:34706037
1755:27826474
1646:16701299
1564:85650873
1491:82798671
1402:40416663
1362:: 22–27.
1254:11039934
1171:: 1–24.
1098:569–581.
964:Eurasian
778:and the
613:Bulgaria
550:Tarassov
541:Synonyms
404:Family:
388:Asterids
375:Eudicots
2566:1082803
2520:2700419
2481:gcc-186
2272:3128962
1934:Bibcode
1704:2261118
1663:Bibcode
1441:4003633
1234:Bibcode
1226:Science
1147:Sources
935:abiotic
921:Summary
867:dicamba
847:Burning
838:Digging
829:Cutting
730:Control
713:Effects
705:can be
703:diffusa
673:Rockies
661:alfalfa
625:Ukraine
621:Romania
526:Flowers
518:taproot
414:Genus:
394:Order:
336:Plantae
186:scholar
82:Please
2489:PLANTS
2448:331371
2435:116331
2422:124929
2298:104125
2233:cendif
2230:FEIS:
2223:156142
2197:467784
2014:(194).
1997:
1960:
1952:
1915:
1819:
1782:
1753:
1702:
1644:
1562:
1489:
1439:
1400:
1252:
1215:
1036:"GISD"
931:biotic
869:, and
689:Canada
683:, and
629:Russia
617:Greece
605:Turkey
585:Steven
574:non
568:&
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