509:". This may still be pan-and-scanned, but gives the compositor the freedom to "zoom out" or "uncrop" the image to include not only the full width of the wide-format image, but additional visual content at the top and/or bottom of the screen, not included in the widescreen version. As a general rule (prior to the adoption of DVD), special effects would be done within the theatrical aspect ratio, but not the full-frame thereof; also the expanded image area can sometimes include extraneous objects—such as cables, microphone booms, jet vapor trails, or overhead telephone wires—not intended to be included in the frame, depending upon the nature of the shot and how well the full frame was protected.
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creating the effect of a "pan" shot. In a scene in which the focus does not gradually shift from one horizontal position to another—such as actors at each extreme engaging in rapid conversation with each other—the editor may choose to "cut" from one to the other rather than rapidly panning back and forth. If the actors are closer together on the screen, the editor may pan slightly, alternately cropping one or the other partially. This method allows the maximum resolution of the image, since it uses all the available vertical video scan lines—which is especially important for
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348:", which preserves the original theatrical aspect ratio, but is not as tall as a standard television screen, leaving black bars at the top and bottom of the screen, or "pan and scan", in which the image fills the full height of the screen, but is cropped horizontally on each side. Pan and scan cuts out as much as half of the image.
344:, which provide more panoramic vistas and present other compositional opportunities. When televised, the image on films with widescreen formats might be twice as wide as the TV screen. Showing a widescreen movie on a television set with a 4:3 screen requires one of two techniques to accommodate the difference: "
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However, it also has several drawbacks. Some visual information is necessarily cropped out. It can also change a shot in which the camera was originally stationary to one in which it is frequently panning, or change a single continuous shot into one with frequent cuts. In a shot which was originally
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for example), might still be problematic when displayed on televisions of any type. However, when the DVD is "anamorphically enhanced for widescreen", or the film is telecast on a high-definition channel and viewed on a widescreen TV, the black spaces are smaller, and the effect is much like watching
645:, the letterbox version is therefore the only version available on VHS and DVD even though one VHS release includes the typical pan-and-scan disclaimer on the cover. Even the "pan and scan" versions of the widescreen animated shorts from the 1950s were also criticized, as several details, such as in
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image; this version was created for theaters that do not have the anamorphic lens projection equipment). Another method is to keep the camera angle as tight as a pan shot, but move the location of characters, objects, or the camera, so that the subjects fit in the frame. The advent of DVDs and their
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Some film directors and enthusiasts disapprove of pan-and-scan cropping because it can remove up to 43% of the original image on 2.35:1 films or up to 48% on earlier 2.55:1 presentations, changing the director or cinematographer's original vision and intentions as well as omitting large amounts of
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Changes in screen angle (panning) may be necessary to prevent closeups between two speakers where only one person is visible in the pan-and-scan version and both participants seem to speak alternately to persons off camera; this comes at the cost of losing the smoothness of scenes. Inversely, the
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commits a murder. The murder takes place mostly offscreen, behind a staircase wall, and Oliver is a witness to it. As Sikes steps back from behind the wall, we see Oliver from the back watching him in terror. In the pan-and-scan version of the film, we see Oliver's reaction as the murder is being
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During the "pan and scan" process, an editor selects the parts of the original filmed composition that seem to be the focus of the shot and makes sure that these are copied ("scanned"). When the important action shifts to a new position in the frame, the operator moves the scanner to follow it,
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televisions offered a wider 16:9 aspect ratio (1.78 times the height instead of 1.33) and allowed films with aspect ratios of 1.66:1 and 1.85:1 to fill most or all of the screen, with minimal letterboxing or cropping required. DVD packaging began to use the expression, "16:9 – Enhanced for
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scene in which much attention is directed appropriately at a dancer's feet. This situation will commonly occur whenever a widescreen TV is set to display full images without stretching (often called the zoom setting) on images with an aspect ratio of 1.78:1 or less. The solution is to
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in a matted 1.85:1 aspect ratio because he was tired of having his movies, which had generally been shot in his preferred format of
Anamorphic 2.39:1, "butchered" for television and home video. Furthermore, he brought a lawsuit against Danish TV after a screening of his 1975 film
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committed, but not when Sikes steps backward from the wall having done it. Often in a pan and scan telecast, a character will seem to be speaking offscreen, when what has really happened is that the pan and scan technique has cut their image out of the screen.
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presentation, coupled with the increasing popularity of widescreen televisions and computer monitors, have rendered pan and scan less important. Fullscreen versions of films originally produced in widescreen are still available in the United States.
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decided to make it company policy to only release widescreen films on LaserDisc in their original aspect ratio rather than pan and scan formats that was common for home media releases at the time. Many other home video labels followed suit.
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As television screenings of feature films became more common and more financially important, cinematographers began to work for compositions that would keep the vital information within the "TV safe area" of the frame. For example, the
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a film on a theatrical wide screen. As of 2018, though aspect ratios of 16:9 (and occasionally 16:10, mostly for computers and tablets) remain standard, wider-screen consumer TVs in 21:9 have been marketed by a number of manufacturers.
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TV format offers more resolution to begin with, "pan-and-scan" broadcasts and "pan-and-scan" DVDs of movies originally shown in widescreen are relatively rare, unless it is of programming broadcasts aimed for family viewing times like
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aspect ratio which was then broadcast on analogue services with small black bars at the top and bottom of the picture, while owners of widescreen TV sets receiving digital broadcasts would see the full 16:9 picture (this is known as
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movies, released from 1986 to 1996. The films were displayed in 1.85:1 during their theatrical release, but this was in fact cut down from 1.37:1 animation- a choice made so that the VHS releases would be nearly uncropped.
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are cropped to 16:9 from the much wider CinemaScope ratio, causing both sides of the picture to be lost. The rest of the widescreen shorts are available in the original CinemaScope widescreen aspect ratio.
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televisions, having a rather low number of lines available. It also gives a full-screen image on a traditional television set; hence pan-and-scan versions of films on videotape or DVD are often known as
580:, his legal right as an artist to maintain his reputation by protecting the integrity of his work. Nonetheless, the court ruled in favor of the defendant on a technicality.) Another example is that
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because some theaters did not employ anamorphic lenses, and also because they were tired of having their movies, which had been shot in their generally preferred aspect ratio of 2.39:1 (except for
336:. However, in the early to mid-1950s, to compete with television and lure audiences away from their sets, producers of theatrical motion pictures began to use "widescreen" formats such as
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panned to show something new, or one in which something enters the shot from off-camera, it changes the timing of these appearances to the audience. As an example, in the film
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Some directors still balk at the use of "pan and scan" because they feel it compromises the directorial vision with which their movies were created. For instance,
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Film makers may also create an original image that includes visual information that extends above and below the widescreen theatrical image; this is called "
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in pan-and-scan in 1991. (The court ruled that the pan scanning conducted by Danish television was a 'mutilation' of the film and a violation of
Pollack's
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cropping of a film originally shown in the standard ratio to fit widescreen televisions may cut off foreground or background, such as a
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A 2.35:1 film still panned and scanned to smaller sizes. At the smallest, 1.33:1, nearly half of the original image has been cropped.
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One modern alternative to pan and scan is to directly adjust the source material. This is very rare: the only known uses are
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screen, often cropping off the sides of the original widescreen image to focus on the composition's most important aspects.
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the image by adding black bars on either side of the image, which maintains the full picture height. In Europe, where the
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The vertical equivalent is known as "tilt and scan" or "reverse pan and scan". The method was most common in the days of
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visual data. The most extreme examples, for 2.76:1 presentations, remove up to 52% of the original picture.
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Films shot with aspect ratios of 2.20:1, 2.35:1, 2.39:1, 2.55:1, and especially 2.76:1 (
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initially refused to release a pan-and-scan version of
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Jacobsen, M. (1997). "Copyright on trial in
Denmark".
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A more unusual use of the technique is present in the
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Adjusting cinematography to account for aspect ratios
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27:Method for adapting widescreen film to television
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64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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934:The Letterbox and Widescreen Advocacy Page
268:film images so that they can be shown in
241:Learn how and when to remove this message
223:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
806:"Buffy the Vampire Slayer HD / Blu-ray"
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294:, before widescreen home media such as
830:"Movie Guide - Dragon Ball Z Movie 05"
775:"Letterbox Format's Popularity Widens"
639:refused altogether to release one of
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455:features, such as those produced by
161:adding citations to reliable sources
773:McGowan, Chris (November 6, 1993).
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610:Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs
369:"Sixteen-By-Nine" or "Widescreen"
45:This article has multiple issues.
939:YouTube video about Pan and Scan
582:Phil Lord and Christopher Miller
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911:from the original on 2021-12-11
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734:List of film formats
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155:Please help
150:verification
147:
117:
108:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1180:Cinemiracle
1094:Techniscope
1070:VistaVision
1062:CinemaScope
1000:9.5 mm
984:Film gauges
887:(6): 22–24.
790:February 4,
712:Roger Ebert
708:Gene Siskel
696:Mucho Mouse
682:CinemaScope
637:Woody Allen
578:droit moral
514:17 original
338:CinemaScope
1312:Categories
1289:Open matte
1280:Fullscreen
1238:Widescreen
1078:Technirama
1035:70 mm
1028:35 mm
1021:28 mm
1007:16 mm
815:2017-12-16
760:References
754:Widescreen
744:Open matte
679:widescreen
596:open-matte
536:pillar box
507:open matte
501:Open matte
494:anamorphic
481:open matte
418:Bill Sikes
414:Panavision
412:, made in
399:fullscreen
386:Techniques
333:Casablanca
316:Background
309:Cinderella
281:television
270:fullscreen
266:widescreen
183:newspapers
111:April 2010
95:improve it
50:improve it
18:Center cut
1266:Windowbox
1259:Pillarbox
1252:Letterbox
1198:standards
1156:35 mm Ă— 3
993:8 mm
783:Billboard
667:Boomerang
642:Manhattan
555:Reactions
531:tap-dance
467:reframing
447:Reframing
351:In 1986,
296:Laserdisc
213:June 2008
99:verifying
56:talk page
1164:Cinerama
1102:Super 35
909:Archived
858:Archived
718:See also
684:shorts,
462:BioShock
1121:Todd-AO
915:May 20,
904:YouTube
864:May 20,
853:YouTube
749:Panning
677:, four
675:HBO Max
492:use of
409:Oliver!
378:Ben-Hur
342:Todd-AO
304:Blu-ray
197:scholar
93:Please
1139:(1959)
1131:(1957)
1080:(1956)
632:Always
199:
192:
185:
178:
170:
1113:70 mm
1054:35 mm
778:(PDF)
457:Pixar
204:JSTOR
190:books
1213:14:9
1145:IMAX
917:2020
866:2020
792:2024
710:and
698:and
673:and
665:and
629:and
436:14:9
393:NTSC
365:HDTV
340:and
302:and
276:4:3
176:news
635:);
540:PAL
443:).
432:BBC
363:or
330:or
300:DVD
292:VHS
159:by
97:by
1314::
907:.
901:.
885:79
883:.
856:.
850:.
832:.
808:.
780:.
694:,
688:,
473:'
402:.
298:,
59:.
967:e
960:t
953:v
919:.
868:.
836:.
818:.
794:.
244:)
238:(
226:)
220:(
215:)
211:(
201:·
194:·
187:·
180:·
153:.
124:)
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91:.
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20:)
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