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Scores on the CES-DC range from 0 to 60, in which higher scores suggest a greater presence of depressive symptoms. A score of 15 or higher is interpreted to indicate a risk for depression. However, screening for depression is a complex process and scoring a 15 or higher on the CES-DC should be
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The CES-DC is an inventory of 20 self-report items regarding depressive symptoms, taking about 5 minutes to complete. Each item asks how often a symptom has occurred within the last week. Response choices are assigned point values, which are summed together to determine a total measure score.
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severity in the general population. The CES-D consists of 20 questions that asks about various symptoms of depression as they have occurred in the past week, and the majority of the items focus on the affective component of depression. Although initially designed for use in general population
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Faulstich, ME; Carey, MP; Ruggiero, L; Enyart, P; Gresham, F (August 1986). "Assessment of depression in childhood and adolescence: an evaluation of the Center for
Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC)".
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Eaton, William W.; Smith, Corey; Ybarra, Michele; Muntaner, Carles; Tien, Allen (2004). "Center for
Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: Review and Revision (CESD and CESD-R)". In Maruish, Mark E. (ed.).
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Weissman, MM; Orvaschel, H; Padian, N (December 1980). "Children's symptom and social functioning self-report scales: Comparison of mothers' and children's reports".
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Items 4, 8, 12 and 16 are phrased to reflect positive affect and behavior, and therefore are scored in opposite order as follows:
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diagnosis, and while it is a good psychometric tool for adolescents, reliability and validity is poor when applied to children.
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331:"Practice Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Depressive Disorders"
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The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Instruments for adults
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surveys, CES-D now serves as a screening instrument in primary care clinics and in research.
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212:. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 363–377.
176:"The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population"
55:) is a brief self-report questionnaire developed in 1977 by Laurie Radloff to measure
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A study evaluating the CES-DC found that the scores do not necessarily match up to a
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Response choices for each item and their corresponding point values are as follows:
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Birmaher, Boris; Brent, David; AACAP Work Group on
Quality Issues (November 2007).
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372:"Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children"
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Journal of the
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49:Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
33:Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale
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63:A revision, the CESD-R was produced in 2004.
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385:& Georgetown University. Archived from
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27:Self-report mood disorder questionnaire
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284:Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
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174:Radloff, Lenore Sawyer (June 1977).
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180:Applied Psychological Measurement
296:10.1097/00005053-198012000-00005
128:followed by further evaluation.
249:American Journal of Psychiatry
83:Question breakdown and scoring
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348:10.1097/chi.0b013e318145ae1c
41:measure depressive symptoms
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193:10.1177/014662167700100306
118:3 points: "Not at all "
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92:0 points: "Not at all"
150:Psychological testing
115:2 points: "A little"
95:1 point: "A little"
57:depressive symptoms
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109:0 points: "A lot"
101:3 points: "A lot"
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38:Purpose
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77:CES-DC
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