102:
33:
109:
and its spread in prehistory as understood in 2003: the
Fertile Crescent (11,000 BP), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins (9,000 BP) and the New Guinea Highlands (9,000–6,000 BP), Central Mexico (5,000–4,000 BP), Northern South America (5,000–4,000 BP), sub-Saharan Africa (5,000–4,000 BP, exact
48:
is a geographical area where a group of organisms, either domesticated or wild, first developed its distinctive properties. They are also considered centers of diversity. Centers of origin were first identified in 1924 by
135:
Vavilov argued that plants were not domesticated somewhere in the world at random, but that there were regions where domestication started. The center of origin is also considered the center of diversity.
36:
Vavilov's 1924 scheme suggested that plants were domesticated in China, Hindustan, Central Asia, Asia Minor, Mediterranean, Abyssinia, Central and South
America
132:
identified differing numbers of centers: three in 1924, five in 1926, six in 1929, seven in 1931, eight in 1935 and reduced to seven again in 1940.
311:
Andean potato, Other endemic cultivated potato species. Fourteen or more species with chromosome numbers varying from 24 to 60, Edible nasturtium
2408:
2270:
93:(largely seed collections but now frozen stem sections) and preservation of natural habitats (especially in centers of origin).
2604:
2599:
2159:
1381:
2594:
69:, which may provide resistance to diseases). Knowledge of the origins of crop plants is important in order to avoid
1989:
1484:
101:
1550:
1255:
2426:"Nikolai Vavilov's Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants With a View to Conserving Agricultural Biodiversity"
1617:
1389:
2326:
1623:
536:
2524:
Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication".
2372:"Cornell and Polish research scientists lead effort to save invaluable potato genetic archive in Russia"
2135:
2033:
1803:
1739:
417:
410:
2446:
Adapted from
Vavilov (1951) by R. W. Schery, Plants for Man, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1972
2539:
2478:
2331:
2318:
2151:
2062:
119:
115:
106:
2228:
2222:
1717:
1639:
1513:
690:
421:
89:(such as rainforests), and increased urbanization. Germplasm preservation is accomplished through
2609:
2571:
2352:
2255:
1966:
1954:
1924:
1809:
1798:
1647:
1507:
1479:
1467:
633:
504:
145:
65:. This allows one to locate wild relatives, related species, and new genes (especially dominant
2371:
2563:
2555:
2506:
2404:
2344:
2194:
2126:
2092:
2021:
1778:
1723:
1672:
1608:
1574:
1538:
1401:
487:
463:
2547:
2526:
2496:
2486:
2336:
1879:
1696:
1690:
1580:
1247:
1141:
2535:
2392:
2086:
1857:
1833:
1747:
1544:
1473:
1291:
1275:
1259:
1174:
1063:
483:
479:
366:
275:
129:
125:
86:
70:
50:
2543:
2482:
2322:
2501:
2466:
2260:
2234:
2180:
2078:
2010:
1845:
1772:
1425:
1331:
1251:
1170:
1145:
820:
808:
686:
544:
378:
218:
62:
2588:
2575:
2425:
2396:
2306:
2027:
1960:
1851:
917:
674:
657:
564:
350:
279:
238:
226:
2356:
1165:
statt Indo-Malayan Center: Includes Indo-China and the Malay
Archipelago, 55 plants
2295:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2009. p. Article 2.
1218:
1202:
1125:
1091:
893:
836:
804:
682:
665:
540:
386:
330:
17:
2110:
1930:
1763:
1663:
1417:
1343:
1283:
1271:
1222:
1103:
1015:, but not Northwest India, Punjab, nor Northwest Frontier Provinces, 117 plants
872:
832:
738:
726:
678:
576:
516:
496:
443:
322:
251:
210:
202:
181:
2210:
2018:
1863:
1459:
1339:
1192:
1188:
1133:
1129:
1111:
1087:
1024:
1008:
905:
880:
876:
653:
629:
548:
451:
374:
283:
189:
148:
can be found, representing the natural relatives of domesticated crop plants.
90:
2559:
871:
Includes
Northwest India (Punjab, Northwest Frontier Provinces and Kashmir),
2491:
2340:
2309:; Bellwood, P. (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions".
2188:
1825:
1614:
1395:
1263:
1206:
1198:
1099:
1073:
1036:
1032:
965:
913:
884:
758:
718:
592:
520:
459:
447:
394:
318:
255:
214:
206:
177:
124:
A Vavilov Center (of
Diversity) is a region of the world first indicated by
74:
32:
2567:
2510:
2467:"Archaeological and genetic insights into the origins of domesticated rice"
2348:
1237:
A total of 136 endemic plants are listed in the largest independent center
128:
to be an original center for the domestication of plants. For crop plants,
2290:"International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture"
2265:
2214:
2049:
1839:
1566:
1443:
1299:
1153:
1081:
1051:
1047:
1028:
1020:
909:
774:
560:
358:
259:
242:
185:
82:
2551:
1915:
1596:
1315:
1267:
1180:
953:
800:
782:
778:
714:
617:
608:
604:
600:
588:
580:
390:
354:
230:
78:
2053:
1982:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1287:
1214:
1184:
1149:
1137:
1095:
1077:
1055:
1040:
973:
957:
949:
937:
925:
901:
852:
840:
828:
812:
796:
754:
750:
702:
694:
596:
584:
455:
439:
435:
346:
342:
334:
271:
263:
173:
2289:
1946:
1529:
1499:
1311:
1295:
1210:
1115:
1069:
1012:
1004:
981:
977:
945:
856:
848:
792:
742:
734:
722:
706:
625:
621:
568:
528:
508:
500:
382:
267:
198:
100:
66:
1900:
1600:
1347:
1307:
1243:
1121:
1107:
1059:
969:
933:
921:
897:
844:
816:
746:
661:
637:
556:
512:
398:
2455:
History of
Horticulture, Jules Janick, Purdue University, 2002
698:
524:
110:
location unknown), eastern North
America (4,000–3,000 BP).
144:
Vavilov centers are regions where a high diversity of
139:
152:
Cultivated plants of eight world centers of origin
105:
Approximate centers of origin of agriculture in the
140:Vavilov's scheme as updated by Schery and Janick
2471:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
785:. 38 species listed; rich in wheat and barley.
61:Locating the origin of crop plants is basic to
1120:Spices, Stimulants, Dyes, and Miscellaneous:
8:
411:Archipelago near the coast of southern Chile
168:1) South Mexican and Central American Center
2403:. Cambridge University Press. p. xxi.
2370:Blaine P. Friedlander Jr (June 20, 2000).
1599:(part of 3, 3a, and/or 3b?) and northwest
2500:
2490:
2465:Gross, B. L.; Zhao, Z. (April 21, 2014).
2401:Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants
2330:
302:2) Peruvian, Ecuadorean, Bolivian Center:
1364:
155:
31:
2281:
1532:, mid-altitude and high altitude areas
791:Abyssinian hard wheat, poulard wheat,
1197:Oil, Sugar, Spice, and Fibre Plants:
27:Area where domestication traits arise
7:
701:, Mediterranean oats, common oats,
298:62 plants listed; three subcenters
25:
1359:Purugganan and Fuller 2009 scheme
2271:Neglected and underutilized crop
429:2B) Brazilian-Paraguayan Center
1337:Sugar, Drug, and Fibre Plants:
1281:Roots, Tubers, and Vegetables:
1086:Sugar, Oil, and Fibre Plants:
1003:Main Center (India): Includes
615:Ethereal Oil and Spice Plants:
172:Includes southern sections of
1:
1711:4b) west African rainforests
2424:Corinto, Gian Luigi (2014).
2626:
2202:poorly documented, 4,500?
896:, club wheat, shot wheat,
113:
867:6) Central Asiatic Center
1551:Chenopodium pallidicaule
1498:3) central mid-altitude
1256:Japanese barnyard millet
372:Fruit and Miscellaneous:
294:2) South American Center
2492:10.1073/pnas.1308942110
2341:10.1126/science.1078208
1390:Chenopodium berlandieri
1046:Vegetables and Tubers:
664:, and the highlands of
474:3) Mediterranean Center
2605:History of agriculture
1793:east African lowlands
1666:savanna and woodlands
1624:Cucurbita ecuadorensis
1528:3a) north and central
111:
37:
2136:Echinochloa crusgalli
2034:Macrotyloma uniflorum
1804:Dioscorea cayennensis
1565:3b) lowland southern
1458:2a) northern lowland
1382:eastern North America
1374:Years before present
1169:Cereals and Legumes:
1162:7A) Siam-Malaya-Java:
1019:Cereals and Legumes:
652:Includes interior of
554:Oil and Fibre Plants:
114:Further information:
104:
35:
2600:Conservation biology
2397:Löve, Doris (trans.)
2152:Yangtze River Valley
2063:Fagopyrum esculentum
1266:, hull-less barley,
1241:Cereals and Legumes:
769:5) Abyssinian Center
494:Cereals and Legumes:
120:List of food origins
116:Neolithic Revolution
107:Neolithic Revolution
2552:10.1038/nature07895
2544:2009Natur.457..843P
2483:2014PNAS..111.6190G
2323:2003Sci...300..597D
2229:Dioscorea esculenta
2223:Colocasia esculenta
1740:east Sudanic Africa
1718:Dioscorea rotundata
1640:sub-Saharan African
1514:Amaranthus caudatus
1346:, ginseng camphor,
1106:, oriental cotton,
891:Grains and Legumes:
789:Grains and Legumes:
672:Grains and Legumes:
490:. 84 listed plants
315:Grains and Legumes:
196:Grains and Legumes:
146:crop wild relatives
77:due to the loss of
18:Center of diversity
2595:1924 introductions
2256:Crop wild relative
1967:Vigna aconitifolia
1955:Panicum sumatrense
1925:Panicum sumatrense
1817:poorly documented
1810:Ensete ventricosum
1731:poorly documented
1648:Pennisetum glaucum
1508:Chenopodium quinoa
1480:Phaseolus vulgaris
1468:Cucurbita moschata
1409:4,500–4,000 years
717:, Persian clover,
422:Chilean strawberry
420:(48 chromosomes),
241:, bourbon cotton,
229:, winter pumpkin,
112:
38:
2477:(17): 6190–6197.
2317:(5619): 597–603.
2247:
2246:
2195:Coix lacryma-jobi
2127:southern Hokkaido
2093:Panicum miliaceum
1779:Eleusine coracana
1724:Elaeis guineensis
1673:Vigna unguiculata
1609:Phaseolus lunatus
1575:Manihot esculenta
1539:Solanum tuberosum
1402:Helianthus annuus
1356:
1355:
1310:, Chinese apple,
1233:8) Chinese Center
681:, poulard wheat,
488:Mediterranean Sea
464:purple granadilla
406:2A) Chiloé Center
276:wild black cherry
16:(Redirected from
2617:
2580:
2579:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2494:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2334:
2332:10.1.1.1013.4523
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2286:
1880:Fertile Crescent
1697:Oryza glaberrima
1691:Digitaria exilis
1581:Arachis hypogaea
1365:
1305:Fruits and Nuts:
1248:broomcorn millet
992:7) Indian Center
795:, Polish wheat,
511:, Mediterranean
478:Includes all of
340:Vegetable Crops:
156:
46:center of origin
21:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2536:Nature Research
2523:
2522:
2518:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2430:Human Evolution
2423:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2252:
2087:Setaria italica
1888:Hordeum vulgare
1858:Cicer arietinum
1834:Hordeum vulgare
1748:Sorghum bicolor
1545:Oxalis tuberosa
1474:Ipomoea batatas
1361:
1292:Chinese cabbage
996:Two subcenters
537:Egyptian clover
484:Northern Africa
480:Southern Europe
367:Egyptian cotton
317:starchy maize,
142:
130:Nikolai Vavilov
126:Nikolai Vavilov
122:
99:
97:Vavilov centers
87:loss of habitat
71:genetic erosion
59:
51:Nikolai Vavilov
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2516:
2457:
2448:
2439:
2416:
2410:978-0521404273
2409:
2393:Vavilov, N. I.
2384:
2362:
2298:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2261:Crop diversity
2258:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2235:Musa acuminata
2218:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2184:
2181:southern China
2175:
2174:
2169:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2082:
2079:northern China
2073:
2072:
2067:
2058:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2014:
2011:southern India
2005:
2004:
1999:
1986:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1950:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1920:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1871:13,000–10,000
1868:
1846:Lens culinaris
1829:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1773:Eragrostis tef
1768:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1668:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1604:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1534:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1503:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1426:Cucurbita pepo
1421:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1334:
1302:
1278:
1252:Italian millet
1235:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1195:
1177:
1158:
1157:
1118:
1084:
1066:
1044:
1000:7) Indo-Burma:
994:
988:
987:
986:
985:
960:
940:
928:
883:, and western
869:
863:
862:
861:
860:
826:Miscellaneous:
823:
809:African millet
781:, and part of
771:
765:
764:
763:
762:
729:
712:Forage Plants:
709:
687:oriental wheat
650:
648:4) Middle East
644:
643:
642:
641:
612:
571:
551:
545:crimson clover
534:Forage Plants:
531:
486:bordering the
476:
470:
469:
468:
467:
425:
424:
402:
401:
379:passion flower
369:
361:
337:
325:
312:
296:
290:
289:
288:
287:
278:, chochenial,
249:Miscellaneous:
246:
233:
221:
219:grain amaranth
170:
164:
163:
160:
141:
138:
98:
95:
73:, the loss of
63:plant breeding
58:
55:
42:Vavilov center
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2622:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2436:(4): 285–301.
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:Vigna radiata
2024:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:Vigna radiata
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:Pisum sativum
1848:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1576:
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1398:
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1386:
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1378:
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1367:
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1363:
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1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1231:
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1224:
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1216:
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1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:cinnamon tree
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
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1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
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1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
990:
989:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
964:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
941:
939:
935:
932:
931:Fiber Plants:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
892:
889:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
868:
865:
864:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
827:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
770:
767:
766:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
733:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
713:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:Persian wheat
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:einkorn wheat
673:
670:
669:
668:. 83 species
667:
663:
659:
658:Transcaucasia
655:
651:
649:
646:
645:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
613:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
572:
570:
566:
565:black mustard
562:
558:
555:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:, sand oats,
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
495:
492:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
475:
472:
471:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
430:
423:
419:
418:Common potato
416:
415:
414:
412:
408:
407:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:Fibre Plants:
362:
360:
356:
352:
351:ground cherry
348:
344:
341:
338:
336:
332:
329:
326:
324:
320:
316:
313:
310:
307:
306:
305:
304:
303:
297:
295:
292:
291:
285:
281:
280:cherry tomato
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:
247:
244:
240:
239:upland cotton
237:
236:Fiber Plants:
234:
232:
228:
227:malabar gourd
225:
224:Melon Plants:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
194:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
149:
147:
137:
133:
131:
127:
121:
117:
108:
103:
96:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
56:
54:
52:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2474:
2470:
2460:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2400:
2387:
2375:. Retrieved
2365:
2314:
2310:
2301:
2284:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2172:9,000–6,000
2171:
2164:
2161:Oryza sativa
2160:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2099:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2047:
2041:5,000–4,000
2040:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2002:8,500–4,500
2001:
1994:
1991:Oryza sativa
1990:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1887:
1885:
1878:7a) eastern
1877:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1764:east African
1761:
1754:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1664:west African
1661:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1618:plagiosperma
1613:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1520:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1491:9,000–8,000
1490:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1457:
1451:9,000–7,000
1450:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1362:
1336:
1304:
1280:
1240:
1232:
1219:black pepper
1203:coconut palm
1161:
1160:
1159:
1126:black pepper
1092:coconut palm
999:
998:
997:
991:
962:
942:
930:
894:common wheat
890:
887:. 43 plants
866:
837:garden cress
825:
805:pearl millet
788:
768:
731:
711:
683:common wheat
671:
666:Turkmenistan
647:
614:
573:
553:
541:white clover
533:
505:Polish wheat
493:
473:
428:
427:
426:
405:
404:
403:
387:quinine tree
385:, heilborn,
371:
363:
339:
331:edible canna
328:Root Tubers:
327:
314:
309:Root Tubers:
308:
301:
300:
299:
293:
248:
235:
223:
195:
167:
151:
150:
143:
134:
123:
60:
45:
41:
39:
29:
2538:: 843–848.
2307:Diamond, J.
2111:Glycine max
2048:9) eastern
1931:Vigna mungo
1886:additional
1799:vegeculture
1755:>4,000?
1638:4) western
1418:Mesoamerica
1344:opium poppy
1284:Chinese yam
1276:velvet bean
1272:Adzuki bean
1223:manila hemp
1175:velvet bean
1171:Job's tears
1104:tree cotton
943:Vegetables:
873:Afghanistan
833:castor bean
739:pomegranate
727:hairy vetch
679:durum wheat
577:garden beet
574:Vegetables:
517:canarygrass
497:durum wheat
444:rubber tree
323:common bean
252:sweetpotato
211:tepary bean
203:common bean
182:El Salvador
2589:Categories
2277:References
2211:New Guinea
2019:Brachiaria
1945:8b) Upper
1864:Vicia faba
1704:<3,000
1485:tree crops
1460:neotropics
1340:sugar cane
1193:mangosteen
1189:breadfruit
1134:sandalwood
1130:gum arabic
1112:crotalaria
1088:sugar cane
1025:pigeon pea
1009:Bangladesh
906:horse bean
881:Uzbekistan
877:Tajikistan
693:, two-row
654:Asia Minor
630:peppermint
549:serradella
452:Brazil nut
190:Costa Rica
91:gene banks
2610:Neolithic
2576:205216444
2560:0028-0836
2377:March 19,
2327:CiteSeerX
2189:Colocasia
2050:Himalayas
1826:Near East
1615:Canavalia
1396:Iva annua
1264:buckwheat
1207:sugarcane
1199:candlenut
1179:Fruits:
1100:safflower
1074:tangerine
1068:Fruits:
1037:rice bean
1033:mung bean
966:pistachio
914:mung bean
885:Tian-Shan
773:Includes
719:fenugreek
656:, all of
593:asparagus
521:grass pea
460:Erva-mate
448:pineapple
395:cherimoya
319:lima bean
256:arrowroot
215:jack bean
207:lima bean
178:Guatemala
83:landraces
75:germplasm
2568:19212403
2534:(7231).
2511:24753573
2399:(1992).
2357:13350469
2349:12714734
2266:Landrace
2250:See also
2215:Wallacea
2165:japonica
2154:, China
2129:, Japan
2056:uplands
1918:, India
1840:Triticum
1766:uplands
1567:Amazonia
1444:Zea mays
1300:cucumber
1154:turmeric
1082:tamarind
1052:cucumber
1048:eggplant
1029:urd bean
1021:chickpea
910:chickpea
799:, grain
775:Ethiopia
759:hawthorn
243:henequen
186:Honduras
79:ecotypes
2540:Bibcode
2502:4035933
2479:Bibcode
2319:Bibcode
2311:Science
2163:subsp.
2118:4,500?
2070:5,000?
1993:subsp.
1938:5,000?
1916:Gujarat
1786:4,000?
1631:10,000
1597:Ecuador
1433:10,000
1371:Plants
1368:Center
1316:apricot
1268:soybean
1260:sorghum
1181:pummelo
963:Fruits:
954:spinach
918:mustard
801:sorghum
783:Somalia
779:Eritrea
732:Fruits:
715:alfalfa
618:caraway
609:rhubarb
605:parsnip
601:chicory
589:lettuce
581:cabbage
391:tobacco
355:pumpkin
245:(sisal)
231:chayote
162:Plants
159:Center
2574:
2566:
2558:
2527:Nature
2509:
2499:
2407:
2355:
2347:
2329:
2242:7,000
2232:, and
2192:spp.,
2143:4,500
2100:8,000
2054:Yunnan
2031:, and
2022:ramosa
1995:indica
1983:Ganges
1974:5,000
1964:, and
1907:9,000
1843:spp.,
1680:3,700
1655:4,500
1621:, and
1588:8,000
1558:8,000
1521:5,000
1399:, and
1332:orange
1328:litchi
1324:walnut
1320:cherry
1288:radish
1215:nutmeg
1185:banana
1150:bamboo
1146:croton
1138:indigo
1096:sesame
1078:citron
1056:radish
1041:cowpea
974:almond
958:carrot
950:garlic
938:cotton
926:sesame
902:lentil
853:indigo
841:coffee
829:sesame
813:cowpea
797:barley
755:cherry
751:quince
707:lupine
703:lentil
695:barley
597:celery
585:turnip
529:lupine
456:cashew
440:peanut
436:manioc
359:pepper
347:tomato
343:pepino
335:potato
272:cashew
264:papaya
260:pepper
174:Mexico
57:Plants
2572:S2CID
2353:S2CID
2293:(PDF)
2179:12a)
1947:Indus
1901:goats
1530:Andes
1500:Andes
1312:peach
1296:onion
1211:clove
1116:kenaf
1070:mango
1013:Burma
1005:Assam
982:apple
978:grape
946:onion
857:enset
849:myrrh
793:emmer
743:apple
723:vetch
626:thyme
622:anise
569:olive
509:spelt
501:emmer
383:guava
375:cocoa
284:cacao
268:guava
199:maize
67:genes
2564:PMID
2556:ISSN
2507:PMID
2405:ISBN
2379:2008
2345:PMID
2213:and
2209:13)
2150:12)
2125:11)
2090:and
2077:10)
2052:and
2009:8d)
1981:8c)
1928:and
1914:8a)
1807:and
1776:and
1721:and
1694:and
1662:4a)
1601:Peru
1595:3c)
1578:and
1348:hemp
1308:pear
1244:rice
1122:hemp
1108:jute
1060:taro
1011:and
970:pear
934:hemp
922:flax
898:peas
845:okra
821:teff
817:flax
747:pear
662:Iran
634:sage
561:rape
557:flax
513:oats
482:and
399:coca
188:and
118:and
81:and
2548:doi
2532:457
2497:PMC
2487:doi
2475:111
2337:doi
2315:300
1824:7)
1801:of
1762:6)
1738:5)
1416:2)
1380:1)
1064:yam
735:fig
699:rye
638:hop
525:pea
44:or
2591::
2570:.
2562:.
2554:.
2546:.
2530:.
2505:.
2495:.
2485:.
2473:.
2469:.
2434:29
2432:.
2428:.
2395:;
2351:.
2343:.
2335:.
2325:.
2313:.
2226:,
2025:,
1958:,
1861:,
1855:,
1849:,
1837:,
1612:,
1548:,
1542:,
1511:,
1483:,
1477:,
1471:,
1393:,
1342:,
1330:,
1326:,
1322:,
1318:,
1314:,
1298:,
1294:,
1290:,
1286:,
1274:,
1270:,
1262:,
1258:,
1254:,
1250:,
1246:,
1221:,
1217:,
1213:,
1209:,
1205:,
1201:,
1191:,
1187:,
1183:,
1173:,
1152:,
1148:,
1144:,
1140:,
1136:,
1132:,
1128:,
1124:,
1114:,
1110:,
1102:,
1098:,
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1090:,
1080:,
1076:,
1072:,
1062:,
1058:,
1054:,
1050:,
1039:,
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1031:,
1027:,
1023:,
1007:,
980:,
976:,
972:,
968:,
956:,
952:,
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936:,
924:,
920:,
916:,
912:,
908:,
904:,
900:,
879:,
875:,
855:,
851:,
847:,
843:,
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835:,
831:,
819:,
815:,
811:,
807:,
803:,
777:,
757:,
753:,
749:,
745:,
741:,
737:,
725:,
721:,
705:,
697:,
689:,
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677:,
660:,
636:,
632:,
628:,
624:,
620:,
607:,
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205:,
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192:.
184:,
180:,
176:,
85:,
53:.
40:A
2578:.
2550::
2542::
2513:.
2489::
2481::
2413:.
2381:.
2359:.
2339::
2321::
1350:.
1225:.
1156:,
1043:,
984:.
859:.
761:.
640:.
611:,
466:.
409:(
286:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
