247:
it would increase or maintain the exercise intensity, thereby threatening homoeostasis ... as exercise performance is centrally regulated by the CNS, then fatigue should no longer be considered a physical event but rather a sensation or emotion, separate from an overt physical manifestation—for example, the reduction in force output by the active muscles. Rather we now suggest that the physical manifestation of any increasing perception of fatigue may simply be an alteration in the subconsciously regulated pace at which the exercise is performed. Hence the novel suggestion is that the conventional understanding of fatigue is flawed because it makes no distinction between the sensation itself and the physical expression of that sensation which, we suggest, is the alteration in the subconsciously regulated pacing strategy consequent on changing motor unit recruitment/derecruitment by the CNS.
214:. This mechanism would tend, to some degree, to act as a ‘governor’, maintaining a reasonably high degree of saturation of the blood: the breathing of a gas mixture rich in oxygen would produce a greater degree of saturation of the blood and so allow the output to increase until the ‘governor’ stopped it again. We realise the danger of a hypothesis partly suggested by teleological reasoning: in this case, however, we can see no other explanation of our experimental results pp. 163
25:
117:
295:). This suggests that humans can over-ride ‘the central governor’. Moreover, a variety of peripheral factors in addition to those such as lactic acid build up can impair muscle power and might act to protect against "catastrophe". Another objection is that models incorporating conscious control also provide an alternative explanation (see Noakes’ reply).
127:
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the rising perception of discomfort produced by exhausting exercise progressively reduces the conscious desire to over-ride this control mechanism, which, if it were to be reduced, would lead to the recruitment of more motor units. Thus the presence of conscious over-ride would be undesirable because
261:
This new interpretation is the first to allow a more reasonable description of a number of phenomena that defy rational explanation according to the traditional ‘‘limitations’’ models of fatigue. These include, among many others, the chronic fatigue syndrome, in which affected individuals experience
209:
the heart is able to regulate its output, to some extent, in accordance with the degree of saturation of the arterial blood ... we suggest that, in the body (either in the heart muscle itself or in the nervous system), there is some mechanism which causes a slowing of the circulation as soon as a
237:
In his approach, the power output by muscles during exercise is continuously adjusted in regard to calculations made by the brain in regard to a safe level of exertion. These neural calculations factor in earlier experience with strenuous exercise, the planning duration of the exercise, and the
218:
This hypothesis was disregarded and further research upon exercise fatigue was modeled in terms of it being due to a mechanical failure of the exercising muscles ("peripheral muscle fatigue"). This failure was caused either by an inadequate oxygen supply to the exercising muscles, lactic acid
266:
In support of this, placebos (which must be mediated by a central process) have a powerful effect upon not only fatigue in prolonged exercise, but also upon short term endurance exercise such as sprint speed, the maximum weight that could be lifted with leg extension, and the tolerance of
262:
evident fatigue at rest, and the role of psychological and motivational factors, centrally (brain) acting pharmaceutical agents, hypnosis, shouting or sudden unexpected gunshots, or other forms of distraction including music or premeditated deception on human exercise performance.
238:
present metabolic state of the body. These brain models ensure that body homeostasis is protected, and an emergency reserve margin is maintained. This neural control adjusts the number of activated skeletal muscle motor units, a control which is subjectively experienced as
169:. The existence of a central governor was suggested to explain fatigue after prolonged strenuous exercise in long-distance running and other endurance sports, but its ideas could also apply to other causes of exertion-induced fatigue.
377:
Edwards RHT. (1983) Biochemical bases for fatigue in exercise performance: catastrophe theory in muscular fatigue. In: Biochemistry of exercise. Knuttgen HG, Vogel JA, Poortmans J, eds. Champaign, IL: Human
Kinetics, 1–28.
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is a proposed process in the brain that regulates exercise in regard to a neurally calculated safe exertion by the body. In particular, physical activity is controlled so that its intensity cannot threaten the body’s
256:
Noakes created the idea of the central governor in the context of prolonged endurance running. However, he has noted that the central processes involved might also underlie the existence of other kinds of fatigue:
183:
In contrast to this idea is the one that fatigue is due to peripheral "limitation" or "catastrophe." In this view, regulation by fatigue occurs as a consequence of a failure of homeostasis directly in muscles.
436:
St Clair Gibson, A.; Baden, D. A.; Lambert, M. I.; Lambert, E. V.; Harley, Y. X.; Hampson, D.; Russell, V. A.; Noakes, T. D. (2003). "The conscious perception of the sensation of fatigue".
35:
1099:
Noakes, T. D.; Tucker, R. (2008). "Do we really need a central governor to explain brain regulation of exercise performance? A response to the letter of Dr. Marcora".
481:"From catastrophe to complexity: A novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans: Summary and conclusions"
279:
The existence of a central governor over physiology has been questioned since ‘physiological catastrophes’ can and do occur in athletes (important examples in
528:
Noakes, T. D.; Peltonen, J. E.; Rusko, H. K. (2001). "Evidence that a central governor regulates exercise performance during acute hypoxia and hyperoxia".
813:
Beedie, C.J.; Coleman, D.A.; Foad, A.J. (2007). "Positive and negative placebo effects resulting from the deceptive administration of an ergogenic aid".
361:
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Noakes, T. D. (2000). "Physiological models to understand exercise fatigue and the adaptations that predict or enhance athletic performance".
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165:. The central governor limits exercise by reducing the neural recruitment of muscle fibers. This reduced recruitment causes the sensation of
737:
Clark, V.R.; Hopkins, W.G.; Hawley, J.A.; Burke, L.M. (2000). "Placebo effect of carbohydrate feeding during a 40-km cycling time trial".
693:
St Clair Gibson, A.; Lambert, M. L.; Noakes, T. D. (2001). "Neural control of force output during maximal and submaximal exercise".
649:
St Clair Gibson, A.; Lambert, M. L.; Noakes, T. D. (2001). "Neural control of force output during maximal and submaximal exercise".
606:
St Clair Gibson, A.; Lambert, M. L.; Noakes, T. D. (2001). "Neural control of force output during maximal and submaximal exercise".
298:
Exercise fatigue has also been attributed to the direct effects of exercise upon the brain such as increased cerebral levels of
96:
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899:"Opioid-mediated placebo responses boost pain endurance and physical performance – is it doping in sport competitions?"
43:
1056:
Marcora, S. M. (2008). "Do we really need a central governor to explain brain regulation of exercise performance?".
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proposed in 1924 that the heart was protected from anoxia in strenuous exercise by the existence of a governor.
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774:"Pharmacological and psychological effects of caffeine ingestion in 40-km cycling performance"
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1009:"Is fatigue all in your head? A critical review of the central governor model * Commentary"
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Esteve-Lanao, J.; Lucia, A.; Dekoning, J. J.; Foster, C. (2008). Earnest, Conrad P (ed.).
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engaging in a strenuous run: it is suggested that the central governor ensures that such
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397:"1996 J.B. Wolffe Memorial Lecture. Challenging beliefs: Ex Africa semper aliquid novi"
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Muscular exercise, lactic acid and the supply and utilisation of oxygen Part VII- VIII
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pain and power when a tourniqueted hand squeezes a spring exerciser 12 times.
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242:. This process, though occurring in the brain, is outside conscious control.
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1179:"The brain at work: A cerebral metabolic manifestation of central fatigue?"
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Dalsgaard, M. K. (2005). "Fuelling cerebral activity in exercising man".
850:"The top-down influence of ergogenic placebos on muscle work and fatigue"
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234:, in 1997 has renewed Hill’s argument on the basis of modern research.
53:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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secondary to uptake of ammonia in the brain, brain hyperthermia, and
125:
815:
International
Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism
1007:
Weir, J. P.; Beck, T. W.; Cramer, J. T.; Housh, T. J. (2006).
18:
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buildup, or total energy depletion in the exhausted muscles.
479:
Noakes, T. D.; St Clair Gibson, A.; Lambert, E. V. (2005).
565:
Scandinavian
Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports
50:
176:
in 1997, but a similar idea was suggested in 1924 by
230:, a professor of exercise and sports science at the
172:
The existence of a central governor was proposed by
357:Hill, A. V., Long, C. N. H. and Lupton, H. (1924).
368:. Parts VII–VIII. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 97, 155–176.
772:Foad, A.J.; Beedie, C.J.; Coleman, D.A. (2008).
1136:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
401:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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897:Benedetti, F.; Pollo, A.; Colloca, L. (2007).
49:Please review the contents of the article and
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848:Pollo, A; Carlino, E; Benedetti, F (2008).
210:serious degree of unsaturation occurs, and
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1177:Dalsgaard, M. K.; Secher, N. H. (2007).
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1101:European Journal of Applied Physiology
1058:European Journal of Applied Physiology
199:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
7:
577:10.1034/j.1600-0838.2000.010003123.x
530:The Journal of Experimental Biology
1064:(5): 929–931, author 931 933–931.
1013:British Journal of Sports Medicine
485:British Journal of Sports Medicine
14:
1183:Journal of Neuroscience Research
867:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06344.x
751:10.1097/00005768-200009000-00019
707:10.2165/00007256-200131090-00001
663:10.2165/00007256-200131090-00001
620:10.2165/00007256-200131090-00001
450:10.2165/00007256-200333030-00001
414:10.1097/00005768-199705000-00001
115:
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1019:(7): 573–586, discussion 586.
916:10.1523/jneurosci.3330-07.2007
130:The Norwegian mountain runner
51:add the appropriate references
1:
138:does not threaten the body's
975:10.1371/journal.pone.0002943
791:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181593e02
36:reliable medical references
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310:depletion in brain cells.
1113:10.1007/s00421-008-0842-3
1070:10.1007/s00421-008-0818-3
293:Gabriela Andersen-Schiess
42:or relies too heavily on
1148:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600256
1025:10.1136/bjsm.2005.023028
497:10.1136/bjsm.2003.010330
330:Health management system
827:10.1123/ijsnem.17.3.259
542:10.1242/jeb.204.18.3225
232:University of Cape Town
778:Med. Sci. Sports Exerc
739:Med. Sci. Sports Exerc
395:Noakes, T. D. (1997).
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536:(Pt 18): 3225–3234.
1232:Exercise physiology
966:2008PLoSO...3.2943E
909:(44): 11934–11939.
302:, reduced level of
364:2009-03-16 at the
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136:endurance exertion
65:"Central governor"
1247:Human homeostasis
1196:10.1002/jnr.21274
1189:(15): 3334–3339.
384:978-0-608-07112-1
325:Fatigue (medical)
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40:verification
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903:J. Neurosci
683:pp 121-122.
157:by causing
155:homeostasis
140:homeostasis
34:needs more
1242:Cardiology
1226:Categories
289:Jim Peters
283:have been
275:Criticisms
252:Other uses
228:Tim Noakes
223:Tim Noakes
212:vice versa
174:Tim Noakes
76:newspapers
884:205513488
304:glutamate
300:serotonin
281:marathons
197:The 1922
132:Jon Tvedt
1213:23623274
1205:17394258
1164:24976326
1156:16395281
1121:42676452
1078:18618133
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994:18698405
954:PLOS ONE
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876:18702709
835:17693687
800:18091009
759:10994918
727:page 121
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671:11508520
628:11508520
593:23103331
585:10843507
550:11581338
515:15665213
466:34014572
458:12656638
362:Archived
320:Exercise
314:See also
308:glycogen
269:ischemic
149:governor
147:central
1086:2376209
1034:2564297
985:2491903
962:Bibcode
926:6673345
723:1111940
679:1111940
636:1111940
506:1725112
423:9140893
340:VO2 max
240:fatigue
201:winner
188:History
167:fatigue
90:scholar
55:removed
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1082:S2CID
880:S2CID
719:S2CID
675:S2CID
632:S2CID
589:S2CID
462:S2CID
346:Notes
97:JSTOR
83:books
1201:PMID
1152:PMID
1074:PMID
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711:PMID
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454:PMID
419:PMID
380:ISBN
291:and
145:The
69:news
38:for
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1066:doi
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1029:PMC
1021:doi
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538:doi
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501:PMC
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