367:
circuits in the brain have a direct connection. Depression and neuropathic pain may have a bidirectional relationship and relief of co-morbid depression may underlie some of the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain has important effects on social well-being that should not be ignored. People with neuropathic pain may have difficulty working exhibiting higher levels of presenteeism, absenteeism and unemployment, exhibit higher levels of substance misuse (which may be related to attempted self-medication), and present difficulties with social interactions. Moreover, uncontrolled neuropathic pain is a significant risk factor for suicide. Certain classes of neuropathic pain may cause serious adverse effects necessitating hospital admission, for instance
287:, a system of detailed analysis of the somatosensory system, is frequently used in research situations to identify neuropathic pain and a more detailed analysis of its components. It has been suggested by some authorities that QST may have a future role in the diagnosis of neuropathic pain and in particular the identification of neuropathic pain subtypes. Neuropathic pain can occur alone or in combination with other types of pain. The identification of neuropathic pain components is important as different classes of analgesic are required.
976:
instance strokes) to the thalamus whereas other forms of pain have a peripheral inciting injury such as traumatic neuropathies. The inciting cause of neuropathy has important consequences for its mechanistic basis as different tissues and cells are involved. The mechanistic basis of neuropathic pain remains controversial as do the relative contributions of each pathway. Notably our understanding of these processes is largely driven by rodent models in part because studying these tissues in living adults is difficult.
253:
843:(which affects 30% of diabetes patients) and superimposed nerve compression, this may be treatable with multiple nerve decompressions. The theory behind this procedure is that diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) predisposes peripheral nerves to compression at anatomic sites of narrowing, and that the majority of peripheral DPN symptoms may actually be attributable to nerve compression rather than DPN itself. The surgery is associated with lower
1014:
1049:
256:
260:
259:
255:
254:
261:
258:
508:, while commonly used in chronic neuropathic pain, are not a recommended first or second line treatment. In the short and long term they are of unclear benefit, although clinical experience suggests that opioids like tramadol may be useful for treating sudden onset severe pain In the intermediate term evidence of low quality supports utility.
1036:
inhibitory transmitter in the adult brain), has been observed in some systems following peripheral neuropathy such as in rats, and mice. However, these observations remain controversial with some investigators unable to detect a change. The loss of inhibitory inputs may allow fibers to transmit messages via the
1072:
may also release these extrinsic cues for microglia and microglia themselves may produce proteins that amplify the response. The effect of microglia on neurons that leads to the neurons being sensitized is controversial. Brain derived neurotrophic factor, prostaglandins, TNF and IL-1β may be produced
975:
The underlying pathophysiology of neuropathic pain remains a contested topic. The etiology and mechanism of pain are related to the cause of the pain. Certain forms of neuropathic pain are associated with lesions to the central nervous system such as thalamic pain associated with certain lesions (for
794:
Orthopaedic interventions are frequently used to correct underlying pathology which may contribute to neuropathic pain. Many orthopaedic procedures have more limited evidence. Historically, neurosurgeons have attempted lesions of regions of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. Whilst
769:
synthesizing-releasing inhibitory machinery has been demonstrated and was effective for months at a time. It increases synaptically GABA-mediated neuronal inhibition in the spinal cord (or in the brain) via the induced expression of genes GAD65 and VGAT without any detected systemic or segmental side
785:
Repeated topical applications of capsaicin are followed by a prolonged period of reduced skin sensibility referred to as desensitization, or nociceptor inactivation. Capsaicin causes reversible degeneration of epidermal nerve fibers. Notably the capsaicin used for the relief of neuropathic pain is
274:
and there may be limits to the area of pain. For neuropathic pain, clinicians look for an underlying lesion to the nervous system or an inciting cause consistent with the development of neuropathic pain. The obvious presence of an underlying feature or cause is not always detectable, and response to
1102:
The phenomena described above are dependent on changes at the cellular and molecular levels. Altered expression of ion channels, changes in neurotransmitters and their receptors, as well as altered gene expression in response to neural input, are at play. Neuropathic pain is associated with changes
1081:
Central sensitization is a potential component of neuropathic pain. It refers to a change in synaptic plasticity, efficacy, and intrinsic disinhibition that leads to an uncoupling of noxious inputs. In the sensitized neuron, outputs are no longer coupled to the intensity or duration and many inputs
1004:
Central mechanisms of neuropathic pain involve a number of major pathways. Nociception is ordinarily transduced by a polysynaptic pathway through the spinal cord, and up the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus and then the cortex. Broadly speaking in neuropathic pain, neurons are hypersensitized,
701:
deliver medication to the fluid filled (subarachnoid) space surrounding the spinal cord. Opioids alone or opioids with adjunctive medication (either a local anesthetic or clonidine). Rarely there are complications such as serious infection (meningitis), urinary retention, hormonal disturbance and
995:
During neuropathic pain, ectopic activity arises in the peripheral nociceptors and this appears to be due in part to changes in the ion channel expression at the level of the periphery. There may be an increase in the expression or activity of voltage gated sodium and calcium channels which will
366:
Neuropathic pain has profound physiological effects on the brain which can manifest as psychological disorders. Rodent models where the social effects of chronic pain can be isolated from other factors suggest that induction of chronic pain can cause anxio-depressive symptoms and that particular
1094:. Molecules such as substance P may be involved in potentiation via neurokinin receptors. NMDA activation also triggers a change in the post synapse, it activates receptor kinases that increase receptor trafficking and post-translationally modify receptors causing changes in their excitability.
832:. In a nerve decompression, a surgeon explores the entrapment site and removes tissue around the nerve to relieve pressure. In many cases the potential for nerve recovery (full or partial) after decompression is excellent, as chronic nerve compression is associated with low-grade nerve injury (
633:
Stimulation of the primary motor cortex through electrodes placed within the skull but outside the thick meningeal membrane (dura) has been used to treat pain. The level of stimulation is below that for motor stimulation. As compared with spinal stimulation, which is associated with noticeable
1035:
in 1965. The theory predicts that the activation of central pain inhibitory neurons by non-pain sensing neurons prevents the transmission of non-harmful stimuli to pain centers in the brain. A loss of inhibitory neurons, GAD65/67 expression (the enzymes that synthesise GABA; the predominant
645:
use electrodes placed adjacent to but outside the spinal cord. The overall complication rate is one-third, most commonly due to lead migration or breakage but advancements in the past decade have driven complication rates much lower. Lack of pain relief occasionally prompts device removal.
2904:
Colloca, Luana; Ludman, Taylor; Bouhassira, Didier; Baron, Ralf; Dickenson, Anthony H.; Yarnitsky, David; Freeman, Roy; Truini, Andrea; Attal, Nadine; Finnerup, Nanna B.; Eccleston, Christopher; Kalso, Eija; Bennett, David L.; Dworkin, Robert H.; Raja, Srinivasa N. (21 December 2017).
535:
There is little evidence to indicate that one strong opioid is more effective than another. Expert opinion leans toward the use of methadone for neuropathic pain, in part because of its NMDA antagonism. It is reasonable to base the choice of opioid on other factors. It is unclear if
1103:
in sodium and calcium channel subunit expression resulting in functional changes. In chronic nerve injury, there is redistribution and alteration of subunit compositions of sodium and calcium channels resulting in spontaneous firing at ectopic sites along the sensory pathway.
996:
support action potential generation. There may also be a decrease in potassium channels which would normally oppose action potential generation. Each of these changes appears to support an increase in excitability, which may allow endogenous stimuli to cause spontaneous pain.
446:. Carbamazepine is a voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitor, and reduces neuronal excitability by preventing depolarisation. Carbamazepine is most commonly prescribed to treat trigeminal neuralgia due to clinical experience and early clinical trials showing strong efficacy.
548:
potential under normal clinical use and some authorities suggest that they should be reserved for cancer pain. Importantly, recent observational studies suggest a pain-relief benefit in non-cancer related chronic pain of reducing or terminating long-term opioid therapy.
2811:
Nicholas, Michael K.; Asghari, Ali; Sharpe, Louise; Beeston, Lee; Brooker, Charles; Glare, Paul; Martin, Rebecca; Molloy, Allan; Wrigley, Paul J. (March 2020). "Reducing the use of opioids by patients with chronic pain: an effectiveness study with long-term follow-up".
604:
Implanted devices are expensive and carry the risk of complications. Available studies have focused on conditions having a different prevalence than neuropathic pain patients in general. More research is needed to define the range of conditions that they might benefit.
2298:
Dworkin, RH; O'Connor, AB; Audette, J; Baron, R; Gourlay, GK; Haanpää, ML; Kent, JL; Krane, EJ; Lebel, AA; Levy, RM; Mackey, SC; Mayer, J; Miaskowski, C; Raja, SN; Rice, AS; Schmader, KE; Stacey, B; Stanos, S; Treede, RD; Turk, DC; Walco, GA; Wells, CD (Mar 2010).
930:
also suggested nerve tissue as the transferring route of pain to the brain through the invisible psychic pneuma. The idea of origination of pain from the nerve itself, without any exciting pathology in other organs is presented by medieval medical scholars such as
4240:
ALA appears to improve neuropathic symptoms and deficits when administered via parenteral supplementation over a 3-week period. Oral treatment with ALA appears to have more conflicting data whether it improves sensory symptoms or just neuropathic deficits
412:
analgesics are recognized as useful agents but are not recommended as first line treatments. A broader range of treatments are used in specialist care. There are limited data and guidance for the long-term treatment of pain. Notably, strong evidence from
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257:
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can present as a severe crisis where the patient may have difficulty talking, eating and drinking. As neuropathic pain may be comorbid with cancer, it can have important dose limiting effects on certain classes of chemotherapeutic.
269:
Diagnosis of pain conditions relies on the character of the pain with a sharp stabbing character and the presence of particular features such as mechanical allodynia and cold allodynia. Neuropathic pain also tends to affect defined
1152:
DiBonaventura, Marco D.; Sadosky, Alesia; Concialdi, Kristen; Hopps, Markay; Kudel, Ian; Parsons, Bruce; Cappelleri, Joseph C.; Hlavacek, Patrick; Alexander, Andrea H.; Stacey, Brett R.; Markman, John D.; Farrar, John T. (2017).
1574:
Kaur, Jaskirat; Ghosh, Shampa; Sahani, Asish Kumar; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (November 2020). "Mental
Imagery as a Rehabilitative Therapy for Neuropathic Pain in People With Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Controlled Trial".
904:), the meta-analysis showed "more conflicting data whether it improves sensory symptoms or just neuropathic deficits alone". There is some limited evidence that ALA is also helpful in some other non-diabetic neuropathies.
786:
a substantially higher concentration than capsaicin creams available over the counter, there is no evidence that over the counter capsaicin cream can improve neuropathic pain and topical capsaicin can itself induce pain.
3711:
Lu VM, Burks SS, Heath RN, Wolde T, Spinner RJ, Levi AD (January 2021). "Meralgia paresthetica treated by injection, decompression, and neurectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of pain and operative outcomes".
3183:
Turner JA, Loeser JD, Deyo RA, Sanders SB (2004). "Spinal cord stimulation for patients with failed back surgery syndrome or complex regional pain syndrome: a systematic review of effectiveness and complications".
531:
mixture; only the l-isomer is a potent μ-opioid agonist. The d-isomer does not have opioid agonist action and acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist; d-methadone is analgesic in experimental models of chronic pain.
714:
have been developed to control its pharmacological activity locally and on demand using light, with the purpose to reduce adverse systemic effects. One of these compounds (carbadiazocine, based on a bridged
5036:
685:
can alleviate neuropathic pain and reverse opioid tolerance. Unfortunately, only a few NMDA antagonists are clinically available and their use is limited by a very short half life (ketamine), weak activity
896:
was found to reduce the various symptoms of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. While some studies on orally administered ALA had suggested a reduction in both the positive symptoms of diabetic neuropathy (
240:(brain and spinal cord). Neuropathic pain may occur in isolation or in combination with other forms of pain. Medical treatments focus on identifying the underlying cause and relieving pain. In cases of
1060:, the brain and spinal cord resident immune cells, respond to extrinsic cues. The source of these cues may include neurons secreting chemokines such as CCL21 and surface immobilized chemokines such as
836:
I-III) rather than high-grade nerve injury (Sunderland classification IV-V). Nerve decompressions are associated with a significant reduction in pain, in some cases the complete elimination of pain.
5029:
2405:
1040:
thus causing pain in normally painless stimuli. This loss of inhibition may not be limited to the spinal cord and a loss of GABA has also been observed in chronic pain patients in the thalamus.
3270:
Camerin, Luisa; Maleeva, Galyna; Gomila-Juaneda, Alexandre; Suárez-Pereira, Irene; Matera, Carlo; Prischich, Davia; Opar, Ekin; Riefolo, Fabio; Berrocoso, Esther; Gorostiza, Pau (2024-06-18).
3079:
Bittar, Richard G.; Kar-Purkayastha, Ishani; Owen, Sarah L.; Bear, Renee E.; Green, Alex; Wang, ShouYan; Aziz, Tipu Z. (June 2005). "Deep brain stimulation for pain relief: A meta-analysis".
1746:
1056:
During neuropathic pain, glia become "activated" leading to the release of proteins that modulate neural activity. The activation of glia remains an area of intense interest for researchers.
3589:
Kay J, de Sa D, Morrison L, Fejtek E, Simunovic N, Martin HD, Ayeni OR (December 2017). "Surgical
Management of Deep Gluteal Syndrome Causing Sciatic Nerve Entrapment: A Systematic Review".
1847:
Sadosky, Alesia; Schaefer, Caroline; Mann, Rachael; Daniel, Shoshana; Parsons, Bruce; Tuchman, Michael; Anschel, Alan; Stacey, Brett R; Nalamachu, Srinivas; Nieshoff, Edward (October 2014).
346:-related neuropathies, nutritional deficiencies, toxins, remote manifestations of malignancies, immune mediated disorders and physical trauma to a nerve trunk. Neuropathic pain is common in
3948:
Tu Y, Lineaweaver WC, Chen Z, Hu J, Mullins F, Zhang F (March 2017). "Surgical
Decompression in the Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
3627:
ElHawary H, Barone N, Baradaran A, Janis JE (February 2022). "Efficacy and Safety of
Migraine Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcomes and Complication Rates".
1235:
Kaur, Jaskirat; Ghosh, Shampa; Sahani, Asish Kumar; Sinha, Jitendra Kumar (June 2019). "Mental imagery training for treatment of central neuropathic pain: a narrative review".
3456:
Nolano M, Simone DA, Wendelschafer-Crabb G, Johnson T, Hazen E, Kennedy WR (1999). "Topical capsaicin in humans: parallel loss of epidermal nerve fibers and pain sensation".
2581:
Several guidelines agree that first- and second-line drugs for neuropathic pain include anticonvulsants (gabapentin or pregabalin), tricyclic antidepressants, and SNRIs
601:
is a field of science, medicine and bioengineering that encompasses both implantable and non-implantable technologies (electrical and chemical) for treatment purposes.
3227:
Nelson KA, Park KM, Robinovitz E, Tsigos C, Max MB (1997). "High-dose oral dextromethorphan versus placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia".
5075:
2855:
McPherson, Sterling; Lederhos Smith, Crystal; Dobscha, Steven K.; Morasco, Benjamin J.; Demidenko, Michael I.; Meath, Thomas H.A.; Lovejoy, Travis I. (October 2018).
393:
1469:
Fabry, Vincent; Gerdelat, Angélique; Acket, Blandine; Cintas, Pascal; Rousseau, Vanessa; Uro-Coste, Emmanuelle; Evrard, Solène M.; Pavy-Le Traon, Anne (5 May 2020).
4659:
Henderson, L. A.; Peck, C. C.; Petersen, E. T.; Rae, C. D.; Youssef, A. M.; Reeves, J. M.; Wilcox, S. L.; Akhter, R.; Murray, G. M.; Gustin, S. M. (24 April 2013).
3350:
Russo, Marc A.; Baron, Ralf; Dickenson, Anthony H.; Kern, Kai-Uwe; Santarelli, Danielle M. (17 May 2022). "Ambroxol for neuropathic pain: hiding in plain sight?".
229:) components. The latter resemble stabbings or electric shocks. Common qualities include burning or coldness, "pins and needles" sensations, numbness and itching.
4915:
Ji, Ru-Rong; Kohno, Tatsuro; Moore, Kimberly A; Woolf, Clifford J (December 2003). "Central sensitization and LTP: do pain and memory share similar mechanisms?".
967:(1712-1780). In a medical article entitled "Clinical Lecture on Lead Neuropathy" published in 1924 the word "Neuropathy" was used for the first time by Gordon.
1090:
During high frequency stimulation synapses conveying nociceptive information may become hyper efficient in a process that is similar although not identical to
275:
treatment may be used as a surrogate particularly in cases where diagnosis of the underlying lesion leaves the patient in pain for a prolonged period of time.
3858:
Sun J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Zhu S, He H (October 2020). "Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
478:
1804:
Bravo, Lidia; Llorca-Torralba, Meritxell; Suárez-Pereira, Irene; Berrocoso, Esther (August 2020). "Pain in neuropsychiatry: Insights from animal models".
279:
may be helpful in the identification of underlying lesions, reversible causes or serious underlying conditions such as primary presentation of a tumor or
355:
232:
Up to 7–8% of the
European population is affected by neuropathic pain, and in 5% of persons it may be severe. The pain may result from disorders of the
1052:
Microglia (identified by alpha-coronin1a), and neurons in culture. Microglia are proposed to release molecules that alter the excitability of neurons.
1744:
3664:"Pudendal Nerve Neurolysis in Patients Afflicted With Pudendal Nerve Entrapment: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques and Their Efficacy"
4294:
Patton LL, Siegel MA, Benoliel R, De Laat A (2007). "Management of burning mouth syndrome: systematic review and management recommendations".
3662:
Giulioni C, Pirola GM, Maggi M, Pitoni L, Fuligni D, Beltrami M, Palantrani V, De
Stefano V, Maurizi V, Castellani D, Galosi AB (March 2024).
2047:
Petrosky, Emiko; Harpaz, Rafael; Fowler, Katherine A.; Bohm, Michele K.; Helmick, Charles G.; Yuan, Keming; Betz, Carter J. (2 October 2018).
1947:
Alford, Daniel P.; German, Jacqueline S.; Samet, Jeffrey H.; Cheng, Debbie M.; Lloyd-Travaglini, Christine A.; Saitz, Richard (May 2016).
918:
that has several placebo-controlled double-blind trials proving efficacy in treating neuropathy and various other diabetic comorbidities.
2194:
Dworkin RH, O'Connor AB, Backonja M, et al. (2007). "Pharmacologic management of neuropathic pain: evidence-based recommendations".
1618:
Baron, Ralf; Binder, Andreas; Wasner, Gunnar (August 2010). "Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment".
813:
734:
is a voltage-gated calcium channel blocker which may be used in severe cases of ongoing neuropathic pain it is delivered intrathecally.
322:
Neuropathic pain may be divided into peripheral, central or mixed (peripheral and central) types. Central neuropathic pain is found in
295:
574:
type A may be helpful in chronic focal painful neuropathies. However, it causes muscle paralysis which may impact quality of life.
4206:
Foster TS (2007). "Efficacy and safety of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation in the treatment of symptomatic diabetic neuropathy".
2721:
Derry, Sheena; Stannard, Cathy; Cole, Peter; Wiffen, Philip J.; Knaggs, Roger; Aldington, Dominic; Moore, R. Andrew (2016-10-11).
4430:
Heydari, Mojtaba; Shams, Mesbah; Hashempur, Mohammad Hashem; Zargaran, Arman; Dalfardi, Behnam; Borhani-Haghighi, Afshin (2015).
454:
in some people. There is no predictor test to determine if it will be effective for a particular person. A short trial period of
307:
1204:
2348:
Derry, Sheena; Bell, Rae
Frances; Straube, Sebastian; Wiffen, Philip J.; Aldington, Dominic; Moore, R. Andrew (2019-01-23).
4325:
Stracke H, Lindemann A, Federlin K (1996). "A benfotiamine-vitamin B combination in treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy".
1849:"Pain severity and the economic burden of neuropathic pain in the United States: BEAT Neuropathic Pain Observational Study"
5120:
3122:
Oh MY, Abosch A, Kim SH, Lang AE, Lozano AM (2002). "Long-term hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation".
557:
Non-pharmaceutical treatments such as exercise, physical therapy and psychotherapy may be useful adjuncts to treatment.
284:
214:
105:
3747:
Lundborg G, Dahlin LB (May 1996). "Anatomy, function, and pathophysiology of peripheral nerves and nerve compression".
964:
833:
817:
414:
3551:
Lipinski LJ, Spinner RJ (October 2014). "Neurolysis, neurectomy, and nerve repair/reconstruction for chronic pain".
2424:"Neuropathic pain in adults: pharmacological management in non-specialist settings | Guidance and guidelines | NICE"
1155:"The prevalence of probable neuropathic pain in the US: results from a multimodal general-population health survey"
805:
598:
276:
5201:
5094:
4070:
Dellon AL (October 2014). "Susceptibility of nerve in diabetes to compression: implications for pain treatment".
233:
1331:"The epidemiology of chronic pain of predominantly neuropathic origin. Results from a general population survey"
702:
intrathecal granuloma formation have been noted with intrathecal infusion, associated with the delivery method.
5278:
4107:"Lower Extremity Nerve Decompression for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2049:"Chronic Pain Among Suicide Decedents, 2003 to 2014: Findings From the National Violent Death Reporting System"
848:
486:
389:
91:
4608:
Manion, John; Waller, Matthew A.; Clark, Teleri; Massingham, Joshua N.; Neely, G. Gregory (20 December 2019).
4814:
Siniscalco, Dario; Giordano, Catia; Rossi, Francesco; Maione, Sabatino; de
Novellis, Vito (1 December 2011).
3396:
Tadokoro, Takahiro; Bravo-Hernandez, Mariana; Agashkov, Kirill; Kobayashi, Yoshiomi; et al. (May 2022).
889:
3398:"Precision spinal gene delivery-induced functional switch in nociceptive neurons reverses neuropathic pain"
2682:"Methadone versus morphine as a first-line strong opioid for cancer pain: a randomized, double-blind study"
2301:"Recommendations for the pharmacological management of neuropathic pain: an overview and literature update"
1370:
Bouhassira, Didier; Lantéri-Minet, Michel; Attal, Nadine; Laurent, Bernard; Touboul, Chantal (June 2008).
1091:
782:
may provide relief. A transdermal patch containing lidocaine is available commercially in some countries.
746:
642:
614:
462:
may have at least one adverse event, however the incidence of serious adverse events was found to be low.
380:
Neuropathic pain can be very difficult to treat with only some 40-60% of people achieving partial relief.
237:
138:
121:
2443:"Update on neuropathic pain treatment for trigeminal neuralgia: The pharmacological and surgical options"
1996:
Dueñas, María; Ojeda, Begoña; Salazar, Alejandro; Mico, Juan
Antonio; Failde, Inmaculada (28 June 2016).
988:, a number of processes may occur. Intact neurons may become unusually sensitive and develop spontaneous
745:
is a drug that reduces mucus. Preclinical research suggests it may produce analgesic effects by blocking
350:
as a direct result of cancer on peripheral nerves (e.g., compression by a tumor), or as a side effect of
4255:"Oral treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy: the SYDNEY 2 trial"
2857:"Changes in pain intensity after discontinuation of long-term opioid therapy for chronic noncancer pain"
1949:"Primary Care Patients with Drug Use Report Chronic Pain and Self-Medicate with Alcohol and Other Drugs"
1278:
De Courcy, Jonathan; Liedgens, Hiltrud; Obradovic, Marko; Holbrook, Tim; Jakubanis, Rafal (April 2016).
241:
130:
109:
4023:"Biologic Basis of Nerve Decompression Surgery for Focal Entrapments in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy"
2954:
Mittal, SO; Safarpour, D; Jabbari, B (February 2016). "Botulinum Toxin
Treatment of Neuropathic Pain".
5021:
662:
4770:
3173:
Osenbach, R. Neurostimulation for the Treatment of Intractable Facial Pain Pain Medicine 2006; 7:S126
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and/or internal capsule (87%). There is a significant complication rate, which increases over time.
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is not useful for the majority of patients although it may have use in treatment refractory cases.
431:
271:
126:
1998:"A review of chronic pain impact on patients, their social environment and the health care system"
1522:"Diagnostic Accuracy of Electrochemical Skin Conductance in the Detection of Sudomotor Fiber Loss"
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Thornalley PJ (2005). "The potential role of thiamine (vitamin B(1)) in diabetic complications".
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gives pain relief to people with neuropathic pain. The potential pain relief benefits of strong
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antagonism in addition to their μ-opioid agonist properties. Methadone does so because it is a
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4432:"The origin of the concept of neuropathic pain in Early Medieval Persia (9th–12th century CE)"
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therapy is recommended, to determine the effectiveness for that person. 62% of people taking
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Boyd A, Bleakley C, Hurley DA, Gill C, Hannon-Fletcher M, Bell P, McDonough S (April 2019).
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2158:
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2109:
2068:
2060:
2019:
2009:
1968:
1960:
1919:
1911:
1870:
1860:
1813:
1776:
1753:
Cancerbackup, Macmillan Cancer Support, Peripheral neuropathy, Retrieved on 29 December 2008
1708:
1670:
1627:
1584:
1543:
1533:
1492:
1482:
1441:
1433:
1386:
1342:
1301:
1291:
1244:
1176:
1166:
959:
quality, discussed its etiology and the differentiating characteristics. The description of
698:
682:
666:
165:
154:
3898:"Advances in Interventional Therapies for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review"
2244:
Wiffen, PJ; Derry, S; Bell, RF; Rice, AS; Tölle, TR; Phillips, T; Moore, RA (9 June 2017).
761:
is a potential treatment for chronic neuropathic pain. In animals a gene therapy for local
5264:
4868:"Central Sensitization: A Generator of Pain Hypersensitivity by Central Neural Plasticity"
1750:
1069:
829:
795:
they cause some short term analgesia, these are considered to be universally ineffective.
670:
583:
571:
189:
5007:"The Pharmacological Management of Neuropathic Pain in Adults in Non-Specialist Settings"
3307:
Lynch SS, Cheng CM, Yee JL (2006). "Intrathecal ziconotide for refractory chronic pain".
661:(NMDA) receptor seems to play a major role in neuropathic pain and in the development of
310:, an accurate objective technique, could be considered as a good screening tool to limit
4774:
4576:
3688:
3663:
17:
5330:
5152:
4892:
4867:
4840:
4815:
4791:
4758:
4734:
4709:
4685:
4660:
4636:
4609:
4585:
4560:
4536:
4511:
4180:
4155:
4131:
4106:
4047:
4022:
3922:
3897:
3835:
3810:
3525:
3500:
3422:
3397:
3023:
2998:
2931:
2906:
2881:
2856:
2747:
2722:
2677:
2622:
2597:
2567:
2540:
2516:
2491:
2467:
2442:
2382:
2349:
2325:
2300:
2270:
2245:
2171:
2146:
2145:
Staff, Nathan P.; Grisold, Anna; Grisold, Wolfgang; Windebank, Anthony J. (June 2017).
2122:
2097:
2073:
2048:
2024:
1997:
1973:
1948:
1924:
1899:
1875:
1848:
1548:
1521:
1497:
1470:
1446:
1421:
1372:"Prevalence of chronic pain with neuropathic characteristics in the general population"
1306:
1279:
1181:
1154:
1112:
1032:
587:
397:
181:
173:
5387:
3787:
3469:
1712:
1674:
1631:
1048:
1013:
719:) has been shown to produce analgesia with noninvasive illumination in a rat model of
5409:
5403:
5316:
5214:
5210:
5172:
5168:
5107:
5103:
5067:
4487:
4470:
3996:
3439:
3379:
3135:
3064:
3047:
2841:
2647:"d-Methadone blocks morphine tolerance and N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced hyperalgesia"
1833:
1604:
1264:
711:
655:
634:
tingling (paresthesia) at treatment levels, the only palpable effect is pain relief.
524:
494:
490:
439:
435:
339:
177:
169:
94:; history of chemo- and/or radiotherapy; & nutritional deficiencies, among others
87:
4987:
4958:
Truini A, Cruccu G (May 2006). "Pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropathic pain".
4944:
4455:
4235:
3363:
3256:
3213:
3151:
3108:
2983:
2872:
2825:
1915:
1817:
1735:
Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy Fact Sheet, Retrieved on 29 December 2008
1733:
1647:
5245:
5056:
4676:
4171:
3485:
3336:
3014:
2738:
2613:
2507:
2365:
2261:
2223:
1208:
989:
907:
758:
520:
451:
351:
150:
4303:
3811:"Long-term outcomes of carpal tunnel release: a critical review of the literature"
1406:
4510:
Gritsch, Simon; Bali, Kiran Kumar; Kuner, Rohini; Vardeh, Daniel (January 2016).
4122:
4083:
3913:
3640:
3602:
2458:
1781:
1764:
778:
In some forms of neuropathy the topical application of local anesthetics such as
673:
at high doses. Experiments in both animals and humans have established that NMDA
5300:
5260:
5218:
5180:
5164:
5088:
4883:
3413:
3272:"Photoswitchable carbamazepine analogs for non‐invasive neuroinhibition in vivo"
2406:"Pharmacological treatment for all neuropathic pain except trigeminal neuralgia"
2113:
1347:
1330:
952:
901:
897:
893:
825:
618:
512:
466:
311:
299:
218:
81:
5006:
4928:
4831:
4373:
3197:
3092:
2207:
1390:
1248:
5372:
5324:
5268:
5224:
5196:
5176:
5160:
5156:
5129:
5084:
4971:
4725:
4408:
3871:
3826:
3564:
3516:
3501:"Topical capsaicin (low concentration) for chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
2541:"CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain - United States, 2016"
1964:
1132:
936:
856:
844:
731:
716:
482:
459:
455:
447:
405:
401:
226:
50:
4626:
4527:
4219:
4038:
3725:
3293:
2373:
1588:
1538:
1487:
5312:
5308:
5290:
5255:
5190:
5111:
4782:
3679:
2698:
2681:
1122:
1065:
1057:
960:
779:
762:
687:
545:
516:
303:
222:
134:
46:
4979:
4936:
4901:
4849:
4800:
4743:
4708:
Ji, Ru-Rong; Donnelly, Christopher R.; Nedergaard, Maiken (November 2019).
4694:
4645:
4594:
4545:
4512:"Functional characterization of a mouse model for central post-stroke pain"
4496:
4447:
4416:
4381:
4338:
4311:
4280:
4227:
4189:
4140:
4091:
4056:
3969:
3961:
3931:
3879:
3844:
3795:
3733:
3697:
3648:
3610:
3572:
3534:
3477:
3431:
3371:
3328:
3284:
3205:
3164:
Brown JA, Pilitsis JG. Motor Cortex Stimulation Pain Medicine 2006; 7:S140.
3143:
3100:
3032:
2975:
2967:
2940:
2890:
2833:
2797:
2756:
2707:
2662:
2631:
2576:
2557:
2525:
2476:
2391:
2334:
2279:
2215:
2180:
2131:
2082:
2033:
1982:
1933:
1884:
1825:
1790:
1720:
1639:
1596:
1557:
1506:
1455:
1398:
1356:
1315:
1256:
1190:
265:
Quantitative sensory testing may assist with diagnosis of specific deficits
4561:"Neuropathic Pain: A Maladaptive Response of the Nervous System to Damage"
4346:
4004:
3983:
Dellon AL (February 1988). "A cause for optimism in diabetic neuropathy".
3760:
3248:
3240:
2788:
2771:
2316:
1682:
1073:
by microglia and cause changes in neurons that lead to hyperexcitability.
5320:
5304:
5282:
5272:
5133:
2772:"Opioid Abuse in Chronic Pain — Misconceptions and Mitigation Strategies"
2423:
1127:
956:
948:
940:
915:
742:
678:
622:
537:
331:
185:
142:
69:
5355:
2922:
2014:
1865:
1699:
Vaillancourt PD, Langevin HM (1999). "Painful peripheral neuropathies".
1296:
1171:
855:, fewer falls (in the case of lower extremity decompression), and fewer
911:
528:
4559:
Costigan, Michael; Scholz, Joachim; Woolf, Clifford J. (1 June 2009).
4271:
4254:
3320:
2162:
1437:
900:
including stabbing and burning pain) as well as neuropathic deficits (
617:
have been reported with targets in the periventricular/periaqueductal
5367:
5296:
5117:
5017:. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (UK).
4757:
Ji, Ru-Rong; Chamessian, Alexander; Zhang, Yu-Qiu (4 November 2016).
2492:"Lamotrigine for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults"
2064:
1061:
985:
932:
873:
586:
based medicines is limited. Any potential utility might be offset by
541:
505:
409:
347:
217:. Neuropathic pain may be associated with abnormal sensations called
4431:
4395:
Freemon, Frank R. (1994). "Galen's ideas on neurological function".
2147:"Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A current review: CIPN"
2096:
Bennetto, Luke; Patel, Nikunj K; Fuller, Geraint (27 January 2007).
926:
The history of pain management can be traced back to ancient times.
133:(e.g., multiple sclerosis); malignancy; spinal cord injury; primary
5076:
2997:
Mücke M, Phillips T, Radbruch L, Petzke F, Häuser W (March 2018).
1117:
927:
852:
3774:
Mackinnon SE (May 2002). "Pathophysiology of nerve compression".
2999:"Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
4156:"Herbal medicinal products or preparations for neuropathic pain"
821:
766:
210:
146:
5025:
3391:
3389:
3048:"Neuromodulatory devices are part of our "Tools of the Trade""
1005:
glia become activated and there is a loss of inhibitory tone.
812:. When nerves are subject to chronic pressure, they exhibit a
621:(79%), or the periventricular/periaqueductal grey matter plus
343:
1898:
Egli, Mark; Koob, George F.; Edwards, Scott (November 2012).
3896:
Xu L, Sun Z, Casserly E, Nasr C, Cheng J, Xu J (June 2022).
1023:
A major hypothesis in the theory of pain perception is the
4866:
Latremoliere, Alban; Woolf, Clifford J. (September 2009).
1280:"A burden of illness study for neuropathic pain in Europe"
497:
are considered first-line medications for this condition.
465:
Meta analysis of randomized clinical trials suggests that
430:
Pregabalin and gabapentin may reduce pain associated with
2490:
Wiffen, Philip J; Derry, Sheena; Moore, R Andrew (2013).
5005:
Centre for Clinical Practice at NICE (UK) (March 2010).
4759:"Pain regulation by non-neuronal cells and inflammation"
2596:
McNicol, ED; Midbari, A; Eisenberg, E (29 August 2013).
450:
may reduce symptoms associated with neuropathic pain or
116:; biopsy; imaging, & patient self-rating of symptoms
4861:
4859:
1329:
Torrance N, Smith BH, Bennett MI, Lee AJ (April 2006).
2770:
Volkow, Nora D.; McLellan, A. Thomas (31 March 2016).
5121:
1471:"Which Method for Diagnosing Small Fiber Neuropathy?"
710:
Photoswitchable analogues of the anticonvulsant drug
5345:
4253:
Ziegler D, Ametov A, Barinov A, et al. (2006).
3499:
Derry, Sheena; Moore, R Andrew (12 September 2012).
5349:
5233:
5143:
5081:
Tooltip Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
5066:
4471:"Treatment of neuropathic pain: historical aspects"
2539:Dowell, D; Haegerich, TM; Chou, R (18 March 2016).
2246:"Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults"
1520:Porubcin, Michal G.; Novak, Peter (17 April 2020).
388:
First line treatments are certain antidepressants (
196:
161:
120:
98:
86:Diabetes mellitus; multiple sclerosis; exposure to
80:
64:
56:
40:
35:
851:(a measure of sensory improvement), lower rate of
690:) or unacceptable side effects (dextromethorpan).
5202:
5095:
816:resulting in reversible and partially reversible
330:. Peripheral neuropathies are commonly caused by
4296:Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod
943:. They named this type of pain specifically as "
872:There is no good evidence that herbal products (
4201:
4199:
3451:
3449:
1900:"Alcohol dependence as a chronic pain disorder"
1694:
1692:
971:Proposed mechanistic basis for neuropathic pain
27:Pain affecting the somatosensory nervous system
1661:Portenoy RK (1989). "Painful polyneuropathy".
1422:"Diagnosis and management of neuropathic pain"
1420:Freynhagen, R; Bennett, M I (12 August 2009).
888:A 2007 review of studies found that injected (
5332:
5037:
638:Spinal cord stimulators implated spinal pumps
76:, infection, injury, and stroke, among others
8:
3809:Louie D, Earp B, Blazar P (September 2012).
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
880:) are useful for treating neuropathic pain.
479:serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
394:serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
68:Damage to the nervous system resulting from
4816:"Role of Neurotrophins in Neuropathic Pain"
4105:Fadel ZT, Imran WM, Azhar T (August 2022).
2727:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2602:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2354:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2350:"Pregabalin for neuropathic pain in adults"
2293:
2291:
2289:
2250:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
225:). It may have continuous and/or episodic (
221:or pain from normally non-painful stimuli (
200:4.1%-12.4% (12-month prevalence, US adults)
5346:
5044:
5030:
5022:
2591:
2589:
1765:"Chronic Pain and Mental Health Disorders"
544:must be weighed against their significant
356:chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
244:, the pain may progress to insensitivity.
32:
4891:
4839:
4790:
4733:
4684:
4635:
4625:
4584:
4535:
4486:
4270:
4179:
4130:
4046:
3921:
3834:
3687:
3524:
3421:
3283:
3063:
3022:
2930:
2880:
2787:
2746:
2723:"Fentanyl for neuropathic pain in adults"
2697:
2621:
2566:
2556:
2515:
2466:
2381:
2324:
2269:
2170:
2121:
2098:"Trigeminal neuralgia and its management"
2072:
2023:
2013:
1972:
1923:
1874:
1864:
1780:
1547:
1537:
1496:
1486:
1445:
1346:
1305:
1295:
1180:
1170:
1904:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1806:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
1205:"Terminology Pain terms and definitions"
1047:
1012:
417:is not available for all interventions.
314:in patients in whom it is not suitable.
251:
4021:Sessions J, Nickerson DS (March 2014).
3505:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3276:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2496:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1144:
298:as the etiology of neuropathic pain is
1853:ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research
1284:ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research
5126:Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors
4710:"Astrocytes in chronic pain and itch"
4016:
4014:
3943:
3941:
3891:
3889:
3622:
3620:
3584:
3582:
3546:
3544:
1577:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
1569:
1567:
213:caused by a lesion or disease of the
7:
1953:Journal of General Internal Medicine
1230:
1228:
1226:
992:activity and abnormal excitability.
561:Secondary and research interventions
4577:10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135531
2441:Al-Quliti, Khalid W. (April 2015).
4610:"Developing Modern Pain Therapies"
285:Quantitative sensory testing (QST)
192:, and topical agents, among others
25:
5207:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
5100:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
3130:(6): 1268–74, discussion 1274–6.
2680:, Bosnjak S, et al. (2004).
2545:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
804:If neuropathic pain is caused by
4661:"Chronic Pain: Lost Inhibition?"
4488:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2004.04018.x
3997:10.1097/00000637-198802000-00001
3136:10.1097/00006123-200206000-00017
3081:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
3065:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00116.x
1763:Hooten, W. Michael (July 2016).
613:The best long-term results with
553:Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions
358:), radiation injury or surgery.
308:electrochemical skin conductance
4436:Acta medico-historica Adriatica
4327:Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes
3364:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002693
2873:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001315
2826:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001763
2776:New England Journal of Medicine
2645:Davis AM, Inturrisi CE (1999).
1916:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.010
1818:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.029
984:With peripheral nervous system
808:, this may be treatable with a
570:Local intradermal injection of
4677:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0174-13.2013
4172:10.1002/14651858.CD010528.pub4
3015:10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2
2911:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
2739:10.1002/14651858.CD011605.pub2
2614:10.1002/14651858.CD006146.pub2
2598:"Opioids for neuropathic pain"
2508:10.1002/14651858.CD006044.pub4
2366:10.1002/14651858.CD007076.pub3
2262:10.1002/14651858.CD007938.pub4
841:diabetic peripehral neuropathy
511:Several opioids, particularly
1:
4565:Annual Review of Neuroscience
4304:10.1016/j.tripleo.2006.11.009
4111:Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open
3788:10.1016/s0749-0712(01)00012-9
3470:10.1016/S0304-3959(99)00007-X
1713:10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70127-9
1675:10.1016/S0733-8619(18)30813-2
1632:10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70143-5
4123:10.1097/GOX.0000000000004478
4084:10.1097/PRS.0000000000000668
3914:10.1213/ANE.0000000000005860
3641:10.1097/SLA.0000000000005057
3603:10.1016/j.arthro.2017.06.041
2459:10.17712/nsj.2015.2.20140501
1782:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.04.029
442:are especially effective in
415:randomized controlled trials
215:somatosensory nervous system
106:quantitative sensory testing
4884:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.012
4714:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
4469:Scadding, JW (March 2004).
3414:10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.04.023
2114:10.1136/bmj.39085.614792.BE
2053:Annals of Internal Medicine
1348:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.11.008
1025:gate control theory of pain
1018:Gate control theory of pain
5426:
4929:10.1016/j.tins.2003.09.017
4832:10.2174/157015911798376208
4374:10.2174/157339905774574383
4160:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
3198:10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.016
3093:10.1016/j.jocn.2004.10.005
3003:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
2208:10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.033
1391:10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.013
1249:10.1007/s13760-019-01139-x
797:
129:and metabolic neuropathy;
5279:NMDA receptor antagonists
4972:10.1007/s10072-006-0597-8
4820:Current Neuropharmacology
4726:10.1038/s41583-019-0218-1
4614:Frontiers in Neuroscience
4409:10.1080/09647049409525619
3872:10.1016/j.pcd.2019.12.005
3827:10.1007/s11552-012-9429-x
3565:10.1016/j.nec.2014.07.002
3517:10.1002/14651858.CD010111
1965:10.1007/s11606-016-3586-5
834:Sunderland classification
694:Intrathecal drug delivery
629:Motor cortex stimulations
487:tricyclic antidepressants
390:tricyclic antidepressants
234:peripheral nervous system
5011:NICE Clinical Guidelines
4627:10.3389/fnins.2019.01370
4528:10.1177/1744806916629049
4298:. 103 Suppl: S39.e1–13.
4220:10.1177/0145721706297450
4078:(4 Suppl 2): 142S–150S.
4039:10.1177/1932296814525030
3726:10.3171/2020.7.JNS202191
2002:Journal of Pain Research
1589:10.1177/1545968320962498
1539:10.3389/fneur.2020.00273
1488:10.3389/fneur.2020.00342
1237:Acta Neurologica Belgica
1159:Journal of Pain Research
849:two-point discrimination
814:pathological progression
582:Evidence for the use of
155:functional pain syndrome
18:Central neuropathic pain
4917:Trends in Neurosciences
4783:10.1126/science.aaf8924
4665:Journal of Neuroscience
3680:10.5213/inj.2448010.005
2699:10.1200/JCO.2004.03.172
2651:J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther
2305:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1769:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
894:alpha lipoic acid (ALA)
643:Spinal cord stimulators
4339:10.1055/s-0029-1211460
4027:J Diabetes Sci Technol
3962:10.1055/s-0036-1594300
3285:10.1002/anie.202403636
2968:10.1055/s-0036-1571953
2558:10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1
1526:Frontiers in Neurology
1475:Frontiers in Neurology
1092:long-term potentiation
1053:
1020:
790:Surgical interventions
615:deep brain stimulation
609:Deep brain stimulation
566:Botulinum toxin type A
434:. The anticonvulsants
296:small fiber neuropathy
266:
238:central nervous system
139:mononeuritis multiplex
122:Differential diagnosis
4162:(Systematic review).
3241:10.1212/WNL.48.5.1212
3005:(Systematic review).
2956:Seminars in Neurology
2789:10.1056/NEJMra1507771
2317:10.4065/mcp.2009.0649
1077:Central sensitization
1064:. Other glia such as
1051:
1016:
863:Alternative therapies
421:Primary interventions
264:
242:peripheral neuropathy
131:demyelinating disease
110:electroneuromyography
5145:Ion channel blockers
4966:(Suppl 2): S179–82.
3950:J Reconstr Microsurg
3597:(12): 2263–2278.e1.
1620:The Lancet Neurology
1086:Circuit Potentiation
892:) administration of
749:in sensory neurons.
572:botulinum neurotoxin
444:trigeminal neuralgia
369:trigeminal neuralgia
306:assessment, through
104:Clinical interview;
4872:The Journal of Pain
4775:2016Sci...354..572J
4522:: 174480691662904.
4072:Plast Reconstr Surg
3553:Neurosurg Clin N Am
2923:10.1038/nrdp.2017.2
2430:. 20 November 2013.
2410:NICE Guidance CG173
2151:Annals of Neurology
2015:10.2147/JPR.S105892
1866:10.2147/CEOR.S63323
1701:Med. Clin. North Am
1297:10.2147/CEOR.S81396
1172:10.2147/JPR.S127014
1038:spinothalamic tract
884:Dietary supplements
810:nerve decompression
800:Nerve decompression
659:-methyl-D-aspartate
432:diabetic neuropathy
336:metabolic disorders
3860:Prim Care Diabetes
3046:Krames ES (2006).
2907:"Neuropathic pain"
2311:(3 Suppl): S3-14.
1749:2009-07-08 at the
1432:(aug12 1): b3002.
1211:on 13 January 2015
1054:
1021:
947:" , described its
839:For patients with
828:, and potentially
328:multiple sclerosis
324:spinal cord injury
281:multiple sclerosis
267:
74:multiple sclerosis
5397:
5396:
5343:
5342:
5251:Botulinum toxin A
5241:Alpha lipoic acid
5187:Local anesthetics
5060:pharmacotherapies
4769:(6312): 572–577.
4671:(17): 7574–7582.
4481:(Suppl 1): S3-8.
4442:(Suppl 2): 9–22.
4362:Curr Diabetes Rev
4272:10.2337/dc06-1216
3402:Molecular Therapy
3321:10.1345/aph.1G584
3315:(7–8): 1293–300.
2867:(10): 2097–2104.
2782:(13): 1253–1263.
2163:10.1002/ana.24951
2108:(7586): 201–205.
1910:(10): 2179–2192.
1707:(3): 627–42, vi.
1583:(11): 1038–1049.
1438:10.1136/bmj.b3002
1082:may be combined.
806:nerve compression
706:Photopharmacology
699:Intrathecal pumps
262:
204:
203:
114:nerve stimulation
100:Diagnostic method
70:diabetes mellitus
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5417:
5347:
5334:
5331:Sodium oxybate (
5287:dextromethorphan
5208:
5204:
5127:
5123:
5101:
5097:
5082:
5078:
5053:Neuropathic pain
5046:
5039:
5032:
5023:
5018:
4992:
4991:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4895:
4863:
4854:
4853:
4843:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4794:
4754:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4688:
4656:
4650:
4649:
4639:
4629:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4539:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4490:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4274:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4050:
4018:
4009:
4008:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3925:
3908:(6): 1215–1228.
3893:
3884:
3883:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3838:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3635:(2): e315–e323.
3624:
3615:
3614:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3453:
3444:
3443:
3425:
3408:(8): 2722–2745.
3393:
3384:
3383:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3309:Ann Pharmacother
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3026:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2791:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2570:
2560:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2519:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2470:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2295:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2241:
2228:
2227:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2065:10.7326/M18-0830
2044:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2017:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1927:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1760:
1754:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1696:
1687:
1686:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1449:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1309:
1299:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1232:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1207:. Archived from
1201:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1149:
1070:oligodendrocytes
721:neuropathic pain
683:dextromethorphan
667:Dextromethorphan
663:opioid tolerance
384:General approach
263:
207:Neuropathic pain
166:Physical therapy
36:Neuropathic pain
33:
21:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5358:
5344:
5339:
5229:
5206:
5153:Anticonvulsants
5139:
5125:
5099:
5080:
5062:
5050:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4923:(12): 696–705.
4914:
4913:
4909:
4865:
4864:
4857:
4813:
4812:
4808:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4720:(11): 667–685.
4707:
4706:
4702:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4397:J Hist Neurosci
4394:
4393:
4389:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4265:(11): 2365–70.
4252:
4251:
4247:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4166:(5): CD010528.
4153:
4152:
4148:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4020:
4019:
4012:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3668:Int Neurourol J
3661:
3660:
3656:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3550:
3549:
3542:
3511:(9): CD010111.
3498:
3497:
3493:
3464:(1–2): 135–45.
3455:
3454:
3447:
3395:
3394:
3387:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3192:(1–2): 137–47.
3182:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3009:(7): CD012182.
2996:
2995:
2991:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2733:(5): CD011605.
2720:
2719:
2715:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2608:(8): CD006146.
2595:
2594:
2587:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2502:(5): CD006044.
2489:
2488:
2484:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2428:www.nice.org.uk
2422:
2421:
2417:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2360:(1): CD007076.
2347:
2346:
2342:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2256:(2): CD007938.
2243:
2242:
2231:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2046:
2045:
2041:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1751:Wayback Machine
1743:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1109:
1100:
1088:
1079:
1046:
1011:
1002:
982:
973:
965:John Fothergill
924:
886:
870:
868:Herbal products
865:
830:muscle weakness
802:
792:
776:
755:
747:sodium channels
740:
729:
708:
696:
671:NMDA antagonist
652:
650:NMDA antagonism
640:
631:
611:
599:Neuromodulation
596:
594:Neuromodulators
588:adverse effects
580:
568:
563:
555:
503:
475:
473:Antidepressants
428:
426:Anticonvulsants
423:
398:anticonvulsants
386:
378:
364:
320:
294:for diagnosing
252:
250:
190:neuromodulation
182:anticonvulsants
174:antidepressants
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5423:
5421:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5390:
5375:
5359:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:Classification
5341:
5340:
5338:
5337:
5328:
5294:
5276:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5199:
5194:
5184:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5115:
5092:
5072:
5070:
5068:Monoaminergics
5064:
5063:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5000:
4999:External links
4997:
4994:
4993:
4950:
4907:
4878:(9): 895–926.
4855:
4826:(4): 523–529.
4806:
4749:
4700:
4651:
4600:
4551:
4516:Molecular Pain
4502:
4461:
4422:
4387:
4352:
4317:
4286:
4245:
4195:
4146:
4097:
4062:
4033:(2): 412–418.
4010:
3985:Ann Plast Surg
3975:
3956:(3): 151–157.
3937:
3885:
3866:(5): 435–444.
3850:
3801:
3766:
3739:
3720:(3): 912–922.
3703:
3654:
3616:
3578:
3540:
3491:
3445:
3385:
3342:
3299:
3262:
3219:
3175:
3166:
3157:
3114:
3087:(5): 515–519.
3071:
3038:
2989:
2946:
2896:
2847:
2820:(3): 509–519.
2803:
2762:
2713:
2686:J. Clin. Oncol
2668:
2657:(2): 1048–53.
2637:
2585:
2531:
2482:
2453:(2): 107–114.
2433:
2415:
2397:
2340:
2285:
2229:
2186:
2157:(6): 772–781.
2137:
2088:
2059:(7): 448–455.
2039:
1988:
1959:(5): 486–491.
1939:
1890:
1839:
1796:
1775:(7): 955–970.
1755:
1737:
1726:
1688:
1653:
1626:(8): 807–819.
1610:
1563:
1512:
1461:
1412:
1385:(3): 380–387.
1362:
1321:
1270:
1243:(2): 175–186.
1222:
1196:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1113:Cranial nerves
1108:
1105:
1099:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1045:
1042:
1027:, proposed by
1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
981:
978:
972:
969:
923:
920:
885:
882:
878:St John's wort
869:
866:
864:
861:
818:nerve injuries
791:
788:
775:
774:Topical agents
772:
754:
751:
739:
736:
728:
725:
707:
704:
695:
692:
651:
648:
639:
636:
630:
627:
610:
607:
595:
592:
579:
576:
567:
564:
562:
559:
554:
551:
502:
499:
489:in particular
481:in particular
474:
471:
427:
424:
422:
419:
385:
382:
377:
374:
363:
360:
319:
316:
249:
246:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
178:gabapentinoids
163:
159:
158:
157:, among others
124:
118:
117:
102:
96:
95:
88:neurotoxicants
84:
78:
77:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
44:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5422:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5336:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5317:buprenorphine
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5215:nortriptyline
5212:
5211:amitriptyline
5205:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5173:oxcarbazepine
5170:
5169:carbamazepine
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5108:nortriptyline
5105:
5104:amitriptyline
5098:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5079:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5042:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4954:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4911:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4753:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4475:Pain Medicine
4472:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4403:(4): 263–71.
4402:
4398:
4391:
4388:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4368:(3): 287–98.
4367:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4259:Diabetes Care
4256:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:Diabetes Educ
4202:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4101:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3782:(2): 231–41.
3781:
3777:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3755:(2): 185–93.
3754:
3750:
3743:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3559:(4): 777–87.
3558:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3235:(5): 1212–8.
3234:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2692:(1): 185–92.
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:Neurosciences
2444:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:(3): 237–51.
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1891:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:(2): 265–88.
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1223:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1165:: 2525–2538.
1164:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1006:
999:
997:
993:
991:
987:
979:
977:
970:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
921:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
883:
881:
879:
875:
867:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
801:
796:
789:
787:
783:
781:
773:
771:
768:
765:encoding for
764:
760:
752:
750:
748:
744:
737:
735:
733:
726:
724:
722:
718:
713:
712:carbamazepine
705:
703:
700:
693:
691:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
658:
649:
647:
644:
637:
635:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
608:
606:
602:
600:
593:
591:
589:
585:
577:
575:
573:
565:
560:
558:
552:
550:
547:
543:
539:
533:
530:
526:
525:NMDA receptor
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
500:
498:
496:
495:nortriptyline
492:
491:amitriptyline
488:
485:, as well as
484:
480:
472:
470:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:oxcarbazepine
437:
436:carbamazepine
433:
425:
420:
418:
416:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
383:
381:
375:
373:
370:
362:Comorbidities
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:herpes zoster
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:gold standard
288:
286:
282:
278:
273:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:psychotherapy
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
45:
43:
39:
34:
19:
5377:
5362:
5261:Cannabinoids
5246:Benfotiamine
5057:fibromyalgia
5052:
5014:
5010:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4920:
4916:
4910:
4875:
4871:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4766:
4762:
4752:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4668:
4664:
4654:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4568:
4564:
4554:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4478:
4474:
4464:
4439:
4435:
4425:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4333:(4): 311–6.
4330:
4326:
4320:
4295:
4289:
4262:
4258:
4248:
4239:
4214:(1): 111–7.
4211:
4207:
4163:
4159:
4149:
4117:(8): e4478.
4114:
4110:
4100:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4030:
4026:
3991:(2): 103–5.
3988:
3984:
3978:
3953:
3949:
3905:
3902:Anesth Analg
3901:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3821:(3): 242–6.
3818:
3814:
3804:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3674:(1): 11–21.
3671:
3667:
3657:
3632:
3628:
3594:
3590:
3556:
3552:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3461:
3457:
3405:
3401:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3275:
3265:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3127:
3124:Neurosurgery
3123:
3117:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2962:(1): 73–83.
2959:
2955:
2949:
2917:(1): 17002.
2914:
2910:
2899:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2689:
2685:
2671:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2605:
2601:
2580:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2427:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2308:
2304:
2253:
2249:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1740:
1729:
1704:
1700:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1580:
1576:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1382:
1378:
1365:
1341:(4): 281–9.
1338:
1334:
1324:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1240:
1236:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:the original
1199:
1162:
1158:
1147:
1101:
1089:
1080:
1055:
1022:
1003:
994:
990:pathological
983:
974:
963:was made by
945:vaja al asab
944:
925:
908:Benfotiamine
906:
887:
871:
838:
826:paresthesias
803:
793:
784:
777:
759:gene therapy
756:
753:Gene therapy
741:
730:
720:
709:
697:
656:
653:
641:
632:
612:
603:
597:
581:
578:Cannabinoids
569:
556:
534:
521:ketobemidone
510:
504:
476:
464:
452:fibromyalgia
429:
387:
379:
365:
352:chemotherapy
321:
289:
268:
231:
206:
205:
168:; exercise;
151:fibromyalgia
82:Risk factors
5301:hydrocodone
5219:desipramine
5181:lamotrigine
5165:mirogabalin
5089:milnacipran
4960:Neurol. Sci
4571:(1): 1–32.
3714:J Neurosurg
3591:Arthroscopy
3358:(1): 3–13.
2551:(1): 1–49.
2008:: 457–467.
1859:: 483–496.
1663:Neurol Clin
1290:: 113–126.
910:is an oral
902:paresthesia
898:dysesthesia
857:amputations
853:ulcerations
845:pain scores
820:that cause
757:The use of
675:antagonists
619:grey matter
513:levorphanol
467:Lamotrigine
342:infection,
312:skin biopsy
300:skin biopsy
219:dysesthesia
149:processes;
5325:tapentadol
5269:dronabinol
5225:Ziconotide
5197:Mexiletine
5177:lacosamide
5161:pregabalin
5157:gabapentin
5130:tapentadol
5085:duloxetine
3815:Hand (N Y)
2676:Bruera E,
1812:: 96–115.
1139:References
1133:Neuropathy
1066:astrocytes
1009:Pain gates
980:Peripheral
937:Haly Abbas
916:Vitamin B1
890:parenteral
798:See also:
763:transgenes
732:Ziconotide
727:Conotoxins
717:azobenzene
523:, possess
483:duloxetine
460:gabapentin
456:gabapentin
448:Gabapentin
406:gabapentin
402:pregabalin
376:Treatments
272:dermatomes
227:paroxysmal
92:alcoholism
51:psychiatry
5313:methadone
5309:oxycodone
5291:methadone
5256:Bupropion
5191:lidocaine
5112:dosulepin
3776:Hand Clin
3749:Hand Clin
3440:248553626
3380:248858603
3294:1433-7851
3229:Neurology
2842:208276026
2678:Palmer JL
2374:1469-493X
1834:218580755
1605:222300017
1265:115153320
1123:Neuralgia
1058:Microglia
961:neuralgia
847:, higher
780:lidocaine
770:effects.
688:memantine
546:addiction
517:methadone
304:Sudomotor
248:Diagnosis
223:allodynia
197:Frequency
162:Treatment
135:neuralgia
47:Neurology
42:Specialty
5404:Category
5321:tramadol
5305:morphine
5283:ketamine
5273:nabilone
5265:cannabis
5134:tramadol
4988:28736907
4980:16688626
4945:14214986
4937:14624855
4902:19712899
4850:22654713
4801:27811267
4744:31537912
4695:23616562
4646:31920521
4620:: 1370.
4595:19400724
4546:27030713
4497:14996226
4456:30398883
4448:26966748
4417:11618827
4382:18220605
4312:17379153
4281:17065669
4236:22801230
4228:17272797
4190:30938843
4141:35999882
4092:25254997
4057:24876595
3970:27894152
3932:35051958
3880:31917119
3845:23997725
3796:12371026
3734:33450741
3698:38569616
3689:10990758
3649:35007230
3629:Ann Surg
3611:28866346
3573:25240664
3535:22972149
3478:10353501
3432:35524407
3372:35580314
3329:16849624
3257:25663595
3214:16722691
3206:15109517
3152:36904630
3144:12015845
3109:24246117
3101:15993077
3058:: S3–5.
3052:Pain Med
3033:29513392
2984:41120474
2976:26866499
2941:28205574
2891:29905648
2834:31764391
2798:27028915
2757:27727431
2708:14701781
2663:10215686
2632:23986501
2577:26987082
2526:24297457
2477:25864062
2392:30673120
2335:20194146
2280:28597471
2216:17920770
2181:28486769
2132:17255614
2083:30208405
2034:27418853
1983:26809204
1934:22975446
1885:25378940
1826:32437745
1791:27344405
1747:Archived
1721:10386118
1648:14267074
1640:20650402
1597:33040678
1558:32425871
1507:32431663
1456:19675082
1399:17888574
1357:16618472
1316:27217785
1257:30989503
1191:29138590
1128:Neuritis
1107:See also
1098:Cellular
957:needling
953:tingling
949:numbness
941:Avicenna
743:Ambroxol
738:Ambroxol
679:ketamine
677:such as
623:thalamus
584:Cannabis
538:fentanyl
332:diabetes
186:Tramadol
147:pruritic
143:sciatica
127:Diabetic
60:Variable
57:Duration
5299:(e.g.,
5297:Opioids
5281:(e.g.,
5263:(e.g.,
5209:(e.g.,
5189:(e.g.,
5155:(e.g.,
5128:(e.g.,
5102:(e.g.,
5083:(e.g.,
4893:2750819
4841:3263449
4792:5488328
4771:Bibcode
4763:Science
4735:6874831
4686:6619566
4637:6933609
4586:2768555
4537:4956143
4347:8886748
4181:6445324
4132:9390809
4048:4455405
4005:3355053
3923:9124666
3836:3418353
3761:8724572
3526:6540838
3486:8952555
3423:9372322
3337:1159955
3249:9153445
3024:6494210
2932:5371025
2882:6993952
2748:6457928
2623:6353125
2568:6390846
2517:6485508
2468:4727618
2412:. 2013.
2383:6353204
2326:2844007
2271:6452908
2224:9333155
2172:5656281
2123:1782012
2074:6913029
2025:4935027
1974:4835374
1925:3612891
1876:4218900
1683:2566901
1549:7212463
1532:: 273.
1498:7214721
1481:: 342.
1447:6130809
1307:4853004
1182:5677393
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