281:(ICS) and the so-called breakdown of the bead on the wire (BBW) mechanism. For jet-like structures in an AGN it has been shown that, for a wide range of inclination angles of field lines with respect to the rotation axis, ICS is the dominant mechanism efficiently limiting the maximum attainable Lorentz factors of electrons
532:
Although the direct centrifugal acceleration has limitations, as analysis shows the effects of rotation still might play an important role in the processes of acceleration of charged particles. Generally speaking, it is believed that the centrifugal relativistic effects may induce plasma waves, which
86:
in which a bead moves inside a straight rotating pipe. Dynamics of the particle were analyzed both analytically and numerically and it was shown that if the rigid rotation is maintained for a sufficiently long time energy of the bead will asymptotically increase. In particular, Rieger & Mannheim,
259:
is the speed of light. From this behavior it is evident that radial motion will exhibit a nontrivial character. In due course of motion the particle will reach the light cylinder surface (a hypothetical area where the linear velocity of rotation exactly equals the speed of light), leading to the
1238:
462:
as the rotation rate is quite high. Osmanov & Rieger considered the centrifugal acceleration of charged particles in the light cylinder area of the Crab-like pulsars. It has been shown that electrons might achieve the
Lorentz factors
277:), the Lorentz factor of the particle tends to infinity if the rigid rotation is maintained. This means that in reality the energy has to be limited by certain processes. Generally speaking, there are two major mechanisms: The inverse
533:
under certain conditions might be unstable efficiently pumping energy from the background flow. On the second stage energy of wave-modes can be transformed into energy of plasma particles, leading to consequent acceleration.
77:
are characterized by strong magnetic fields that force charged particles to follow the field lines. If the magnetic field is rotating (which is the case for such astrophysical objects), the particles will inevitably undergo
637:
174:
882:
1311:
396:
784:
1375:
453:
336:
515:
691:
1126:
217:
1402:
1435:
1083:
965:
711:
909:
1464:
1112:
1050:
1021:
992:
264:
component of velocity. On the other hand, the total velocity cannot exceed the speed of light, therefore, the radial component must decrease. This means that the
929:
257:
237:
551:
the centrifugally induced electrostatic waves efficiently lose energy transferring it to electrons. It is found that energy gain by electrons is given by
1120:. As it is shown this mechanism is strong enough to guarantee efficient acceleration of particles to ultra-high energies via the Langmuir damping
2283:
559:
58:
1921:
99:
1721:
Rieger, F. M.; Mannheim, K.; Mahajan, Swadesh M. (2006). "Parametric mechanism of the rotation energy pumping by a relativistic plasma".
789:
1247:
536:
In rotating magnetospheres the centrifugal force acts differently in different locations, leading to generation of
Langmuir waves, or
341:
2222:
Rogava, Andria; Dalakishvili, George; Osmanov, Zaza (2003). "Centrifugally Driven
Relativistic Dynamics on Curved Trajectories".
1985:
Osmanov, Zaza (2013). "On the Role of the
Curvature Drift Instability in the Dynamics of Electrons in Active Galactic Nuclei".
1876:
Osmanov, Z.; Mahajan, S.; Machabeli, G.; Chkheidze, N. (2014). "Extremely efficient
Zevatron in rotating AGN magnetospheres".
2278:
540:
via the parametric instability. One can show that this mechanism efficiently works in the magnetospheres of AGN and pulsars.
716:
53:, therefore, they potentially can drive charged particles to high and ultra-high energies. It is a proposed explanation for
1562:
Osmanov, Z.; Rogava, A.; Bodo, G. (2007). "On the efficiency of particle acceleration by rotating magnetospheres in AGN".
1404:
is the Solar mass. As it is evident, for a convenient set of parameters one can achieve enormous energies of the order of
1615:
Osmanov, Z.; Rieger, F. M. (2009). "On particle acceleration and very high energy Îł-ray emission in Crab-like pulsars".
54:
1938:
Gudavadze, Irakli; Osmanov, Zaza; Rogava, Andria (2015). "On the role of rotation in the outflows of the Crab pulsar".
1316:
401:
284:
466:
1525:
Rieger, F. M.; Mannheim, K. (2000). "Particle acceleration by rotating magnetospheres in active galactic nuclei".
521:
659:
70:
42:
1233:{\displaystyle \epsilon _{p}\left(eV\right)\approx 6.4\times 10^{17}\times M_{8}^{-5/2}\times L_{42}^{5/2}}
1052:. In case of millisecond newly born pulsars, the electrons might be accelerated to even higher energies of
1668:
Osmanov, Z.; Mannheim, K. (2008). "Centrifugally driven electrostatic instability in extragalactic jets".
1915:
2032:
Osmanov, Z. (2010). "Is very high energy emission from the BL Lac 1ES 0806+524 centrifugally driven?".
2241:
2200:
2159:
2105:
2051:
2004:
1957:
1895:
1832:
1765:
1687:
1634:
1581:
1544:
1491:
17:
338:. On the other hand, it was shown that the BBW becomes dominant for relatively low luminosity AGN
2257:
2231:
2175:
2149:
2121:
2095:
2067:
2041:
2020:
1994:
1973:
1947:
1885:
1822:
1755:
1722:
1703:
1677:
1650:
1624:
1597:
1571:
1534:
537:
518:
278:
195:
83:
38:
1380:
1407:
1055:
934:
2134:
2080:
1858:
1791:
1507:
265:
79:
1116:
By examining the magnetospheres of AGNs, the acceleration of protons takes place through the
696:
2249:
2208:
2167:
2163:
2113:
2109:
2059:
2012:
1965:
1903:
1848:
1840:
1781:
1773:
1695:
1642:
1638:
1589:
1585:
1548:
1499:
887:
1440:
1117:
1088:
1026:
997:
974:
2245:
2204:
2055:
2008:
1961:
1899:
1836:
1769:
1691:
1495:
2189:"On the reconstruction of a magnetosphere of pulsars nearby the light cylinder surface"
1853:
1810:
1786:
1743:
914:
548:
242:
222:
88:
37:
to relativistic energies might take place in rotating astrophysical objects (see also
2272:
2261:
2213:
2188:
2071:
2024:
1977:
1707:
50:
34:
2179:
2125:
1482:
Machabeli, G. Z.; Rogava, A. D. (1994). "Centrifugal force: A gedanken experiment".
1654:
2171:
2135:"Efficiency of the centrifugally induced curvature drift instability in AGN winds"
2117:
1646:
1601:
2081:"Dynamical feedback of the curvature drift instability on its saturation process"
2063:
1593:
967:
is the
Goldreich-Julian density. One can show that for typical parameters of the
968:
544:
2253:
2016:
1969:
1907:
1809:
Osmanov, Zaza; Mahajan, Swadesh; Machabeli, George; Chkheidze, Nino (2015).
1742:
Mahajan, Swadesh; Machabeli, George; Osmanov, Zaza; Chkheidze, Nino (2013).
1862:
1795:
1503:
632:{\displaystyle \epsilon \approx {\frac {n_{p}F_{reac}\delta r}{n_{_{GJ}}}}}
1511:
2236:
1727:
1576:
1539:
713:
is the increment of the instability (for details see the cited article),
261:
1811:"Millisecond newly born pulsars as efficient accelerators of electrons"
169:{\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {\gamma _{0}}{1-\Omega ^{2}r^{2}/c^{2}}}}
1844:
1777:
1699:
219:
is the initial
Lorentz factor, Ω is the angular velocity of rotation,
459:
74:
46:
1827:
877:{\displaystyle \xi (r)=\left(1-\Omega ^{2}r^{2}/c^{2}\right)^{1/2}}
2154:
2100:
2046:
1999:
1952:
1890:
1760:
1682:
1629:
87:
building on the theory of
Machabeli & Rogava, showed that the
82:
acceleration. The pioneering work by
Machabeli & Rogava was a
1306:{\displaystyle L_{42}\equiv L/10^{42}\mathrm {erg} /\mathrm {s} }
971:-like pulsars, the particles might gain energies of the order of
391:{\displaystyle L<8\times 10^{40}\mathrm {erg} /\mathrm {s} }
57:(UHECRs) and extreme-energy cosmic rays (EECRs) exceeding the
458:
The centrifugal effects are more efficient in millisecond
1744:"Ultra High Energy Electrons Powered by Pulsar Rotation"
779:{\displaystyle F_{reac}\approx 2mc\Omega \xi (r)^{-3}}
2187:
Osmanov, Z.; Dalakishvili, G.; Machabeli, G. (2008).
1443:
1410:
1383:
1319:
1250:
1129:
1091:
1058:
1029:
1000:
977:
937:
917:
890:
792:
719:
699:
662:
562:
547:-like pulsars it has been shown that by means of the
469:
404:
344:
287:
245:
225:
198:
102:
2079:Osmanov, Z.; Shapakidze, D.; Machabeli, G. (2009).
1458:
1429:
1396:
1369:
1305:
1232:
1106:
1077:
1044:
1015:
986:
959:
923:
903:
876:
778:
705:
685:
631:
509:
447:
390:
330:
251:
231:
211:
168:
2193:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1878:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
528:Acceleration to very high and ultra-high energies
1370:{\displaystyle M_{8}\equiv M/(10^{8}M_{\odot })}
448:{\displaystyle \gamma _{BBW}^{max}\sim 10^{7}}
331:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ICS}^{max}\sim 10^{8}}
239:is the radial coordinate of the particle, and
510:{\displaystyle \gamma _{KN}^{max}\sim 10^{7}}
8:
69:It is well known that the magnetospheres of
2235:
2212:
2153:
2099:
2045:
1998:
1987:International Journal of Modern Physics D
1951:
1940:International Journal of Modern Physics D
1889:
1852:
1826:
1785:
1759:
1726:
1681:
1628:
1575:
1538:
1442:
1415:
1409:
1388:
1382:
1358:
1348:
1336:
1324:
1318:
1298:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1267:
1255:
1249:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1169:
1134:
1128:
1090:
1063:
1057:
1028:
999:
976:
946:
942:
936:
916:
895:
889:
864:
860:
849:
840:
834:
824:
791:
767:
724:
718:
698:
675:
661:
616:
612:
586:
576:
569:
561:
501:
482:
474:
468:
439:
420:
409:
403:
383:
378:
367:
361:
343:
322:
303:
292:
286:
244:
224:
203:
197:
157:
148:
142:
132:
115:
109:
101:
1474:
1913:
686:{\displaystyle \delta r\sim c/\Gamma }
1313:is the normalized luminosity of AGN,
18:Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration
7:
553:
93:
1466:, so AGNs become cosmic Zevatrons.
2224:General Relativity and Gravitation
1920:: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (
1299:
1289:
1286:
1283:
821:
751:
700:
680:
384:
374:
371:
368:
129:
25:
27:Cosmic ray acceleration mechanism
2214:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12543.x
41:). It is strongly believed that
2284:Thought experiments in physics
1364:
1341:
911:is the plasma number density,
802:
796:
764:
757:
1:
65:Acceleration to high energies
59:Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit
55:ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
2064:10.1016/j.newast.2009.10.001
1617:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1564:Astronomy & Astrophysics
2172:10.1051/0004-6361:200809710
2118:10.1051/0004-6361/200912113
1647:10.1051/0004-6361/200912101
1377:is its normalized mass and
931:is the electron's mass and
273:
212:{\displaystyle \gamma _{0}}
2300:
2142:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2088:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1594:10.1051/0004-6361:20065817
1527:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1397:{\displaystyle M_{\odot }}
2017:10.1142/S0218271813500818
1970:10.1142/S021827181550042X
1430:{\displaystyle 10^{21}eV}
1078:{\displaystyle 10^{18}eV}
960:{\displaystyle n_{_{GJ}}}
31:Centrifugal acceleration
2254:10.1023/A:1024450105374
2164:2008A&A...490..487O
2110:2009A&A...503...19O
1639:2009A&A...502...15O
1586:2007A&A...470..395O
1549:2000A&A...353..473R
706:{\displaystyle \Gamma }
91:of the bead behaves as
1504:10.1103/PhysRevA.50.98
1460:
1431:
1398:
1371:
1307:
1234:
1108:
1079:
1046:
1017:
988:
961:
925:
905:
878:
780:
707:
687:
633:
511:
449:
392:
332:
253:
233:
213:
170:
43:active galactic nuclei
2279:Astroparticle physics
1908:10.1093/mnras/stu2042
1461:
1432:
1399:
1372:
1308:
1235:
1109:
1080:
1047:
1018:
989:
962:
926:
906:
904:{\displaystyle n_{p}}
879:
781:
708:
688:
634:
512:
450:
393:
333:
254:
234:
214:
171:
2133:Osmanov, Z. (2008).
1459:{\displaystyle ZeVs}
1441:
1408:
1381:
1317:
1248:
1127:
1107:{\displaystyle EeVs}
1089:
1056:
1045:{\displaystyle PeVs}
1027:
1016:{\displaystyle TeVs}
998:
987:{\displaystyle 100s}
975:
935:
915:
888:
790:
717:
697:
660:
560:
467:
402:
342:
285:
243:
223:
196:
100:
2246:2003GReGr..35.1133R
2205:2008MNRAS.383.1007O
2056:2010NewA...15..351O
2009:2013IJMPD..2250081O
1962:2015IJMPD..2450042G
1900:2014MNRAS.445.4155O
1837:2015NatSR...514443O
1770:2013NatSR...3E1262M
1692:2008PhPl...15c2901O
1496:1994PhRvA..50...98M
1229:
1203:
538:plasma oscillations
493:
431:
314:
1932:Further references
1815:Scientific Reports
1748:Scientific Reports
1670:Physics of Plasmas
1456:
1427:
1394:
1367:
1303:
1230:
1207:
1178:
1104:
1075:
1042:
1013:
984:
957:
921:
901:
874:
776:
703:
683:
629:
507:
470:
445:
405:
388:
328:
288:
279:Compton scattering
268:changes its sign.
249:
229:
209:
166:
84:thought experiment
39:Fermi acceleration
1845:10.1038/srep14443
1778:10.1038/srep01262
1700:10.1063/1.2842365
1484:Physical Review A
1118:Langmuir collapse
924:{\displaystyle m}
654:
653:
627:
271:As is seen from (
266:centrifugal force
252:{\displaystyle c}
232:{\displaystyle r}
190:
189:
164:
16:(Redirected from
2291:
2265:
2239:
2237:astro-ph/0303602
2230:(7): 1133–1152.
2218:
2216:
2199:(3): 1007–1014.
2183:
2157:
2139:
2129:
2103:
2085:
2075:
2049:
2028:
2002:
1981:
1955:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1893:
1884:(4): 4155–4160.
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1830:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1763:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:astro-ph/0609383
1718:
1712:
1711:
1685:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1632:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1579:
1577:astro-ph/0609327
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1540:astro-ph/9911082
1522:
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993:
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930:
928:
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389:
387:
382:
377:
366:
365:
337:
335:
334:
329:
327:
326:
313:
302:
260:increase of the
258:
256:
255:
250:
238:
236:
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218:
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215:
210:
208:
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184:
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137:
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120:
119:
110:
94:
21:
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2289:
2288:
2269:
2268:
2221:
2186:
2137:
2132:
2083:
2078:
2031:
1993:(13): 1350081.
1984:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1912:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1720:
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1715:
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1524:
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1519:
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1411:
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1405:
1384:
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1378:
1354:
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1315:
1314:
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1165:
1144:
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1130:
1125:
1124:
1087:
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1054:
1053:
1025:
1024:
996:
995:
973:
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943:
938:
933:
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912:
891:
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885:
845:
830:
820:
813:
809:
808:
788:
787:
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720:
715:
714:
695:
694:
658:
657:
646:
613:
608:
582:
572:
571:
558:
557:
530:
524:up-scattering.
519:inverse Compton
497:
465:
464:
435:
400:
399:
357:
340:
339:
318:
283:
282:
241:
240:
221:
220:
199:
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182:
153:
138:
128:
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111:
98:
97:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2219:
2184:
2148:(2): 487–492.
2130:
2076:
2040:(4): 351–355.
2029:
1982:
1946:(6): 1550042.
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1868:
1801:
1734:
1713:
1660:
1607:
1570:(2): 395–400.
1554:
1517:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
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1190:
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1103:
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1074:
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1066:
1062:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
983:
980:
952:
949:
945:
941:
920:
898:
894:
871:
867:
863:
858:
852:
848:
843:
837:
833:
827:
823:
819:
816:
812:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
773:
770:
766:
762:
759:
756:
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750:
747:
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741:
736:
733:
730:
727:
723:
702:
682:
678:
674:
671:
668:
665:
652:
651:
642:
640:
622:
619:
615:
611:
606:
603:
598:
595:
592:
589:
585:
579:
575:
568:
565:
549:Landau damping
529:
526:
504:
500:
496:
491:
488:
485:
480:
477:
473:
442:
438:
434:
429:
426:
423:
418:
415:
412:
408:
386:
381:
376:
373:
370:
364:
360:
356:
353:
350:
347:
325:
321:
317:
312:
309:
306:
301:
298:
295:
291:
248:
228:
206:
202:
188:
187:
178:
176:
160:
156:
151:
145:
141:
135:
131:
127:
124:
118:
114:
108:
105:
89:Lorentz factor
66:
63:
51:magnetospheres
49:have rotating
35:astroparticles
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2296:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:New Astronomy
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1676:(3): 032901.
1675:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:(1): 98–103.
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1389:
1385:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1294:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
981:
978:
970:
950:
947:
944:
939:
918:
896:
892:
869:
865:
861:
856:
850:
846:
841:
835:
831:
825:
817:
814:
810:
805:
799:
793:
771:
768:
760:
754:
748:
745:
742:
739:
734:
731:
728:
725:
721:
676:
672:
669:
666:
663:
650:
643:
641:
620:
617:
614:
609:
604:
601:
596:
593:
590:
587:
583:
577:
573:
566:
563:
556:
555:
552:
550:
546:
541:
539:
534:
527:
525:
523:
522:Klein–Nishina
520:
502:
498:
494:
489:
486:
483:
478:
475:
471:
461:
456:
440:
436:
432:
427:
424:
421:
416:
413:
410:
406:
398:, leading to
379:
362:
358:
354:
351:
348:
345:
323:
319:
315:
310:
307:
304:
299:
296:
293:
289:
280:
276:
275:
269:
267:
263:
246:
226:
204:
200:
186:
179:
177:
158:
154:
149:
143:
139:
133:
125:
122:
116:
112:
106:
103:
96:
95:
92:
90:
85:
81:
76:
72:
64:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2227:
2223:
2196:
2192:
2145:
2141:
2094:(1): 19–24.
2091:
2087:
2037:
2033:
1990:
1986:
1943:
1939:
1916:cite journal
1881:
1877:
1871:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1716:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1623:(1): 15–20.
1620:
1616:
1610:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1243:
1115:
655:
644:
543:Considering
542:
535:
531:
457:
272:
270:
191:
180:
68:
30:
29:
80:centrifugal
2273:Categories
1828:1507.06415
1470:References
2262:119440652
2155:0803.0395
2101:0711.0295
2072:119192197
2047:0901.1235
2025:119158003
2000:0907.4268
1978:118584645
1953:1411.7241
1891:1404.3176
1821:: 14443.
1761:1303.2093
1708:119330230
1683:0706.0392
1630:0906.1691
1390:⊙
1360:⊙
1331:≡
1262:≡
1205:×
1189:−
1176:×
1163:×
1157:≈
1132:ϵ
822:Ω
818:−
794:ξ
769:−
755:ξ
752:Ω
740:≈
701:Γ
681:Γ
670:∼
664:δ
602:δ
567:≈
564:ϵ
495:∼
472:γ
433:∼
407:γ
355:×
316:∼
290:γ
201:γ
130:Ω
126:−
113:γ
104:γ
2180:17264617
2126:15342835
1863:26403155
1796:23405276
1754:: 1262.
1023:or even
262:poloidal
2242:Bibcode
2201:Bibcode
2160:Bibcode
2106:Bibcode
2052:Bibcode
2005:Bibcode
1958:Bibcode
1896:Bibcode
1854:4585882
1833:Bibcode
1787:3569628
1766:Bibcode
1688:Bibcode
1655:6198364
1635:Bibcode
1582:Bibcode
1545:Bibcode
1533:: 473.
1512:9910872
1492:Bibcode
460:pulsars
75:pulsars
47:pulsars
2260:
2178:
2124:
2070:
2023:
1976:
1861:
1851:
1794:
1784:
1706:
1653:
1602:486325
1600:
1510:
1244:where
656:where
192:where
2258:S2CID
2232:arXiv
2176:S2CID
2150:arXiv
2138:(PDF)
2122:S2CID
2096:arXiv
2084:(PDF)
2068:S2CID
2042:arXiv
2021:S2CID
1995:arXiv
1974:S2CID
1948:arXiv
1886:arXiv
1823:arXiv
1756:arXiv
1723:arXiv
1704:S2CID
1678:arXiv
1651:S2CID
1625:arXiv
1598:S2CID
1572:arXiv
1535:arXiv
1922:link
1859:PMID
1792:PMID
1508:PMID
969:Crab
545:Crab
517:via
349:<
73:and
71:AGNs
45:and
2250:doi
2209:doi
2197:383
2168:doi
2146:490
2114:doi
2092:503
2060:doi
2013:doi
1966:doi
1904:doi
1882:445
1849:PMC
1841:doi
1782:PMC
1774:doi
1696:doi
1643:doi
1621:502
1590:doi
1568:470
1531:353
1500:doi
1437:or
1160:6.4
1085:or
994:of
979:100
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2112:.
2104:.
2090:.
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2066:.
2058:.
2050:.
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2036:.
2019:.
2011:.
2003:.
1991:22
1989:.
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1944:24
1942:.
1918:}}
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1813:.
1790:.
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1750:.
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1702:.
1694:.
1686:.
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1649:.
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1619:.
1596:.
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1566:.
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1529:.
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1498:.
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1997::
1980:.
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1002:T
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893:n
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476:K
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411:B
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324:8
311:x
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300:S
297:C
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