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the trip from the main highway to the village of Chalma could take eight hours or more by foot. Although there is now a paved road to the village, it is very winding through the rugged terrain. On the way, there are lodgings, some in private homes, for traveling pilgrims. Once arrived at the sanctuary, most pilgrims follow a number of traditional activities. One of the main purposes is to dance in the sanctuary complex. Traditional dances from all over Mexico are performed at this sanctuary, with some pilgrims dressed in the traditional clothing of their region. This dancing in honor of the Christ of Chalma is believed to cleanse sins. This ritual is so famous that in Mexico, there is a saying that when one asks for something impossible, they cannot perform the deed "without going to dance at Chalma". For many pilgrims, it is also important to visit a large, centuries-old
452:. The Plaza de los Peregrinos (Plaza of the Pilgrims), was constructed with various levels, stairs, arches, terraces, a place to pray with the purpose of giving pilgrims a place to rest. Cultural and religious activities also take place here. It also features a mural in relief with religious themes. Festival days in the community of Chalma are distinguished by the construction of large panels decorated with colorful flowers and seeds. Local inhabitants make arches from tissue or crepe paper to decorate atriums, squares and streets. Almost all of Chalma's small population makes its living from the pilgrimages, with the street leading to sanctuary completely filled with shops and street vendors, with no vehicular traffic allowed. Most of these vendors sell religious trinkets, plastic bottles for the spring water, and traditional Mexican cuisine.
222:, the small caves in the Chalma area were thought to be holy, and all caves came under Tezcatlipoca, the "Smoking Mirror," the representative of the Mexica night. The aspect of Tezcatlipoca associated with caves was Oxtoteotl (also: Ostocteotl, Ostoteotl, Ostoctheotl) which has been translated as "the Dark Lord of the Cave,“ though there is little agreement on how to translate this term. Francisco de Florencia, in his 1689 chronicle of the place (the earliest written source available on the subject) suggested the name Ostoc Teotl, but also said that his indigenous sources were unsure of the identity of the deity. In one of the caves, it was said to be a large, man-sized, black, cylindrical idol of Oxtoteotl with reputed magical and healing powers. Oxtoteotl was a god of human destiny or of night, sometimes appearing as a
440:. The town is surrounded the dense vegetation, mountains, cliffs, glens, fresh-water springs and Chalma and Tlaxipehualco rivers. A number of these hills and cliffs are dotted with crosses, with some over 7 meters in height. These crosses supposedly scare evil spirits. Each cross belongs to a specific group of worshippers who take the crosses down to the sanctuary every year to paint and adorn them. Then they are taken back up to their place on the mountain side, and the ritual ends with singing and dancing, guarding the cross all night. In addition to the Sanctuary of Chalma, there are two other attractions in the small town. The first is the Agua de Vida (Water of Life) Park, built by the State of Mexico and intended to be a kind of prelude to the sanctuary itself. Next to the park are caves dedicated to
234:, including Brothers Sebastian de Tolentino and Nicolas Perea came to evangelize the Malinalco region of which Chalma is part. From there, the story has a number of versions. Most state that after learning about and perhaps seeing the rites associated with the worship of Oxtoteotl, Tolentino and Perea worked to evangelize here, urging the local people to destroy the idol. Then, three days later, the friars returned to destroy the idol themselves, but instead found a life-sized image of a crucified Christ in the space that the idol, which was found in pieces on the ground, previously occupied. Upon seeing the image, the indigenous people are said to have fallen down in "apostolic piety", which allowed for the conversion of the people of this area.
303:. The image of the Christ of Chalma inside the church contains silver offerings placed in 1534 by silversmith Agustin Villaseñor. However, it is not the original image that was supposedly found in the cave above. That image was destroyed by a fire in the 18th century, and the one that exists today is a recreation using what remained of the original after the fire. The altar is made of wood, painted in plateresque style, with an image of the Christ of Chalma in wood occupying the central space. A relatively recent cult has grown up around the "Santo Niño del Consuelo" (Holy Child of Solace), which is an image probably created by a sculptor named Solache. For feast days such as
374:. These pilgrimages can be planned a month in advance, with the mayordomo leading the organizational effort. Some parishes have tee shirts and special clothing produced for the pilgrimage, and others arrange to have colorfully decorated trucks to follow walking pilgrims for support functions. Before departure, all meet at a certain point in their hometowns. In the past, the pilgrimage from more local areas was done entirely by foot. Sometimes it is still done this way, but more often the trek is combined with motorized transport. Some others still have turned to bicycles as a means of transporting themselves to the site.
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especially for it on the canyon floor below the cave in which it was found, becoming the first sanctuary of Chalma. This sanctuary has been rebuilt and remodeled a number of times, with the most significant rebuildings in 1721 by
Brother Diego Velazquez de la Cadena, and in 1830. The sanctuary's official name is "El Convento Real y Sanctuaria de Nuestro Señor Jesus Christo y San Miguel de los Cuevas de Chalma (The Royal Monastery and Sanctuary of Our Lord Jesus Christ and Saint Michael of the Caves of Chalma) authorized by
51:
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196:, the "Smoking Mirror," then the "black Christ" is really Tezcatlipoca, which the Spanish friars superimposed on the existing representation of Tezcatlipoca in order to convert the natives. Pilgrimages to this Christian sanctuary follow many of the patterns of the prehispanic rituals, including walking the narrow paths to the town itself, bathing in the waters of a special fresh-water spring and dancing at the sanctuary.
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188:. Its small population is almost completely dedicated to the pilgrims who come to visit the Sanctuary of Chalma, the second most-important pilgrimage site in Mexico. The sanctuary is dedicated to an image of what many people describe as a "black Christ" on a cross that legend says miraculously appeared in an area cave where the worship of a deity commonly known as
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which can be up to one week. The most important ritual in the sanctuary is to approach the Christ image in the church, often on knees and kissing the protruded foot. Some leave votive offerings as well. When departing the sacred precinct, some walk backwards to the stucco gate, turning around after exiting.
335:. In fact, since the Christ image appeared ten years after the Virgin of Guadalupe, some consider her to be the "mother" of this particular Christ figure. According to the Secretary of Tourism for Mexico State, more than two million people a year visit Chalma. Most visitors come from the Mexican states of
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Inside the sanctuary itself, first-timers will have a sponsor (called a "padrino") who presents the pilgrim to the image. Those who come bearing sacred images from their hometowns place them near the main altar of the church where mayordomos, or lay religious leaders will guard them for the duration,
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The sanctuary consists of the church, the 17th century ex-monastery, caves and lodgings on the ridges around the town. The lodgings are primarily used during feast days when the area is packed with pilgrims. A stucco gate marks the entrance to the sacred precinct. Here is a concrete plaza in front of
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Such large numbers of visitors in a tiny town has caused problems. One recurring problem is with sanitation, and some poor pilgrims find the trip very expensive as food and lodging prices rise with the demand. This is especially true with fish meals during Lent. The most serious problem occurred in
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On the tree, some pilgrims hang a small bag with newborn baby's umbilical cord to give thanks for the birth and others hang notes and other items reflecting their petitions and prayers. Some women will place their hands in a hole in the tree where water comes out and place the water on their bodies
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The cave in which the Christ image was found became a very popular
Christian pilgrimage site starting from the 16th century. In 1643, a primitive church was constructed in a nearby plain. The Augustinian order administered the cult and chapel for many years, before deciding to construct a monastery
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Whether they use other means to get to the Chalma area, modern pilgrims still follow the same narrow steep paths to the site that their ancestors used to get to the cave of
Oxtoteotl and wearing flowers as they did. If the walk is done at night, pilgrims carry torches and candles. Before the 1970s
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The veneration of the black Christ of Chalma continued to be performed in the cave where it was found until 1683, when the
Augustinian Brothers Bartolome de Jesus Maria and Juan de San Jose founded a monastery at the cave site to attend to the many pilgrims. The image was brought to a church built
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or with the god of war, depending on different oral traditions. Those who made pilgrimage to the deity walked for days in the surrounding mountains, wearing flowers and carrying incense burners. After arriving to the site, they bathed in the nearby river fed by a sacred spring and drank holy water
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Francisco de
Florencia, Descripcion Historica, y Moral del yermo de San Miguel, de las cvevas en el Reyno de la Nueva-Efpaña, y invencion de la milagrofa Imagen de Chrifto nueftro Señor Crucificado, que fe venera en ellas (Cadiz: Imprenta de la Compañia de Iefus, 1689), 5 ; Juan de Grijalva,
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Most pilgrimages to Chalma are communal in nature with different towns and villages in central Mexico having traditional days to visit the site. Most of these pilgrimages are for the blessing of the local patron saint or to commemorate the change of "mayordomo", a kind of lay religious leader in
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At many indigenous shrines in Mexico, the previous sacred images were replaced with
Christian ones, occasionally made of a corn paste called "tatzingueni" using a technique developed by Vasco de Quiroga, and a number of these figures still exist. After the supposed appearance of the Black Christ
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belief. First-time pilgrims must circle the tree three times. Many pilgrims ritually bathe themselves in these waters, and once clean, they are crowned with flowers to be ready to enter the sanctuary. Some people believe that not doing the ritual of the tree and spring will turn one into stone.
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tree, next to which is a spring that emerges from the earth here. These are the same waters that pagan ancestors bathed in before the arrival of
Christianity. For first-time pilgrims this visit is essential. The waters of the spring are claimed to have miraculous properties according to popular
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as a result of the last round of modifications. The inscription on the portal of the church reads "Venid a mi todos los que estáis trabajados y cansados y yo os aliviaré" (Come to me all you who are working and tired and I will give you rest). The church is filled with a number of paintings and
311:, this image receives offerings of toys. Outside the church, on the path to the river is a space dedicated to the display of the folk paintings (called "retablos"), photos, locks of hair and other tributes left in gratitude for miracles granted by the Christ of Chalma.
732:
Francisco de
Florencia, Descripcion Historical, y Moral del yermo de San Miguel, de las cvevas en el Reyno de la Nueva-Efpaña, y invencion de la milagrofa Imagen de Chrifto nueftro Señor Crucificado, que fe venera en ellas(Cadiz: Imprenta de la Compañia de Iefus,
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of the sanctuary church. Most of the dead and injured were trampled. Today, a large number of security forces are present in Chalma during these times to prevent a repeat incident, as well as helicopters and ambulances to give medical attention to pilgrims.
435:
Chalma is a small community of 1701 people (as of the 2005 census), which is part of the municipality of
Malinalco. It lies eleven km east of the municipal seat of Malinalco, 65 km from the state capital of Toluca and 95 km from
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and buildings to house the pilgrims who came to worship. By the end of the
Colonial period, the complex was known as the Royal Convent and Sanctuary of Our Lord Jesus Christ and Saint Michael of the Caves of Chalma.
414:
as these dates are the most closely associated with the death of Christ. In addition, 1 July is the feast day of the Christ of Chalma. On these special days, as many as 50,000 pilgrims may arrive in Chalma.
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sculptures with religious themes, most done in the 18th century, but the three main attractions are the image of the Christ of Chalma image itself, a sculpture of the Archangel Michel and a painting of the
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The church of this sanctuary is one of the most crowded in the country year-round, attracting thousands of pilgrims who come because of the many miracles that have been attributed to the Christ of Chalma.
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figure, the Augustinian friars proclaimed a miracle had occurred in the cave, word of which spread and even included the idea that the area had been freed of predatory animals.
743:
Crónica de la Orden de NPS Agustín en las provincias de la Nueva España: en cuatro edades desde el año de 1533 hasta el de 1592 (Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, 1985).
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A less-popular version of the story states that a muleteer was looking for one of his animals when he found the Black Christ in one of the caves.
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players wait for requests and pilgrims on their knees can be seen. The facade and the interior of the sanctuary church are of
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From near or far, most communal pilgrimages are well-organized, such as the "Procession of Silence" that originates in
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Many Mexican Catholics believe that 3 visits to Chalma are needed for petitions to the Christ here to be heard.
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1991 during Holy Week, when twenty people died and forty were injured when crowds pushed to gain access to the
761:
Esquibel y Vargas, Agustin Francisco. El Fenix de el Amor: Mexico: Imprenta de la Bibliotheca Mexicana, 1764.
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The Sanctuary of Chalma is one of the most-visited pilgrimage site in Mexico, only second behind the
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before entering the cave. There were also signs that worship of this deity included human sacrifice.
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Display area of "retablos" and other gifts left in appreciation of miracles received.
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911:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Ediciones Nueva Guia Sa de CV. 2002. p. 46.
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291:.(1408mexdes) Other notable paintings include scenes from the lives of
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used to take place. Some contend that as Oxtoteotl is an aspect of
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363:; however, it also has received pilgrims from all over the world.
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View of part of sanctuary from just below the Plaza of the Dancers
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825:(in Spanish). Grupo Editorial Impresiones Aéreas. Archived from
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546:(in Spanish). State of Mexico. 15 February 2008. Archived from
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PilgrFile: from the Ganges to Graceland, An Encyclopedia Vol 1
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The La Escondida or Chalma river as it passes by the sanctuary
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is a small community, which is part of the municipality of
544:"Chalma, el santuario más visitado en época de cuaresma"
710:(in Spanish). Turista Estado de México. Archived from
823:"Sanctuario del Señor de Chalma (Estado de Mexico)"
266:in 1783 and was put directly under his protection.
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402:Mass pilgrimages occur during the first Friday of
859:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Es Mas. Archived from
55:Sanctuary of Chalma with cliffs in the background
795:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
367:charge of a community's religious traditions.
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500:Davidson, Linda Kay; David M Gitlitz (2002).
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214:Main altar with image of the Christ of Chalma
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798:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
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601:"El Cristo de Chalma, Estado de México"
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939:Neighborhoods in the State of Mexico
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29:Village in State of Mexico, Mexico
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333:Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe
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857:"Miércoles de ceniza en Chalma"
18:Chalma, Malinalco, Mexico State
200:Appearance of the Christ Image
1:
788:Noguez, Xavier. "Chalma." In
885:(in Spanish). Archived from
257:Nave of the sanctuary church
141:1,700 m (5,600 ft)
319:Pilgrimage to the sanctuary
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297:Saint Nicolas Tolentino
230:In approximately 1537,
132:Malinalco, Mexico State
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80:18.93222°N 99.43583°W
264:Charles III of Spain
909:The State of Mexico
883:"INEGI Census 2005"
289:Virgin of Guadalupe
85:18.93222; -99.43583
76: /
431:The town of Chalma
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151: • Total
513:978-1-57607-004-8
301:Passion of Christ
284:Neoclassic design
278:the church where
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668:"Chalma, Mexico"
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61:Coordinates:
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506:. ABC-CLIO.
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186:Mexico State
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127:Municipality
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450:Holy Spirit
446:God the Son
438:Mexico City
83: /
933:Categories
456:References
355:region in
204:See also:
146:Population
71:99°26′09″W
68:18°55′56″N
944:Malinalco
412:Pentecost
408:Holy Week
341:Michoacán
337:Querétaro
305:Christmas
190:Oxtoteotl
182:Malinalco
160:Time zone
138:Elevation
774:21 March
708:"Chalma"
448:and the
361:Veracruz
353:Huasteca
351:and the
349:Guerrero
309:Epiphany
280:mariachi
220:Conquest
893:29 July
867:29 July
833:29 July
718:29 July
673:29 July
611:29 July
554:29 July
519:27 July
96:Country
43:Village
915:
802:
792:(ed).
510:
421:atrium
372:Toluca
345:Oaxaca
224:jaguar
178:Chalma
108:Mexico
105:
36:Chalma
733:1689)
165:UTC-6
154:1,701
115:State
913:ISBN
895:2009
869:2009
835:2009
800:ISBN
776:2010
720:2009
675:2009
613:2009
556:2009
521:2009
508:ISBN
410:and
404:Lent
359:and
307:and
295:and
169:CST
935::
843:^
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677:.
615:.
558:.
523:.
171:)
167:(
20:)
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