Computer terminal - Knowledge (XXG)

1554: 483: 256: 652: 957: 898: 666: 1773: 79: 1942: 181: 38: 680: 2021: 1485:. Since the raster image is only perceptible to the human eye as a whole for a very short time, the raster must be refreshed many times per second to give the appearance of a persistent display. The electronic demands of refreshing display memory meant that graphic terminals were developed much later than text terminals, and initially cost much more. 1929:, one's display is typically occupied by a collection of windows associated with various applications, rather than a single stream of text associated with a single process. In this case, one may use a terminal emulator application within the windowing environment. This arrangement permits terminal-like interaction with the computer (for running a 599: 467: 1442: 965: 1651:, despite the introduction of ANSI terminals in 1978, were essentially "dumb" terminals, although some of them (such as the later ADM and TVI models) did have a primitive block-send capability. Common early uses of local processing power included features that had little to do with off-loading data processing from the 612:, both in 1964. These were block-mode terminals designed to display a page at a time, using proprietary protocols; in contrast to character-mode devices, they enter data from the keyboard into a display buffer rather than transmitting them immediately. In contrast to later character-mode devices, the Uniscope used 1660:

the mid-1980s most intelligent terminals, costing less than most dumb terminals would have a few years earlier, could provide enough user-friendly local editing of data and send the completed form to the main computer. Providing even more processing possibilities, workstations like the TeleVideo TS-800 could run

1281:— move to the start of the first enterable field. Programmers might "protect" the last screen position to prevent inadvertent wrap. Likewise a protected field following an enterable field might lock the keyboard and sound an audible alarm if the operator attempted to enter more data into the field than allowed. 1671:

was to simplify and reduce the electronics required in a terminal. That also made it practicable to load several "personalities" into a single terminal, so a Qume QVT-102 could emulate many popular terminals of the day, and so be sold into organizations that did not wish to make any software changes.

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to an arbitrary position, clearing portions of the screen, changing colors and displaying special characters, and also responding to function keys. The great problem here is that there are many different terminals and terminal emulators, each with its own set of escape sequences. In order to overcome

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The advance in microprocessors and lower memory costs made it possible for the terminal to handle editing operations such as inserting characters within a field that may have previously required a full screen-full of characters to be re-sent from the computer, possibly over a slow modem line. Around

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but added useful features such as printing to a local printer, buffered serial data transmission and serial handshaking (to accommodate higher serial transfer speeds), and more sophisticated character attributes for the display, as well as the ability to switch emulation modes to mimic competitor's

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files, the stty utility, and the TERM environment variable would be used; in Data General's Business BASIC software, for example, at login-time a sequence of codes were sent to the terminal to try to read the cursor's position or the 25th line's contents using a sequence of different manufacturer's

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console for retaining a record of commands, responses and other console messages. However, in the late 1960s it became common for operating systems to support many more consoles than 3, and operating systems began appearing in which the console was simply any terminal with a privileged user logged

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entry, into the appropriate fields. When entry is complete (or ENTER or PF key pressed on 3270s), a block of data, usually just the data entered by the operator (modified data), is sent to the host in one transmission. The 3270 terminal buffer (at the device) could be updated on a single character

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were available since the 1950s, cathode-ray tubes continued to dominate the market until the personal computer had made serious inroads into the display terminal market. By the time cathode-ray tubes on PCs were replaced by flatscreens after the year 2000, the hardware computer terminal was nearly

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The great majority of terminals were monochrome, manufacturers variously offering green, white or amber and sometimes blue screen phosphors. (Amber was claimed to reduce eye strain). Terminals with modest color capability were also available but not widely used; for example, a color version of the

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under control of the host computer system. The lines are continuously formed, but since the speed of electronics is limited, the number of concurrent lines that can be displayed at one time is limited. Vector-mode displays were historically important but are no longer used. Practically all modern

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does its own processing, usually implying a microprocessor is built in, but not all terminals with microprocessors did any real processing of input: the main computer to which it was attached would have to respond quickly to each keystroke. The term "intelligent" in this context dates from 1969.

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on Windows does not emulate a physical terminal that supports escape sequences so SSH and Telnet programs (for logging in textually to remote computers) for Windows, including the Telnet program bundled with some versions of Windows, often incorporate their own code to process escape sequences.

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Character-oriented terminals can be "dumb" or "smart". Dumb terminals are those that can interpret a limited number of control codes (CR, LF, etc.) but do not have the ability to process special escape sequences that perform functions such as clearing a line, clearing the screen, or controlling

393:) terminals there was a conflicting usage of the term "smart terminal" as a dumb terminal with no user-accessible local computing power but a particularly rich set of control codes for manipulating the display; this conflict was not resolved before hardware serial terminals became obsolete. 310:

were used as early-day hard-copy terminals and predated the use of a computer screen by decades. The computer would typically transmit a line of data which would be printed on paper, and accept a line of data from a keyboard over a serial or other interface. Starting in the mid-1970s with

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control code sequences, and the terminal-generated response would determine a single-digit number (such as 6 for Data General Dasher terminals, 4 for ADM 3A/5/11/12 terminals, 0 or 2 for TTYs with no special features) that would be available to programs to say which set of codes to use.

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The IBM 3270 is perhaps the most familiar implementation of a block-oriented display terminal, but most mainframe computer manufacturers and several other companies produced them. The description below is in terms of the 3270, but similar considerations apply to other types.

408:. Today few if any dedicated computer terminals are being manufactured, as time sharing on large computers has been replaced by personal computers, handheld devices and workstations with graphical user interfaces. User interactions with servers use either software such as 2110:, still use serial consoles. In larger installations, the console ports are attached to multiplexers or network-connected multiport serial servers that let an operator connect a terminal to any of the attached servers. Today, serial consoles are often used for accessing 546:

The DECwriter was the last major printing-terminal product. It faded away after 1980 under pressure from video display units (VDUs), with the last revision (the DECwriter IV of 1982) abandoning the classic teletypewriter form for one more resembling a desktop printer.

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user-input within the terminal—not interrupting the main computer at each keystroke—and send a block of data at a time (for example: when the user has finished a whole field or form). Most terminals in the early 1980s, such as ADM-3A, TVI912, Data General D2, DEC

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the input text until the Enter key is pressed, so the application receives a ready string of text. In this mode, the application need not know much about the terminal. For many interactive applications this is not sufficient. One of the common enhancements is

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Unlike a character-oriented terminal, where typing a character into the last position of the screen usually causes the terminal to scroll down one line, entering data into the last screen position on a block-oriented terminal usually causes the cursor to

2316:), the terminal is buffered and provides a local full-screen data function. The user can enter input into multiple fields in a form on the screen (defined to the terminal by the receiving system), moving the cursor around the screen using keys such as 703:

operating in character mode, both from 1970. Despite this capability, early devices of this type were often called "Glass TTYs". Later, the term "glass TTY" tended to be restrospectively narrowed to devices without full cursor addressibility.

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Early terminals had limited editing capabilities – 3270 terminals, for example, only could check entries as valid numerics. Subsequent "smart" or "intelligent" terminals incorporated microprocessors and supported more local processing.

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system calls. For an application, the simplest way to use a terminal is to simply write and read text strings to and from it sequentially. The output text is scrolled, so that only the last several lines (typically 24) are visible.

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VDUs were eventually displaced from most applications by networked personal computers, at first slowly after 1985 and with increasing speed in the 1990s. However, they had a lasting influence on PCs. The keyboard layout of the

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on the host and less network traffic than character-oriented terminals. They also appear more responsive to the user, especially over slow connections, since editing within a field is done locally rather than depending on

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The great variations in the control codes between makers gave rise to software that identified and grouped terminal types so the system software would correctly display input forms using the appropriate control codes; In

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in 1942–1945. However, these consoles could only be used to enter numeric inputs and were thus analogous to those of calculating machines; programs, commands, and other data were entered via paper tape. Both machines had

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basis, if necessary, because of the existence of a "set buffer address order" (SBA), that usually preceded any data to be written/overwritten within the buffer. A complete buffer could also be read or replaced using the

2164:, especially in servers, also support serial consoles, giving access to the BIOS through a serial port so that the simpler and cheaper serial console infrastructure can be used. Even where BIOS support is lacking, some 694:

The next generation of VDUs went beyond teletype emulation with an addressable cursor that gave them the ability to paint two-dimensional displays on the screen. Very early VDUs with cursor addressibility included the

543:(1970). Respective top speeds of teletypes, IBM 2741 and the LA30 (an early DECwriter) were 10, 15 and 30 characters per second. Although at that time "paper was king" the speed of interaction was relatively limited. 2553:

Based on OED, B.2.d. (terminal), the paraphrase says that a terminal is a device for feeding data into a computer or receiving its output, especially one that can be used by a person for two-way communication with a

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which stores one screen or more of data, and also stores data attributes, not only indicating appearance (color, brightness, blinking, etc.) but also marking the data as being enterable by the terminal operator vs.

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Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity (R&TTE Directive)

1518:, this suffered from being run as a closed standard: non-members were unable to obtain even minimal information and there was no realistic way a small company or independent developer could join the consortium. 523:

reader and punch which could record output such as a program listing. The data on the tape could be re-entered into the computer using the tape reader on the teletype, or printed to paper. Teletypes used the

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key will rather cause the terminal to transmit the contents of the character row where the cursor is currently positioned to the host, host-issued prompts and all. Some block-mode terminals have both an

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line-at-a-time mode): In this mode, the terminal is buffered, provides a local line editing function, and sends an entire input line, after it has been locally edited, when the user presses an, e.g.,

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in the PC, or (in most graphics modes) by the CPU and software. An IBM PC monitor, whether it was the green monochrome display or the 16-color display, was technically much more similar to an analog

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In the simplest form, a text terminal is like a file. Writing to the file displays the text and reading from the file produces what the user enters. In Unix-like operating systems, there are several

1050:. A text editor typically occupies the full area of display, displays one or more text documents, and allows the user to edit the documents. The text editor has, for many uses, been replaced by the 377:

The function of a terminal is typically confined to transcription and input of data; a device with significant local, programmable data-processing capability may be called a "smart terminal" or

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have the equivalent function. Since the monitor cable carries video signals, it cannot be extended very far. Often, installations with many servers therefore use keyboard/video multiplexers (

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Some early operating systems supported either a single keyboard/print or keyboard/display device for controlling the OS. Some also supported a single alternate console, and some supported a

739:. This made them inexpensive and they quickly became extremely popular input-output devices on many types of computer system, often replacing earlier and more expensive printing terminals. 1205:

that communicates with its host one character at a time. A block-oriented terminal may be card-oriented, display-oriented, keyboard-display, keyboard-printer, printer or some combination.

362:. Early Teletypes only printed out with a communications speed of only 75 baud or 10 5-bit characters per second, and by the 1970s speeds of video terminals had improved to 2400 or 9600 1656:

models, that became increasingly important selling features during the 1980s especially, when buyers could mix and match different suppliers' equipment to a greater extent than before.

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information for the transaction in progress on the screen, possibly in a hidden field, rather than depending on a running program to keep track of status. This was the precursor of the

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systems, terminals slowly pushed these older forms of interaction from the industry. Related development were the improvement of terminal technology and the introduction of inexpensive

1608:(and so on) computers there were many visual display suppliers competing against the computer manufacturer for terminals to expand the systems. In fact, the instruction design for the 2094:. This terminal was usually kept in a secured room since it could be used for certain privileged functions such as halting the system or selecting which media to boot from. Large 937:, for they essentially have the same limited functionality as does a mechanical Teletype. This type of dumb terminal is still supported on modern Unix-like systems by setting the 2198:

from the console. Depending on configuration, the operating system may treat a login session from the console as being more trustworthy than a login session from other sources.

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computer became the first computer equipped with a keyboard-printer combination with which to support direct input of data and commands and output of results. That device was a

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is often a text terminal used to operate a computer. Modern computers have a built-in keyboard and display for the console. Some Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and

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could be booted into terminal emulator mode from its ROM. Eventually microprocessor-based personal computers greatly reduced the market demand for conventional terminals.

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against entry, as allowing the entry of only numeric information vs. allowing any characters, etc. In a typical application the host sends the terminal a preformatted

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that communicates in blocks of data. It is the most common type of data terminal, because it is easy to implement and program. Connection to the mainframe computer or

2754: 1627:(1978), the user and programmer could notice significant advantages in VDU technology improvements, yet not all programmers used the features of the new terminals ( 563:(CRT). VDUs in the 1950s were typically designed for displaying graphical data rather than text and were used in, e.g., experimental computers at institutions like 2051:, used a combination of electromechanical switches and a CRT to provide console functions—the CRT displaying memory contents in binary by mirroring the machine's 1168:). To achieve all this, the application must deal not only with plain text strings, but also with control characters and escape sequences, which allow moving the 1156:

applications. Those applications completely control the screen layout; also they respond to key-pressing immediately. This mode is very useful for text editors,

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have combined economical local processing power with central, shared computer facilities to retain some of the advantages of terminals over personal computers:

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and so forth. The terminal sends only the completed form, consisting of all the data entered on the screen, to the receiving system when the user presses an

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Terminals can operate in various modes, relating to when they send input typed by the user on the keyboard to the receiving system (whatever that may be):

1164:. In addition, such programs control the color and brightness of text on the screen, and decorate it with underline, blinking and special characters (e.g. 948:. Smart or intelligent terminals are those that also have the ability to process escape sequences, in particular the VT52, VT100 or ANSI escape sequences. 3538: 2929: 1915: 2408:, as provided by Unix and POSIX-compliant operating systems, does not accommodate block-mode terminals at all, and only rarely requires the terminal 2153:

devices have become available that allow a remote computer to view the video output and send keyboard input via any TCP/IP network and therefore the

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local echo in the terminal, and performs line editing functions at the host end. Most usually, and especially so that the host system can support

643:. This reflects the fact that early character-mode terminals were often deployed to replace teletype machines as a way to reduce operating costs. 584: 1514:, that would allow a single CRT screen to implement multiple windows, each of which was to behave as a distinct terminal. Unfortunately, like 3490: 3471: 3448: 3426: 3407: 3388: 3369: 3350: 3042: 2730: 2613: 2660: 3568: 2799: 2187:(HMC), consisting of a PC and a specialized application, instead of a 3270 or serial link. Other IBM product lines also use an HMC, e.g., 767:

serial ports (25-pin, ready to connect to a modem, yet some manufacturer-specific pin usage extended the standard, e.g. for use with 20-mA

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software that replicates functions of a real-world terminal, sometimes allowing concurrent use of local programs and access to a distant

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in the VT100 and later TeleVideo terminals, for example, with "dumb terminals" allowed programmers to continue to use older software).

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to provide underlining, dim or reverse-video character highlighting, and especially to clear the display and position the cursor.

613: 2948: 2548: 1933:, for example) without the need for a physical terminal device; it can even run multiple terminal emulators on the same device. 143: 2184: 572: 115: 3098: 2974: 2424:, terminals for POSIX-compliant systems are always in character-at-a-time mode. In contrast, IBM 3270 terminals connected to 1911: 1798: 1582: 1225:

containing both static data and fields into which data may be entered. The terminal operator keys data, such as updates in a

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Most terminals today are graphical; that is, they can show images on the screen. The modern term for graphical terminal is "

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Some dumb terminals had been able to respond to a few escape sequences without needing microprocessors: they used multiple

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or anything specific to one company), but early/economy models often supported only capital letters (such as the original

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and broadband internet access, many computers would use a serial access program to communicate with other computers via

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a PC could, however, emulate a terminal, and in that capacity it could be connected to a mainframe or minicomputer. The

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of a PC did not contain any character generation hardware; all video signals and video formatting were generated by the

1601: 1178: 813: 1149:); it also may give access to command history. This is very helpful for various interactive command-line interpreters. 3553: 2195: 1688:

910 to 950 (these models copied ADM3 codes and added several of their own, eventually being copied by Qume and others)

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Some type of cursor that can be positioned (with arrow keys or "home" and other direct cursor address setting codes).

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A terminal emulator is a piece of software that emulates a text terminal. In the past, before the widespread use of

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interface to communicate between the multiplexer and the host, while the 2260 used either a channel connection or

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character-at-a-time mode): In this mode, typed input is unbuffered and sent immediately to the receiving system.

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escape code standard produced uniformity to some extent, but significant differences remained. For example, the

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24 lines (or possibly 25 – sometimes a special status line) of 72 or 80 characters of text (80 was the same as

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to input or display bits and had to be connected to a terminal to print or input text through a keyboard.

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is a type of computer terminal that communicates with its host one character at a time, as opposed to a

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is the text entry and display device for system administration messages, particularly those from the

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Modern graphic terminals allow display of images in color, and of text in varying sizes, colors, and

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model 6052 – which could be upgraded to a 6053 with a lower-case character ROM – and the Heathkit H9)

529: 516: 512: 482: 2463: 2453: 2266:—do emulate physical terminals including support for escape sequences; e.g., xterm can emulate the 1989:. It is a physical device consisting of a keyboard and a printer or screen, and traditionally is a 1174: 2655: 2621: 1588:

or RS-422 or RS-423 or a current loop serial interface. IBM systems typically communicated over a

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for Microsoft Windows. The bandwidth needed depends on the protocol used, the resolution, and the

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simulation of the formatted output. However, text editors are still used for documents containing

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Raymond, J.; Banerji, D.K. (1976). "Using a Microprocessor in an Intelligent Graphics Terminal".

2213: 1994: 1639: 1570: 1181:) have been created, together with terminal description databases, such as Termcap and Terminfo. 1000: 968: 877: 707:

The classic era of the VDU began in the early 1970s and was closely intertwined with the rise of

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and often had a green or amber screen. Typically terminals communicate with the computer via a

559:(VDU) displays information on a screen rather than printing text to paper and typically uses a 136: 3486: 3467: 3444: 3422: 3403: 3384: 3365: 3346: 3038: 2503: 2493: 2207: 2138: 2130: 2115: 2111: 2095: 2079: 2005: 1903: 1895: 1884: 1854: 1109: 1023: 640: 504: 473: 397: 328: 291: 288: 2404:

require different degrees of mode support when terminals are used as computer terminals. The

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QVT-108 terminals all followed the ANSI standard, yet differences might exist in codes from

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IBM System/360 Component Description: - IBM 2260 Display Station - IBM 2848 Display Control

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graphic displays are raster-mode, descended from the picture scanning techniques used for

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and the host. The 2265, related to the 2260, also used asynchronous serial communication.

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Early user terminals connected to computers were, like the Flexowriter, electromechanical

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Pardee, S. (1971). "G101—A Remote Time Share Terminal with Graphic Output Capabilities".

2176:, can be configured for serial console operation either during bootup, or after startup. 991:) is a serial computer interface for text entry and display. Information is presented as 3518: 3460: 808:

in 1978. By the early 1980s, there were dozens of manufacturers of terminals, including

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or, sometimes, a consumer TV, but most larger computers continued to require terminals.

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Retailers can .. reduce costs with .. Epson TM-T88V-DT ... a unique integrated terminal

2271: 2251: 2224: 2217: 2123: 1898:, few genuine hardware terminals are used to interface with computers today. Using the 1850: 1716: 1668: 1652: 1613: 1547: 1198: 1051: 1007: 793: 700: 632: 312: 335:

computer systems, with the computer handling character generation and outputting to a

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that correspond to available text terminals. For other operations, there are special

639:, announced in 1967 and shipped in 1969, was a character-mode device that emulated a 434: 429: 425: 382: 381:. A terminal that depends on the host computer for its processing power is called a " 359: 3119: 897: 3079: 2861: 2364:

keys. In some multiple-mode terminals, that can switch between modes, pressing the

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was originally conceived at Computer Terminal Corporation as the processor for the

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Two early landmarks in the development of the VDU were the Univac Uniscope and the

567:; computers used in academia, government and business, sold under brand names like 409: 374:

by the end of the decade, with higher speeds possible on more expensive terminals.

355: 351: 347: 2702:"The DEC LA36 Dot Matrix Printer Made Business Printing Faster and more efficient" 1043:

environments. In a shell, most of the commands are small applications themselves.

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Some computers have consoles containing only buttons, dials, lights and switches.

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to be in line-at-a-time mode, since the operating system is required to provide

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key will cause an input line to be sent to the host in line-at-a-time mode, the

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clients provide emulation of the most common terminal, the DEC VT100, using the

1772: 1642:; the single factor that classed a terminal as "intelligent" was its ability to 1589: 1574: 1497: 1489: 1213: 1161: 1137: 1116: 1047: 665: 651: 500: 441: 421: 386: 332: 307: 303: 78: 2149:) and possibly video amplifiers to centralize console access. In recent years, 2020: 3212: 2488: 2353: 2333: 2327: 2323: 2146: 1941: 1865: 1729: 1609: 1578: 1478: 1036: 1014:

have virtual consoles to provide several text terminals on a single computer.

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system, either over a direct serial connection or over a network using, e.g.,

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device that can be used for entering data into, and transcribing data from, a

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Programmers of block-oriented terminals often used the technique of storing

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and the local terminal to let the user interact with remote servers. On the

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In the early 1990s, an industry consortium attempted to define a standard,

1492:". A thin client typically uses a protocol like X11 for Unix terminals, or 873:

shipped on IBM PCs from 1985, and through it all later computer keyboards.

492:"golfball" typing element and was faster than the earlier teletype machines 2004:, operator's console or simply console is a hardware component used by an 3198: 3025:

Kaya, E. M. (1985). "New Trends in Graphic Display System Architecture".

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can display images as well as text. Graphical terminals are divided into

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and other telecommunication equipment have RS-232 serial console ports.

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popular Wyse WY50, the WY350, offered 64 shades on each character cell.

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punched cards). Later models sometimes had two character-width settings.

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However, a major problem with the use of a graphic terminal is the cost

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Custom-designs keyboard/printer terminals that came later included the

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for commands from the user and executes each command after a press of

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After 1970 several suppliers gravitated to a set of common standards:

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A typical text terminal produces input and displays output and errors

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cursor position. In this context dumb terminals are sometimes dubbed

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The fundamental type of application running on a text terminal is a

1003:" or "visual display unit" (VDU) or "video display terminal" (VDT). 598: 466: 412:, or terminal emulators, with connections over high-speed networks. 209:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 3149:

Twentieth Century Words; by John Ayto; Oxford Unity Press; page 413

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standard X3.64, or could run as X terminals using software such as

1664:, blurring the distinction between terminal and Personal Computer. 1441: 519:(ASR). Some terminals, such as the ASR Teletype models, included a 346:

Early terminals were inexpensive devices but very slow compared to

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Closeup of an IBM 2741 printing terminal, which used a changeable

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Uniscope 300 General Description - Visual Communications Terminal

366:. Similarly, the speed of remote batch terminals had improved to 3443:. Addison-Wesley professional computing series. Addison-Wesley. 2513: 2161: 1982: 1970: 1741: 1721: 1692: 1648: 1504: 1401: 1262: 1133: 837: 716: 696: 671: 528:

interface that was already used in telegraphy. A less expensive

3137:"intelligent terminal Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia" 2839: 2679: 2425: 2107: 1766: 1515: 1266: 775: 576: 564: 405: 327:, display circuitry and keyboards began to be integrated into 174: 72: 31: 3507: 2000:

Another, older, meaning of system console, computer console,

3002:"The ADM-31. A terminal far too smart to be considered Dumb" 1472:

A vector-mode display directly draws lines on the face of a

1238:

command (unformatted or formatted in the case of the 3270).

277:, a widely emulated computer terminal in the 1960s and 1970s 2416:, where the terminal device driver in the operating system 2231:

was used to communicate with many computers, including the

3232: 3230: 3228: 1596:

using a proprietary protocol, a communications link using

1481:, in which the visual elements are a rectangular array of 1197:

is a type of computer terminal that communicates with its

1119:

that a program can use, most easily via a library such as

3402:. Hewlett-Packard professional books. Prentice Hall PTR. 2931:

IBM 3270 Information Display System Component Description

2549:"What is the etymology of "[computer] terminal"?" 2372:

in block mode does not do the same thing as pressing the

2949:"Already over 80,000 winners out there! (advertisement)" 2720:"Paper was used for everything - letters, proposals ..." 1740:

H19 in ANSI mode, Televideo 970, Data General D460, and

804:

The experimental era of serial VDUs culminated with the

3259: 3257: 2579: 2577: 2008:

to control the hardware, typically some combination of

1918:, which are mostly independent from the hardware used. 198: 3193:"MacTerminal Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia" 1894:

Since the advent and subsequent popularization of the

2763:

Uniscope 100 - Display Terminal - General Description

1853:(without a tuner) than to a terminal. With suitable 503:/teletypewriters (TeleTYpewriter, TTY), such as the 945: 941: 532:(RO) configuration was available for the Teletype. 103:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3459: 2654: 2312:screen-at-a-time mode): In this mode (also called 1667:Another of the motivations for development of the 1152:Even more advanced interactivity is provided with 1046:Another important application type is that of the 995:. When such devices use a video display such as a 3466:. Yourdon Press computing series. Yourdon Press. 2428:systems are always required to be in block mode. 1212:Block-oriented terminals typically incorporate a 2866:has a display screen ... behaves like a teletype 2656:"Is this, finally, the thin client from Oracle?" 1538:, predecessor to the IBM 3250 and IBM 5080, and 1202: 587:and radar/air defence coordination systems like 2614:"What is dumb terminal? definition and meaning" 2326:and performing editing functions locally using 1945:Knoppix system console showing the boot process 511:; early Teletypes were typically configured as 3364:. Business Perspective Series. Maximum Press. 2838:. Systems Reference Library (Fifth ed.). 3341:Bangia, Ramesh (2010). "line mode terminal". 2695: 2693: 1672:Frequently emulated terminal types included: 1604:protocol, but for many DEC, Data General and 8: 2890:key used on buffered text terminals and PCs. 2313: 2035:system consoles, some computers such as the 1864:In the 1990s especially, "thin clients" and 914: 784:Implementation of at least 3 control codes: 3160:"What is 3270 (Information Display System)" 2651:the term "thin client" was coined in 1993) 2642:Thin clients came later than dumb terminals 1801:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 2027:console, with a typewriter and front panel 993:an array of pre-selected formed characters 3236: 3124:Terminal cost is currently about $ 10,000 2909: 2608: 2606: 2031:Prior to the development of alphanumeric 2012:, keyboard/printer and keyboard/display. 1821:Learn how and when to remove this message 1364:Dataspeed 40 (3270 clone manufactured by 796:(Ctrl-G), but usually many more, such as 243:Learn how and when to remove this message 225:Learn how and when to remove this message 163:Learn how and when to remove this message 3510:, an encyclopedia of computer terminals. 2887: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2318: 2302: 2298: 1940: 1841:, these screens were not terminals. The 1032: 597: 302:system. Most early computers only had a 3323: 3299: 3287: 3263: 2663:from the original on December 10, 2022. 2526: 1269:as data to be passed as arguments to a 3311: 3275: 3248: 3164:3270 .. over its predecessor, the 2260 2709:.. debuted the DECwriter LA30 in 1970. 735:chips, or microprocessors such as the 27:Computer input/output device for users 3564:History of human–computer interaction 3400:MPE/iX system administration handbook 3362:Exploring IBM client/server computing 2975:"HP 3000s, IBM CPUs Get On-Line Link" 2533:E.g., displaying, printing, punching. 2389:and local cursor moving keys such as 2309: 2294: 2287: 1704:D1 to D3 and especially D200 and D210 921:is achieved via RS-232 serial links, 476:ASR teleprinter, usable as a terminal 266:, a widely emulated computer terminal 7: 3419:Mastering UNIX serial communications 3343:Dictionary of Information Technology 2585:"Direct keyboard input to computers" 2078:serial link to a terminal such as a 1799:adding citations to reliable sources 1453:conversion board displaying graphics 1265:technique of storing context in the 1241:Block-oriented terminals cause less 723:. These devices used no complicated 711:. Important early products were the 101:adding citations to reliable sources 2352:There is a distinction between the 1201:in blocks of data, as opposed to a 428:had a keyboard in 1941, as did the 370:at the beginning of the decade and 3539:epocalc list of Computer Terminals 3483:A system V guide to UNIX and XENIX 2700:Goldstein, Phil (March 17, 2017). 2591:from the original on July 17, 2017 25: 2811:. 1968. pp. 5-1–5-5. UP-7619 1598:Binary Synchronous Communications 1565:Most terminals were connected to 1145:(assisted with such libraries as 869:terminal strongly influenced the 749:character set (rather than, say, 624:serial communication between the 616:serial communication over an EIA 585:ballistic missile warning systems 47:This article has multiple issues. 3462:UNIX database management systems 2653:Waters, Richard (June 2, 2009). 2183:, IBM large systems have used a 2043:while the very first electronic 1906:, modern operating systems like 1771: 1561:and programmed function keyboard 727:, instead relying on individual 678: 664: 650: 481: 465: 179: 77: 36: 3381:UNIX systems for microcomputers 2773:. 1973. pp. 24–27. UP-7701 2246:The terminal emulators on most 2227:was released, a program called 1751:In the 21st century, the term 1285:Common block-oriented terminals 88:needs additional citations for 55:or discuss these issues on the 3099:IEEE Transactions on Computers 3027:Frontiers in Computer Graphics 2542:similar to a paraphrase of an 2250:systems—such as, for example, 1691:Digital Equipment Corporation 1400:Digital Equipment Corporation 354:for input; with the advent of 1: 2707:Digital Equipment Corporation 2685:1965 ... IBM 2741 ... July 8. 2122:. Also, routers, enterprise 2084:Digital Equipment Corporation 1619:From the introduction of the 1534:Notable examples include the 637:Computer Terminal Corporation 3530: (archived May 23, 2010) 3035:10.1007/978-4-431-68025-3_23 2039:had console typewriters and 1557:IBM 2250 Model 4, including 885:Character-oriented terminals 396:A personal computer can run 3569:Operating system technology 3481:Topham, Douglas W. (1990). 3441:The art of Unix programming 3345:. Laxmi Publications, Ltd. 2755:"5. Functional Description" 2185:Hardware Management Console 2082:or, later, a terminal from 1203:character-oriented terminal 971:text editor running in the 911:character-oriented terminal 205:the claims made and adding 3590: 3524:Video Terminal Information 2842:. January 1969. A27-2700-4 2205: 2194:It is usually possible to 2137:, the computer's attached 1755:can now refer to a retail 890: 3417:Gofton, Peter W. (1991). 3360:Bolthouse, David (1996). 2544:Oxford English Dictionary 2928:IBM Corporation (1972). 2439:Blit (computer terminal) 2422:non-canonical input mode 2406:POSIX terminal interface 1931:command-line interpreter 1923:graphical user interface 1185:Block-oriented terminals 1019:command-line interpreter 389:. In the era of serial ( 3574:Block-oriented terminal 3112:10.1109/T-C.1971.223364 3072:10.1109/C-M.1976.218555 2809:Sperry Rand Corporation 2771:Sperry Rand Corporation 2444:Data terminal equipment 2045:stored-program computer 1191:block-oriented terminal 1102:character special files 1041:interactive programming 915:block-oriented terminal 905:character mode terminal 3458:Rodgers, Ulka (1990). 3379:Burgess, Ross (1988). 2916:3270 .. block oriented 2618:BusinessDictionary.com 2484:Communication endpoint 2028: 1946: 1891:software under Linux. 1636:printed circuit boards 1629:backward compatibility 1581:cable, often using an 1562: 1454: 1250:from the host system. 1166:box-drawing characters 976: 961: 906: 709:time sharing computers 605: 517:Automatic Send-Receive 507:, originally used for 505:Teletype Model 33 435:a row of display lamps 280: 267: 3398:Diercks, Jon (2002). 2499:Terminal capabilities 2053:Williams-Kilburn tube 2023: 1944: 1708:Hazeltine Corporation 1556: 1542:, predecessor to the 1522:Intelligent terminals 1445:A normally text-only 1444: 1356:Burroughs Corporation 999:, they are called a " 967: 959: 927:proprietary protocols 900: 822:Hazeltine Corporation 601: 513:Keyboard Send-Receive 442:Whirlwind Mark I 273: 258: 3029:. pp. 310–320. 2683:. January 23, 2003. 2565:"The Teletype Story" 2479:Virtual console (PC) 2414:canonical input mode 2274:hardware terminals. 2070:, the console was a 1993:, but may also be a 1985:system and from the 1914:derivatives feature 1795:improve this section 1753:Intelligent Terminal 1528:intelligent terminal 1366:Teletype Corporation 1143:command-line editing 939:environment variable 836:, Volker-Craig, and 287:is an electronic or 97:improve this article 3519:The TTY demystified 3514:Text Terminal HOWTO 3485:. Springer-Verlag. 2902:TN3270 Enhancements 2731:"Uniscope brochure" 2464:Text user interface 2454:Micro-Term ERGO-201 2400:Different computer 2214:local area networks 1640:integrated circuits 1571:mainframe computers 1437:Graphical terminals 1195:block mode terminal 878:flat-panel displays 457:Hard-copy terminals 112:"Computer terminal" 3554:Computer terminals 3508:The Terminals Wiki 3000:Lear Siegler Inc. 2955:. January 18, 1982 2900:Kelly, B. (1998). 2886:As opposed to the 2624:on August 13, 2020 2220:or serial device. 2179:Starting with the 2098:, e.g. those from 2029: 1995:graphical terminal 1963:operator's console 1947: 1925:(or GUI) like the 1847:video display card 1563: 1546:, introduced with 1459:graphical terminal 1455: 1136:systems typically 1110:control characters 1001:video display unit 977: 962: 907: 606: 557:video display unit 551:Video display unit 446:Friden Flexowriter 281: 279:(keyboard/printer) 268: 190:possibly contains 18:Character terminal 3492:978-0-387-97021-9 3473:978-0-13-945593-3 3450:978-0-13-142901-7 3428:978-0-89588-708-5 3409:978-0-13-030540-4 3390:978-0-632-02036-2 3371:978-1-885068-04-0 3352:978-93-8029-815-3 3044:978-4-431-68027-7 2504:Terminal emulator 2494:Node (networking) 2402:operating systems 2208:Terminal emulator 2166:operating systems 2116:terminal emulator 2114:, usually with a 1896:personal computer 1885:Microsoft Windows 1837:had single-color 1831: 1830: 1823: 1374:912,920, 925, 950 1073:Programs such as 975:terminal emulator 641:Model 33 Teletype 474:Teletype Model 33 398:terminal emulator 289:electromechanical 285:computer terminal 253: 252: 245: 235: 234: 227: 192:original research 173: 172: 165: 147: 70: 16:(Redirected from 3581: 3496: 3477: 3465: 3454: 3437:Raymond, Eric S. 3432: 3413: 3394: 3375: 3356: 3327: 3326:, p. 88–90. 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3223: 3222: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3199:IBM 3278 Model 2 3189: 3183: 3182: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3006: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2981:. March 24, 1980 2971: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2913: 2897: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2837: 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2806: 2797: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2768: 2759: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2675:"DPD chronology" 2671: 2665: 2664: 2658: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2620:. Archived from 2610: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2581: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2540: 2534: 2531: 2376:key. Whilst the 2311: 2296: 2289: 2286:Character mode ( 2124:network switches 2112:headless systems 2100:Sun Microsystems 2096:midrange systems 2002:hardware console 1955:computer console 1916:virtual consoles 1877:ANSI escape code 1859:Data General/One 1826: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1775: 1767: 1724:W50, W60 and W99 1682:and later models 1474:cathode-ray tube 1449:terminal with a 1409:ADM31 (optional) 1378:Tandem Computers 1307:Remote job entry 1237: 1233: 1115: 1106:escape sequences 1097:work similarly. 1035:. This includes 997:cathode-ray tube 983:, or often just 947: 943: 893:Character device 816:, Data General, 798:escape sequences 682: 668: 654: 561:cathode-ray tube 485: 469: 373: 369: 365: 341:computer monitor 248: 241: 230: 223: 219: 216: 210: 207:inline citations 183: 182: 175: 168: 161: 157: 154: 148: 146: 105: 81: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3578: 3559:User interfaces 3544: 3543: 3528:Wayback Machine 3504: 3499: 3493: 3480: 3474: 3457: 3451: 3435: 3429: 3416: 3410: 3397: 3391: 3378: 3372: 3359: 3353: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3226: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3045: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3009: 3007: 3004: 2999: 2998: 2994: 2984: 2982: 2973: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2934: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2804: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2766: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2612: 2611: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2547: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2434: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2362: 2356: 2347: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2320: 2304: 2300: 2280: 2223:When the first 2210: 2204: 2104:Hewlett-Packard 2055:CRT-based RAM. 2049:Manchester Baby 2018: 1949:One meaning of 1939: 1927:X Window System 1871:Today, most PC 1827: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1792: 1776: 1765: 1524: 1465:terminals, and 1439: 1434: 1430:ICL 7500 series 1419:ITT Corporation 1384:Hewlett-Packard 1287: 1235: 1231: 1187: 1113: 1034: 954: 935:glass Teletypes 919:terminal server 895: 887: 830:Hewlett-Packard 786:Carriage Return 692: 691: 690: 689: 688: 683: 675: 674: 669: 661: 660: 655: 553: 539:(1965) and the 497: 496: 495: 494: 493: 486: 478: 477: 470: 459: 454: 420:The console of 418: 371: 368:4800 bit/s 367: 364:2400 bit/s 363: 278: 249: 238: 237: 236: 231: 220: 214: 211: 196: 184: 180: 169: 158: 152: 149: 106: 104: 94: 82: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3587: 3585: 3577: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3503: 3502:External links 3500: 3498: 3497: 3491: 3478: 3472: 3455: 3449: 3433: 3427: 3414: 3408: 3395: 3389: 3376: 3370: 3357: 3351: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3316: 3304: 3302:, p. 127. 3292: 3280: 3268: 3253: 3251:, p. 324. 3241: 3237:Bolthouse 1996 3224: 3218:Stack Overflow 3204: 3184: 3168: 3151: 3142: 3128: 3106:(8): 878–881. 3088: 3050: 3043: 3017: 2992: 2966: 2940: 2920: 2892: 2879: 2870: 2853: 2822: 2793:"5. Operation" 2784: 2746: 2722: 2713: 2689: 2666: 2644: 2635: 2602: 2573: 2556: 2535: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2350: 2349: 2314:block-oriented 2306: 2291: 2279: 2276: 2272:Tektronix 4010 2252:gnome-terminal 2218:telephone line 2206:Main article: 2203: 2200: 2072:serial console 2017: 2014: 1951:system console 1938: 1937:System console 1935: 1829: 1828: 1779: 1777: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1711: 1705: 1699: 1689: 1683: 1669:microprocessor 1614:Datapoint 2200 1523: 1520: 1507:(type faces). 1438: 1435: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1416: 1410: 1404: 1398: 1389: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1359: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1186: 1183: 1173:this, special 1052:word processor 1008:system console 953: 952:Text terminals 950: 886: 883: 802: 801: 792:(Ctrl-J), and 782: 779: 772: 762: 701:Hazeltine 2000 684: 677: 676: 670: 663: 662: 656: 649: 648: 647: 646: 645: 633:Datapoint 3300 552: 549: 487: 480: 479: 471: 464: 463: 462: 461: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 417: 414: 372:19.6 kbps 360:video displays 313:microcomputers 251: 250: 233: 232: 187: 185: 178: 171: 170: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3586: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3464: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3325: 3320: 3317: 3314:, p. 77. 3313: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3293: 3290:, p. 72. 3289: 3284: 3281: 3278:, p. 73. 3277: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3239:, p. 18. 3238: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3003: 2996: 2993: 2980: 2979:Computerworld 2976: 2970: 2967: 2954: 2953:Computerworld 2950: 2944: 2941: 2933: 2932: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2883: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2841: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2810: 2803: 2802: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2772: 2765: 2764: 2756: 2750: 2747: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2636: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2557: 2550: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2520: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2509:Visual editor 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2469:TV Typewriter 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2371: 2363: 2357: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2307: 2292: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2258:, QTerminal, 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2240:Win32 console 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2118:running on a 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2086:(DEC), e.g., 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:minicomputers 2064: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1991:text terminal 1988: 1987:system logger 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1921:When using a 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 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