102:, the commander of the Belgian forces in the region, learned that Stokes was coming to the Congo to trade weapons. He sent Lieutenant Josué Henry with 70 men ahead to capture him. Henry took advantage of the absence of a large part of Stokes' caravan, who were scattered in the forest searching for food, and arrested him in his tent in December 1894. He was taken to Lothaire in Lindi, who immediately formed a
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In
January 1883 he married in the Cathedral of Zanzibar with Ellen Sherratt, one of the nurses who were sent to him by the mission. She gave birth to their daughter Ellen Louise in March 1884, but died a week later. The following year Stokes married again, to an African woman named Limi, a relative
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In April 1896 the court of Boma acquitted
Lothaire after a short trial, in what is considered a questionable verdict. The appeal was confirmed by the Supreme Court of Congo in Brussels in August 1896, paving the way for the rehabilitation of Lothaire.
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The procedure is said to have had many irregularities, including false statements. There was no penal code, no clerk, the verdict was not read, and Stokes was not given to opportunity to appeal, although as a citizen he was entitled to do so.
86:, trading with all of them. In 1894 he went for the first time with a large expedition to north-eastern Congo, with thousands of carriers and large quantities of guns and ivory. The Arabo-Swahili who he was trading with were at war with the
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of the chief of the
Wanyamwesi, a tribe that supplied many of the bearers in his caravans. This was highly unusual at the time. He also had two African concubines, Nanjala and Zaria, with whom he had two children. He was
106:. Stokes was found guilty of selling guns, gunpowder and detonators to the Belgians' Afro-Arab enemies (Kilonga Longa, Said Abedi and Kibonge). He was sentenced to death and was hanged the next day (hoisted on a tree).
136:. The Free State paid compensation to the British (150,000 francs) and Germans (100,000 francs) and made it impossible by decree martial or death sentences against Europeans. Stokes's body was returned to his family.
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Raymond
Moloney, "Charles Stokes (1852-1895): An Irishman in 19th Century Africa", in: Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review, vol. 87, 1998, no. 346, pp. 128–134
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Robert
Asketill 'Buganda History Part 39: The hanging of Charles Henry Stokes' in: The London Evening Post accessed on April 3, 2017
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The Stokes Affair mobilized
British public opinion against the Congo Free State. It also damaged the reputation of King
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as a benevolent despot, which he had cultivated with so much effort. The case helped encourage the foundation of the
27:(Congo), 1895) was an Irish missionary turned trader who lived much of his life in Africa and was the centre of the
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305:"Buganda History Part 39: The hanging of Charles Henry Stokes | The London Evening Post FE"
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before his father died when
Charles was twenty. When this happened, he went with his mother to
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Raymond
Moloney (1998). "Charles Stokes (1852-1895): An Irishman in 19th Century Africa".
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Stokes was on good terms with the Arabo-Swahili and the
British, and since 1890 with the
55:. He decided to seek new horizons and trained as a lay evangelist with the Society in
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Nicholas Harman, Bwana
Stokesi and his African Conquests, Jonathan Cape, London, 1986
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KING LEOPOLD'S GHOST : a story of greed, terror, and heroism in colonial africa
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In August 1895, the press began to report in detail on this case, including in the
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Church and became a trader around central Africa, selling goods such as ivory.
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Papers relating to The Execution of Mr Stokes in the Congo State
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Papers relating to The Execution of Mr Stokes in the Congo State
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Papers relating to The Execution of Mr Stokes in the Congo State
285:(346). Irish Province of the Society of Jesus: 128–134.
43:Charles was born in Dublin and went to school in
334:"1895: Charles Stokes, in the heart of darkness"
170:1895: Charles Stokes, in the heart of darkness
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90:at the time and desperately needed weapons.
51:, where he found work as a clerk for the
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98:Through intercepted letters, Captain
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410:Civilians who were court-martialed
405:Executed people from County Dublin
279:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review
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385:Anglican missionaries in Tanzania
365:Businesspeople from Dublin (city)
31:between the United Kingdom and
231:(August 1896), pages 9 and 127
155:by the Belgian state in 1908.
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400:Irish people executed abroad
311:. 2011-12-06. Archived from
59:. In May 1878 he arrived in
380:Irish Anglican missionaries
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395:People executed by Belgium
390:People executed by hanging
242:HOCHSCHILD, ADAM. (2020).
53:Church Missionary Society
309:Thelondoneveningpost.com
149:Congo Reform Association
94:Arrest, trial, execution
153:annexation of the Congo
216:(August 1896), page 23
104:drumhead court-martial
100:Hubert-Joseph Lothaire
201:(August 1896), page 4
145:Leopold II of Belgium
17:Charles Henry Stokes
23:, 1852 – near the
338:ExecutedToday.com
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45:Enniskillen
25:Lindi River
359:Categories
344:2017-04-04
319:2017-04-04
264:1105149367
175:References
77:Protestant
114:Aftermath
49:Liverpool
291:30091886
151:and the
61:Zanzibar
84:Germans
75:by the
65:Buganda
57:Reading
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21:Dublin
287:JSTOR
260:OCLC
250:ISBN
134:Boma
39:Life
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