33:
327:
develop an interest in a subspecialty field without undertaking full training. Many in the field of obstetrics and gynaecology had to be convinced of the merits of these recommendations. To that end
Whitfield, along with members of the working party, embarked on a tour of the country to convince the doubters. Their success in this venture led to the formation of the RCOG Subspecialty Committee 1984 which, to this day, advises on the development of subspecialisation in the four fields of gynaecological oncology, reproductive medicine, maternal and fetal medicine, and urogynaecology.
299:
medicine but was still regarded with scepticism in some quarters. Whitfield had more success in gaining acceptance for obstetric ultrasound than Donald himself, who was sometimes viewed as an obsessive eccentric. As he recalled, "an honorary attachment with
Professor Donald in Glasgow in 1964 had convinced me that obstetric ultrasound did have a future, but later in that year in America I was told it was just a dream of a mad, red-headed Scotsman, so I should forget it! I was told confidentially, nothing, no good will come of it, but of course that was wrong".
245:"The fetus was, of course, the subject that was really exercising most of us, and of our two patients, it is the one that, generally speaking, is at most danger. And this was at a time when astronauts were beginning to go up in the sky and ... they were able to stick transducers on the astronauts so nobody ever had to ask them what they were doing, or how they were feeling, and they didn't even need to take pictures of them. In the meantime, here was the fetus and all we could do was listen to its heartbeat and try to feel its outline".
263:, a condition that affected 15% of all admissions to Belfast's Royal Maternity Hospital at one time. Assessing the severity of cases through the analysis of amniotic fluid, he developed his Action Line method 1968 to determine the timing of necessary intervention either by premature induced delivery or by fetal transfusion. The Action Line method resulted in striking reductions in both fetal mortality and prematurity in Rhesus-affected pregnancies.
323:) in 1969, was a member of the Gynaecological Visiting Society (GVS) and a member of RCOG Council 1985–1991. He gave the William Blair-Bell memorial lecture entitled "Obstetric Sprue" in 1969. Whitfield embarked on two travelling assignments on behalf of the college: the Bernhard Baron Travelling Fellowship to the United States in 1974, and the Sims Black Travelling Professorship to Thailand and Bangladesh in 1985.
326:
He served on numerous
College committees, boards and working parties. Principal among these was his role as chairman of the Working Party on Subspecialisation, which published its report in 1982. The working party recommended a less formal approach to subspecialisation whereby generalists could
298:
The use of ultrasound in medicine was pioneered by Donald, first at
Glasgow Royal Maternity Hospital and subsequently at Glasgow's new maternity hospital, the Queen Mother's Hospital (QMH), which opened in 1964. Developments in ultrasound complemented Whitfield's own research interests in fetal
241:
This was a period of change in his field, when obstetricians "gradually changed their motto from that of
Masterly Inactivity to that of Active Intervention". Whitfield later reflected on this period, comparing the plight of the fetus, the "second patient", to that of the early astronauts:
302:
By the end of the 1980s, 87% of pregnant women in
Scotland would undergo at least one ultrasound scan during the course of their pregnancy, a task increasingly undertaken by midwives (as opposed to doctors or radiologists), an innovation first introduced at QMH.
1030:
144:. His primary interest was in fetal medicine, a branch of obstetrics and gynaecology that focuses on the assessment of the development, growth and health of the baby in the womb. He was also an early proponent of
195:
Whitfield began his career with resident appointments in the
Belfast Teaching Hospitals 1951–1953. He then served in the RAMC 1953–1964 as junior and senior specialist in obstetrics and was posted to
215:
Whitfield returned to
Northern Ireland as senior lecturer in midwifery and gynaecology, Queen's University Belfast, and honorary consultant, Belfast Teaching Hospitals 1964–1968. He was made
179:
1942–1945, where he represented the school at Rugby
Football, Cricket and Shooting 1944–1945 and was secretary of the Debating Society 1944–1945. He subsequently took a degree in medicine at
280:
411:
1010:
292:
1015:
167:
Charlie
Whitfield was born in 1927 to Charles and Aileen Whitfield in Secunderabad, India, where his father, himself an obstetrician and gynaecologist, was serving in the
320:
316:
312:
1005:
1035:
1020:
219:
in 1965. He later became consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, Belfast Teaching Hospitals 1968–1974 and honorary reader, Queen's University Belfast 1971–1974.
230:
pioneer from Glasgow, whom he would later succeed. Whitfield was then awarded the United States Public Health Service Research Fellowship under Edward H. Hon at
1000:
990:
970:
1025:
862:
Merril JA (March 1987). "(Sub)Specialization in obstetrics and gynecology: Results of a survey by The American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology".
276:
447:
Commissioned Officers in the Medical Services of the British Army, 1660-1960: Vol II Roll of officers in the Royal Army Medical Corps, 1898-1960s
948:
651:
485:
235:
204:
238:, California 1964–1965. He returned to Belfast where he was the first to practice Hon's electronic fetal heart rate monitoring methods.
923:
995:
646:. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine Series. Vol. 22. Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL.
638:
975:
180:
106:
32:
145:
137:
272:
200:
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141:
362:
339:
Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Postgraduates, 4th and 5th editions 1986 and 1995.
284:
156:
985:
980:
845:
Whitfield CR, RCOG Working Party on Further Specialisation within Obstetrics and Gynaecology (1982).
745:"A three-year assessment of an Action Line method of timing intervention in rhesus isoimmunization"
253:
827:
684:
667:
Whitfield CR (December 1968). "Prediction in rhesus iso-immunisation by the Action Line method".
412:"Obituary: C R Whitfield, professor of midwifery known for his pioneering work in fetal medicine"
227:
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944:
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879:
819:
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846:
871:
848:
Report of the RCOG Working Party on Further Specialisation within Obstetrics and Gynaecology
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445:
176:
172:
152:
134:
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291:
1976, succeeding Ian Donald with whom he had first worked 12 years previously. He was made
249:
231:
744:
480:. Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine Series. Vol. 5. Wellcome Trust.
815:
720:
703:
680:
614:
589:
565:
548:
519:
502:
964:
875:
831:
791:(PhD Thesis). Centre for the History of Medicine, University of Glasgow. p. 336.
760:
474:
64:
688:
207:
1960–1963. He left the army in 1964 having reached the rank of lieutenant colonel.
60:
788:
Secrets of success: the development of obstetric ultrasound in Scotland, 1963-1990
426:
259:
Whitfield concentrated on research into the management of pregnancies affected by
148:
within the fields of obstetrics and gynaecology, a practice that is common today.
203:, Aldershot 1957–1959, BMH (British Military Hospital) Colchester 1959–1960, and
605:
295:
in 1977 and retired Emeritus Regius Professor of Midwifery (Glasgow) in 1992.
260:
223:
196:
184:
574:
883:
823:
768:
729:
528:
786:
623:
82:
37:
Charles Whitfield in his office at the Queen Mother's Hospital in Glasgow
503:"Foetal heart rate monitoring – present lessons and future developments"
86:
271:
After a short spell as Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the
941:
Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Postgraduates
916:
Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology for Postgraduates
222:
In 1964 he was granted an honorary attachment to the department of
476:
Looking at the unborn: historical aspects of obstetric ultrasound
1031:
Fellows of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
898:
187:
in 1950. In 1953 he married Marion Douglas McKinney in Belfast.
311:
Throughout his career, Whitfield played an active role in the
287:
and Honorary Consultant at the Queen Mother's Hospital and
256:
and ultrasound became the parents of real fetal medicine".
133:
FRCOG, FRCP(G) (21 October 1927 – 13 September 2018) was a
307:
Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG)
542:
540:
538:
211:
Belfast, electronic fetal monitoring and rhesus disease
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
234:, New Haven, Connecticut, and Stanley T. Lee at the
780:
778:
450:. Wellcome Historical Medical Library. p. 536.
279:1974–1976, Whitfield took up his final position as
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112:
102:
94:
71:
42:
23:
473:
357:
355:
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313:Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
864:American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
749:American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology
804:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
669:British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology
16:Northern Irish obstetrician and gynaecologist
8:
549:"Two hundred years of midwifery 1806 – 2006"
637:Zallen DT, Christie DA, Tansey EM (2004).
31:
20:
1016:Academics of the University of Manchester
719:
613:
564:
518:
802:Whitfield CR (1970). "Obstetric sprue".
640:The rhesus factor and disease prevention
159:from 1976 until his retirement in 1992.
1011:Academics of Queen's University Belfast
943:(5 ed.). John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
918:(4 ed.). John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
444:Peterkin A, Johnston W, Drew R (1960).
389:"Campbell College Register 1894 – 1954"
349:
277:University Hospital of South Manchester
197:David Bruce Royal Naval Hospital Mtarfa
1036:Military doctors from Northern Ireland
1021:Academics of the University of Glasgow
704:"The Rhesus story in Northern Ireland"
431:Medical Officers of the Malta Garrison
410:Miller, Alistair (13 December 2018).
248:He concluded, "it was now that fetal
7:
1006:Alumni of Queen's University Belfast
336:Medical Disorders in Pregnancy 1977.
236:Loma Linda University Medical Centre
1001:People educated at Campbell College
991:20th-century British Army personnel
971:Obstetricians from Northern Ireland
142:maternal-fetal (perinatal) medicine
816:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1970.tb03573.x
681:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1968.tb02922.x
14:
1026:Royal Army Medical Corps officers
425:Bonnici, Walter (October 2017).
472:Tansey EM, Christie DA (2000).
275:and Honorary Consultant at the
900:Medical Disorders in Pregnancy
743:Whitfield CR (December 1970).
138:obstetrician and gynaecologist
116:Obstetrician and gynaecologist
1:
594:Journal of Clinical Pathology
281:Regius Professor of Midwifery
876:10.1016/0002-9378(87)90048-2
761:10.1016/0002-9378(70)90099-2
315:(RCOG). He became a Member (
590:"Rhesus haemolytic disease"
427:"Whitfield Charles Richard"
367:University of Glasgow Story
1052:
939:Whitfield CR, ed. (1995).
914:Whitfield CR, ed. (1986).
903:. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
897:Whitfield CR, ed. (1977).
606:10.1136/jcp.29.Suppl_10.54
181:Queen's University Belfast
107:Queen's University Belfast
261:Rhesus haemolytic disease
131:Charles Richard Whitfield
47:Charles Richard Whitfield
30:
996:People from Secunderabad
273:University of Manchester
201:Louise Margaret Hospital
177:Campbell College Belfast
169:Royal Army Medical Corps
163:Early life and education
369:. University of Glasgow
976:British gynaecologists
708:Ulster Medical Journal
702:O'Sullivan JF (1983).
553:Ulster Medical Journal
547:O'Sullivan JF (2006).
507:Ulster Medical Journal
267:Glasgow and ultrasound
588:Whitfield CR (1976).
501:Whitfield CR (1966).
319:) in 1959, a Fellow (
285:University of Glasgow
157:University of Glasgow
140:who was a pioneer of
785:Nicholson D (2003).
391:. Lennon Wylie. 1954
171:(RAMC). He attended
155:of Midwifery at the
363:"Charles Whitfield"
254:electrocardiography
199:, Malta 1954–1957,
183:where he graduated
228:medical ultrasound
950:978-0-6320-3099-6
653:978-0-85484-099-1
487:978-1-8412-9011-9
289:Western Infirmary
250:phonocardiography
173:Cabin Hill School
146:subspecialisation
128:
127:
121:Years active
75:13 September 2018
25:Charlie Whitfield
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57:21 October 1927
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925:978-0632013692
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870:(3): 550–557.
854:
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810:(7): 577–586.
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559:(3): 213–222.
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79:(aged 90)
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513:(1): 75–82.
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393:. Retrieved
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373:25 September
371:. Retrieved
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77:(2018-09-13)
61:Secunderabad
18:
986:2018 deaths
981:1927 births
851:. RCOG/M12.
331:Editorships
95:Nationality
965:Categories
395:11 January
344:References
224:Ian Donald
185:MB BCh BAO
53:1927-10-21
832:221486205
600:: 54–62.
103:Education
689:73322820
575:16964815
83:Bearsden
884:3826198
824:5433476
769:4991662
730:6442478
721:2385939
615:1347154
566:1891762
529:5950949
520:2384945
293:FRCS(G)
283:at the
151:He was
98:British
87:Glasgow
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226:, the
191:Career
828:S2CID
685:S2CID
644:(PDF)
321:FRCOG
317:MRCOG
945:ISBN
920:ISBN
880:PMID
820:PMID
765:PMID
726:PMID
648:ISBN
620:PMID
571:PMID
525:PMID
482:ISBN
397:2019
375:2018
252:and
175:and
89:, UK
72:Died
43:Born
872:doi
868:156
812:doi
757:doi
753:108
716:PMC
677:doi
610:PMC
602:doi
561:PMC
515:PMC
967::
878:.
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808:77
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217:MD
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