258:
51:
31:
545:
of lettuce that are bitter are still available to gardeners. Romaine lettuce is the most commonly used variety, perhaps because it still preserves a slight bitter taste. In addition, the Talmud remarks that
Romaine lettuce is not initially bitter, but becomes so later on, which is symbolic of the
648:
Horseradish likely began to be used because leafy vegetables like lettuce did not grow in the northern climates
Ashkenazi Jews had migrated to, and because some sources allow the use of any bitter substance (if so, the five species in the mishnah would only be illustrative examples).
149:
are the verse quoted above (Exodus 12:8) in which it is mentioned in reference to the offering, and in
Numbers 9:11 where "They are to eat the lamb, together with the unleavened bread and bitter herbs". This is in contradistinction to the obligation to consume
980:(=parsnip; carrot), only it is slighter and more bitter, though its properties are the same. It is eaten, cooked or raw, with great advantage to the stomach, for it dries up all its humours, however deep these may lie."
645:). This identification has long been recognized as problematic, as horseradish does not grow natively in Israel and was not available to Jews in the Mishnaic period.
245:וימררו) their lives with hard labor, with mortar and with bricks and with all manner of labor in the field; any labor that they made them do was with hard labor" (
156:
on the first night of
Passover, which remains a biblical commandment even in the absence of the Paschal Lamb, because there are other biblical verses that mention
569:
under the name חזרת הגל or חזרת גלין. However, its absence from the approved list in the
Mishnah and Talmud indicate that it is not halakhically suitable.
1114:
1593:
1069:
972:
very great pains are taken over kitchen-gardens; hence the Greek proverb: 'Syrians have plenty of vegetables.' They sow a vegetable called by some
808:
98:
546:
experience of the Jews in Egypt. The "later" bitterness of lettuce refers to fact that lettuce plants become bitter after they "
1353:
1062:
932:
875:
514:
is undoubtedly domestic lettuce. The word is cognate to other Near-Eastern terms for lettuce: the Talmud identifies
1598:
1476:
1124:
1419:
1055:
723:
1588:
1583:
1239:
990:
1553:
1244:
703:
626:
547:
229:, the traditional text which is recited at the Seder and which defines the Seder's form and customs, the
1471:
1388:
1213:
652:
Many Jews use horseradish condiment (a mixture of cooked horseradish, beetroot and sugar), though the
431:) and the amount of time in which it should be consumed. To fulfil the obligation, the flavour of the
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1134:
332:
261:
102:
54:
1026:. It is variously identified as a vine growing around palms, a type of thistle, or a type of acacia.
1259:
135:
257:
1481:
1234:
706:, referring both to this species specifically, and to any species suitable for use at the Seder.
613:
660:
be used as is, that is raw, and not cooked or mixed with salt, vinegar, sugar, lemon, or beets.
1249:
1019:
856:
820:
694:
680:
587:. The term is cognate to other near-eastern terms for endives, such as Aramaic עלת and Arabic
491:
481:
1119:
1012:
The
Identification of the Mishna Plants According to Rabbi Nathan's Commentary of the Mishna
891:
618:
554:
128:
114:
1466:
1393:
1035:
961:
879:
538:
534:
500:
344:
204:
164:
119:
71:
43:
1558:
1522:
1368:
1208:
1185:
1104:
1086:
969:
653:
542:
246:
94:
86:
581:, which is a plural to refer to both wild and cultivated types of plants in the genus
550:" (flower), a process which occurs naturally when days lengthen or temperatures rise.
1577:
1548:
1358:
1312:
1254:
234:
435:
must be unadulterated by cooking or preservatives, such as being soaked in vinegar.
1501:
1398:
1348:
1322:
1218:
940:, Third edition, New York 1858, s.v. γιγγίδιον ("gingidium"), "a kind of chervil."
914:(Book II–167), is a kind of chervil, and can apply to any of the following genera:
1363:
1486:
1434:
1343:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1302:
1109:
1040:
Talmud Bavli – explained, punctuated and translated", Pesachim, volume A, p. 276
953:
911:
692:
The identity of this species was preserved among the Jews of Yemen as the plant
642:
496:
35:
1424:
1297:
1198:
1099:
941:
495:, sowthistle). The most common vegetables currently used as bitter herbs are
1532:
1496:
845:
699:
673:
583:
533:
Modern varieties of lettuce are only slightly bitter or not at all, such as
476:
387:
134:
Ever since the
Paschal offering ceased to exist with the destruction of the
872:
386:— a brown, pebbly mixture which symbolizes the mortar with which the
1023:
824:
127:
is included within the commandment to consume the meat of the sacrificial
1527:
1439:
1429:
1273:
1176:
1094:
1078:
796:
770:
382:
373:
313:
226:
50:
30:
17:
1517:
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562:
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452:
444:
423:
413:
403:
190:
90:
1414:
1282:
1203:
841:
765:
460:
447:
specifies five types of bitter herbs eaten on the night of
Passover:
361:
320:
281:
152:
198:
193:
612:, which has been positively identified via the illustration in the
945:
428:
273:
256:
238:
186:
49:
29:
82:
1051:
142:
on the first night of
Passover has been rabbinical in nature.
604:
160:
as a standalone obligation (Exodus 12:18, Deuteronomy 16:8)
1047:
930:. Of these, the most commonly grown chervil in Israel is
541:. However, in the past domestic lettuce was bitter, and
991:
What’s the Truth about ... Using
Horseradish for Maror?
266:
185:, "bitter"), and so may be related to the English word
372:
During the Seder, each participant recites a specific
46:, and horseradish root, which should be freshly grated
1541:
1510:
1459:
1452:
1407:
1381:
1336:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1227:
1184:
1175:
1133:
1085:
960:, or something similar). This view is accepted by
241:underscores that symbolism: "And they embittered (
265:
264:. Categories (with imaged examples in brackets):
365:. There are various customs about the kinds of
1014:, Ramat-Gan 2007, p. 48 (Hebrew); Zohar Amar,
407:(Jewish law) prescribes the minimum amount of
1063:
335:and there is a rabbinical requirement to eat
8:
577:The second species listed in the Mishnah is
390:bound bricks for the Egyptians. The excess
212:
207:
180:
174:
168:
1456:
1287:
1278:
1181:
1130:
1070:
1056:
1048:
938:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
702:native to Israel. The word "maror" is an
380:and eats it. It is first dipped into the
817:Flora and Fauna in Maimonides' Teachings
233:symbolizes the bitterness of slavery in
145:The only two biblical references to the
93:"with bitter herbs they shall eat it." (
1016:Flora and Fauna in Maimonides' Teaching
724:"Seder Preparations - Jewish Tradition"
715:
599:The Talmud Yershalmi identified Hebrew
809:Rabbi Nathan, President of the Academy
837:
835:
833:
427:, literally meaning the volume of an
351:) is used for the requirement called
123:, the biblical obligation to consume
7:
857:Why Lettuce Bolts and How to Stop It
745:
743:
194:
138:in 70 CE, the obligation to consume
807:, s.v. חזרת; Mishnah Commentary of
411:that should be eaten to fulfil the
348:
208:
181:
175:
75:
331:is one of the foods placed on the
38:mixed with cooked beets (known as
27:Bitter herbs eaten during Passover
25:
1594:Jewish ceremonial food and drink
672:is somewhat disputed. It may be
968:(Book XX, ch. XVI), wrote: "In
952:as rather meaning a species of
237:. The following verse from the
97:12:8). The Maror is one of the
1018:s, Kfar Darom 2015, pp. 88–89
1:
933:Chaetosciadium trichospermum
199:
1523:Challah from Shmurah Matzah
936:. Cf. William Smith (ed.),
394:is then shaken off and the
213:
169:
1615:
1477:Eve of Passover on Shabbat
1125:White House Passover Seder
819:, Kefar Darom 2015, p. 77
633:, identified the Mishna's
605:
522:, similar to the Akkadian
163:The word derives from the
799:'s Commentary on Mishnah
369:placed at each location.
285:(roasted hard-boiled egg)
1420:Flourless chocolate cake
795:Thus explained in Rabbi
113:In some listings of the
910:), which, according to
359:is eaten together with
1245:Maxwell House Haggadah
627:Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller
325:
62:
47:
1472:Fast of the Firstborn
260:
53:
33:
1240:Birds' Head Haggadah
333:Passover Seder Plate
262:Passover Seder plate
103:Passover Seder plate
91:biblical commandment
89:in keeping with the
55:Passover Seder plate
1260:Washington Haggadah
989:Ari Z. Zivotofsky,
616:as the wild carrot
136:Temple in Jerusalem
61:on the lowest plate
1482:Passover sacrifice
1235:Amsterdam Haggadah
1158:Maror and Chazeret
1115:"Outstretched Arm"
976:that is very like
878:2016-03-17 at the
614:Vienna Dioscurides
543:heirloom varieties
326:
63:
48:
1599:Positive Mitzvoth
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1448:
1447:
1377:
1376:
1268:
1267:
1250:Sarajevo Haggadah
1171:
1170:
1001:Orach Chaim 473:5
815:1:2; Zohar Amar,
695:Sonchus oleraceus
681:Eryngium creticum
555:prickly lettuce (
492:Sonchus oleraceus
482:Eryngium creticum
225:According to the
81:) are the bitter
16:(Redirected from
1606:
1457:
1288:
1279:
1182:
1131:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1008:
1002:
999:
993:
987:
981:
958:Daucus gingidium
898:2:5 ) calls the
892:Jerusalem Talmud
888:
882:
865:
859:
854:
848:
839:
828:
793:
787:
781:
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762:
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747:
738:
737:
735:
734:
720:
698:, a relative of
668:The identity of
619:Daucus gingidium
608:
607:
565:as suitable for
557:Lactuca serriola
350:
269:
253:Use at the Seder
216:
211:
210:
202:
197:
196:
184:
183:
178:
177:
172:
129:Paschal offering
115:613 commandments
77:
21:
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1467:Bedikat Chametz
1444:
1403:
1373:
1332:
1264:
1223:
1214:L'Shana Haba'ah
1167:
1129:
1081:
1076:
1046:
1045:
1036:Adin Steinsaltz
1034:
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1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
988:
984:
966:Natural History
962:Pliny the Elder
889:
885:
880:Wayback Machine
869:Mareos Hamishna
866:
862:
855:
851:
840:
831:
811:, s.v. Mishnah
794:
790:
782:
778:
763:
759:
750:Minchat Chinuch
748:
741:
732:
730:
722:
721:
717:
712:
690:
666:
631:Tosafot Yom-Tov
597:
575:
539:romaine lettuce
535:iceberg lettuce
526:and the Arabic
509:
501:romaine lettuce
441:
355:, in which the
317:
310:
298:
286:
278:
270:
255:
223:
203:, cognate with
120:Minchat Chinuch
111:
109:Biblical source
44:romaine lettuce
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1589:Passover seder
1586:
1584:Passover foods
1576:
1575:
1569:
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1565:
1564:
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1559:Prayer for dew
1556:
1554:Torah readings
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1209:Echad Mi Yodea
1206:
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1105:Ha Lachma Anya
1102:
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1074:
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924:Chaetosciadium
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867:Yehuda Felix,
860:
849:
829:
788:
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739:
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708:
689:
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656:requires that
654:Shulchan Aruch
596:
593:
574:
571:
508:
505:
440:
439:Types of maror
437:
339:at the Seder.
254:
251:
222:
219:
117:, such as the
110:
107:
101:placed on the
99:symbolic foods
87:Passover Seder
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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1549:Song of Songs
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1359:Yehuda Matzos
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1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
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1313:Matzo lasagna
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1228:Illustrations
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1010:El'ad Kapah,
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916:Chaerophyllum
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637:with Yiddish
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563:Tosefta Pisha
561:is listed in
560:
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297:(horseradish)
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85:eaten at the
84:
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56:
52:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1511:Laws/customs
1502:Pesach Sheni
1399:Potato kugel
1382:Main courses
1354:René Neymann
1349:Manischewitz
1323:Matzah pizza
1219:Vehi Sheamda
1039:
1031:
1015:
1011:
1006:
997:
985:
977:
973:
965:
964:who, in his
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949:
937:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
907:
903:
902:by the name
899:
895:
886:
868:
863:
852:
846:Pesachim 39a
816:
812:
804:
800:
791:
783:
779:
769:
764:
760:
753:
749:
731:. Retrieved
727:
718:
693:
691:
679:
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669:
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657:
651:
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66:
65:
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58:
39:
1487:Chol HaMoed
1460:Observances
1435:Marunchinos
1328:Matzoquiles
1318:Matzah meal
1308:Matzah brei
1303:Matzah ball
1120:Ten Plagues
1110:Ma Nishtana
978:staphylinus
954:wild carrot
948:, explains
912:Dioscorides
805:Sefer Arukh
754:u'v'mitzvah
728:yahadut.org
704:autohyponym
643:horseradish
603:with Greek
497:horseradish
277:(shankbone)
243:ve-yimareru
36:horseradish
1578:Categories
1425:Hadji bada
1415:Egg kichel
1298:Chremslach
1199:Chad Gadya
1100:The Exodus
942:Ibn Baytar
920:Anthriscus
733:2024-03-30
710:References
475:(possibly
398:is eaten.
388:Israelites
1533:Gebrochts
1497:Isru Chag
1453:Religious
1364:Rakusen's
1337:Companies
1024:783455868
974:gingidion
950:Gingidium
944:, citing
908:Gingidium
825:783455868
700:dandelion
670:harhavina
664:Harhavina
629:, in his
610:gingídion
606:γιγγίδιον
584:Cichorium
473:ḥarḥavina
376:over the
324:(parsley)
221:Symbolism
189:(through
1528:Kitniyot
1440:Meringue
1430:Macaroon
1408:Desserts
1344:Streit's
1177:Haggadah
1148:Charoset
1095:Afikoman
1079:Passover
876:Archived
797:Hai Gaon
771:Pesachim
553:Wild or
516:hazzeret
512:Hazzeret
507:Hazzeret
489:(likely
457:ʿuleshīn
449:ḥazzeret
392:charoset
383:charoset
374:blessing
341:Chazeret
314:Charoset
307:Chazeret
295:Chazeret
227:Haggadah
18:Chazeret
1542:Prayers
1518:Chametz
1492:Mimouna
1389:Brisket
1194:Adir Hu
1143:Beitzah
928:Scandix
904:גנגידין
896:Pesahim
813:Kila'im
784:Pesahim
675:melilot
635:temakha
579:`ulshin
573:`Ulshin
485:), and
477:melilot
469:temakha
465:chicory
453:lettuce
445:Mishnah
424:kezayit
419:kazayis
414:mitzvah
404:halakha
309:(onion)
249:1:14).
191:Aramaic
34:Grated
1291:Dishes
1283:Matzah
1204:Dayenu
1163:Zeroah
1153:Karpas
1022:
956:(e.g.
873:Source
842:Talmud
823:
803:1:2 ;
801:Uktzin
766:Mishna
639:chreyn
625:Rabbi
601:tamcha
595:Tamcha
589:`alath
461:endive
353:Korech
345:Hebrew
321:Karpas
282:Beitza
247:Exodus
205:Arabic
165:Hebrew
95:Exodus
76:מָרוֹר
72:Hebrew
40:chrein
1274:Foods
1186:Songs
1135:Plate
1087:Seder
970:Syria
946:Galen
752:6:14
688:Maror
658:maror
567:maror
524:hassu
520:hassa
487:maror
479:, or
433:maror
429:olive
409:maror
396:maror
378:maror
367:maror
362:matzo
357:maror
337:maror
329:Maror
302:Maror
290:Maror
274:Zeroa
239:Torah
235:Egypt
231:maror
200:mriro
195:ܡܪܝܪܐ
187:myrrh
182:מָרָה
167:word
158:matzo
153:matzo
147:maror
140:maror
125:maror
83:herbs
79:mārôr
67:Maror
59:maror
1394:Lamb
1369:Osem
1020:OCLC
926:and
900:תמכה
890:The
821:OCLC
548:bolt
537:and
528:hash
499:and
443:The
401:The
349:חזרת
267:edit
214:murr
786:2:6
774:2:6
678:or
518:as
467:),
455:),
421:or
417:(a
318:6.
311:5.
299:4.
287:3.
279:2.
271:1.
217:).
209:مرّ
179:or
176:מַר
170:mar
131:.
42:),
1580::
1038:,
922:,
918:,
871:.
844:,
832:^
742:^
726:.
684:.
622:.
591:.
530:.
503:.
471:,
347::
105:.
74::
57:,
1071:e
1064:t
1057:v
906:(
894:(
827:.
736:.
641:(
559:)
463:/
459:(
451:(
343:(
305:/
293:/
173:(
70:(
20:)
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