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Pheromones are of two main kinds: primer pheromones, which generate a long-duration change in the insect that receives them, or releaser pheromones, which cause an immediate change in behaviour. Primers include the queen pheromones essential to maintain the caste structure of social
Hymenopteran
216:
While some chemicals are targeted at individuals of the same species, others are used for communication across species. The use of scents is especially well-developed in social insects. Cuticular hydrocarbons are nonstructural materials produced and secreted to the
158:, arguing that their societies were principally organised by "complex systems of chemical signals". By 1990, Mahmoud Ali and David Morgan noted that the field had grown too large to review comprehensively.
65:
individuals of both sexes, deterring other individuals from approaching, announcing a new food source, marking a trail, recognizing nest-mates, marking territory and triggering aggression.
1309:
474:. Pest insects such as fruit moths are attracted by sex pheromones, allowing farmers to evaluate pest levels, and if need be to provide sufficient pheromone to disrupt mating.
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72:. The mimic produces allomones or pheromones to influence the behaviour of another insect, the dupe, to the mimic's advantage. The process is important in
27:. Pest insects are attracted by sex pheromones, allowing farmers to evaluate pest levels, and if need be to provide sufficient pheromone to disrupt mating.
462:, where a mimic such as a butterfly larva is enabled to live within a colony of ants, that would otherwise kill it, by producing antlike semiochemicals.
46:, using chemicals. These chemicals may be volatile, to be detected at a distance by other insects' sense of smell, or non-volatile, to be detected on an
190:
is the physiological response of a sense organ to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell.
16:
616:
430:. The mimic produces allomones or pheromones to influence the behaviour of another insect, the dupe, to the mimic's advantage. The type of
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colonies; they tend to be non-volatile and are dispersed by workers across the colony. In some ants and wasps, the queen pheromones are
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1205:
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442:, in which different well-defended insects resemble each other, in this case chemically, to minimise losses to predators;
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1010:"Chemical mimicry and host specificity in the butterfly Maculinea rebeli, a social parasite of Myrmica ant colonies"
503:"Chemical communication in insect communities: a guide to insect pheromones with special emphasis on social insects"
1335:
193:
Semiochemicals are often derived from plant metabolites. They can be grouped by which individuals they act upon:
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Makes insects aggregate by contact, such as by slowing their movements or speeding up their turning rate
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Makes insects disperse, such as by speeding up their movements or slowing down their turning rate
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including ants, termites, bees, and social wasps produce pheromones from several types of
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259:(white stripe at tip of abdomen) releasing pheromone to entice swarm into an empty hive
230:
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438:, in which the mimic gains protection by resembling a harmful insect; it can also be
174:, and touch for communication, a wide range of insects have evolved chemical signals,
1324:
187:
175:
61:
Among the many functions of chemical communication are attracting mates, aggregating
994:
942:
905:
Eberhard, William G. (1977-12-16). "Aggressive
Chemical Mimicry by a Bolas Spider".
864:
528:
1234:
1134:
542:
167:
151:
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84:
In 1960, Dethier, Brown, and Smith categorised chemical signals into six groups.
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459:
417:
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351:
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222:
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553:(3688). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 1064–1071.
88:
Chemical signals by the behaviour they induce (Dethier, Brown, and Smith 1960)
856:
470:
Human uses of pheromones include their application instead of insecticides in
454:
chemically (and visually) resembles a pollinator such as a bee or wasp, which
986:
197:
183:
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51:
20:
1025:
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446:, enabling a predatory mimic to approach its prey; or reproductive, as in
426:
Chemical communication within a species can be usurped by other species in
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where species that do not look like ants are accepted into the ant colony.
68:
Chemical communication within a species can be usurped by other species in
806:
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712:
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with the flower, transferring pollen in the process. It occurs, too, in
252:
226:
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696:"The critical role of primer pheromones in maintaining insect sociality"
1266:
1069:
471:
431:
355:
55:
43:
24:
816:
451:
39:
978:
878:
Dettner, K.; Liepert, C. (1994). "Chemical
Mimicry and Camouflage".
545:(3 September 1965). "Chemical Communication in the Social Insects".
502:
1154:
1053:
388:
246:
15:
1014:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London B: Biological Sciences
318:
Temporarily in sub-social insects; permanently in social insects
206:
benefit their producer by the effect they have upon the receiver.
1073:
790:"On the Use of Adaptive Resemblance Terms in Chemical Ecology"
788:
von Beeren, Christoph; Pohl, Sebastian; Witte, Volker (2012).
50:
by other insects' sense of taste. Many of these chemicals are
1008:
Akino, T.; Knapp, J. J.; Thomas, J. A.; Elmes, G. W. (1999).
737:"Genetic basis of chemical communication in eusocial insects"
634:"Genetic basis of chemical communication in eusocial insects"
209:
Kairomones benefit their receiver instead of their producer.
229:. They are important, too, as pheromones, especially in
200:
serve communication between insects of the same species.
835:(1998). "Plant defence signals and Batesian mimicry".
326:
Reduce intraspecific competition for a scarce resource
1310:
Category:Individual apes involved in language studies
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
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958:"Cheaters and liars: chemical mimicry at its finest"
383:
Possibly assist in recognition of colony or species
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404:. These include mandibular glands in the head, and
154:published a paper on chemical communication in the
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
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347:Mark a line on a surface as a path to be followed
393:Pheromonal glands (UPPER CASE) in social insects
380:Dead ants stimulate their removal from the nest.
212:Synomones benefit the producer and the receiver.
1085:
689:
687:
8:
501:Ali, Mahmoud Fadl; Morgan, E. David (1990).
408:, tergal, and other glands in the abdomen.
136:Encourages feeding, mating, or oviposition
133:Feeding, mating, or ovipositional stimulant
1092:
1078:
1070:
1050:"Using Pheromones Instead of Insecticides"
305:Stimulate feeding or oviposition at a site
1033:
815:
805:
764:
754:
735:Yan, Hua; Liebig, Jürgen (1 April 2021).
711:
667:
632:Yan, Hua; Liebig, Jürgen (1 April 2021).
956:Vereecken, N. J.; McNeil, J. N. (2010).
270:
166:In addition to the use of means such as
128:Makes insects move away from the source
86:
601:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2005).
482:
23:can be used instead of insecticides in
120:Makes insects move towards the source
604:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
7:
358:(termites); a few Lepidoptera (e.g.
892:10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.001021
648:Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
521:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1990.tb01425.x
178:. Types of semiochemicals include
14:
694:Hefetz, Abraham (28 March 2019).
32:Chemical communication in insects
700:Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C
144:Inhibits feeding or oviposition
794:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
291:Bring sexes together for mating
1:
927:10.1126/science.198.4322.1173
567:10.1126/science.149.3688.1064
966:Canadian Journal of Zoology
880:Annual Review of Entomology
339:Mostly in colonial insects
1352:
1165:Human–animal communication
415:
367:Territorial and home range
315:Bring individuals together
240:
150:In 1965, the entomologist
1185:Self-anointing in animals
1160:FOXP2 and human evolution
370:Mark a territory or range
42:of the same or different
1150:Evolutionary linguistics
607:(3rd ed.). Oxford:
466:Human uses of pheromones
857:10.1023/a:1006581415114
742:Genes & Development
639:Genes & Development
1305:Category:Talking birds
1026:10.1098/rspb.1999.0796
756:10.1101/gad.346965.120
660:10.1101/gad.346965.120
394:
336:Signal attack or alarm
266:cuticular hydrocarbons
260:
28:
1180:Seismic communication
1130:Anecdotal cognitivism
833:Bernays, Elizabeth A.
713:10.1515/znc-2018-0224
416:Further information:
392:
250:
19:
1331:Animal communication
1140:Deception in animals
1101:Animal communication
837:Evolutionary Ecology
652:The Genetics Society
609:Blackwell Publishing
323:Dispersal or spacing
272:Releaser pheromones
101:Locomotory stimulant
96:Resulting behaviour
1020:(1427): 1419–1426.
919:1977Sci...198.1173E
913:(4322): 1173–1175.
849:1998EvEco..12..667A
807:10.1155/2012/635761
559:1965Sci...149.1064W
377:Surface and funeral
360:processionary moths
273:
89:
80:History of research
1262:Great ape language
1211:Whale vocalization
1175:Origin of language
508:Biological Reviews
448:Pouyannian mimicry
395:
271:
261:
87:
58:outside the body.
29:
1336:Insect physiology
1318:
1317:
706:(9–10): 221–231.
618:978-1-4051-1113-3
543:Wilson, Edward O.
456:tries to copulate
387:
386:
243:Insect pheromones
221:surface to fight
148:
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36:social signalling
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1125:Animal cognition
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749:(7–8): 470–482.
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428:chemical mimicry
422:Chemical mimicry
398:Eusocial insects
354:(e.g. ants) and
294:Well-studied in
274:
172:generating light
152:Edward O. Wilson
90:
70:chemical mimicry
48:insect's cuticle
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1206:Aquatic animals
1199:Animal-specific
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1190:Talking animals
1120:Animal language
1115:Animal training
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257:Nasonov's gland
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973:(7): 725–752.
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886:(1): 129–154.
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843:(6): 667–679.
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515:(3): 227–247.
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402:exocrine gland
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241:Main article:
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231:social insects
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188:Chemoreception
176:semiochemicals
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162:Semiochemicals
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156:social insects
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1235:Talking birds
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168:making sounds
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1135:Bioacoustics
1057:. Retrieved
1044:
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83:
67:
60:
31:
30:
1170:Mating call
654:: 470–482.
460:ant mimicry
418:Ant mimicry
352:Hymenoptera
312:Aggregation
296:Lepidoptera
223:desiccation
74:ant mimicry
63:conspecific
1325:Categories
1223:Bumblebees
817:2123/11217
478:References
450:, when an
444:aggressive
350:Mainly in
302:Invitation
251:A fanning
237:Pheromones
198:Pheromones
184:kairomones
180:pheromones
117:Attractant
52:pheromones
21:Pheromones
1252:Elephants
987:0008-4301
440:Müllerian
227:pathogens
204:Allomones
141:Deterrent
125:Repellent
109:Arrestant
1145:Ethology
1108:Concepts
995:82791533
943:35215325
935:17818935
865:24632371
775:33861721
722:30920959
678:33861721
575:17737837
529:86609942
472:orchards
436:Batesian
406:Dufour's
356:Isoptera
280:Function
255:exposes
253:honeybee
93:Category
56:hormones
38:between
25:orchards
1293:Related
1279:Lizards
1274:Insects
1267:Yerkish
1059:29 June
1035:1690087
915:Bibcode
907:Science
845:Bibcode
800:: 1–7.
766:8015721
669:8015721
646:(7–8).
555:Bibcode
547:Science
434:can be
432:mimicry
412:Mimicry
219:cuticle
44:species
40:insects
1284:Wolves
1032:
993:
985:
941:
933:
863:
773:
763:
720:
676:
666:
650:&
615:
573:
527:
452:orchid
283:Notes
1257:Frogs
1230:Birds
1155:FOXP2
1054:CSIRO
991:S2CID
961:(PDF)
939:S2CID
861:S2CID
525:S2CID
344:Trail
333:Alarm
1300:Roar
1247:Dogs
1242:Cats
1218:Bees
1061:2022
983:ISSN
931:PMID
798:2012
771:PMID
718:PMID
674:PMID
613:ISBN
571:PMID
420:and
277:Type
225:and
182:and
1030:PMC
1022:doi
1018:266
975:doi
923:doi
911:198
888:doi
853:doi
812:hdl
802:doi
761:PMC
751:doi
708:doi
664:PMC
656:doi
563:doi
551:149
517:doi
288:Sex
34:is
1327::
1052:.
1028:.
1016:.
1012:.
989:.
981:.
971:88
969:.
963:.
937:.
929:.
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909:.
884:39
882:.
859:.
851:.
841:12
839:.
810:.
796:.
792:.
769:.
759:.
747:35
745:.
739:.
716:.
704:74
702:.
698:.
686:^
672:.
662:.
644:35
642:.
636:.
611:.
583:^
569:.
561:.
549:.
523:.
513:65
511:.
505:.
485:^
362:)
268:.
233:.
186:.
170:,
1093:e
1086:t
1079:v
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1038:.
1024::
997:.
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925::
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894:.
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