Chełmno extermination camp

808: 903:) in lorries... The people were told that they had to take a bath, that their clothes had to be disinfected and that they could hand in any valuable items beforehand to be registered. When they had undressed they were sent to the cellar of the castle and then along a passageway onto the ramp and from there into the gas-van. In the castle, there were signs marked "to the baths". The gas vans were large vans, about 4–5 m long, 2.2 m wide and 2 m high. The interior walls were lined with sheet metal. A wooden grille was set into the floor. The floor of the van had an opening which could be connected to the exhaust by means of a removable metal pipe. When the lorries were full of people, the double doors at the back were closed and the exhaust connected to the interior of the van. — 702: 573: 952: 732:) in Berlin which, by June 1942, produced twenty of them in accordance with the SS purchase order. The sealed compartments (also called superstructures) installed on the chassis had floor openings – about 60 mm (2.4 in) in diameter – with metal pipes welded below, into which the engine exhaust was directed. Victims generally suffocated to death, with their "bodies thrown out blue, wet with sweat and urine, the legs covered with excrement and menstrual blood". Drivers of gas vans also heard victims screaming and knocking on the walls. 1394: 62: 1033: 7678: 1236: 49: 1117: 7690: 7666: 887:, where they were locked overnight in a mill, without food or water. The next morning, they were loaded onto lorries and taken to Chełmno. At "the palace", they were stripped of possessions, transferred to vans, and murdered with exhaust fumes on the way to burial pits in the forest. The daily average for the camp was about six to nine van-loads of the dead. The drivers used 69: 2057: 1084:

numbers which could be easily controlled at their destination. The victims were "processed" immediately upon arrival at the manor-house. Beginning in late July 1942, the victims were brought to the camp directly from Powiercie after the regular railway line linking Koło with Dąbie was restored; and the bridge over the Rgilewka River had been repaired.

984:. The victims were led to a large empty room and ordered to undress; their clothing stacked for disinfection. They were told that all hidden banknotes would be destroyed during steaming and needed to be taken out and handed over for safe-keeping. Occasionally they were met by a German officer dressed as a local squire with a 1177:

evidence that some red powder and a fluid were delivered from Germany by Maks Sado freight company, in order to murder the victims more quickly. Another major change involved parking the gas vans while prisoners were murdered. They were no longer driven en route to the forest cremation area with living victims inside.

1100:, a special unit of 50 to 60 men deployed at the forest burial camp. They removed corpses from the gas-vans and placed them in mass graves. The large trenches were quickly filled, but the smell of decomposing bodies began to permeate the surrounding countryside including nearby villages. In the spring of 1942, the 1418:. Determining the identities of the few survivors of Chełmno had presented ambiguity because records use different versions of their names. One survivor may not have been recorded in the early postwar years because he did not testify at trials of camp personnel. Five escaped during the winter of 1942, including 1259:

First, the victims were taken to the desecrated church in Chełmno where they spent the night if necessary, and left their bundles behind on the way to the reception area. They were driven to the forest, where the camp authorities had constructed two fenced-out barracks for undressing before "shower",

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During the summer of 1942, the new commandant Bothmann made substantial changes to the camp's murder techniques. The change was prompted by two incidents in March and April of that year. First, the gas-van broke down on the highway while full of living victims. Many passers-by heard their loud cries.

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In late February 1942, the secretary of the local Polish council in Chełmno, Stanisław Kaszyński (b. 1903), was arrested for trying to bring public attention to what was being perpetrated at the camp. He was interrogated and executed three days later on February 28, 1942, near a church along with his

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in March 1942 and deposited their testimonies with Rabbi Moshe Chaim Lau. Widawski spoke with Rabbi Lau as well as some members of the prewar Communal Council before he left the ghetto, robbing them of their peace of mind with earth-shattering facts about the extermination process. Widawski saw the

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executed about half of the 80-man detachment after most of the work was done. The gas vans were sent back to Berlin. The remaining Jewish workers were executed just before the German retreat from the Chełmno killing center on January 18, 1945, as the Soviet army approached (it reached the camp

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van exploded while the driver was revving its engine at the loading ramp; the gassing compartment was full of living Jews. The explosion blew off the locked back door, and badly burned the victims inside. Drivers were replaced. Bothmann's modifications included adding poison to gasoline. There is

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ordered burning of the bodies in the forest. The bodies were cremated on open air grids constructed of concrete slabs and rail tracks; pipes were used for air ducts, and long ash pans were built below the grid. Later, the Jewish Sonderkommando had to exhume the mass graves and burn the previously

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in Powiercie. Therefore, they were marched to a disused mill at Zawadki some two kilometres distance where they spent the night. The mill building continued to be used after the railway repairs, if transports arrived late. The following morning the Jews were transported from Zawadki by truck, in

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renewed gassing operations at Chełmno in order to complete the annihilation of the remaining 70,000 Jewish prisoners of the ghetto in Łódź, the last ghetto in occupied Poland to produce war supplies for the Germans. The Special Detachment "Bothmann" returned to the forest and resumed murdering

620:, was expected to be carried out soon. Greiser's plan was based on the German government's decision of October 1941 to deport German Jews to the Łódź Ghetto. Greiser and the SS decided to create space for the incoming Jews by annihilating the existing Polish-Jewish population in his district. 735:

The SS had first used pure carbon monoxide from steel cylinders to murder mental patients in extermination hospitals of Action T4, and therefore had considerable knowledge of its efficacy. For all practical purposes, the extermination by mobile gas vans proved equally efficient following

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and police staff and guards were housed in other buildings in the town. The Germans had a high wooden fence built around the manor house and the grounds. The clearing in the forest camp, which contained large mass graves, was likewise fenced off. The camp consisted of separate zones: an

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is a British publisher, writer and Holocaust historian specialising in Nazi death camps. He is the author of a series of video essays about the German killing factories in Chelmno, Belzec, Treblinka, Sobibor, Majdanek and Auschwitz. In March 2007, Heath accompanied Holocaust denier

443:. As the Nazis themselves exclusively referred to the camp as "Kulmhof", the name "Chełmno extermination camp" is not historically accurate, with its use perhaps deriving from the Main Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland shortly after the war. 1264:

and police guarded the victims as they took off their clothes and gave up valuables before entering gas-vans. In this final phase of the camp operation, some 25,000 Jews were murdered. Their bodies were burned immediately after death. From mid-July 1944, the

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in Berlin), contained five pages of numbered paragraphs, suggesting mechanical improvements to gas vans. In the opening line, the letter stated: "ninety-seven thousand have been processed, using three vans, without any defects showing up in the vehicles"

1802:"The Main Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation – The Institute of National Memory... has a fifty years long history (1995). The creation of the Main Commission... was preceded by work done in London since 1943 by the 1518:

as Abram Roj, although she was mistaken about their total number. Two other survivors of Chełmno include Yitzhak Justman and Yerachmiel Yisrael Widawski who escaped together from the forest burial commando in the winter of 1942. They arrived at

382:. By then, the Germans had already destroyed evidence of the camp's existence, leaving no prisoners behind. One of the camp survivors, who was fifteen years old at the time, testified that only three Jewish males had escaped successfully. The 891:. From January 1942, the transports included hundreds of Poles and Soviet prisoners of war. In addition, they included over 10,000 Jews from Germany, Austria, Bohemia, Moravia and Luxembourg, who had first been deported to the 1550: 6216: 7484: 1023:

Walter Burmeister, a gas-van driver, made sure his own vehicle "would be cleaned of the excretions of the people that had died in it. Afterwards, it would once again be used for gassing" at the loading dock.

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of 1962–65, laid charges for at least 180,000 victims. The Polish official estimates, in the early postwar period, have suggested much higher numbers, up to a total of 340,000 men, women, and children. The

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and police personnel supervised transfer of prisoners from the freight as well as passenger trains, to smaller-size cargo trains running on narrow gauge tracks, which took them from Koło to a much smaller

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During the first five weeks, the murder victims came only from the nearby areas. On reaching their final destination before "transport" to Germany and Austria, the Jews disembarked in the courtyard of the

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The early killing process carried out by the SS from December 8, 1941, until mid-January 1942, was intended to murder Jews from all nearby towns and villages, which were slated for German colonization (

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A small detachment of about 15 Jews worked at the manor house, sorting and packing the belongings of the victims. Between eight and ten skilled craftsmen worked there to produce or repair goods for the

5936: 1473:, Mordechaï Zurawski is included as survivor in three other sources, each of which documents his testifying, along with Srebnik and Podchlebnik about his experience at Chełmno, at the 1961 trial of 5180: 3800: 1536:. They headed in various directions and made a tremendous effort to inform and warn the Jewish communities about the fate that awaited them, however, many people refused to believe their stories. 740:

of 1941. In the newly occupied territories, the gas vans were used to murder mental patients as well as Jews in the extermination ghettos. By employing just three vans on the Eastern Front (the

7146: 5537: 5572: 5527: 3015: 1150:). From mid-January 1942, the SS and Order Police began transporting Jews in crowded freight and passenger trains from Łódź. By then, Jews had also been deported to Łódź from Germany, 5567: 5562: 5547: 5552: 3384:. Trust for the Publication of the Proceedings of the Eichmann Trial, with the Israel State Archives and Yad Vashem, the Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, 1992" 1223:) on the other side of Zawadka, where they were dumped into the water from a bridge and from a flat-bottomed boat. Eventually, the camp authorities bought a bone-crushing machine ( 1136:

held jumping contests and races among the prisoners, who were shackled with chains on their ankles, to deem who was fit to continue working. The losers of such contests were shot.

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administration section with nearby barracks and storage for plundered goods; and the more distant burial and cremation site to which victims were delivered in hermetically proofed

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used for murder at Chełmno; the exhaust fumes were diverted into the sealed rear compartment where the victims were locked in. This particular van had not been modified yet.

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called "the palace". Its rooms were adapted to use as the reception offices, including space for the victims to undress and to give up their valuables. The

7215: 7039: 7176: 6103: 5175: 1793: 1204:-committed war crimes, from 1943 onward, the Germans ordered the exhumation of all remains and burning of bodies in open-air cremation pits by a unit of 754:

were able to murder 97,000 captives in less than six months between December 1941 and June 1942. The SS relayed urgent requests to Berlin for more vans.

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at the camp, Srebnik was recognised by the Chelmno Guards only by this moniker. Walter Burmeister, a gas-van driver (not to be confused with the camp's

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survived the war but these are also in error. Podchlebnik is sometimes referred to as Michał (or Michael), in Polish and English versions of his name.

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After the war, some Chełmno extermination camp personnel were tried in Poland as well as in other court cases spanning a period of about 20 years. The

7735: 5974: 5542: 5283: 2883: 2619: 2292:. Jewish Virtual Library. "Die Entwicklung der Gaswagen beim Mord an den Juden," Miszelle. Vierteljahrshefte fuer Zeitgeschichte, 37 (3), pp. 403–417 1306: 7250: 6699: 5783: 4177: 590:

The use of the killing centre at Chełmno for the mass murder of rapidly growing number of Jews deported to the Łódź Ghetto ("Special Handling", the

401: 92: 963:, and in overcrowded lorries to the camp. They were forced to abandon their bundles along the way. In this photo, loading of victims sent from the 7715: 7598: 7119: 6847: 6242: 6193: 6011: 5908: 5205: 3664: 3638: 2348: 2075: 1555: 3264: 3108: 720:

was supplied with two vans initially, each carrying about 50 Jews gassed en route to the forest. Later on, Lange was given three gas vans by the

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inspectorate, to which most of the Chełmno camp staff were attached for administrative purposes. Historians do not believe members of the

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wrote that her father, Abraham Roy, belonged to the aforementioned survivors. She said that her father was the escapee recognized by the

7608: 7441: 7086: 6549: 6289: 5776: 4336: 1452: 1151: 475:, which could be used for mass admissions of prisoners with only minor modifications. Staff for the facility was selected personally by 3660: 1352:. The examination of evidence during the investigation was carried out by Judge Władysław Bednarz. The subsequent four trials, held in 498:(special detachment), and appointed Herbert Lange the first camp commandant because of his experience in the mass-murder of Poles from 6637: 5959: 5316: 6418: 6163: 2375: 1844: 1770: 1580: 1007:). When the van was full, the doors were shut and the engine started. Surviving witnesses heard their screams as they were dying of 785:. The maximum strength of each Special Detachment was just under 100 men, of whom around 80 belonged to the Order Police. The local 6433: 6369: 1616:, Chełmno Muzeum of Martyrdom, Poland (Muzeum byłego niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady Kulmhof w Chełmnie nad Nerem), 2015, archived from 3510: 980:

men wearing white coats and pretending to be medics waited for them with a translator released earlier from the Gestapo prison in

859:. A total of 3,830 Jews and around 4,000 Romani were murdered by gas before February 1942. The victims were brought from all over 7204: 6661: 6438: 6379: 6354: 6143: 6071: 4867: 3750:

Smykowski, Mikołaj (2020). "The Postholocaust Landscape of Chelmno on the Ner (Kulmhof an der Nehr): An Ecological Perspective".

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At the very minimum, 152,000 people were murdered in the camp, which would make it the fifth deadliest extermination camp, after

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As round-ups in Łódź normally took place in the morning, it was usually late afternoon by the time Jews disembarked from the

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vans, manufactured by the Gaubschat factory in Berlin, were delivered in November. Chełmno began mass gassing operations on

3409: 3342: 616:, stating that the clandestine program of murdering 100,000 Polish Jews, about one-third of the total Jewish population of 467:. In October 1941, Lange toured the area looking for a suitable site for an extermination centre, and chose Chełmno on the 7571: 7411: 6574: 6428: 6409: 6389: 6359: 6252: 5916: 5726: 4245: 2054: 1743: 1288:

District to exhume and cremate remaining corpses and to remove evidence of the mass murder operations. A month later, the

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executed the members of the Jewish special detachment and replaced them with workers selected from recent transports. The

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interred bodies. In addition, they sorted the clothing of the victims, and cleaned the excrement and blood from the vans.

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escaped later. Srebnik was among Jews shot by the Germans two days before the Russians entered Chełmno, but he survived.

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town with a sizable Jewish population which had been previously ghettoized. The two sites were known respectively as the

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Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (1990), Baranowski, Dobroszycki, Wiesenthal, Yad Vashem Timeline of the Holocaust, others.

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on, the victims were taken to the cellar and across the ramp into the back of a gas van holding from 50–70 people each (

536:) was invented. Their earlier hospital victims were usually shot out of town in the back of the neck. The two so-called 85: 4060: 7618: 7603: 7504: 7350: 7274: 6486: 6443: 6404: 6304: 6138: 6004: 5951: 5217: 4095: 4050: 4040: 4030: 3973: 1775: 724:

in Berlin for the murder of greater numbers of victims. The vehicles had been converted to mobile gas-chambers by the

628: 6596: 4962: 4464: 4080: 1495:, referring to them as the only two Jewish survivors of Chełmno, but he was in error. Some sources repeat that only 7476: 7355: 7325: 7244: 7161: 6994: 6632: 6530: 6491: 6448: 6384: 6257: 6133: 5863: 5805: 5746: 5687: 5377: 5341: 5245: 5185: 4768: 4331: 4045: 3990: 3871: 2977: 2958: 2939: 2917: 2484: 2413: 1803: 554: 329: 7114: 6929: 6476: 6453: 6364: 6226: 6078: 6066: 6053: 5848: 5636: 5221: 4912: 4857: 4326: 4055: 4035: 3985: 3891: 3846: 460: 338: 7593: 7548: 7094: 6413: 6394: 6341: 6325: 6272: 6267: 6178: 6168: 6158: 6110: 6093: 6083: 6048: 6043: 6038: 5963: 5667: 5229: 4110: 4007: 3946: 3896: 3881: 3861: 3851: 3836: 3831: 3739:, 2004, Council for the Protection of Memory of Combat and Martyrdom in Warsaw & District Museum in Konin, 2781: 1316:

placed the number closer to 340,000 based on a statistical approach, as the camp authorities had destroyed all

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was the only one to survive the last executions with a gunshot wound to the head. Historians estimate that the

7019: 6874: 5677: 5059: 4290: 4085: 2500: 1500: 1419: 1154:, and Luxembourg, and were included in the transports at that time. The transports included most of the 5,000 951: 238: 2165: 725: 7730: 7725: 7586: 7576: 7302: 6856: 6653: 6584: 6262: 6247: 6173: 6153: 6148: 6128: 6098: 6088: 5606: 5331: 5165: 3886: 3876: 3866: 3856: 3809: 2786:, Arkadiusz Kamiński (trans.), Museum of the former Extermination Camp in Chełmno on the Ner, archived from 2104: 1168:. Other victims murdered at the killing center included several hundred Poles, and Soviet prisoners of war. 561:, Heydrich, who had already confirmed the effectiveness of industrial-scale murder by exhaust fumes, called 493: 6808: 1393: 1047:

and police began deportations from the Łódź Ghetto lasting for two weeks. German officials with the aid of

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As soon as the ramp had been erected in the castle, people started arriving in Kulmhof from Litzmannstadt (

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gives the figure of around 200,000, the vast majority of whom were Jews of west-central Poland, along with

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testified about the camp during his 1961 war-crimes trial in Jerusalem. He visited it once in late 1942.

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river, and a large forest clearing about 4 km (2.5 mi) northwest of Chełmno, off the road to

448: 372:. Chełmno was a place of early experimentation in the development of the Nazi extermination programme. 3261: 1641: 7494: 7431: 7360: 7014: 6798: 6689: 6667: 6562: 6557: 6538: 5403: 5241: 5114: 5079: 4999: 4635: 4560: 4504: 4100: 1963: 1482: 777:

was replaced as camp commandant in March (or April) 1942 by Schultze. He was succeeded by SS-Captain

737: 546: 513: 464: 428: 286: 274: 147: 142: 6717: 4230: 964: 932: 892: 516:. Already by mid-1940, Lange and his men were responsible for the murder of about 1,100 patients in 361: 7581: 7489: 7335: 6922: 6707: 5941: 5813: 5463: 5453: 5413: 4862: 4685: 4255: 4224: 4190: 4125: 2285: 1533: 1301:

murdered at least 152,000–180,000 people at Chełmno between December 1941 and March 1943, and from

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victims at a smaller camp, consisting of brand new wooden barracks along with new crematory pyres.

4195: 3214: 6961: 6956: 6463: 5651: 5438: 5190: 4738: 4675: 4605: 4595: 4514: 3979: 3955: 3767: 3435: 3187: 3134: 2565: 2223: 2135: 1945: 1511: 1440: 1270: 1185: 647: 562: 480: 387: 298: 289:. The camp, which was specifically intended for no other purpose than mass murder, operated from 278: 266: 40: 5682: 5443: 5014: 4952: 4235: 3611: 3551: 2312: 1887: 1344: 2599: 7566: 7426: 7257: 7171: 7138: 7052: 6869: 6835: 5931: 5706: 5616: 5433: 5428: 5408: 5084: 4811: 4776: 4728: 4570: 4509: 4434: 3740: 3710: 3687: 3617: 3590: 3557: 3415: 3304: 3167: 3114: 2666: 2551: 2318: 2202: 2114: 2081: 1924: 1787: 1462: 1427: 1335: 1329: 1281: 1215:

and added to the ashes. These were transported every night in sacks made of blankets to river

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The German SS staff selected young Jewish prisoners from incoming transports to join the camp

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A remnant of the open-air mass cremation structure at the forest camp, with memorial plaque

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The killing center consisted of a vacated manorial estate in the village of Chełmno on the

7682: 7613: 7453: 7446: 7263: 7166: 7024: 7004: 6917: 6753: 5889: 5884: 5741: 5672: 5621: 5601: 5362: 5169: 5099: 5029: 4967: 4957: 4897: 4832: 4700: 4610: 4499: 4484: 4469: 4429: 4295: 4147: 3681:. The website can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance. 3447: 3349: 3279: 3268: 3199: 3146: 2997: 2814: 2577: 2432: 2235: 2147: 2061: 1957: 1894: 1820: 1759: 1747: 1720:. The website can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance. 1575: 1486: 1455: 1049: 992: 876: 864: 844: 766: 349: 242: 163: 127: 17: 5611: 4942: 4524: 4404: 4260: 2383: 1972:(2000) that the letter was sent by Just, not by Becker, as shown through the archives of 7694: 7526: 7421: 7320: 7291: 6983: 6947: 6907: 6902: 6727: 6612: 6519: 5631: 5626: 5458: 5326: 5233: 5155: 5109: 5024: 4922: 4883: 4847: 4806: 4665: 4655: 4650: 4625: 4615: 4565: 4454: 4439: 4419: 4409: 4270: 4220: 4162: 4090: 3586:

Hidden In Thunder: Perspectives on Faith, Halachah, and Leadership during the Holocaust

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The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings in the District Court of Jerusalem

1902: 1496: 1431: 1367: 1294: 1155: 922: 918: 823:. The first people transported to the camp were the Jewish and Romani populations of 791: 778: 774: 624: 508: 452: 302: 167: 159: 3490:

Sara Roy, "Living with the Holocaust: The Journey of a Child of Holocaust Survivors"

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was still underway elsewhere. Other death camps had faster methods of murdering and

900: 416:. Two survivors testified also at the camp personnel trials conducted in 1962–65 by 270: 7628: 6778: 6763: 6758: 6732: 6685: 6617: 6579: 6329: 5736: 5448: 5255: 5195: 5104: 5069: 5064: 4932: 4917: 4758: 4690: 4660: 4630: 4580: 4550: 4545: 4399: 4300: 4265: 4152: 3343:

Stuart Jeffries, "Claude Lanzmann on why Holocaust documentary Shoah still matters"

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In June 1945, both Podchlebnik and Srebnik (then age fifteen), testified at the

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Russell, Nestar (2018). "The Nazi's Pursuit for a "Humane" Method of Killing".

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Office of the United States Chief Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality:

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The Main (or Central) Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland (

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The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust (2001), p. 647

1914: 1525: 1451: 1146: 997: 836: 521: 517: 408:. The three best-known survivors testified about Chełmno at the 1961 trial of 3040:"Rethinking Polish-Jewish Relations during the Holocaust in the Wake of 1968" 2911: 1994:. Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Great Britain: Alpha History 1184:

District, in March 1943 the Germans closed the Chełmno killing centre, while

1158:(Gypsies) who had been deported from Austria. Throughout 1942, the Jews from 107: 94: 7463: 7269: 5311: 4748: 4321: 2720: 2718: 1478: 1220: 1200:

along with the manor house, which was levelled. To hide the evidence of the

1189: 1164: 1073: 960: 872: 635:, Koppe received an order from Himmler to liaise with Greiser regarding the 456: 413: 321: 317: 7124: 5336: 1779: 1696:(permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Knowledge (XXG); 1269:

and police began deporting the remaining inhabitants of the Łódź ghetto to

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railway station, 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Chełmno. There, the

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who escaped only to perish at Bełżec during the liquidation of yet another

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Niemiecki Oboz Zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem (German death camp in Chełmno)

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wrote under pseudonym Grojanowski about the operations of the camp in his

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camp. The vans were unloaded to excavated mass graves, and cleaned by the

7677: 6989: 6789: 5751: 2627:. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. p. 20 (xx). Archived from 1507: 1506:

Not all escapees have been identified in the postwar period. In 2002 Dr.

1055: 888: 832: 529: 375: 3273:

Online Exhibition: "Give Me Your Children." Voices from the Lodz Ghetto.

1905:, the gas van inspector, claimed that the letter was sent by himself on 678:(forest camp). On the grounds of the estate was a large two-story brick 639:

requested by the latter. Koppe entrusted the extermination operation to

3524:(1). Methodist Federation for Social Action: 1–2, 14–16. Archived from 3489: 1357: 1317: 1162:

were still being processed; in March 1943 the SS declared the district

1064: 1036: 1003: 956: 824: 762: 667: 332:. However, the West German prosecution, citing Nazi figures during the 1551:

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics

7499: 5823: 2833:

Occupation of the East, including photos and list of external sources

1212: 1173: 432: 3016:"The Current Cinema, "Sacred Monsters": Review of Claude Lanzmann's 1524:

bodies of thirteen relatives murdered in gas vans including his own

1489:

included interviews with Srebnik and Podchlebnik in his documentary

773:

personnel, under the leadership of Security Police and SD officers.

612:, Greiser referred to an authorization he had received from him and 2524:– Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Office, 1946, Vol III, p. 418. 2077:

Chełmno and the Holocaust: The History of Hitler's First Death Camp

1377:

testified in both the Chelmno Guard and Eichmann trials. Nicknamed

6864: 1450: 1392: 1234: 1216: 1115: 1031: 950: 880: 806: 571: 360:, Germany, Luxembourg, and Austria transported to Chełmno via the 3703:

Chelmno and the Holocaust: A History of Hitler's First Death Camp

927:. Today, there is an obelisk to his memory erected at Chełmno on 386:

counted seven Jews who escaped; among them was the author of the

5989: 3678: 3642: 1973: 1920:

The gas-vans: A new and better method of killing had to be found

1717: 1697: 1353: 799:

office established in Chełmno performed any duties at the camp.

721: 7381: 7202: 6833: 6323: 5993: 5772: 5272: 4353: 3913: 3782: 1307:

Central Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland

1053:

rounded up 10,000 Polish Jews based on selection by the ghetto

2989:

Alan Heath, "The Destruction of Corpses at Chelmno nad Nerem"

1736:

Main Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland,

1613:

Kulmhof 1941–1945. The German Death Camp in Chełmno on the Ner

663: 468: 3367:

Facing the Glass Booth: The Jerusalem Trial of Adolf Eichmann

2286:"The Development of the Gas-Van in the Murdering of the Jews" 1841:"Jewish Survivors of Chelmno Camp Testify at Trial of Guards" 1227:) from Schriever and Co. in Hamburg to speed up the process. 471:, because of the estate, with a large manor house similar to 4380:

Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators

1528:. Both fugitives, Justman and Widawski, arrived also at the 654:. Damzog supervised the camp's daily operations thereafter. 3647:

Knowledge (XXG) OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed.

3299:. In Vitelli, Karen D.; Colwell-Chanthaphonh, Chip (eds.). 2487:(the road through town to forest). Narration by Alan Heath. 1873:

written by one Willy Just, to the Director of section II D

1356:, began in 1962 and concluded three years later in 1965 in 1348:

Walter Piller, took place in 1945 at the District Court in

684: 76:

Location of the former Chełmno extermination camp in Poland

2505:

A damaged Magirus-Deutz van found in 1945 in Kolno, Poland

1305:, until the Soviet advance. Note: a 1946–47 report by the 943:(born 1890), was murdered with them before mid-September. 1706:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC 5937:

International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz

2251:"Nazi Euthanasia Programme in Occupied Poland 1939–1945" 1843:. JTA Archive. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Archived from 3072: 3070: 2920:(deportation photo, 1 minute). Narration by Alan Heath. 1426:(Szlamek Bajler) whose identity was recognized also as 991:

Wearing just underwear, with the women allowed to keep

27:

German extermination camp in Poland during World War II

1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 931:. Over 4,500, Czech Jews from Prague were sent to the 7654: 3462:

Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy

2775: 2773: 1969:

Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution

1581: 1260:

and two new open-air cremation pits, further up. The

748:), without any faults occurring in the vehicles, the 2110:

Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp

2080:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 5–6. 1865: 1863: 1861: 1686: 1684: 1682: 7559: 7475: 7404: 7311: 7283: 7224: 7137: 7085: 7038: 6975: 6945: 6883: 6855: 6846: 6787: 6746: 6698: 6684: 6646: 6605: 6505: 6462: 6340: 6235: 6204: 6031: 5950: 5907: 5877: 5856: 5847: 5804: 5719: 5699: 5660: 5594: 5585: 5520: 5489: 5482: 5396: 5355: 5304: 5204: 5148: 5123: 4987: 4980: 4881: 4825: 4767: 4709: 4538: 4392: 4385: 4314: 4176: 4134: 4073: 4006: 3954: 3945: 3553:

Balaam's Prophecy: Eyewitness to History, 1939–1989

3262:Łódź. Overview of the Litzmannstadt Ghetto History. 2733:(print). New York: The Free Press. pp. 219–220 2651: 2649: 1765:

Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce

1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 988:, announcing that some of them would remain there. 234: 223: 215: 207: 196: 173: 155: 137: 123: 84: 34: 3113:. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 206–209. 3047:The Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry 2621:Ringelblum Archives of the Holocaust. Introduction 2284:Mathias Beer (translated from the German) (2015). 1888:(see attached photocopies at HolocaustHistory.org) 269:and was situated 50 km (31 mi) north of 68: 3556:. Associated University Presses. pp. 66–68. 3478:Shaping Losses: Cultural Memory and the Holocaust 3217:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team 2172:. Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team 1293:two days later). The 15-year-old Jewish prisoner 819:and police began murdering victims at Chełmno on 5299:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical 3692:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3102: 3100: 3098: 2613: 2611: 2609: 1606: 1604: 1192:people. Chełmno was not a part of Reinhard. The 7157:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 3511:"The Journey of a Child of Holocaust Survivors" 2727:"Testimony of gas-van driver Walter Burmeister" 2495: 2493: 2351:. The Holocaust History Project. Archived from 2113:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 54, 65. 2099: 2097: 1469:, Poland. In addition to being included in the 1385:Walter Burmeister), testified in Bonn in 1967. 897: 789:also maintained a "paper command" of the camps 459:in the murder of 1,558 Polish prisoners of the 3575: 3573: 2592:"Testimonies of SS-Men Regarding Gassing Vans" 2382:. Judaica Philatelic Resources. Archived from 1422:, Milnak Meyer, Abraham Tauber, Abram Roj and 935:before May 1942. One of the sisters of author 435:, annexed to Nazi Germany in 1939 and renamed 7517:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 6005: 5784: 5284: 4365: 3925: 3794: 3667:. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010 3414:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 177. 3369:. Wayne State University Press, 2004. p. 122. 3303:(2nd ed.). AltaMira Press. p. 189. 3271:The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 3166:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 206. 2877: 2875: 2684: 2682: 1769:) founded in 1945 was the predecessor of the 8: 5970:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust 3677:Text from USHMM has been released under the 3480:. University of Illinois Press, 2001. p. 58. 3464:. Westminster John Knox Press, 1987. p. 197. 2759:. Urząd Miejski w Dąbiu (Dąbie town council) 2538:Understanding Willing Participants, Volume 2 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1716:Text from USHMM has been released under the 1180:After having annihilated almost all Jews of 7216:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 3940:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks 2808:The final journey of Franz Kafka's sisters. 2596:Florida Center for Instructional Technology 2190: 2188: 2186: 404:. In June 1945, two survivors testified at 7401: 7378: 7221: 7199: 6852: 6843: 6830: 6695: 6337: 6320: 6028: 6012: 5998: 5990: 5853: 5791: 5777: 5769: 5591: 5486: 5291: 5277: 5269: 4984: 4389: 4372: 4358: 4350: 3951: 3932: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3801: 3787: 3779: 3472: 3470: 2928: 2926: 2887:(JPG file, direct download 788x557 pixels) 2884:"Jews at Kolo station – bound for Chelmno" 31: 3616:. Shengold Publishers. pp. 181–182. 3333:. The Free Press, NY, 1988., pp. 219–220. 3290: 3288: 2848:"Lodz Ghetto Deportations and Statistics" 2545: 2343: 2341: 1986:Alpha History textbook; resource centre. 3637:This article incorporates data from the 3613:A Tale of one city: Piotrków Trybunalski 2408:The Nazi Death Camp at Chełmno nad Nerem 2201:. Oxford University Press. p. 182. 2159: 2157: 2049: 2047: 1481:. In addition, Srebnik testified in the 1408:, a total of seven Jews from the burial 1211:. The bones were crushed on cement with 1059:. The victims were transported from the 871:) to Koło by rail with the last stop in 700: 356:, as well as foreign Jews from Hungary, 7661: 5895:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission 3665:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 3639:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2440:on a tour of the death camps in Poland. 2349:"Special treatment" (Sonderbehandlung)" 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2164:Holocaust Research Project.org (2007). 2020:Lefkovits, Etgar (September 18, 2006). 1600: 1567: 1556:List of Nazi-German concentration camps 895:and subsisted there already for weeks. 402:Jewish ghetto in German-occupied Poland 378:troops captured the town of Chełmno on 5878:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials 5238:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions 3685: 3504: 3502: 3443: 3433: 3237:"Chelmno (concentration camp, Poland)" 3195: 3185: 3142: 3132: 3110:The Gas Vans (Appendix I): Testimonies 2725:E. Klee; W. Dressen; V. Riess (1988). 2573: 2563: 2420:). Narration by the author. Retrieved 2231: 2221: 2143: 2133: 1976:: Just an Rauff, 5.6.42; BA, R 58/871. 1953: 1943: 1917:; Willi Dressen; Volker Riess (1991). 1792:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1785: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1700:ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed) 569:under the pretext of "resettlement". 2166:"Lange, Herbert; SS-Hauptsturmführer" 1574: 1342:, including camp's deputy commandant 1284:of Jewish prisoners from outside the 1019:before returning to the manor house. 567:Final Solution to the Jewish Question 446:Chełmno (Kulmhof) camp was set up by 7: 7741:German extermination camps in Poland 6804:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 2783:The History of Chełmno Commemoration 2662:The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust 2376:"Kolo (Muhlental in German), Poland" 2170:Chelmno Death Camp Dramatis Personae 1754:, with introduction by Leon Zamosc. 1320:in an effort to hide their actions. 1247:, in spite of earlier demolition of 563:a secret meeting of German officials 7609:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 5799:Aftermath, trials and commemoration 3810:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland 3408:Patrick Montague (March 15, 2012). 3356:, 9 June 2011, accessed 22 May 2013 2740:– via Jewish Virtual Library. 2695:"Obóz zagłady w Chełmnie nad Nerem" 2255:The Tiergartenstrasse 4 Association 2249:Artur Hojan; Cameron Munro (2015). 1923:. Konecky Konecky. pp. 69–70. 1880:at the Reich Main Security Office ( 1028:Murder of Jews from the Łódź ghetto 757:The rank and file of the so-called 623:According to post-war testimony of 406:the trial of camp personnel in Łódź 390:, written under an assumed name by 5960:Polish Righteous Among the Nations 3641:, and has been released under the 3411:Epilogue (Judge Władysław Bednarz) 3329:Ernst Klee, W. Dressen, V. Riess. 524:, 1,558 patients and 300 Poles at 368:. The victims were murdered using 25: 5642:Special Prosecution Book – Poland 2701:. Muzeum Historii Żydów Polskich 2540:. Vol. 2. pp. 241–276. 2198:Ernst Damzog (Sipo and SD, Posen) 1771:Institute of National Remembrance 1124:of the Chełmno extermination camp 7736:1944 disestablishments in Poland 7688: 7676: 7664: 7172:Polish leaders and intellectuals 6662:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 5819:Population transfers (1944–1946) 4868:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg 2893:. Holocaust Research Project.org 2665:. Psychology Press. p. 83. 2458:. Holocaust Research Project.org 1546:The Holocaust in occupied Poland 1485:of 1962–63. The French director 955:Jews were delivered by train to 67: 60: 47: 5922:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 5834:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946 3390:from the original on 2011-07-17 3082:Obóz zagłady w Chełmnie n/Nerem 2501:"SS use of mobile gassing vans" 1338:of three former members of the 1196:ordered complete demolition of 1076:station, just outside Chełmno. 565:to undertake the European-wide 7716:1941 establishments in Germany 7100:Attack on the twentieth convoy 6913:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 5250:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118 5226:36th Estonian Police Battalion 2846:Shirley Rotbein Flaum (2007). 2522:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression 532:where the mobile gas-chamber ( 487:from headquarters in occupied 301:during the deadliest phase of 1: 7721:1941 establishments in Poland 5917:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes 5747:Human medical experimentation 3764:10.1080/14623528.2019.1696027 2064:pages 101–102 (Google Books). 1400:before or during World War II 1231:The final extermination phase 7437:Jewish war conspiracy theory 6628:Extermination through labour 3752:Journal of Genocide Research 3626:. Google Books snippet view. 3589:. Feldheim. pp. 27–28. 3550:Lau-Lavie, Naphtali (1998). 3494:Journal of Palestine Studies 1648:. Jewish Virtual Library.org 7619:Righteous Among the Nations 6305:Righteous Among the Nations 5952:Righteous Among the Nations 5839:Ministry of Public Security 5218:Belarusian Auxiliary Police 3828:Related articles by country 2835:. ARC (www.deathcamps.org). 2632:(PDF file, direct download) 2547:10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1_8 2479:Chelmno, the route of death 2475:Alan Heath (Sep 20, 2007), 2404:Alan Heath (Sep 16, 2007), 2317:. Penguin UK. pp. vi. 1521:Piotrków Trybunalski Ghetto 783:Special Detachment Bothmann 759:SS Special Detachment Lange 674:(manor-house camp) and the 629:Higher SS and Police Leader 544:using vehicles approved by 528:, and hundreds of Poles at 491:(Posen). Damzog formed the 394:, a prisoner in the Jewish 339:Kulmhof Museum of Martyrdom 7757: 7711:Chełmno extermination camp 7356:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 7326:Lithuanian Security Police 7245:Reich Security Main Office 6212:Evidence and documentation 5864:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 5246:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 3701:Montague, Patrick (2012). 3235:Michael Berenbaum (2013). 2980:, Narration by Alan Heath. 2961:. Narration by Alan Heath. 2942:. Narration by Alan Heath. 2507:. World War II Today. 2011 2452:"Chelmno palace – pre war" 2195:Catherine Epstein (2010). 1804:Polish Government in Exile 1428:Yakov or Jacob Grojanowski 1327: 285:into the new territory of 18:Chelmno extermination camp 7572:Books and other resources 7400: 7377: 7211: 7198: 6842: 6829: 6336: 6319: 6104:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 6027: 5768: 5637:Sobibor perpetrator album 5268: 5222:Estonian Auxiliary Police 4349: 4332:Human medical experiments 3909: 3905: 3816: 3518:Social Questions Bulletin 3163:The Gas Vans (Appendix I) 3160:Patrick Montague (2012). 3107:Patrick Montague (2012). 2074:Patrick Montague (2012). 2055:Voices from the Holocaust 1988:"Liberation of the camps" 1909:to Walter Rauff in RSHA. 1898:In his postwar testimony 1882:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 1446:Bełżec extermination camp 1430:. Mordechaï Zurawski and 1340:SS-Sonderkommando Kulmhof 1120:Mass grave at the forest 1043:On January 16, 1942, the 781:, who formed and led the 718:SS-Sonderkommando "Lange" 461:Soldau concentration camp 132:Vernichtungslager Kulmhof 55: 46: 39: 7162:People with disabilities 7095:Aid and Rescue Committee 5885:Auschwitz trial (Poland) 5230:Latvian Auxiliary Police 4963:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 4465:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger 3659:Holocaust Encyclopedia. 3282:Retrieved June 30, 2015. 3260:Jewish Virtual Library, 3000:Narration by Alan Heath. 1839:JTA (January 22, 1963). 1140:Stages of camp operation 879:marched them toward the 283:Germany annexed the area 151:(German-occupied Poland) 7303:Order Police battalions 5975:Garden of the Righteous 5727:Identification in camps 5720:Technical and logistics 5166:Order Police battalions 3737:Chełmno Witnesses Speak 3730:Resources about Chełmno 3460:Rubenstein, Richard L. 3295:Golden, Juliet (2006). 3241:Encyclopædia Britannica 2913:"Unloading the Victims" 2827:ARC (August 26, 2006). 2418:about razed manor house 2105:Christopher R. Browning 1869:A secret memorandum of 1752:Jewish Gombin Genealogy 1739:German Crimes in Poland 1276:In September 1944, the 921:was intercepted by the 557:. Two months later, on 366:Soviet prisoners of war 7152:Soviet urban residents 6243:International response 6217:Contemporary knowledge 5388:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 4853:Heinrich Klaustermeyer 2973:"The Warta at Zawadki" 2935:"Bridge over Rgilewka" 2780:Łucja Pawlicka Nowak, 2598:. 2005. Archived from 2374:Edward Victor (2006). 1875:SS-Obersturmbannführer 1763: 1704:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1691:USHMM (May 11, 2012). 1516:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1471:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1458: 1406:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1401: 1240: 1125: 1061:Radegast train station 1040: 968: 914: 869:Landkreis Warthbrücken 868: 812: 811:Deportation to Chełmno 713: 587: 384:Holocaust Encyclopedia 273:, near the village of 197:Number of gas chambers 131: 7599:Memorials and museums 7537:Reparations Agreement 7532:Holocaust restitution 7110:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 6633:Human experimentation 6472:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 5927:Majdanek State Museum 5060:Karl-Friedrich Höcker 3964:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 3297:"Remembering Chelmno" 2854:. JewishGen Home Page 2753:"Stanisław Kaszyński" 2602:on 29 September 2023. 2456:Chelmno Period Photos 1501:Mordechaï Podchlebnik 1465:of camp personnel in 1454: 1420:Mordechaï Podchlebnik 1396: 1238: 1172:Soon after that, the 1119: 1113:Special Detachment. 1035: 954: 810: 704: 575: 506:). Lange served with 239:Mordechaï Podchlebnik 108:52.15417°N 18.72306°E 6799:Jewish Ghetto Police 6668:Politische Abteilung 6563:Risiera di San Sabba 6424:Natzweiler-Struthof 5404:Mordechai Anielewicz 5115:Elisabeth Volkenrath 5000:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann 4636:Arthur Liebehenschel 4561:Hermine Braunsteiner 4505:Arthur Seyss-Inquart 3610:Giladi, Ban (1991). 3301:Archeological Ethics 3215:"Chelmno Death Camp" 3014:(30 December 1985). 2311:Ian Kershaw (2013). 1964:Christopher Browning 1741:(Warsaw: 1946, 1947) 1483:Chelmno Guard Trials 1383:SS-Unterscharfuehrer 1336:first judicial trial 738:Operation Barbarossa 633:Reichsgau Wartheland 602:Reichsgau Wartheland 520:, 2,750 patients at 514:Operation Tannenberg 287:Reichsgau Wartheland 219:est. 152,000–200,000 148:Reichsgau Wartheland 7577:Days of remembrance 7490:Holocaust survivors 7485:Depopulated shtetls 7336:Rollkommando Hamann 7182:Jehovah's Witnesses 7000:Kamianets-Podilskyi 6062:Bohemia and Moravia 5942:March of the Living 5814:Holocaust survivors 5678:Vrba–Wetzler report 5454:Alexander Pechersky 5414:Mordechai Tenenbaum 4863:Alexander Palfinger 4686:Johann Schwarzhuber 4246:Międzyrzec Podlaski 4225:Lviv pogroms (1941) 4126:Sonderaktion Krakau 3078:"SS Sonderkommando" 2882:Archive.is (2013). 2386:on 12 February 2012 2022:"The last survivor" 1900:Obersturmbannführer 1829:(1985) documentary. 1646:The Forgotten Camps 1642:"Chelmno (Kulmhof)" 1534:Chanoch Gad Justman 1532:and met with Rabbi 909:Walter Burmeister, 875:. Using whips, the 641:SS-Standartenführer 596:) was initiated by 457:gas van experiments 358:Bohemia and Moravia 267:extermination camps 104: / 7560:History and memory 7464:Forced euthanasia 7412:Nazi racial policy 7115:Danish underground 6962:Operation Reinhard 6957:Wannsee Conference 5857:West German trials 5652:Wannsee Conference 5439:Itzhak Katzenelson 5191:General Government 4676:Franz Reichleitner 4606:Fritz Hartjenstein 4596:Maximilian Grabner 4515:Bruno Streckenbach 4327:Grossaktion Warsaw 3980:Operation Reinhard 3531:on 17 January 2012 3348:2020-06-03 at the 3278:2013-09-12 at the 3267:2015-07-01 at the 3213:H.E.A.R.T (2007). 2996:2015-12-06 at the 2954:"Route to Zawadka" 2813:2016-03-04 at the 2450:H.E.A.R.T (2013). 2431:2014-07-14 at the 2290:The Final Solution 2060:2014-03-10 at the 2026:The Jerusalem Post 1893:2015-05-21 at the 1746:2011-06-28 at the 1576:[ˈxɛu̯mnɔ] 1530:Częstochowa Ghetto 1512:Harvard University 1459: 1441:Grojanowski Report 1402: 1398:Michał Podchlebnik 1370:, from the burial 1271:Auschwitz-Birkenau 1241: 1186:Operation Reinhard 1128:Periodically, the 1126: 1041: 969: 813: 803:Deportations begin 797:120th SS-Standarte 714: 600:, the Governor of 588: 449:SS-Sturmbannführer 388:Grojanowski Report 299:Operation Reinhard 279:invasion of Poland 113:52.15417; 18.72306 41:Extermination camp 7652: 7651: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7495:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 7442:Jewish emigration 7432:Hitler's prophecy 7427:Haavara Agreement 7373: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7361:Ypatingasis būrys 7258:Sicherheitsdienst 7194: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7133: 7132: 7053:Bielski partisans 6825: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6656:Totenkopfverbände 6315: 6314: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5903: 5902: 5764: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5715: 5714: 5707:Sonderaktion 1005 5581: 5580: 5264: 5263: 5242:Ypatingasis būrys 5144: 5143: 5085:Johanna Langefeld 5080:Hildegard Lächert 4976: 4975: 4812:Alfred Trzebinski 4777:Franz von Bodmann 4729:Lorenz Hackenholt 4571:Theodor van Eupen 4510:Jakob Sporrenberg 4345: 4344: 4069: 4068: 3745:978-83-918713-7-9 3716:978-0-807-83527-2 3623:978-0-88400-153-9 3596:978-965-7265-05-5 3581:Farbstein, Esther 3563:978-0-8453-4860-4 3509:Sara Roy (2008). 3421:978-0-8078-6941-3 3331:The Good Old Days 3310:978-0-7591-0963-6 3243:. pp. 1 of 3 3173:978-0-8078-3527-2 3120:978-0-8078-3527-2 2817:Zwoje-Scrolls.com 2731:The Good Old Days 2699:Chełmno nad Nerem 2672:978-0-415-28145-4 2634:on March 14, 2016 2557:978-3-319-97998-4 2324:978-0-14-190959-2 2208:978-0-19-161384-5 2120:978-0-393-33887-4 2087:978-0-8078-3527-2 1966:confirmed in his 1930:978-1-56852-133-6 1414:escaped from the 1404:According to the 1280:brought in a new 1001:) and up to 150 ( 959:, then to nearby 924:SS-Sonderkommando 917:wife. His secret 911:The Good Old Days 726:Gaubschat company 614:Reinhard Heydrich 604:. In a letter to 551:Reinhard Heydrich 547:Obergruppenführer 494:SS-Sonderkommando 465:Chełmno nad Nerem 441:German occupation 429:Chełmno nad Nerem 305:, and again from 275:Chełmno nad Nerem 261:was the first of 252: 251: 143:Chełmno nad Nerem 35:Chełmno / Kulmhof 16:(Redirected from 7748: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7681: 7680: 7669: 7668: 7667: 7660: 7544:Holocaust denial 7522:Nuremberg trials 7512:Postwar violence 7467: 7402: 7379: 7341:Special Brigades 7331:Nederlandsche SS 7298:Police Regiments 7222: 7200: 7060:Ghetto uprisings 7048:Jewish partisans 6995:Harvest Festival 6967:Holocaust trains 6853: 6844: 6831: 6696: 6592: 6570: 6552: 6533: 6515: 6338: 6321: 6029: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5991: 5869:Treblinka trials 5854: 5793: 5786: 5779: 5770: 5668:Graebe affidavit 5661:Witness accounts 5607:Frank memorandum 5592: 5487: 5474:Szmul Zygielbojm 5464:Frumka Płotnicka 5424:Leon Feldhendler 5409:Icchak Cukierman 5363:Ghetto uprisings 5293: 5286: 5279: 5270: 5214:Schutzmannschaft 5035:Feodor Fedorenko 4985: 4893:Wolfgang Birkner 4681:Heinrich Schwarz 4671:Josef Oberhauser 4646:Heinrich Matthes 4530:Dieter Wisliceny 4520:Richard Thomalla 4495:Heinz Reinefarth 4445:Heinrich Himmler 4390: 4374: 4367: 4360: 4351: 4315:Other atrocities 3952: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3911: 3907: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3780: 3775: 3733: 3720: 3697: 3691: 3683: 3674: 3672: 3628: 3627: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3530: 3515: 3506: 3497: 3487: 3481: 3476:Epstein, Julia. 3474: 3465: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3395: 3376: 3370: 3363: 3357: 3340: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3292: 3283: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3138: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3104: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3074: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3055: 3049:. Archived from 3044: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3007: 3001: 2987: 2981: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2936: 2930: 2921: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2891:Historical image 2888: 2879: 2870: 2869: 2861: 2859: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2824: 2818: 2806:Grzegorz Gazda, 2804: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2777: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2764: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2709: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2633: 2626: 2615: 2604: 2603: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2561: 2549: 2533: 2527: 2526: 2514: 2512: 2497: 2488: 2481: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2447: 2441: 2423: 2410: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2345: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2314:Hitler 1936–1945 2308: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2281: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2192: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2161: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2071: 2065: 2051: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2028:. Archived from 2017: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1983: 1977: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1908: 1872: 1867: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1852: 1836: 1830: 1818: 1807: 1797: 1791: 1783: 1778:. Archived from 1734: 1723: 1722: 1713: 1711: 1701: 1688: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1653: 1637: 1622: 1621: 1608: 1588: 1584: 1579:, approximately 1578: 1572: 1424:Szlama Ber Winer 1315: 1304: 1246: 1081:Holocaust trains 976:manor where the 930: 853:Nowiny Brdowskie 822: 821:December 8, 1941 637:Sonderbehandlung 611: 593:Sonderbehandlung 560: 559:January 20, 1942 543: 542:December 8, 1941 455:, following his 431:is a village in 392:Szlama Ber Winer 381: 380:January 17, 1945 364:, on top of the 347: 312: 311:January 18, 1945 308: 296: 292: 291:December 8, 1941 277:. Following the 247:Szlama Ber Winer 230: 229:January 20, 1945 192: 191:January 18, 1945 188: 183: 179: 178:December 8, 1941 119: 118: 116: 115: 114: 109: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 71: 70: 64: 51: 32: 21: 7756: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7655: 7653: 7640: 7555: 7471: 7465: 7454:Madagascar Plan 7447:Kindertransport 7396: 7395: 7365: 7307: 7279: 7264:Ordnungspolizei 7220: 7207: 7186: 7129: 7081: 7034: 7005:Maly Trostenets 6976:Mass executions 6971: 6941: 6879: 6838: 6813: 6783: 6742: 6680: 6642: 6601: 6590: 6568: 6550: 6531: 6513: 6501: 6458: 6332: 6311: 6231: 6222:Hidden children 6200: 6058:Czechoslovakia 6023: 6018: 5988: 5979: 5946: 5899: 5890:Stutthof trials 5873: 5843: 5800: 5797: 5756: 5742:Holocaust train 5711: 5695: 5683:Witold's Report 5673:Gerstein Report 5656: 5622:Katzmann Report 5602:Auschwitz Album 5577: 5516: 5478: 5444:Michał Klepfisz 5392: 5351: 5300: 5297: 5260: 5200: 5170:Ordnungspolizei 5140: 5119: 5100:Erich Muhsfeldt 5030:Margot Dreschel 5015:Alexander Bülow 4972: 4968:Udo von Woyrsch 4958:Hermann Schaper 4953:Emanuel Schäfer 4938:Josef Meisinger 4898:Helmut Bischoff 4877: 4833:Heinz Auerswald 4821: 4763: 4711: 4705: 4701:Christian Wirth 4611:Gottlieb Hering 4534: 4500:Julian Scherner 4485:Georg Michalsen 4470:Franz Kutschera 4430:Odilo Globocnik 4381: 4378: 4341: 4310: 4172: 4130: 4111:Kielce cemetery 4065: 4002: 3941: 3938: 3901: 3812: 3807: 3749: 3723: 3717: 3700: 3684: 3670: 3668: 3658: 3655: 3653:Further reading 3650: 3632: 3631: 3624: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3579: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3513: 3508: 3507: 3500: 3488: 3484: 3475: 3468: 3459: 3455: 3442: 3432: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3393: 3391: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3364: 3360: 3350:Wayback Machine 3341: 3337: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3294: 3293: 3286: 3280:Wayback Machine 3269:Wayback Machine 3259: 3255: 3246: 3244: 3234: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3207: 3194: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3141: 3131: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3085: 3084:. Obozy zagłady 3076: 3075: 3068: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3042: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2998:Wayback Machine 2988: 2984: 2972: 2969: 2965: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2934: 2931: 2924: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2881: 2880: 2873: 2857: 2855: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2815:Wayback Machine 2805: 2801: 2793: 2791: 2779: 2778: 2771: 2762: 2760: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2734: 2724: 2723: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2688: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2657:Gilbert, Martin 2655: 2654: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2616: 2607: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2572: 2562: 2558: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2510: 2508: 2499: 2498: 2491: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2433:Wayback Machine 2421: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2355:on May 28, 2013 2347: 2346: 2339: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2295: 2293: 2283: 2282: 2269: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2230: 2220: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2194: 2193: 2184: 2175: 2173: 2163: 2162: 2155: 2142: 2132: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2062:Wayback Machine 2052: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2019: 2018: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1952: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1913: 1906: 1895:Wayback Machine 1870: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1821:Claude Lanzmann 1819: 1810: 1784: 1776:"Archived copy" 1774: 1748:Wayback Machine 1735: 1726: 1709: 1707: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1660: 1651: 1649: 1639: 1638: 1625: 1610: 1609: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1582: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1542: 1487:Claude Lanzmann 1456:Szymon Srebrnik 1391: 1345:Oberscharführer 1332: 1326: 1309: 1302: 1244: 1233: 1152:Bohemia-Moravia 1142: 1092: 1050:Ordnungspolizei 1039:railway station 1030: 949: 947:Killing process 928: 845:Izbica Kujawska 820: 805: 767:Criminal Police 761:was made up of 744:and the larger 699: 691:superstructures 660: 648:Security Police 609: 558: 541: 481:Security Police 479:, Commander of 426: 379: 341: 310: 306: 294: 290: 243:Szymon Srebrnik 235:Notable inmates 228: 190: 186: 185: 181: 177: 164:Christian Wirth 112: 110: 106: 103: 98: 95: 93: 91: 90: 80: 79: 78: 77: 74: 73: 72: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7754: 7752: 7744: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7731:1943 in Poland 7728: 7726:1942 in Poland 7723: 7718: 7713: 7703: 7702: 7698: 7697: 7685: 7673: 7650: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7638: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7549:trivialization 7541: 7540: 7539: 7529: 7527:Eichmann trial 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7469: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7422:Nuremberg Laws 7419: 7414: 7408: 7406: 7405:Early elements 7398: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7386:Early elements 7383: 7382: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7321:Arajs Kommando 7317: 7315: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7292:Einsatzgruppen 7287: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7242: 7234: 7228: 7226: 7219: 7218: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7205:Responsibility 7203: 7196: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7143: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7044: 7042: 7036: 7035: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6984:Einsatzgruppen 6979: 6977: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6953: 6951: 6948:Final Solution 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6937: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6850: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6809:Ústredňa Židov 6806: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6774:Theresienstadt 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6693: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6613:Einsatzgruppen 6609: 6607: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6509: 6507: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6468: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6419:Mittelbau-Dora 6416: 6407: 6402: 6400:Kraków-Płaszów 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6334: 6333: 6324: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6290:Rescue of Jews 6287: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6124: 6113: 6108: 6107: 6106: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6035: 6033: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5994: 5985: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5956: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5932:Sobibór Museum 5929: 5924: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5881: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5773: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5689:Sonderkommando 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5632:Posen speeches 5629: 5627:Korherr Report 5624: 5619: 5617:Höfle telegram 5614: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5459:Witold Pilecki 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5434:Henryk Iwański 5431: 5429:Paweł Frenkiel 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5234:Arajs Kommando 5210: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5163: 5156:Einsatzgruppen 5152: 5150: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5110:Alice Orlowski 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:John Demjanjuk 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4982: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4923:Gerhard Flesch 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4884:Einsatzgruppen 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4829: 4827: 4826:Ghetto command 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4807:Horst Schumann 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4715: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4666:Johann Niemann 4663: 4658: 4653: 4651:Hermann Michel 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4626:Karl-Otto Koch 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4566:Irmfried Eberl 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4455:Fritz Katzmann 4452: 4447: 4442: 4440:Arthur Greiser 4437: 4435:Richard Glücks 4432: 4427: 4422: 4420:Ludwig Fischer 4417: 4412: 4410:Adolf Eichmann 4407: 4402: 4396: 4394: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4354: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4182: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4075: 4074:Mass shootings 4071: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4061:Danzig-Matzkau 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4026:Kraków-Płaszów 4023: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3914: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3791: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3758:(2): 256–272. 3747: 3734: 3721: 3715: 3698: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3633: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3602: 3595: 3569: 3562: 3542: 3498: 3482: 3466: 3453: 3420: 3400: 3371: 3358: 3335: 3322: 3309: 3284: 3253: 3227: 3205: 3172: 3152: 3119: 3094: 3066: 3038:Michael Meng. 3024:The New Yorker 3002: 2991:YouTube video. 2982: 2963: 2944: 2922: 2903: 2871: 2838: 2819: 2799: 2769: 2743: 2714: 2703:Virtual Shtetl 2693:Group (2013). 2678: 2671: 2645: 2605: 2583: 2574:|journal= 2556: 2528: 2489: 2468: 2442: 2397: 2366: 2337: 2323: 2303: 2267: 2241: 2207: 2182: 2153: 2119: 2093: 2086: 2066: 2053:Jon E. Lewis, 2043: 2005: 1978: 1962:Nevertheless, 1929: 1857: 1831: 1808: 1782:on 1997-02-12. 1773:(see also the 1724: 1658: 1623: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1541: 1538: 1475:Adolf Eichmann 1463:Chełmno trials 1411:Sonderkommando 1390: 1387: 1373:Sonderkommando 1364:Adolf Eichmann 1330:Chełmno trials 1328:Main article: 1325: 1324:Chełmno trials 1322: 1232: 1229: 1207:Sonderkommando 1141: 1138: 1097:Sonderkommando 1091: 1089:Sonderkommando 1086: 1029: 1026: 948: 945: 929:August 7, 1991 906:SS-Scharführer 893:ghetto in Łódź 857:Kowale Pańskie 804: 801: 751:Einsatzgruppen 698: 695: 659: 656: 598:Arthur Greiser 580:Arthur Greiser 425: 422: 410:Adolf Eichmann 397:Sonderkommando 334:Chełmno trials 297:, parallel to 295:April 11, 1943 250: 249: 236: 232: 231: 225: 221: 220: 217: 213: 212: 209: 205: 204: 198: 194: 193: 184:(1st period), 182:April 11, 1943 175: 171: 170: 157: 153: 152: 139: 135: 134: 125: 121: 120: 88: 82: 81: 75: 66: 65: 59: 58: 57: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7753: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7708: 7706: 7696: 7686: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7672: 7662: 7658: 7636: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7478: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7417:Nazi eugenics 7415: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7407: 7403: 7399: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7346:Topf and Sons 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7313:Collaborators 7310: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7251:Referat IV B4 7249: 7248: 7247: (RSHA) 7246: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7238:Schutzstaffel 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225:Organizations 7223: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7167:Romani people 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7120:Working Group 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105:Kastner train 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7088: 7084: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6974: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6944: 6936: 6933: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6893: 6892:Kristallnacht 6889: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6786: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6675:Sanitätswesen 6672: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6638:Death marches 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6464:Extermination 6461: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6439:Sachsenhausen 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6380:Herzogenbusch 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6355:Bergen-Belsen 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6342:Concentration 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6278:United States 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118:and colonies 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6021:The Holocaust 6015: 6010: 6008: 6003: 6001: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5829:Kielce pogrom 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5782: 5780: 5775: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5647:Stroop Report 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5587:Documentation 5584: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5419:Marek Edelman 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5305:Organizations 5303: 5294: 5289: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5206:Collaboration 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5149:Organizations 5147: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095:Eduard Lorenz 5093: 5091: 5090:Anton Lechner 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5075:Josef Kollmer 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5045:Kurt Gerstein 5043: 5041: 5040:Hans Hoffmann 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5010:Juana Bormann 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4948:Erich Naumann 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4903:Lothar Beutel 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4873:Jürgen Stroop 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843:Josef Blösche 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4817:Eduard Wirths 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802:Josef Mengele 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4792:Horst Fischer 4790: 4788: 4787:Karl Gebhardt 4785: 4783: 4782:Carl Clauberg 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4754:Ludwig Plagge 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4744:Herbert Lange 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724:Kurt Bolender 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4696:Gustav Wagner 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4621:Franz Hössler 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4586:Karl Fritzsch 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4556:Wilhelm Boger 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4475:Erwin Lambert 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4460:Wilhelm Koppe 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4450:Hermann Höfle 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4415:Theodor Eicke 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4348: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4116:Aktion Krakau 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4086:Bloody Sunday 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4008:Concentration 4005: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3956:Extermination 3953: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3935: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:The Holocaust 3822: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3748: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3682: 3680: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3543: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3512: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3449: 3437: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3404: 3401: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3365:Gouri, Haim. 3362: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3216: 3209: 3206: 3201: 3189: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3136: 3122: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3083: 3079: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3056:on 2009-02-05 3052: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3013: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2907: 2904: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2800: 2790:on 2012-09-03 2789: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2744: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2630: 2623: 2622: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2579: 2567: 2559: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2472: 2469: 2457: 2453: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2398: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2326: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2304: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2225: 2210: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2137: 2122: 2116: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2032:on 2011-07-13 2031: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2006: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1947: 1932: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1904: 1903:August Becker 1901: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1847:on 2014-02-20 1846: 1842: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750:, Archive of 1749: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1705: 1699: 1694: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620:on 2014-03-09 1619: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1594: 1587: 1586: 1577: 1571: 1568: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1497:Simon Srebnik 1494: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1442: 1437: 1433: 1432:Simon Srebnik 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1368:Simon Srebnik 1365: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1313: 1308: 1303:June 23, 1944 1300: 1296: 1295:Simon Srebnik 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282:Commando 1005 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1257: 1254: 1250: 1245:June 23, 1944 1237: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1198:Schlosslager, 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1139: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1099: 1098: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 999: 994: 989: 987: 983: 979: 975: 966: 962: 958: 953: 946: 944: 942: 938: 934: 926: 925: 920: 913: 912: 908: 907: 902: 896: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 818: 809: 802: 800: 798: 794: 793: 792:Allgemeine-SS 788: 784: 780: 779:Hans Bothmann 776: 775:Herbert Lange 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 752: 747: 743: 739: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 711: 708: 707:Magirus-Deutz 703: 696: 694: 692: 687: 686: 681: 680:country house 677: 673: 669: 665: 657: 655: 653: 649: 645: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 625:Wilhelm Koppe 621: 619: 615: 607: 603: 599: 595: 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sources 5483:Victim lists 5449:Miles Lerman 5256:Trawniki men 5196:Hotel Polski 5105:Detlef Nebbe 5070:Oswald Kaduk 5065:Karl Jeschke 4943:Bruno Müller 4933:Felix Landau 4918:Ernst Damzog 4913:Karl Brunner 4882: 4858:Franz Konrad 4759:Adolf Theuer 4712:executioners 4691:Franz Stangl 4661:Robert Mulka 4631:Josef Kramer 4581:Karl Frenzel 4551:Richard Baer 4546:Hans Aumeier 4539:Camp command 4525:Otto Wächter 4405:Josef Bühler 4400:Viktor Brack 4386:Perpetrators 3978: 3968: 3820:Main article 3755: 3751: 3736: 3729: 3702: 3676: 3669:. 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London: 3535:4 December 3427:2013-05-14 3394:2010-12-04 3316:2015-01-28 3247:2013-05-14 3221:2013-05-14 3179:2013-05-15 3126:2013-05-15 3088:2013-05-10 3060:2013-05-10 3035:Also (in): 3029:2013-05-10 3009:See also: 2897:2013-05-11 2794:2014-03-09 2763:2013-05-09 2737:2013-05-14 2708:2013-05-10 2689:H. Waser; 2462:2013-05-15 2426:Alan Heath 2214:8 November 2176:2013-05-13 1915:Ernst Klee 1851:2013-05-17 1652:2013-05-10 1595:References 1286:Wartheland 1249:the palace 1182:Wartheland 1160:Wartheland 1147:Lebensraum 998:Opel Blitz 919:communiqué 742:Opel-Blitz 697:Operations 618:Wartheland 512:VI during 500:Wartheland 424:Background 354:the region 227:Red Army, 156:Commandant 99:18°43′23″E 7582:Education 7477:Aftermath 7389:Aftermath 7351:Trawnikis 7275:Wehrmacht 7270:Waffen-SS 7070:Białystok 6898:Bucharest 6870:Marseille 6747:Elsewhere 6708:Białystok 6520:Breendonk 6497:Treblinka 6350:Auschwitz 6134:Lithuania 5909:Memorials 5806:Aftermath 5573:Treblinka 5528:Auschwitz 5383:Treblinka 5368:Białystok 5356:Uprisings 5136:Treblinka 4981:Personnel 4749:Otto Moll 4739:Hans Koch 4591:Amon Göth 4322:Action T4 4286:Sosnowiec 4256:Nowy Sącz 4191:Białystok 4158:Szczuczyn 4106:Erntefest 4096:Bydgoszcz 4081:Białystok 3996:Treblinka 3872:Lithuania 3772:213264164 3661:"Chełmno" 3446:ignored ( 3436:cite book 3198:ignored ( 3188:cite book 3145:ignored ( 3135:cite book 2829:"Chelmno" 2576:ignored ( 2566:cite book 2511:April 21, 2234:ignored ( 2224:cite book 2146:ignored ( 2136:cite book 1992:Resources 1956:ignored ( 1946:cite book 1767:, GKBZNwP 1693:"Chelmno" 1479:Jerusalem 1416:Waldlager 1389:Survivors 1379:Spinnefix 1221:Ner River 1165:judenfrei 1122:Waldlager 1074:Powiercie 1013:Waldlager 961:Powiercie 889:gas-masks 873:Powiercie 676:Waldlager 577:Gauleiter 526:Działdowo 414:Jerusalem 322:Treblinka 318:Auschwitz 281:in 1939, 96:52°9′15″N 7683:Genocide 7567:Academia 7020:Piaśnica 6990:Babi Yar 6918:Jedwabne 6857:Roundups 6790:Judenrat 6754:Budapest 6525:Mechelen 6487:Majdanek 6444:Stutthof 6405:Majdanek 6300:by Poles 6258:Portugal 6236:Response 6227:Timeline 6205:Overview 6067:Slovakia 6054:Bulgaria 5752:Zyklon B 5568:Trawniki 5563:Stutthof 5548:Majdanek 4296:Tarnopol 4236:Lubartów 4148:Jedwabne 4051:Trawniki 4041:Stutthof 4031:Potulice 3974:Majdanek 3892:Slovakia 3688:cite web 3583:(2007). 3388:Archived 3346:Archived 3276:Archived 3265:Archived 2994:Archived 2858:26 March 2852:Timeline 2811:Archived 2659:(2002). 2429:Archived 2107:(2011). 2058:Archived 1936:June 29, 1891:Archived 1788:cite web 1744:Archived 1540:See also 1508:Sara Roy 1318:waybills 1056:Judenrat 833:Sompolno 530:Fort VII 376:Red Army 370:gas vans 202:gas vans 138:Location 7695:Germany 7657:Portals 7594:Lessons 7030:Rumbula 6903:Dorohoi 6884:Pogroms 6836:Victims 6686:Ghettos 6618:Gas van 6606:Methods 6580:Schoorl 6558:Bolzano 6506:Transit 6492:Sobibor 6482:Chełmno 6449:Vaivara 6385:Hinzert 6330:ghettos 6283:Vatican 6189:Croatia 6179:Ukraine 6169:Belarus 6159:Romania 6111:Hungary 6094:Germany 6084:Estonia 6079:Denmark 6049:Belgium 6044:Austria 6039:Albania 5737:Gas van 5553:Sobibór 5490:Ghettos 5397:Leaders 5378:Sobibor 5131:Sobibor 5124:By camp 4271:Siedlce 4178:Ghettos 4163:Tykocin 4135:Pogroms 4121:Palmiry 4046:Szebnie 3991:Sobibor 3969:Chełmno 3897:Ukraine 3882:Romania 3862:Germany 3852:Estonia 3847:Denmark 3842:Croatia 3837:Belgium 3832:Belarus 3671:26 July 2978:YouTube 2959:YouTube 2940:YouTube 2918:YouTube 2865:Source: 2638:May 13, 2518:Source: 2485:YouTube 2414:YouTube 2359:May 13, 2330:27 June 2296:27 June 2126:28 June 1998:30 June 1710:May 12, 1526:fiancée 1358:Cologne 1213:mallets 1004:Magirus 885:Zawadka 837:Kłodawa 763:Gestapo 710:gas van 606:Himmler 522:Kościan 518:Owińska 439:during 437:Kulmhof 330:Sobibór 259:Kulmhof 255:Chełmno 208:Inmates 7671:Poland 7500:Bricha 7266:(Orpo) 7139:Others 7125:Żegota 7087:Rescue 7065:Warsaw 7025:Ponary 6935:Kaunas 6738:Warsaw 6723:Lublin 6713:Kraków 6700:Poland 6544:Drancy 6477:Belzec 6454:Warsaw 6365:Dachau 6273:Turkey 6268:Sweden 6194:Serbia 6174:Russia 6154:Poland 6149:Norway 6129:Latvia 6099:Greece 6089:France 5849:Trials 5824:Bricha 5558:Soldau 5543:Izbica 5533:Bełżec 5512:Warsaw 5497:Kraków 5337:Żegota 4306:Warsaw 4281:Słonim 4276:Sambor 4251:Mizocz 4241:Lublin 4216:Kraków 4211:Kielce 4206:Grodno 4186:Będzin 4168:Wąsosz 4144:(1946) 4142:Kielce 4056:Warsaw 4036:Soldau 3986:Belzec 3887:Russia 3877:Norway 3867:Latvia 3857:France 3770: 3743: 3713: 3620: 3593: 3560: 3418: 3307: 3170: 3117: 2669: 2554: 2390:3 July 2321: 2260:2 July 2205: 2117: 2084: 1927: 1800:Quote: 1760:Polish 1251:, the 1174:Saurer 982:Poznań 865:German 841:Babiak 769:, and 652:Poznań 608:dated 584:Poznań 489:Poznań 433:Poland 350:Romani 328:, and 326:Bełżec 216:Killed 128:German 7614:Humor 7587:Films 7284:Units 7015:Odesa 6865:Izieu 6779:Vilna 6764:Minsk 6759:Kovno 6733:Radom 6597:Sereď 6414:Gusen 6395:Kauen 6326:Camps 6263:Spain 6248:Japan 6122:Libya 6116:Italy 5521:Camps 5181:RKFDV 4301:Wilno 4266:Radom 4261:Pińsk 4196:Brest 4101:Dynów 3947:Camps 3768:S2CID 3529:(PDF) 3514:(PDF) 3054:(PDF) 3043:(PDF) 3018:Shoah 2625:(PDF) 1826:Shoah 1756:Note: 1583:KHEHM 1562:Notes 1492:Shoah 1436:Winer 1314:] 1217:Warta 993:slips 883:near 849:Bugaj 829:Dąbie 646:from 553:from 496:Lange 346:] 309:, to 293:, to 141:Near 7505:List 7260:(SD) 7240:(SS) 6923:Lviv 6908:Iași 6848:Jews 6769:Riga 6728:Lwów 6718:Łódź 6690:list 6539:Gurs 6412:and 6328:and 5964:List 5502:Łódź 5322:Bund 5186:VoMi 5176:WVHA 4231:Łódź 4221:Lwów 4153:Lviv 3741:ISBN 3711:ISBN 3694:link 3679:GFDL 3673:2007 3643:GFDL 3618:ISBN 3591:ISBN 3558:ISBN 3537:2010 3448:help 3416:ISBN 3305:ISBN 3200:help 3168:ISBN 3147:help 3115:ISBN 2860:2015 2667:ISBN 2640:2013 2578:help 2552:ISBN 2513:2013 2392:2015 2361:2013 2332:2015 2319:ISBN 2298:2015 2262:2015 2236:help 2216:2015 2203:ISBN 2148:help 2128:2015 2115:ISBN 2082:ISBN 2038:2011 2000:2015 1974:RSHA 1958:help 1938:2015 1925:ISBN 1911:See: 1794:link 1718:GFDL 1712:2013 1698:OTRS 1499:and 1467:Łódź 1354:Bonn 1350:Łódź 1209:1005 1156:Roma 1065:Koło 1037:Koło 957:Koło 901:Łódź 855:and 825:Koło 815:The 722:RSHA 716:The 668:Koło 631:for 555:RSHA 483:and 271:Łódź 6654:SS- 5347:ŻZW 5342:ŻOB 5332:PKB 5317:AOB 3760:doi 2976:on 2957:on 2938:on 2916:on 2542:doi 2483:on 2412:on 1798:). 1585:-no 1510:of 1477:in 1243:On 664:Ner 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