1050:. However the improvements were only evident when chewing took place prior to cognitive testing. The precise mechanism by which gum chewing improves cognitive functioning is however not well understood. The researchers did also note that chewing-induced arousal could be masked by the distracting nature of chewing itself, which they named "dual-process theory", which in turn could explain some of the contradictory findings by previous studies. They also noticed the similarity between mild physical exercise such as pedaling a stationary bike and chewing gum. It has been demonstrated that mild physical exercise leads to little cognitive impairment during the physical task accompanied by enhanced cognitive functioning afterwards. Furthermore, the researchers noted that no improvement could be found for verbal fluency, which is in accordance with previous studies. This finding suggests that the effect of chewing gum is domain specific. The cognitive improvements after a period of chewing gum have been demonstrated to last for 15–20 minutes and decline afterwards.
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make old chewing gum into plastic. She then uses that plastic at a plastic moulding specialist, Amber Valley, in
Leicester to make plastic objects. Known objects made are collection containers for more chewing gum, shoe soles, rubber boots, and plastic cups. Her company advertises itself as the "first company in the world to recycle and process chewing gum into a range of new compounds that can be used in the rubber and plastics industry". The company is called Gum-tec, and the collection containers are dubbed "gumdrops". Advertised products on the website are pencils, coffee mugs, guitar picks, a "bicycle spoke", rulers, sports cones, frisbees, boomerangs, door stops, "meal mates", lunch-boxes, and combs.
1141:(bad breath). Chewing gum not only helps to add freshness to breath but can aid in removing food particles and bacteria associated with bad breath from teeth. It does this by stimulating saliva, which essentially washes out the mouth. Chewing sugar-free gum for 20 minutes after a meal helps prevent tooth decay, according to the American Dental Association, because the act of chewing the sugar-free gum produces saliva to wash away bacteria, which protects teeth. Chewing gum can also help with the lack of saliva or xerostomia since it naturally stimulates saliva production. Saliva can also promote enamel remineralization as long as it does not become too acidic.
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matters worse, unsticking the gum is a challenge because the long polymers of the gum base stretch, rather than break. The sticky characteristic of gum may be problematic during processing if the gum sticks to any machinery or packaging materials during processing, impeding the flow of product. Aside from ensuring that the machinery is free from lipid-based residues, this issue can be combatted by the conditioning and coating of gum toward the end of the process. By adding either a powder or a coating to the exterior of the gum product, the hydrophobic gum base binds to the added substance instead of various surfaces with which it may come in contact.
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dissolved and chewed out. These components last slightly longer than the bulking agents because they have a slightly lower solubility. Next, encapsulated flavors are released during either 10–15 minutes into the chew or after 30–45 minutes. Encapsulated flavors remain incorporated in the gum base longer because the molecules that they are encapsulated in are more easily held within the gum matrix. Finally, during the last phase of the chew, softeners such as corn syrup and glycerin and other textural modifiers are dissolved, resulting in a firming up of the gum and the end of the chew.
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countries, it is not required by law to be labeled with an expiration date. If chewing gum remains in a stable environment, over time the gum may become brittle or lose some of its flavor, but it will never be unsafe to eat. If chewing gum is exposed to moisture, over time water migration may occur, making the gum soggy. In lollipops with a gum center, water migration can lead to the end of the product's shelf life, as it causes the exterior hard candy shell to soften and the interior gum center to harden.
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the interior surfaces of the gum cud, uniformly pushing outward on all surfaces as the polymers extend. As the bubble expands, the polymers of the gum base stretch and the surface of the bubble begins to thin. When the force of the air being blown into the bubble exceeds the force that the polymers can withstand, the polymers overextend and the bubble pops. Due to the elastic attributes of chewing gum, the deflated bubble recoils and the wad of gum is ready to continue being chewed.
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1335:, one of London's busiest shopping streets, showed that a quarter of a million black or white blobs of chewing gum were stuck to its pavement. Gum removal from city streets, or even famous landmarks, can be a costly effort; in Rome, 15,000 pieces of chewed gum are discarded on a daily basis and the removal of each piece costs the city one euro. However, likely as a consequence of Singapore's ban, Singapore's pavements are, perhaps uniquely amongst modern cities, free of gum.
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453:(1899), and Wrigley's Spearmint Gum were early popular gums that quickly dominated the market and are all still around today. Chewing gum gained worldwide popularity through American GIs in WWII, who were supplied chewing gum as a ration and traded it with locals. Synthetic gums were first introduced to the U.S. after chicle no longer satisfied the needs of making good chewing gum. By the 1960s, US manufacturers had switched to
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434:, a tropical evergreen tree. He licensed a patent for automatically cutting chips of chewing gum from larger sticks: US 966,160 "Chewing Gum Chip Forming Machine" 2 August 1910 and a patent for automatically cutting wrappers for sticks of chewing gum: US 913,352 "Web-cutting attachment for wrapping-machines" 23 February 1909 from Louisville, Kentucky, inventor James Henry Brady, an employee of the Colgan Gum Company.
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1261:. Currently, the ingredient can be hidden in the catch-all term "gum base". The Canadian government at one point classified the ingredient as a "potentially high hazard substance." However, on 31 January 2010, the Government of Canada's final assessment concluded that exposure to vinyl acetate is not considered to be harmful to human health. This decision under the
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dissolve the sugars and flavorings in chewing gum, but not the gum base itself. This allows for gum to be chewed for a long time without breaking down in the mouth like conventional foods. Chewing gum can be classified as a product containing a liquid phase and a crystalline phase, providing gum with its characteristic balance of plastic and elastic properties.
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Chewing gum is not water-soluble and unlike other confectionery is not fully consumed. There has been much effort at public education and investment aimed at encouraging responsible disposal. Despite this it is commonly found stuck underneath benches, tables, handrails and escalators. It is extremely
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is previously prepared through a melting and straining or filtering process. The formulation for gum base is proprietary information known to few individuals within each gum-producing company. Next, other ingredients such as nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners and flavors are added to the gum base
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Although the formulation of gum bases is considered proprietary information for industry competitors, three main components make up all gum bases: resin, wax, and elastomer. Resin (ex. terpene) is the main chewable portion. Wax softens the gum. Elastomers add flexibility. The molecular composition of
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In 2018, the BBC published a news article on
British designer Anna Bullus, who created a method of collecting and recycling chewing gum into plastic, noting that litter from chewing gum is the second most common form of litter, second only to cigarette litter. She uses a Worcester recycling plant to
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Chewing gum after a colon surgery helps the patient recover sooner. If the patient chews gum for fifteen minutes for at least four times per day, it will reduce their recovery time by a day and a half. The average patient took 0.66 fewer days to pass gas and 1.10 fewer days to have a bowel movement.
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that occurs with bulk sweeteners, such as the sugar alcohols. The enthalpy of dissolution refers to the overall amount of heat that is absorbed or released in the dissolving process. Because the bulk sweeteners absorb heat as they dissolve and have a negative enthalpy, they yield a cooling sensation
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gums, are pillow shaped pieces that are almost always coated. Packaging of pellet gums can vary from boxes to bottles to blister packs. The coating of pellet gum allows for the opportunity for multiple flavor sensations, since coating is done in a layering process and different flavor attributes can
1092:. Xylitol is a safe sweetener that benefits teeth and saliva production because, unlike most sugars, it is not fermented to acid. Daily doses of xylitol below 3.44 grams are ineffective and doses above 10.32 grams show no additional benefit. Other active ingredients in chewing gum include
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Flavor delivery is extended throughout the mastication process by timed release of different flavor components due to the physical-chemical properties of many of chewing gum's ingredients. During the first three to four minutes of the chew, bulking agents such as sugar or sorbitol and maltitol have
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There have been cases where swallowing gum has resulted in complications in young children requiring medical attention. A 1998 paper describes a four-year-old boy being referred with a two-year history of constipation. The boy was found to have "always swallowed his gum after chewing five to seven
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and, therefore, are chewed out first. As these components dissolve in the consumers' saliva and slide down the esophagus, they are no longer retained in the gum base or perceived by the chewer. During the next phase of the chew in the four to six-minute range, intense sweeteners and some acids are
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Bubblegum bubbles are formed when the tension and elasticity of gum polymers acts against the constant and equally dispersed pressure of air being directed into the gum bolus. Bubble gum bubbles are circular because pressure from the focused air being directed into the bolus acts equally on all of
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polymers beneficially repel water and contribute to chewiness, they also detrimentally attract oil. The stickiness of gum results from this hydrophobic nature, as gum can form bonds and stick when it makes contact with oily surfaces such as sidewalks, skin, hair, or the sole of one's shoe. To make
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The polymers that make up the main component of chewing gum base are hydrophobic. This property is essential because it allows for retention of physical properties throughout the mastication process. Because the polymers of gum repel water, the water-based saliva system in a consumer's mouth will
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technology is implemented to smooth, form, and shape the gum. Next, the gum goes through a shaping process that is determined by gum type and consumer demand. For example, cut and wrap (chunk or cube) pieces are severed straight out of the extruder using a vertical cutter. Sheeting is a technique
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The
Singapore government outlawed chewing gum in 1992 citing the danger of discarded gum being wedged in the sliding doors of underground trains and general cleanliness. However, in 2004 the government allowed sugarless gum to be sold in pharmacies if a doctor or dentist prescribed it due to the
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Chewing gum is rather shelf stable because of its non-reactive nature and low moisture content. The water activity of chewing gum ranges from 0.40 to 0.65. The moisture content of chewing gum ranges from three to six percent. In fact, chewing gum retains its quality for so long that, in most
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Pellet gum's characteristic hard outer shell is due to a polyol coating. Polyols can also be implemented as a water absorbent powder dusting to maintain the quality and extend the shelf life of the product. These humectants bind water by establishing many hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
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process, as traces of this habit have arisen separately in many early civilizations. Each early precursor to chewing gum was derived from natural growths local to the region and was chewed purely out of the instinctual desire to masticate. Early chewers did not necessarily desire to derive
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Gum bases with higher molecular weights are typically used in gums intended to meet bubble-forming expectations. Higher molecular weight gum bases include longer polymers that are able to stretch further, and thus are able to form larger bubbles that retain their shape for a longer time.
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pieces each day", being given the gum as a reward for good behavior, and the build-up resulted in a solid mass which could not leave the body. A 1½-year-old girl required medical attention when she swallowed her gum and four coins, which got stuck together in her esophagus. A
1229:. However, many of the ingredients in gum base have uses in inedible products, which raises concern in some consumers. Polyethylene, one of the most popular components of gum base, belongs to a common group of plastics and is used in products from plastic bags to hula hoops.
385:, a petroleum product, was developed and soon exceeded the spruce gum in popularity. To sweeten these early gums, the chewer would often make use of a plate of powdered sugar, which they would repeatedly dip the gum in to maintain sweetness. William F. Semple, a dentist from
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Many schools do not allow chewing gum because students often dispose of it inappropriately (leaving it under desks and chairs, behind vending machines, etc.). The chewing may also pose a distraction to class, and the gum might carry diseases or bacteria from other students.
1225:(FDA), chewing gum is considered a food, as the term "food" means "a raw, cooked, or processed edible substance, ice, beverage, or ingredient used or intended for use or for sale in whole or in part for human consumption, or chewing gum". Chewing gum is defined as a food of
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often used for stick, slab and tab gums. Next, gum is either conditioned by being sprinkled with a powdered polyol or coated via the application of subsequent layers of coating using temperature controlled coating basins before it is sent to packaging.
214:. Mastic gum, like birch bark tar, has antiseptic properties and is believed to have been used to maintain oral health. Both chicle and mastic are tree resins. Many other cultures have chewed gum-like substances made from plants, grasses, and
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Kekäläinen, Timo; Venäläinen, Tapani; Jänis, Janne (17 July 2014). "Characterization of Birch Wood
Pyrolysis Oils by Ultrahigh-Resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry: Insights into Thermochemical Conversion".
1134:. A study investigating the in situ effect of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP) found that its incorporation into a sugar-free gum increases the remineralization / protection of eroded enamel surface significantly.
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Gum base composition is considered proprietary information known by select individuals within each gum-manufacturing company. Information about the other components of chewing gum are more accessible to the public and they are listed in
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typically come in three formats as well: tablets, hollow balls, and cubes or chunks. Stick, slab, and tab gums typically come in packs of about five to 17 sticks or more, and their medium size allows for softer texture. Pellet gums, or
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Kakuta, Hatsue; Iwami, Yoshimichi; Mayanagi, Hideaki; Takahashi, Nobuhiro (2003). "Xylitol
Inhibition of Acid Production and Growth of Mutans Streptococci in the Presence of Various Dietary Sugars under Strictly Anaerobic Conditions".
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Studies have shown that gum flavor is perceived better in the presence of sweetener. Companies have started to create chemical systems in gum so that the sweetener and flavor release together in a controlled manner during chewing.
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Saliva flow and production is stimulated when gum is chewed. Gum also gets digestive juices flowing and is considered "sham feeding". Sham feeding is the role of the central nervous system in the regulation of gastric secretion.
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improve flexibility and reduce brittleness, contributing to the plastic and elastic nature of gum. The interactions of plasticizers within gum base are governed by solubility parameters, molecular weight, and chemical structure.
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forms. Liquid flavor incorporations are either water-soluble, oil-soluble, or water-dispersible emulsions. The oil-soluble flavors remain in the gum longer, resulting in longer lasting flavor sensations, because the gum base is
389:, filed an early patent on chewing gum, patent number 98,304, on 28 December 1869. Semple's gum was intended to clean the teeth and strengthen the chewer's jaw. It was not a sweet treat; ingredients included chalk and powdered
185:
in
Finland. The tar from which the gums were made is believed to have antiseptic properties and other medicinal benefits. It is chemically similar to petroleum tar and is in this way different from most other early gum. The
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be added to various layers. Cube or chunk gums, which are typically intended for bubble blowing, are called cut and wrap gums as they are typically severed from continuous strands of extruded gum and packaged directly.
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Bulk Polyol
Sweeteners are responsible for initial sweetness, whereas intensive sweeteners are intended for prolonging the sweetness effect. Intensive Sweeteners are often encapsulated to delay the release of flavor.
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Barbera, Nunziata; Arcifa, Veronica; Valenti, Vincenzo; Spadaro, Giorgio; Tomasello, Sergio; Romano, Guido (2012). "Fatal asphyxia by complete laryngeal obstruction due to chewing-gum aspiration in an adult woman".
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coating. Its texture is reminiscent of rubber because of the physical-chemical properties of its polymer, plasticizer, and resin components, which contribute to its elastic-plastic, sticky, chewy characteristics.
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developed and sold the first commercial chewing gum called The State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum. In this way, the industrializing West, having forgotten about tree gums, rediscovered chewing gum through the
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Thabuis, C; Cheng, C. Y.; Wang, X; Pochat, M; Han, A; Miller, L; Wils, D; Guerin-Deremaux, L (2013). "Effects of maltitol and xylitol chewing-gums on parameters involved in dental caries development".
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until the warm mixture thickens like dough. The gum base mixture is heated during this mixing process to increase the entropy of the polymers to achieve a more uniform dispersion of ingredients. Then,
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Dimas, Konstantinos S.; Pantazis, Panayotis; Ramanujam, Rama (1 October 2016). "Review: Chios mastic gum: a plant-produced resin exhibiting numerous diverse pharmaceutical and biomedical properties".
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compose the hydrophobic portion of the gum base, responsible for its chewiness. Although the exact ingredients and proportions used in each brand's gum base are trade secrets within the gum industry,
1148:. 35 adult volunteers chewed gum for 10 to 15 minutes before or after three meals each day for 4 weeks. 90% of those questioned said that the gum felt "quite hard", and half reported no discomfort.
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To soften gum by increasing flexibility and reducing brittleness by altering the glass transition temperature. Quantities of this additive are altered to balance processability and packaging speed.
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Chewing gum can come in a variety of formats ranging from 1.4 to 6.9 grams per piece, and products can be differentiated by the consumers' intent to form bubbles or the sugar/sugarless dichotomy.
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Fitzgerald, J. Edward F.; Ahmed, Irfan (2009). "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of
Chewing-Gum Therapy in the Reduction of Postoperative Paralytic Ileus Following Gastrointestinal Surgery".
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Other studies indicated that the caries preventive effect of chewing sugar-free gum is related to the chewing process itself rather than being an effect of gum sweeteners or additives, such as
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Controversy arises as to health concerns surrounding the questionable classification of gum as food, particularly in regard to some alternative uses for gum base ingredients. According to the
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Masumoto et al. looked at the effects of chewing gum after meals following an orthodontic procedure, to see if chewing exercises caused subjects pain or discomfort, or helped maintain a large
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Adults have choked to death on chewing gum in rare cases. A 2012 report describes a 42-year-old woman who fell on the stairs while chewing gum. Due to the impact, the gum fell into the
1200:. In effect, chewing gum exaggerates one of the normal processes that neutralize acid in the esophagus. However, chewing gum is sometimes considered to contribute to the development of
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and impulse purchases also declined. U.S. sales of gum fell about 30 percent, and while demand was back up to the pre-pandemic level in 2023 in dollar terms, this was the result of
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Suda, R.; Suzuki, T.; Takiguchi, R.; Egawa, K.; Sano, T.; Hasegawa, K. (2006). "The Effect of Adding
Calcium Lactate to Xylitol Chewing Gum on Remineralization of Enamel Lesions".
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is formed in the stomach when food or other foreign objects stick to gum and build up, causing intestinal blockage. As long as the mass of gum is small enough to pass out of the
1277:. According to several medical opinions, there seems to be little truth behind the tale. In most cases, swallowed gum will pass through the system as quickly as any other food.
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Peppermint and spearmint are the most popular flavors. Food acids are implemented to provide a sour flavor (i.e. citric, tartaric, malic, lactic, adipic, and fumaric acids).
1265:(CEPA) was based on new information received during the public comment period, as well as more recent information from the risk assessment conducted by the European Union.
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Although chewing gum can be traced back to civilizations worldwide, the modernization and commercialization of this product mainly took place in the United States. The
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Ladret, M; Le Bot, Y; Nesvadba, S; Ostermann, E; Ribadeau-Dumas, G (2008). "Polyols: their properties and applications in sugar-free chewing gum". In Fritz, D (ed.).
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when added to xylitol-containing gum, but another study showed no additional remineralization benefit from calcium lactate or other calcium compounds in chewing-gum.
461:, as it was cheaper to manufacture. In the United States, chewing gum experienced a decline in popularity in the early 21st century, as it lost its association with
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for use as a rubber substitute. Chicle did not succeed as a replacement for rubber, but as a gum cut into strips and marketed as Adams New York
Chewing Gum in 1871.
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1289:, it will likely pass out of the body easily, but it is recommended that gum not be swallowed or given to young children who do not understand not to swallow it.
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lecithin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, glycerol ester, lanolin, methyl ester, pentaerythritol ester, rice bran wax, stearic acid, sodium and potassium stearates
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to produce digestive enzymes that aren't required. In some cases, when consuming large quantities of gum containing sorbitol, gas and/or diarrhea may occur.
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difficult and expensive to remove once "walked in" and dried. Gum bonds strongly to asphalt and rubber shoe soles because they are all made from polymeric
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Davidson, J. M.; Linforth, R. S.; Hollowood, T. A.; Taylor, A. J. (1 October 1999). "Effect of sucrose on the perceived flavor intensity of chewing gum".
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lists all of the natural and synthetic gum base components approved for use in the United States, demonstrating some examples of key gum base components.
1168:", is a useful treatment therapy in open abdominal or pelvic surgery, although the benefit is less clear when laparoscopic surgical techniques are used.
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A review about the cognitive advantages of chewing gum by Onyper et al. (2011) found strong evidence of improvement for the following cognitive domains:
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Onyper, Serge V.; Carr, Timothy L.; Farrar, John S.; Floyd, Brittney R. (2011). "Cognitive advantages of chewing gum. Now you see them, now you don't".
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The physical and chemical properties of chewing gum impact all aspects of this product, from manufacturing to sensory perception during mastication.
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1328:. It also bonds strongly with concrete paving. Removal is generally achieved by steam jet and scraper but the process is slow and labour-intensive.
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Bussiere, G.; Serpelloni, M. (1985). "Confectionery and Water Activity Determination of AW by Calculation". In Simatos, D.; Multon, J. L. (eds.).
3386:"Summary of Public Comments Received on the Government of Canada's Draft Screening Assessment Report and Risk Management Scope on Bisphenol A"
3228:"Are there any known health risks from chewing gum (aside from the risk of accidentally swallowing it)? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk"
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nutritional benefits from their chewable substances but at times sought taste stimuli and teeth cleaning or breath-freshening capabilities.
3515:"...eventually the normal housekeeping waves in the digestive tract will sort of push it through, and it will come out pretty unmolested."
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Fagernäs, Leena; Kuoppala, Eeva; Tiilikkala, Kari; Oasmaa, Anja (2012). "Chemical Composition of Birch Wood Slow Pyrolysis Products".
424:), creating small sticks of flavored chewing gum he named "Taffy Tolu". Colgan also led the way in the manufacturing and packaging of
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3186:"A RandomisEd ControLled TrIal of ChEwing Gum to RelieVE Thirst in Chronic Heart Failure (RELIEVE-CHF) - Heart, Lung and Circulation"
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Kashket, S.; Yaskell, T. (1997). "Effectiveness of Calcium Lactate Added to Food in Reducing Intraoral Demineralization of Enamel".
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202:, as a base for making a gum-like substance and to stick objects together in everyday use. Forms of chewing gum were also chewed in
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Ponakla, SV; Corliss, G; Prakash, I; Bishay, I (2008). "High-intensity sweeteners in sugar-free chewing gum". In Fritz, D (ed.).
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following abdominal and specifically gastrointestinal surgery. A systematic review of these suggests gum chewing, as a form of "
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157:, Mexico. This way of extracting by making zigzag incisions has been known since the ancient Mayan civilization, who called it
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Most external urban areas with high pedestrian traffic show high incidence of casual chewing gum discard. In 2000 a study on
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as the average price of a pack increased $ 1.01 from 2018 to $ 2.71 in 2023. Globally, sales were down 10 percent from 2018.
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Schaeken, M.J.M.; Van Der Hoeven, J.S. (1993). "Control of Calculus Formation by a Dentifrice Containing Calcium Lactate".
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Modern chewing gum was first developed in the 1860s when chicle was brought from Mexico by the former president, General
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Masumoto, N.; Yamaguchi, K.; Fujimoto, S. (2009). "Daily chewing gum exercise for stabilizing the vertical occlusion".
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Machiulskiene, Vita; Nyvad, Bente; Baelum, Vibeke (2001). "Caries preventive effect of sugar-substituted chewing gum".
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Various teams of researchers have developed gum that is less adhesive and degrades within days or weeks. One example,
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Chewing gum has been shown to be effective in relieving the symptom of thirst in patients living with heart failure.
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3132:"Meta-analysis of Randomized Studies Evaluating Chewing Gum to Enhance Postoperative Recovery Following Colectomy"
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Potineni, Rajesh V.; Peterson, Devin G. (2008). "Mechanisms of Flavor Release in Chewing Gum: Cinnamaldehyde".
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is a soft, cohesive substance designed to be chewed without being swallowed. Modern chewing gum is composed of
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sugar, dextrose, glucose or corn syrup, erythritol, isomalt, xylitol, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol
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has the same benefit, but is only about one-third as effective as xylitol. Other sugar substitutes, such as
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Various myths hold that swallowed gum will remain in a human's stomach for up to seven years, as it is not
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2546:"Effects of xylitol chewing gum and candies on the accumulation of dental plaque: a systematic review"
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2839:"Effects of Various Forms of Calcium Added to Chewing Gum on Initial Enamel Carious Lesions in situ"
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1192:(GERD). One hypothesis is that chewing gum stimulates the production of more bicarbonate-containing
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and teenage rebelliousness. Others blamed smartphones reducing impulse purchases at the checkout.
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is typically used in caulking and the lining of car tires, in addition to its role in gum base.
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and increases the rate of swallowing. After the saliva is swallowed, it neutralizes acid in the
2024:"Candy companies pitch gum as a stress reliever and concentration aid to revive stale US sales"
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1508:
1373:
1230:
1116:
784:
694:
Table 3: Gum base ingredients approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016)
469:
414:, a Louisville, Kentucky, pharmacist. Colgan mixed with powdered sugar the aromatic flavoring
2967:
902:
5922:
5199:
5189:
5174:
4800:
4621:
4437:
4407:
4387:
4343:
4221:
4088:
4078:
3905:
3535:
3490:
3453:
3143:
3080:
3033:
2998:
2932:
2893:
2850:
2803:
2768:
2733:
2690:
2652:
2644:
2573:
2557:
2516:
2498:
2457:
2407:
2372:
2329:
2274:
2028:
2000:
1943:
1645:"Chemical & Engineering News: Science & Technology – What's That Stuff? Chewing Gum"
1626:
1587:
1559:
801:
738:
458:
446:
430:
150:
141:
3333:
2921:"In Situ Effect of a CPP-ACP Chewing Gum on Enamel Erosion Associated or Not With Abrasion"
676:, including elastomers, are responsible for the stretchy and sticky nature of chewing gum.
5812:
5139:
5060:
4825:
4737:
4577:
4419:
4338:
4073:
4047:
3910:
3875:
3812:
2919:
de Oliveira, A.F.B.; de Oliveira Diniz, L.V.; Forte, F.D.S.; et al. (28 March 2016).
1733:
1534:
1401:
1250:
1112:
1101:
1043:
886:
Chewing gum typically comes in three formats: tablets, coated pellets, and sticks/ slabs.
5250:
3205:
1798:
5873:
5833:
5506:
5204:
5170:
5043:
5002:
4770:
4673:
4498:
4442:
4402:
4392:
4382:
4355:
4296:
4183:
4158:
4110:
3890:
3739:
2920:
2657:
2632:
2631:
Milgrom, P.; Ly, K.A.; Roberts, M.C.; Rothen, M.; Mueller, G.; Yamaguchi, D.K. (2006).
2578:
2545:
2521:
2486:
1201:
1039:
843:
462:
344:
309:
235:
203:
129:
3494:
2897:
2068:
Carcasona, ER (2008). "Bulk sweeteners used in sugar chewing gum". In Fritz, D (ed.).
1644:
6206:
6082:
6016:
5938:
5907:
5672:
5501:
5179:
4960:
4935:
4880:
4636:
4605:
4432:
4427:
4328:
4271:
4068:
3981:
3880:
3111:
3085:
3068:
3002:
1332:
1254:
1063:
835:
779:
766:
6073:
3053:
2952:
2870:
2837:
Schirrmeister, J.F.; Seger, R.K.; Altenburger, M.J.; Lussi, A.; Hellwig, E. (2007).
2823:
2710:
2462:
2445:
2427:
1160:
have investigated the use of chewing gum in reducing the duration of post-operative
926:
6057:
5993:
5978:
5953:
5791:
5511:
5354:
5209:
5194:
5033:
4955:
4845:
4790:
4785:
4753:
4743:
4688:
4663:
4646:
4552:
4447:
4042:
4037:
4011:
4001:
3948:
3915:
1325:
1238:
1234:
1165:
1108:
774:
753:
382:
247:
154:
134:
74:
1317:
981:
605:
For taste and sensory appeal. Flavor components in gum exist in liquid, powder or
396:
2503:
2278:
1527:
1503:
Fenimore, EL (2008). "The History of Chewing Gum, 1849–2004". In Fritz, D (ed.).
6151:
6039:
5912:
5868:
5846:
5764:
5734:
5668:
5456:
5285:
5085:
4975:
4970:
4945:
4918:
4909:
4775:
4626:
4521:
4261:
3958:
3796:
3781:
3414:"Fact or Fiction?: Chewing Gum Takes Seven Years to Digest: Scientific American"
2411:
1075:
1020:
A cooling sensation is achieved through the chemical phenomenon of the negative
969:
793:
677:
611:
566:
aspartame, acesulfame-K, saccharine, sucralose, neohesperidine, dihydrichalcone
415:
369:
314:
199:
113:
48:
3148:
3131:
3069:"Gum chewing stimulates early return of bowel motility after caesarean section"
2648:
2561:
6035:
6006:
5566:
5540:
5402:
5055:
5050:
5007:
4990:
4980:
4950:
4940:
4890:
4780:
4668:
4557:
4377:
4323:
4286:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4200:
4176:
4021:
3966:
3933:
3037:
2936:
1391:
1084:, bacteria that are significant contributors to tooth decay. Xylitol inhibits
1047:
1004:
887:
711:
473:
400:
An image of a Colgan's Taffy Tolu Chewing Gum chromolithograph advertisement,
324:
297:
4119:
3648:
2569:
2512:
2341:
1973:
1774:, William F. Semple, "Improved Chewing Gum", published 1869-12-28
1719:
1698:
1599:
5645:
5535:
5387:
5377:
5134:
4985:
4855:
4830:
4718:
4703:
4683:
4542:
4473:
4463:
4360:
4350:
4281:
4266:
4231:
3852:
3791:
3663:
1537:
1197:
1138:
1131:
863:
477:
454:
420:
393:
root. Charcoal was also suggested as a "suitable" ingredient in the patent.
334:
178:
174:
5895:
3991:
3502:
3458:
3441:
3157:
3094:
3045:
3010:
2944:
2905:
2862:
2815:
2702:
2666:
2614:
2587:
2530:
2471:
2419:
2384:
2349:
1706:
17:
3467:
2780:
2745:
90:
6187:
6176:
5968:
5948:
5943:
5917:
5861:
5754:
5744:
5739:
5496:
5442:
5407:
5392:
5334:
4875:
4840:
4748:
4733:
4631:
4587:
4572:
4562:
4547:
4537:
4291:
4216:
4052:
4016:
3986:
3971:
3539:
3166:"Chewing Gum Associated With Enhanced Bowel Recovery After Colon Surgery"
1415:
1406:
1339:
1301:
1258:
1205:
1093:
1089:
1071:
1067:
858:
817:
669:
450:
390:
182:
109:
70:
3716:
3130:
Purkayastha, Sanjay; Tilney, H. S.; Darzi, A. W.; Tekkis, P. P. (2008).
2226:
Gand, C; Fritz, D (2008). "Chewing gum manufacture". In Fritz, D (ed.).
1947:
165:
The cultural tradition of chewing gum seems to have developed through a
5973:
5902:
5841:
5786:
5781:
5749:
5589:
5545:
5422:
5117:
5112:
5102:
5075:
4995:
4895:
4860:
4850:
4835:
4592:
4503:
4372:
4367:
4246:
3481:
Rimar, Yossi; Babich, Jay P; Shaoul, Ron (2004). "Chewing gum bezoar".
3279:"Food Code – FDA Food Code 2009: Chapter 1 – Purpose & Definitions"
1410:
1293:
1286:
1127:
1059:
673:
285:
272:
78:
2854:
2807:
2772:
2737:
2694:
2491:
Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry
2376:
2333:
2101:
de Roos, KB (2008). "Flavourings for chewing gum". In Fritz, D (ed.).
1630:
1591:
1563:
5963:
5883:
5796:
5616:
5527:
5417:
5382:
5369:
5160:
5144:
5122:
5107:
5070:
5028:
5023:
4923:
4678:
4582:
4251:
4211:
4006:
3976:
1297:
1282:
1193:
716:
425:
365:
301:
252:
195:
191:
187:
117:
2487:"Meta-analysis on the Effectiveness of Xylitol in Caries Prevention"
1119:
formation. One study has shown that calcium lactate enhances enamel
498:
Table 2: Common ingredients in the formulation of modern chewing gum
194:
were the first to exploit the positive properties of gum; they used
5599:
5851:
5576:
5478:
5437:
5316:
5090:
4965:
4885:
4870:
4817:
4567:
4526:
4318:
4196:
4171:
3895:
3762:
3440:
Milov, D. E.; Andres, J. M.; Erhart, N. A.; Bailey, D. J. (1998).
3067:
Abd-El-Maeboud, KHI; Ibrahim, MI; Shalaby, DAA; Fikry, MF (2009).
1372:
1311:
1300:, causing complete blockage and resulting in the woman's death by
1161:
980:
874:
682:
395:
357:
280:
215:
140:
128:
2305:
Fritz, D (2008). "Evaluation and shelf-life". In Fritz, D (ed.).
2230:(2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 253–74.
2215:(2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 277–91.
2175:(2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 133–55.
2105:(2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 205–31.
2087:(2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 157–93.
2072:(2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 119–32.
1485:(2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 93–118.
5097:
5080:
5065:
4310:
2838:
2309:(2 ed.). Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 75–90.
1257:(acetic acid ethenyl ester) used by some manufacturers in their
1074:, aspartame and acesulfame K, have also been found to not cause
262:
5254:
4123:
3735:
3572:"Rev7 branded degradable gum exits US as maker seeks licensees"
2446:"The impact of polyol-containing chewing gums on dental caries"
1821:"It's Flavored Chewing Gum: Taffy Tolu Invention Is Remembered"
5715:
5660:
4905:
4610:
4166:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
361:
1726:
1188:
Chewing gum is used as a novel approach for the treatment of
5894:
5832:
5725:
3314:, United States Department of Agriculture. 13 September 2013
2053:
Mestres, J (2008). "Modern chewing gum". In Fritz, D (ed.).
1827:. Hopkinsville, Christian County, Kentucky. 22 December 1978
410:
The first flavored chewing gum was created in the 1860s by
2633:"Mutans Streptococci Dose Response to Xylitol Chewing Gum"
2273:. NATO ASI Series. Springer Netherlands. pp. 627–45.
527:
gum base is very similar to that of plastics and rubbers.
3688:
2144:
Grumezescu, Alexandru Mihai; Holban, Alina Maria (2017).
2057:(2 ed.). Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 47–73.
1747:"Flavoring Chewing Gum | Chemical & Engineering News"
1115:
to food. Calcium lactate added to toothpaste has reduced
3731:
3360:"Substance found in chewing gum could be labelled toxic"
418:, a powder obtained from an extract of the balsam tree (
1088:
in the presence of other sugars, with the exception of
1996:"The Exponential Age will transform economics forever"
116:, flavors, colors, and, typically, a hard or powdered
2147:
Natural and Artificial Flavoring Agents and Food Dyes
2307:
Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum
2228:
Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum
2213:
Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum
2173:
Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum
2103:
Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum
2085:
Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum
2070:
Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum
2055:
Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum
1507:. Essex: Kennedy's Publications Ltd. pp. 1–46.
1505:
Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum
1483:
Formulation and Production of Chewing and Bubble Gum
1204:. It stimulates the stomach to secrete acid and the
27:
Soft substance meant to be chewed without swallowing
6137:
6109:
6081:
6034:
6001:
5882:
5820:
5773:
5709:
5659:
5615:
5575:
5561:
5526:
5477:
5455:
5368:
5315:
5301:
5292:
5153:
5016:
4904:
4816:
4601:
4517:
4418:
4305:
4192:
4157:
4061:
4030:
3957:
3924:
3851:
3805:
3769:
3664:"The chewing gum you don't mind stuck to your shoe"
3442:"Chewing Gum Bezoars of the Gastrointestinal Tract"
1481:Estruch, RA (2008). "Gum base". In Fritz, D (ed.).
1107:Food and sucrose have a demineralizing effect upon
66:
58:
1902:
3254:"Chewing Tons of Gum Can Actually Cause Diarrhea"
1137:Gum chewing is regarded as a helpful way to cure
1104:. Chewing gum also increases saliva production.
468:Demand for chewing gum also declined during the
173:Chewing gum in many forms has existed since the
2211:Clark, W (2008). "Panning". In Fritz, D (ed.).
672:is made of polymers, plasticizers, and resins.
530:Natural or synthetic ingredients (See Table 3)
372:settlers picked up this practice, and in 1848,
2968:"Chew on this: Gum may be good for body, mind"
2450:The Journal of the American Dental Association
1909:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
1868:"Web-cutting attachment for wrapping-machines"
1847:"Web-cutting attachment for wrapping-machines"
1025:as they are dissolved in a consumer's saliva.
5266:
4135:
3747:
3435:
3433:
3431:
2544:Söderling, Eva; Pienihäkkinen, Kaisu (2022).
2485:ALHumaid, Jehan; Bamashmous, Mohamed (2022).
2444:Deshpande, Amol; Jadad, Alejandro R. (2008).
177:period. 5,000-year-old chewing gum made from
8:
3407:
3405:
2187:"CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"
1962:"Bursting the bubble: how gum lost its cool"
1363:Singapore–United States Free Trade Agreement
39:
1669:"The History of Chewing Gum and Bubble Gum"
1078:. Xylitol is specific in its inhibition of
6031:
5572:
5474:
5312:
5298:
5273:
5259:
5251:
4142:
4128:
4120:
3754:
3740:
3732:
2626:
2624:
2365:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2322:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1793:. Ohio History Central (maintained by the
1342:, was briefly for sale from 2010 to 2012.
222:Variations of early chewing gum worldwide
38:
3457:
3362:. Canada.com. 30 May 2008. Archived from
3147:
3084:
2886:Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology
2656:
2577:
2520:
2502:
2461:
2439:
2437:
1233:is a sticky polymer found in white glue.
449:(1884), which is flavored with licorice,
181:, with tooth imprints, has been found in
2603:European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry
698:
502:
220:
1426:
898:
614:and attracted to oil-based components.
1936:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
1269:Choking and excretion of swallowed gum
1249:Concern has arisen about the possible
1098:p-chlorbenzyl-4-methylbenzylpiperazine
1096:, which strengthens tooth enamel, and
1062:has been shown to reduce cavities and
472:, as people were less concerned about
145:Traditional extraction of chicle from
3616:"B-schools ban chewing gum on campus"
3199:Girdwain, Jessica (22 January 2014).
3104:"Chewing Gum Speeds Surgery Recovery"
2300:
2298:
2264:
2262:
2096:
2094:
2048:
2046:
1263:Canadian Environmental Protection Act
1241:is a byproduct of refined petroleum.
947:Physical and chemical characteristics
7:
5233:
3304:"Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value"
3252:Canning, Kristin (26 January 2017).
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
5630:Heated humidified high-flow therapy
441:, to New York, where he gave it to
3649:"Why Singapore banned chewing gum"
3554:"Rome declares war on chewing gum"
3528:Romanian Journal of Legal Medicine
2117:"Benefits of flavor encapsulation"
1994:Azhar, Azeem' (6 September 2021).
1528:"Student dig unearths ancient gum"
1377:Gumdrop chewing gum collecting bin
25:
2898:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2001.290407.x
1223:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
540:Artificial Sweeteners: 0.05–0.5%
428:-based chewing gum, derived from
259:Ancient Horn of Africa and Yemen
53:An unwrapped stick of chewing gum
6072:
5598:
5359:
5353:
5232:
5223:
5222:
4105:
4104:
3818:List of top-selling candy brands
3310:. Appendix B of 7 CFR Part 210.
3172:(Press release). 19 August 2008.
3086:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02225.x
3003:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2009.02010.x
2022:Durbin, Dee-Ann (7 March 2024).
1111:that has been reduced by adding
925:
913:
901:
752:Isobutylene-isoprene copolymer (
509:Percent (by weight) Composition
89:
47:
3843:List of chocolate manufacturers
3334:"Ever Wonder About Bubble Gum?"
3102:Leah Zerbe (2 September 2009).
2463:10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0102
2150:. Academic Press. p. 461.
1725:3 July 2011 at Wikiwix page of
1442:"Ingredients technology – ICGA"
1190:gastroesophageal reflux disease
341:United States (early settlers)
3724:New International Encyclopedia
3624:. 26 June 2009. Archived from
3338:Science World British Columbia
2991:Journal of Oral Rehabilitation
2242:"Manufacturing Process – ICGA"
1905:Vanity, vitality, and virility
1615:"Brief History of Chewing Gum"
1058:Sugar-free gum sweetened with
381:. Around 1850 a gum made from
1:
5398:Effervescent powder or tablet
3662:Shaw, Dougal (6 March 2018).
3495:10.1016/S0016-5107(04)00162-2
1316:Chewing gum on a sidewalk in
1176:Use in cardiovascular disease
1158:randomized controlled studies
401:
210:, made from the resin of the
6182:Patient-controlled analgesia
5487:Orally disintegrating tablet
3838:List of chocolate bar brands
3828:List of confectionery brands
2925:Clinical Oral Investigations
2550:Clinical Oral Investigations
2504:10.4103/jispcd.JISPCD_164_21
2279:10.1007/978-94-009-5103-7_38
2271:Properties of Water in Foods
1352:Chewing gum ban in Singapore
206:. The Ancient Greeks chewed
32:Chewing gum (disambiguation)
3647:Elle Metz (28 March 2015).
2412:10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.313
439:Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
6229:
5693:Relative analgesia machine
4151:Non-timber forest products
3944:List of chewing gum brands
3483:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
3312:Food and Nutrition Service
3149:10.1001/archsurg.143.8.788
2649:10.1177/154405910608500212
2637:Journal of Dental Research
2562:10.1007/s00784-021-04225-8
1613:Smithsonian, Eeva (2012).
1397:List of chewing gum brands
1349:
29:
6070:
5596:
5351:
5218:
4102:
3038:10.1007/s00268-009-0104-5
2937:10.1007/s00784-016-1796-1
1533:19 September 2017 at the
1296:and was inhaled into the
1227:minimal nutritional value
977:Bubble-blowing capability
750:Butadiene-styrene rubber
749:
648:
633:
616:
593:
580:
529:
514:
84:
46:
5282:Routes of administration
3201:"6 'No Medicine' Cures!"
3026:World Journal of Surgery
1720:"History Of Chewing Gum"
1687:In Vivo (Athens, Greece)
771:Petroleum wax synthetic
112:, sweeteners, softeners/
5808:Extra-amniotic infusion
5413:Molecular encapsulation
5345:Osmotic delivery system
5340:Time release technology
1795:Ohio Historical Society
1022:enthalpy of dissolution
761:Fischer–Tropsch process
735:Massaranduba chocolate
538:Sugar alcohols: 40–50%
6111:Central nervous system
5899:
5837:
5765:Mucoadhesive microdisc
5730:
5165:(Iberian agroforestry)
4403:Pacific mountain onion
3939:Functional chewing gum
3591:"Nonstick Chewing Gum"
3459:10.1542/peds.102.2.e22
2246:www.gumassociation.org
2191:www.accessdata.fda.gov
1446:www.gumassociation.org
1378:
1320:
1217:Classification as food
986:
880:
705:Synthetic ingredients
578:To maintain moistness
549:Bulk polyol sweeteners
484:Ingredient composition
407:
230:Chewing gum precursor
162:
138:
95:Media: Chewing gum
5954:Transfersome vesicles
5898:
5836:
5813:Intravesical infusion
5729:
5185:Indian forest produce
4656:Hydnocarpus wightiana
4094:Pies, tarts and flans
3595:MIT Technology Review
3576:confectionerynews.com
1376:
1315:
1308:Environmental effects
1146:occlusal contact area
984:
878:
853:Manufacturing process
634:Natural or synthetic
617:Natural or synthetic
585:Softener/Plasticizer
399:
331:Tropical West Africa
227:Ancient civilization
144:
132:
5640:Metered-dose inhaler
5625:Anesthetic vaporizer
4428:Bare-toothed russula
3871:Couverture chocolate
3833:List of chocolatiers
3823:List of breath mints
3540:10.4323/rjlm.2012.33
2133:on 20 December 2016.
1942:(6): 30A–40A. 1959.
1245:Possible carcinogens
1086:Streptococcus mutans
1081:Streptococcus mutans
702:Natural ingredients
560:Intensive sweeteners
241:Mastic (plant resin)
167:convergent evolution
30:For other uses, see
6065:Transdermal implant
6025:(into tissue/blood)
5802:Intrauterine device
5683:Anaesthetic machine
5678:Oxygen concentrator
5039:musical instruments
4297:Woodland strawberry
3777:Sugar confectionery
3718:"Chewing-Gum"
3628:on 14 November 2013
3366:on 11 February 2012
3340:. 24 September 2013
3232:www.theguardian.com
3136:Archives of Surgery
1948:10.1021/ie50594a004
1901:Emsley, J. (2004).
1791:"William F. Semple"
1732:8 June 2010 at the
1673:About.com Inventors
731:Massaranduba balata
321:South Asia (India)
223:
77:, flavors, colors,
43:
6177:Nanocell injection
5900:
5838:
5731:
5585:Dry-powder inhaler
3866:Compound chocolate
3861:Types of chocolate
3621:The Times of India
2124:Fona International
1619:Energy & Fuels
1580:Energy & Fuels
1552:Energy & Fuels
1379:
1321:
987:
938:Quality and safety
881:
759:Paraffin (via the
746:Venezuelan chicle
631:For visual appeal
607:micro-encapsulated
408:
387:Mount Vernon, Ohio
221:
163:
139:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6027:
5989:Transdermal spray
5984:Transdermal patch
5974:Medicated shampoo
5705:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5688:Medical inhalants
5635:Medical inhalants
5563:Respiratory tract
5557:
5556:
5451:
5450:
5248:
5247:
4117:
4116:
3901:Belgian chocolate
3886:Chocolate truffle
3578:. 4 January 2013.
2855:10.1159/000098043
2808:10.1159/000088905
2773:10.1159/000261550
2738:10.1159/000262434
2695:10.1159/000073391
2377:10.1021/jf0727847
2334:10.1021/jf9901082
1920:978-0-19-280509-6
1797:). Archived from
1631:10.1021/ef2018836
1592:10.1021/ef500849z
1564:10.1021/ef2018836
1231:Polyvinyl acetate
1100:, which prevents
1016:Cooling sensation
879:Chewing gum balls
871:Product varieties
850:
849:
785:Polyvinyl acetate
662:
661:
651:Maltitol/Isomalt
470:COVID-19 pandemic
350:
349:
103:
102:
16:(Redirected from
6220:
6076:
6032:
6023:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5573:
5502:Sublingual drops
5475:
5363:
5357:
5313:
5299:
5275:
5268:
5261:
5252:
5236:
5235:
5226:
5225:
5200:Resin extraction
5190:Mushroom hunting
5166:
4912: / etc.
4766:
4659:
4494:Saffron milk cap
4484:Parasol mushroom
4324:Fiddlehead ferns
4144:
4137:
4130:
4121:
4108:
4107:
3906:French chocolate
3756:
3749:
3742:
3733:
3728:
3720:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3437:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3308:www.fns.usda.gov
3300:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3161:
3151:
3127:
3118:
3115:
3114:on 9 March 2014.
3110:. Archived from
3098:
3088:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2966:Gajilan, Chris.
2963:
2957:
2956:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2506:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2302:
2293:
2292:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2126:. Archived from
2121:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2029:Associated Press
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1968:. 26 July 2021.
1958:
1952:
1951:
1934:"I/EC Reports".
1931:
1925:
1924:
1908:
1898:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1825:Kentucky New Era
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1743:
1737:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1682:
1676:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1547:
1541:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1438:
1121:remineralization
1066:. The sweetener
985:Bubblegum bubble
929:
917:
905:
727:Gutta hang kang
699:
515:Common examples
503:
459:synthetic rubber
431:Manilkara chicle
406:
403:
354:American Indians
293:Native Americans
224:
93:
67:Main ingredients
51:
44:
42:
21:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6192:
6172:Intraperitoneal
6144:musculoskeletal
6142:
6133:
6105:
6101:Intra-articular
6077:
6068:
6028:
6022:
6021:
5997:
5878:
5816:
5769:
5714:
5697:
5655:
5611:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5594:
5553:
5522:
5447:
5364:
5358:
5349:
5303:Digestive tract
5288:
5279:
5249:
5244:
5214:
5164:
5149:
5140:Vegetable ivory
5012:
4900:
4812:
4760:
4653:
4615:
4597:
4531:
4513:
4479:Oyster mushroom
4469:Meadow mushroom
4414:
4398:Twincrest onion
4301:
4205:
4188:
4159:Animal products
4153:
4148:
4118:
4113:
4111:Category: Candy
4098:
4057:
4048:Horehound drops
4031:Medicinal candy
4026:
3953:
3920:
3911:Swiss chocolate
3876:White chocolate
3847:
3813:List of candies
3801:
3765:
3760:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3629:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3597:
3589:Patel, Prachi.
3588:
3587:
3583:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3439:
3438:
3429:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3287:
3285:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3211:
3209:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3164:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3101:
3079:(10): 1334–39.
3066:
3065:
3061:
3032:(12): 2557–66.
3023:
3022:
3018:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2843:Caries Research
2836:
2835:
2831:
2796:Caries Research
2793:
2792:
2788:
2761:Caries Research
2758:
2757:
2753:
2726:Caries Research
2723:
2722:
2718:
2683:Caries Research
2679:
2678:
2674:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2456:(12): 1602–14.
2443:
2442:
2435:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2328:(10): 4336–40.
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2289:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2250:
2248:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1900:
1899:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1801:on 23 June 2018
1789:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1734:Wayback Machine
1718:
1714:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1586:(7): 4596–602.
1576:
1575:
1571:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1535:Wayback Machine
1526:
1522:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1428:
1424:
1402:Bubblegum Alley
1388:
1371:
1354:
1348:
1310:
1271:
1251:carcinogenicity
1247:
1219:
1214:
1186:
1178:
1154:
1113:calcium lactate
1102:travel sickness
1056:
1044:episodic memory
1036:
1031:
1018:
1000:
979:
966:
957:
949:
940:
933:
930:
921:
918:
909:
906:
873:
855:
780:Polyisobutylene
667:
639:Polyol coating
486:
404:
379:First Americans
310:South Americans
127:
99:
54:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6226:
6224:
6216:
6215:
6205:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6115:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6091:Intracavernous
6087:
6085:
6079:
6078:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6062:
6061:
6060:
6050:
6045:
6043:
6029:
6020:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5893:
5891:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5874:Nutrient enema
5871:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5849:
5844:
5831:
5829:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5724:
5722:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5621:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5581:
5579:
5570:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5472:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5374:
5372:
5366:
5365:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5310:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5230:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5205:Rubber tapping
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5171:Forest farming
5168:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4822:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4807:Vateria indica
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:Shorea robusta
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4455:
4453:Honey mushroom
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4334:Mahuwa flowers
4331:
4326:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4115:
4114:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3891:Mint chocolate
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3857:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3711:
3710:External links
3708:
3706:
3705:
3693:gumdropltd.com
3680:
3654:
3639:
3607:
3581:
3563:
3545:
3517:
3508:
3473:
3427:
3412:Matson, John.
3401:
3377:
3351:
3325:
3295:
3270:
3244:
3219:
3191:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3059:
3016:
2997:(12): 857–63.
2981:
2958:
2911:
2876:
2829:
2786:
2751:
2716:
2672:
2620:
2593:
2556:(1): 119–129.
2536:
2497:(2): 133–138.
2477:
2433:
2390:
2371:(9): 3260–67.
2355:
2312:
2294:
2287:
2258:
2233:
2218:
2203:
2178:
2163:
2156:
2136:
2108:
2090:
2075:
2060:
2042:
2014:
1986:
1953:
1926:
1919:
1880:
1859:
1838:
1812:
1782:
1763:
1738:
1727:BeemarsGum.org
1712:
1677:
1661:
1636:
1625:(2): 1275–83.
1605:
1569:
1558:(2): 1275–83.
1542:
1520:
1513:
1488:
1458:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1384:
1370:
1367:
1347:
1344:
1309:
1306:
1270:
1267:
1246:
1243:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1202:stomach ulcers
1185:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1153:
1152:Use in surgery
1150:
1055:
1052:
1040:working memory
1035:
1034:Brain function
1032:
1030:
1029:Health effects
1027:
1017:
1014:
999:
998:Flavor release
996:
978:
975:
965:
962:
956:
953:
948:
945:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
924:
922:
920:Coated pellets
919:
912:
910:
907:
900:
872:
869:
854:
851:
848:
847:
844:Natural rubber
831:
830:
822:Leche de vaca
813:
812:
789:
788:
748:
707:
706:
703:
666:
663:
660:
659:
647:
643:
640:
636:
635:
632:
629:
626:
622:
621:
615:
603:
600:
596:
595:
592:
589:
586:
582:
581:
579:
576:
573:
569:
568:
557:
546:
542:
536:
532:
531:
528:
524:
521:
517:
516:
513:
512:Functionality
510:
507:
485:
482:
463:counterculture
374:John B. Curtis
360:made from the
348:
347:
345:Tobacco leaves
342:
338:
337:
332:
328:
327:
322:
318:
317:
312:
306:
305:
295:
289:
288:
283:
277:
276:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
238:
236:Ancient Greece
232:
231:
228:
204:Ancient Greece
179:birch bark tar
126:
123:
101:
100:
98:
97:
85:
82:
81:
73:, sweeteners,
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6225:
6214:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6162:Intramuscular
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6119:Intracerebral
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5939:Iontophoresis
5937:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5908:Topical cream
5906:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5892:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5830:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:Nasal cannula
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5601:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5269:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5241:
5240:
5231:
5229:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5180:Honey hunting
5178:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:Coconut sugar
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4510:
4509:Yellow knight
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Slippery jack
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Heart of palm
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:Edible plants
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4272:Juniper berry
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4122:
4112:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3881:Chocolate bar
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3694:
3690:
3689:"Gumdrop Ltd"
3684:
3681:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3415:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3245:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3142:(8): 788–93.
3141:
3137:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2982:
2969:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2931:(1): 339–46.
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:(4): 278–88.
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2849:(2): 108–14.
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:(4): 277–79.
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2732:(6): 429–33.
2731:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2689:(6): 404–09.
2688:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2643:(2): 177–81.
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2609:(4): 303–08.
2608:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:(2): 321–28.
2405:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2288:9789401087568
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2157:9780128112694
2153:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:The Economist
1963:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1693:(5): 777–85.
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1514:9780955808524
1510:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1333:Oxford Street
1329:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:vinyl acetate
1252:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1212:Controversies
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:Dental health
1053:
1051:
1049:
1046:and speed of
1045:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1006:
997:
995:
991:
983:
976:
974:
971:
963:
961:
954:
952:
946:
944:
937:
928:
923:
916:
911:
904:
899:
897:
894:
889:
884:
877:
870:
868:
865:
860:
852:
846:
845:
841:
838:
837:
836:Euphorbiaceae
833:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
815:
814:
811:
808:
805:
803:
799:
796:
795:
791:
790:
787:
786:
782:
781:
777:
776:
772:
769:
768:
767:Petroleum wax
764:
762:
757:
755:
747:
744:
741:
740:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
718:
714:
713:
709:
708:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
695:
690:
688:
684:
679:
675:
671:
664:
658:
655:
652:
644:
641:
638:
637:
630:
627:
624:
623:
620:
613:
608:
604:
601:
598:
597:
590:
587:
584:
583:
577:
574:
571:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
556:
553:
550:
547:
543:
541:
537:
534:
533:
525:
522:
519:
518:
511:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
499:
494:
492:
483:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
433:
432:
427:
423:
422:
417:
413:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
346:
343:
340:
339:
336:
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330:
329:
326:
323:
320:
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308:
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299:
296:
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291:
290:
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284:
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279:
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274:
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268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
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246:
245:
242:
239:
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234:
233:
229:
226:
225:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
171:
168:
160:
156:
152:
151:Achras zapota
148:
143:
136:
131:
124:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
96:
92:
87:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:Confectionery
61:
57:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
6167:Intraosseous
6157:Intracardiac
6096:Intravitreal
6058:Injector pen
6053:Subcutaneous
6024:
5994:Jet injector
5979:Dermal patch
5792:Vaginal ring
5760:Insufflation
5517:
5512:Effervescent
5286:dosage forms
5237:
5210:Wildcrafting
5195:Naval stores
5173: /
5161:
5130:Tendu leaves
5086:Natural dyes
4956:Gutta-percha
4928:
4908: /
4846:Frankincense
4806:
4762:
4719:Mango butter
4664:Cocoa butter
4655:
4652:Chaulmoogra
4622:Allanblackia
4553:Black pepper
4438:Birch bolete
4388:Canada onion
4373:Wild ginseng
4368:Saw palmetto
4309: /
4199: /
4043:Nicotine gum
4038:Cough sweets
4002:Marshmallows
3949:Gum industry
3925:
3916:Chocolaterie
3786:
3722:
3696:. Retrieved
3692:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3667:
3657:
3642:
3630:. Retrieved
3626:the original
3619:
3610:
3598:. Retrieved
3594:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3531:
3527:
3520:
3511:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3449:
3445:
3418:. Retrieved
3392:. Retrieved
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3364:the original
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3337:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3307:
3298:
3286:. Retrieved
3282:
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3257:
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3231:
3222:
3212:23 September
3210:. Retrieved
3206:Men's Health
3204:
3194:
3180:
3170:ScienceDaily
3169:
3139:
3135:
3112:the original
3107:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3029:
3025:
3019:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2974:24 September
2972:. Retrieved
2961:
2928:
2924:
2914:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2802:(1): 43–46.
2799:
2795:
2789:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2640:
2636:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2453:
2449:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2306:
2270:
2249:. Retrieved
2245:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2212:
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2190:
2181:
2172:
2166:
2146:
2139:
2128:the original
2123:
2111:
2102:
2084:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2033:. Retrieved
2027:
2017:
2007:10 September
2005:. Retrieved
1999:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1904:
1871:. Retrieved
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1824:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:the original
1785:
1766:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1741:
1715:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1649:pubs.acs.org
1648:
1639:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1523:
1504:
1482:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:
1380:
1359:
1355:
1337:
1330:
1326:hydrocarbons
1322:
1302:asphyxiation
1291:
1279:
1272:
1248:
1239:Paraffin wax
1235:Butyl rubber
1220:
1187:
1179:
1170:
1166:sham feeding
1155:
1143:
1136:
1125:
1106:
1085:
1079:
1057:
1037:
1019:
1010:
1003:the highest
1001:
992:
988:
967:
958:
950:
941:
892:
885:
882:
856:
842:
839:
834:
828:Tunu (tuno)
827:
825:Niger gutta
824:
821:
816:
809:
806:
800:
797:
792:
783:
778:
775:Polyethylene
773:
770:
765:
758:
754:butyl rubber
751:
745:
742:
737:
734:
729:
726:
723:
720:
715:
710:
693:
692:
691:
686:
678:Plasticizers
668:
656:
653:
650:
618:
565:
562:
559:
554:
551:
548:
539:
497:
496:
495:
490:
487:
467:
443:Thomas Adams
436:
429:
419:
409:
383:paraffin wax
351:
275:plant roots
248:Ancient Maya
198:, a natural
172:
164:
158:
155:Quintana Roo
146:
135:Fruit Stripe
114:plasticizers
105:
104:
75:plasticizers
36:
6213:Chewing gum
6152:Intravenous
6139:Circulatory
6124:Intrathecal
6048:Intradermal
6040:transdermal
6007:Parenterals
5913:Topical gel
5869:Murphy drip
5847:Suppository
5735:Nasal spray
5669:Oxygen mask
5518:Chewing gum
5457:Oral mucosa
5145:Willow bark
4976:Maple syrup
4971:Maple sugar
4946:Fruit syrup
4929:chewing gum
4919:Birch syrup
4776:Shea butter
4448:Chanterelle
4393:Crow garlic
4383:Bear garlic
4378:Wild onions
4356:filé powder
4277:Lingonberry
4262:Huckleberry
3959:Sugar candy
3926:Chewing gum
3797:Penny candy
3787:Chewing gum
3782:Sugar candy
3770:By category
3416:. Sciam.com
3344:17 December
3288:17 December
3283:www.fda.gov
2251:17 December
2196:15 December
1873:8 September
1852:8 September
1831:8 September
1751:cen.acs.org
1451:15 December
1076:tooth decay
970:hydrophobic
802:Leche caspi
794:Apocynaceae
612:hydrophobic
535:Sweeteners
506:Ingredient
412:John Colgan
405: 1910
370:New England
368:trees. The
315:Coca leaves
212:mastic tree
147:chicozapote
137:chewing gum
106:Chewing gum
41:Chewing gum
18:Chewing-gum
6012:Injections
5775:Urogenital
5711:Ophthalmic
5567:inhalation
5541:Toothpaste
5469:sublingual
5433:Suspension
5403:Herbal tea
5056:Birch beer
5051:Birch bark
5008:Spruce gum
4991:akpeteshie
4981:Palm sugar
4951:Gum arabic
4941:Date sugar
4891:Turpentine
4771:Sandalwood
4674:Eucalyptus
4669:Eucalyptol
4558:Brazil nut
4433:Bay bolete
4287:Strawberry
4242:Cocoa bean
4237:Breadfruit
4227:Blackberry
4201:tree fruit
4022:Jelly bean
3967:Hard candy
3934:Bubble gum
3600:9 December
3558:Daily News
3489:(7): 872.
3452:(2): e22.
3446:Pediatrics
3420:25 January
3394:25 January
3370:25 January
3258:Health.com
1756:9 December
1654:9 December
1422:References
1392:Bubble gum
1350:See also:
1275:digestible
1048:perception
1005:solubility
964:Stickiness
888:Bubble gum
743:Rosidinha
724:Crown gum
721:Chiquibul
712:Sapotaceae
572:Glycerine
474:bad breath
447:Black Jack
325:Betel nuts
298:Sugar pine
208:mastic gum
133:Sticks of
6017:infusions
5949:Liposomes
5745:Eye drops
5740:Ear drops
5651:Vaporizer
5646:Nebulizer
5536:Mouthwash
5465:sublabial
5388:Electuary
5378:Decoction
5175:gardening
5135:Thatching
4986:Palm wine
4831:Birch tar
4759:Sal-seed
4684:Japan wax
4637:Candlenut
4578:Malva nut
4543:Areca nut
4464:Matsutake
4420:Mushrooms
4361:root beer
4351:Sassafras
4339:Sago palm
4282:Raspberry
4267:Jackfruit
4232:Blueberry
4184:Wild game
4084:Doughnuts
4053:Lollipops
3853:Chocolate
3792:Chocolate
3534:: 33–36.
2570:1432-6981
2513:2231-0762
2342:0021-8561
1974:0013-0613
1772:US 98304A
1699:1791-7549
1600:0887-0624
1538:BBC.co.uk
1369:Recycling
1318:ReykjavĂk
1259:gum bases
1198:esophagus
1139:halitosis
1132:carbamide
955:Chewiness
864:extrusion
798:Jelutong
654:Mannitol
649:Sorbitol
642:Variable
628:Variable
602:1.5–3.0%
520:Gum Base
478:inflation
455:butadiene
421:Myroxylon
335:Kola nuts
175:Neolithic
6207:Category
6188:PIC line
6129:Epidural
5969:Lip balm
5944:Hydrogel
5935:solution
5918:Liniment
5903:Ointment
5862:Hydrogel
5857:Solution
5842:Ointment
5782:Ointment
5755:Hydrogel
5750:Ointment
5546:Ointment
5507:Lozenges
5497:Lollipop
5443:Tincture
5428:Solution
5408:Hydrogel
5393:Emulsion
5335:Pastille
5228:Category
5044:textiles
4876:Pine tar
4841:Creosote
4791:Tea-tree
4786:Tea-seed
4754:Pongamia
4744:Phulwara
4729:Nagkesar
4724:Murumuru
4699:Kpangnan
4647:Carnauba
4588:Pine nut
4573:Hazelnut
4563:Cinnamon
4548:Bay leaf
4538:Allspice
4460:(reishi)
4292:Tamarind
4257:Gambooge
4217:Bilberry
4089:Pastries
4079:Desserts
4017:Licorice
3987:Marzipan
3972:Caramels
3668:BBC News
3632:2 August
3503:15173807
3318:4 August
3263:11 March
3237:11 March
3158:18711040
3095:19523094
3054:24548626
3046:19763686
3011:19845836
2953:10126499
2945:27020912
2906:11515642
2871:22686522
2863:17284911
2824:45316316
2816:16352880
2711:21574455
2703:14571117
2667:16434738
2615:24313583
2588:34677696
2531:35462747
2472:19047666
2428:18821962
2420:21645566
2400:Appetite
2385:18426214
2350:10552812
2035:18 March
1730:Archived
1723:Archived
1707:22949590
1671:page of
1531:Archived
1416:Gum base
1407:Gum Wall
1386:See also
1340:Rev7 Gum
1206:pancreas
1156:Several
1117:calculus
1094:fluoride
1090:fructose
1072:maltitol
1068:sorbitol
932:Uncoated
859:gum base
818:Moraceae
810:Perillo
807:Pendare
804:(sorva)
674:Polymers
670:Gum base
665:Gum base
599:Flavors
451:Chiclets
391:licorice
269:Chinese
200:tree gum
183:Kierikki
110:gum base
71:Gum base
5888:topical
5826:enteral
5787:Pessary
5617:Liquids
5590:Smoking
5528:Liquids
5423:Softgel
5370:Liquids
5330:Capsule
5307:enteral
5239:Commons
5154:Related
5118:Tanbark
5113:Shellac
5103:Quinine
5076:Gambier
4996:ogogoro
4896:Varnish
4861:Lacquer
4851:Gamboge
4836:Camphor
4826:Benzoin
4736: (
4642:Capuacu
4627:Babassu
4593:Vanilla
4504:Truffle
4489:Red cap
4458:Lingzhi
4247:Coconut
4222:Binukaw
4197:Berries
4074:Cookies
3997:Praline
3727:. 1905.
3698:7 March
3673:6 March
3560:. 2011.
3468:9685468
2781:8402801
2746:9353582
2658:2225984
2579:8791908
2522:9022379
1979:28 July
1805:17 July
1411:Seattle
1294:pharynx
1287:stomach
1253:of the
1184:Stomach
1128:polyols
1060:xylitol
857:First,
840:Chilte
739:Nispero
687:Table 3
657:Starch
625:Colors
523:25–35%
491:Table 2
457:-based
356:chewed
286:Blubber
273:Ginseng
125:History
79:polyols
6083:Organs
5964:Lotion
5884:Dermal
5822:Rectal
5797:Douche
5577:Solids
5514:tablet
5479:Solids
5461:buccal
5418:Powder
5383:Elixir
5325:Tablet
5317:Solids
5162:Dehesa
5123:tannin
5108:Rattan
5071:Forage
5034:edible
5029:Bamboo
5024:Amadou
5003:Rubber
4924:Chicle
4866:Mastic
4818:Resins
4801:Ucuuba
4796:Tucuma
4781:Tamanu
4738:kernel
4709:Mafura
4679:Illipe
4632:Bacuri
4583:Nutmeg
4527:spices
4252:Durian
4212:Banana
4109:
4062:Sweets
4007:Nougat
3992:Dragée
3977:Toffee
3501:
3466:
3156:
3108:Rodale
3093:
3052:
3044:
3009:
2951:
2943:
2904:
2869:
2861:
2822:
2814:
2779:
2744:
2709:
2701:
2665:
2655:
2613:
2586:
2576:
2568:
2529:
2519:
2511:
2470:
2426:
2418:
2383:
2348:
2340:
2285:
2154:
1972:
1917:
1911:189–97
1778:
1705:
1697:
1598:
1511:
1298:larynx
1283:bezoar
1194:saliva
1109:enamel
1064:plaque
968:While
893:dragée
717:Chicle
683:Resins
575:2–15%
426:chicle
366:spruce
302:spruce
253:Chicle
216:resins
196:chicle
192:Aztecs
188:Mayans
149:tree (
118:polyol
88:
5959:Cream
5923:Paste
5852:Enema
5804:(IUD)
5720:nasal
5642:(MDI)
5550:Spray
5438:Syrup
5091:henna
5066:Ferns
5017:Other
4966:Latex
4886:Rosin
4881:Pitch
4871:Myrrh
4856:Kauri
4714:Mahua
4704:Kusum
4694:Kombo
4689:Kokum
4611:waxes
4568:Clove
4474:Morel
4408:Ramps
4344:queen
4319:Betel
4311:roots
4172:Honey
4069:Cakes
4012:Mints
3982:Taffy
3896:Fudge
3806:Lists
3763:Candy
3389:(PDF)
3050:S2CID
2970:. CNN
2949:S2CID
2867:S2CID
2820:S2CID
2707:S2CID
2424:S2CID
2131:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
2001:Wired
1162:ileus
908:Stick
588:1–2%
358:resin
281:Inuit
159:sicté
153:) in
6184:pump
6036:Skin
5933:DMSO
5928:Film
5716:otic
5671:and
5492:Film
5294:Oral
5098:Peat
5081:Moss
5061:Cork
4961:Kino
4749:Pilu
4734:Palm
4522:Nuts
4177:pine
4167:Furs
3700:2018
3675:2018
3634:2010
3602:2016
3499:PMID
3464:PMID
3422:2012
3396:2012
3372:2012
3346:2016
3320:2017
3290:2016
3265:2022
3239:2022
3214:2022
3154:PMID
3091:PMID
3073:BJOG
3042:PMID
3007:PMID
2976:2013
2941:PMID
2902:PMID
2859:PMID
2812:PMID
2777:PMID
2742:PMID
2699:PMID
2663:PMID
2611:PMID
2584:PMID
2566:ISSN
2527:PMID
2509:ISSN
2468:PMID
2416:PMID
2381:PMID
2346:PMID
2338:ISSN
2283:ISBN
2253:2016
2198:2016
2152:ISBN
2037:2024
2009:2021
1981:2021
1970:ISSN
1915:ISBN
1875:2015
1854:2015
1833:2015
1807:2013
1758:2016
1703:PMID
1695:ISSN
1656:2016
1596:ISSN
1509:ISBN
1453:2016
1346:Bans
1130:and
416:tolu
304:sap
300:and
263:Khat
190:and
59:Type
5661:Gas
4910:gum
4906:Sap
4606:Oil
4443:Cep
3536:doi
3491:doi
3454:doi
3450:102
3144:doi
3140:143
3081:doi
3077:116
3034:doi
2999:doi
2933:doi
2894:doi
2851:doi
2804:doi
2769:doi
2734:doi
2691:doi
2653:PMC
2645:doi
2574:PMC
2558:doi
2517:PMC
2499:doi
2458:doi
2454:139
2408:doi
2373:doi
2330:doi
2275:doi
1944:doi
1627:doi
1588:doi
1560:doi
1409:in
364:of
362:sap
6209::
5718:,
5467:,
5463:,
5284:,
3721:.
3691:.
3666:.
3618:.
3593:.
3574:.
3556:.
3532:20
3530:.
3497:.
3487:59
3485:.
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