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wooden molds. These techniques produced large variety of objects, such as cups, knives, containers, figurines, bracelets, pins, and crowns. They used arsenic to harden the metals after they were cast. Large-scale smelting took place in a cluster of workshops at Cerro de los
Cemetarios. The process starts with ore extracted from mines or a river, which is heated to very high temperatures and then cooled. The result is a group of prills, such as small round sections of copper, in a mass of slag, which are other materials which are not useful for metallurgy. The prills are then extracted by crushing the slag, and then melted together to form ingots, which were fashioned into various items. The ChimĂș also shaped metals through hammering, as displayed in the image on the right of the silver ChimĂș beaker. ChimĂș metalsmiths achieved this technique with simple tools and a single sheet of gold. The artist would first carve a wooden mold. Then they would carefully hammer the paper-thin sheet of gold around the wooden base.
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959:, to draw water, and reservoirs to contain the water from rivers. This system increased the productivity of the land, which increased ChimĂș wealth, and likely contributed to the formation of a bureaucratic system. The ChimĂș cultivated beans, sweet potato, papaya, and cotton with their reservoir and irrigation system. This focus on large-scale irrigation persisted until the Late Intermediate period. At this point, there was a shift to a more specialized system that focused on importing and redistributing resources from satellite communities. There appears to have been a complex network of sites that provided goods and services for ChimĂș subsistence. Many of these sites produced commodities that the ChimĂș could not.
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1139:(PSP). Twice a year, the mollusk tissue contains substances that are toxic to humans, caused by poisonous algae that the mollusks consume. During these months, the shells are offered to weather and fertility deities as âfood for the godsâ, as it was thought that only deities were powerful enough to eat the flesh of the bivalve. At tolerable levels, human consumption of this toxic flesh may result in muscle weakness, mind-altering states, and euphoria, but in more concentrated doses, may lead to paralysis and death. Because of these hallucinogenic effects,
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elite at peripheral locations, such as the
Jequetepeque Valley and other centers of power, were incorporated into the ChimĂș government on lower levels of the hierarchy. These lower-order centers managed land, water, and labor, while the higher-order centers either moved the resources to Chan Chan or carried out other administrative decisions. Rural sites were used as engineering headquarters, while the canals were being built; later they operated as maintenance sites. The numerous broken bowls found at
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conquest (between 1462 and 1470). This great expansion is believed to have occurred during the late period of ChimĂș civilization, called: Late ChimĂș, but the development of the ChimĂș territory spanned a number of phases and more than a single generation. Nacen-pinco, "may have pushed the imperial frontiers to
Jequetepeque and to Santa, but conquest of the entire region was an agglutinative process initiated by earlier rulers." (17)
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unlikely that they served as storage areas. They are described as mnemonic devices for keeping track of the distribution of supplies. Over time, the frequency of the U-shaped structures increased, and the distribution of the structures changed, becoming more grouped, rather than dispersed, and occurring further away from access routes to resources.
1583:. These figures were blindfolded and had their hands bound behind their backs, their feet bound together, and their throats slashed. Archaeologists suggest these figures, likely bodies of fishermen, may have been killed as a sign of gratitude to the sea god Ni after they conquered the fishermen's fertile seaside valley in 1350 A.D.
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1356:(where the fiber was set to be spun). Fibers that are laid down in the zone are quickly turned between the thumb and index fingers and twisted to interlock the fibers, creating a long thread. After the desired lengths of threads are attained, the threads are intersected and woven in various combinations to make fabrics.
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Although copper is found naturally on the coast, it was mostly attained from the highlands in an area about 3 days away. Since most of the copper was imported, it is likely that most of the metal objects that were made were likely very small. The pieces, such as wires, needles, digging stick points,
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Metalworking picked up quickly in the Late ChimĂș periods. The ChimĂș worked with metals such as gold, silver, and copper. Some ChimĂș artisans worked in metal workshops divided into sections for each specialized treatment of metals: plating, gold, stamping, lost-wax, pearl, the watermark, and embossing
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The difficult task of shell diving is captured in the imagery of many portable Andean artifacts, such as bowls, earspools, and textiles. Many of these images are similar, illustrating a boat with sailors holding cords attached to the divers in the water. Stone weights are suspended from the divers as
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techniques and hydraulic work, which joined valleys to form complexes, such as the
Chicama-Moche complex, which was a combination of two valleys in La Libertad. The Lambayeque linked the valleys of La Leche, Lambayeque, Reque, and Saña Jequetepeque. They developed an excellent agricultural techniques
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Chan Chan was the top of the Chimu hierarchy, with FarfĂĄn in the
Jequetepeque Valley as a subordinate. This organization, which was quickly established during the conquest of the Jequetepeque Valley, suggests the ChimĂș established the hierarchy during the early stages of their expansion. The existing
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was integral to the expanding political power and economy of the ChimĂș. The shell was viewed as an exotic material, and the Chimor control of the exchange of the imported luxury good served as a means of political control, establishing and legitimizing the rule of the nobles. Unlike the Inca Empire,
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event known in world history". The burial is dated at 1400-1450 A.D. Anthropologist Haagen Klaus speculates that ChimĂș might have turned to children when the sacrifice of adults was not enough to stop torrential rain and flooding caused by El Niño. In August 2019 the archaeological team working at
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often emphasize their characteristic spines. The image to the right features a ChimĂș earspool, which was molded from gold-copper and silver alloys and depicts a shell diving scene. The rectangle in the upper half of the earspool is a boat with large sails, and birds reside at the top of the piece.
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palaces in order to impose social hierarchy ideals. The Chan Chan also had restrictions and were not offered the same privileges as the elite. They had limited access to rituals, bureaucracy, and administrative roles. The high regulations were necessary to keep order with food production and state
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The main features of ChimĂș ceramics were small sculptures, and manufacturing molded and shaped pottery for ceremonial or daily use. Ceramics were usually stained black, although there are some variations. Lighter ceramics were also produced in smaller quantities. The characteristic brightness was
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has specialized sensory organs, in particular sensitive eyes and papillae, that Andean cultures associate with extra sensory protection. Sensitive to temperature changes in water and thriving in warmer waters, the shell was thought to have divinatory powers, and because its migratory patterns are
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The ChimĂș people highly valued mollusk shell for its economic and political significance as a luxury good traded over long distances, and the shell was often viewed as a symbol of elite status and divine power. Using shell as a medium for their art and artifacts, the ChimĂș frequently employed the
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The Chimu capital, Chan Chan, had a series of elite residential compounds or cuidadelas that were not occupied simultaneously, but sequentially. The reason for this is that Chimu rulers practiced split inheritance, which dictated that the heir to the throne had to build his own palace. After the
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shell had a wide variety of uses in Andean culture and took a variety of forms, ranging from whole shells to fragments to ground shell powder. This material was worked to create intricately carved ornaments, tools, and goods reserved for the nobles and deities. Shell fragments have been found as
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The estimated founding date of the last ChimĂș kingdom is in the first half of the fourteenth century. Nacen-pinco was believed to have ruled around 1370 and was followed by seven rulers whose names are not yet known. Minchançaman followed these rulers, and was ruling around the time of the Inca
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frequently have U-shaped rooms that consist of three walls, a raised floor, and frequently, a courtyard, and there were often as many as 15 in one palace. In the early ChimĂș period, the U-shaped areas were found in strategic places for controlling the flow of supplies from storerooms, but it is
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artifacts contain objects from various stages of shell production: whole shells, fragments, worked pieces, and debris from shell reduction. Though researchers have uncovered worked shell debris and ample proof for the presence of shell workshops, they have only identified and discussed very few
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shell beads, and black stone beads, and the image below displays a sling shot made of shell. Representing wealth and power, the shell was ground into powder and spread out before the Chimor king by an official called the Fonga Sigde, forming a âred carpetâ for the ruler as he walked. Shell were
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The ChimĂș appeared in the year 900: Chimor, also known as the
Kingdom of Chimor, had its capital "at the great site now called Chanchan, between Trujillo and the sea, and we may assume that Taycanamo founded his kingdom there. His son, Guacri-caur, conquered the lower part of the valley and was
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The civilization is known for its exquisite and intricate metalworking, one of the most advanced of the pre-Columbian era. ChimĂș ceramics were crafted for two functions: containers for daily domestic use and those made for ceremonial use for offerings at burials. Domestic pottery was developed
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that had caused the state to increase the extractive economy in place and get supplies from other areas of the Andes. This El Niño is theorized to have occurred around A.D. 1100 and would have caused the destruction of irrigation canals. Both arguments suggest that agriculture expansion led to
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Found in the tombs of nobles, these artifacts were often used as burial goods and played a role in sacrificial practices. Due to its aquatic origins, shells were prized for their connection to the sea and role in water and fertility rituals, used as offerings in agricultural fields to promote
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due to the elite's controlled access to information. The economic and social system operated through the import of raw materials, where they were processed into prestige goods by artisans at Chan Chan. The elite at Chan Chan made the decisions on most other matters concerning organization,
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according to their area of specialization. Archeologists have noted a dramatic increase in ChimĂș craft production, and they believe that artisans may have been brought to Chan Chan from another area taken as a result of ChimĂș conquest. As there is evidence of both metalwork and
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in rectangular shapes made from molds. "Early ChimĂș cemeteries are also found without pyramid associations. Burials are usually in extended positions, in prepared tombs. The rectangular, adobe-lined and covered tombs have niches in their walls in which bowls were placed." (39)
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Researchers likewise disagree on the transportation methods of shells and whether they were exported via sea or land. Imagery in Andean pottery and reliefs depict llama caravans carrying shell, providing evidence that the transportation of shell was at least in part overland.
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in
Ciudadela Uhle, displays imagery of a pair of figures in a tule boat, one of whom holds a paddle, and another pair of shell divers beneath the boat and connected to ropes. The relief also features a net-like semicircle, as well as spiny figures that represent shells.
1946:"Naymlap and Company: The Northern Dynasties . Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor. Michael E. Moseley and Alana Cordy-Collins, Eds. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, DC, 1990. x, 548 pp., illus. $ 40. From a symposium, Washington, DC, Oct. 1985"
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lend to the shell its ties to strength and protection. Because of its shape and red blood-like color, the shell often represents death, sacrifice, and ritual bloodletting practices, as well as female reproductive body parts. Known as the "daughter of the sea," the
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obtained by rubbing with a rock that previously had been polished. Many animals, fruits, characters, and mystical entities have been represented pictorially on ChimĂș ceramics. Archaeological evidence suggest that Chimor grew out of the remnants of the
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One of the earliest known examples of distance communication is a ChimĂș device consisting of two resin-coated gourds connected by a 75-foot length of twine. Only one example has been found, and nothing is known about its originator or use.
1367:, fabrics doubles, and painted fabrics. Sometimes textiles were adorned with feathers and gold or silver plates. Tropical feathers used in such textiles are evidence of long-distance trade. Colored dyes were created from plants containing
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shell is closely related to the physical attributes and biological properties of the bivalve. Its characteristic morphology contributed to the association of the shell with divine power and the supernatural world. The external spines of
1393:, llama, alpaca, and vicuna. The people also used varieties of cotton, that grows naturally in seven different colors. The clothing consisted of the ChimĂș loincloth, sleeveless shirts with or without fringes, small ponchos, and tunics.
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were artisans. In the late ChimĂș, about 12,000 artisans lived and worked in Chan Chan alone. They engaged in fishing, agriculture, craft work, and trade. Artisans were forbidden to change their profession, and were grouped in the
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is abundant in sites across Peru, discovered in burial sites and with the remains of shell workshops. The high level of uniformity in these shell objects, combined with the technical nature of shell-working, indicate that
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were left behind and other sites like FarfĂĄn had increased laborers for administrative compounds constructed under the supervision of
Imperial administrators. Land use, agricultural methods and settlement patterns of the
1493:, as it appeared by night and day, and it also controlled the weather and growth of crops. Devotees sacrificed animals and birds to the Moon, as well as their own children on piles of colored cottons with offerings of
1192:, large compounds often reserved for the kings and elite individuals, were used as storage areas for shell artifacts, and the architecture and ornamentation of these structures symbolize the treasures of the sea. Los
1275:. The archaeological record indicates that Chimor was an important center for the exchange of trade, and shell often traveled long distances from its geographic source to reach the empire of Chimor. The trade of
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succeeded by a son named Nancen-pinco who really laid the foundations of the
Kingdom by conquering the head of the valley of Chimor and the neighboring valleys of Sana, Pacasmayo, Chicama, Viru, Chao and Santa."
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movement. The marine bivalve was likely traded either through independent merchants or state-administered long-distance trade, with a north-south movement of the items. One of the first accounts of exchange of
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1524:(Ni) deities. Jiang was associated with stones called alaec-pong (cacique stone), which were believed to be ancestors of the people in whose area they stood and sons of the Sun. The ChimĂș made offerings of
1039:, known as the âthorny oysterâ for its characteristic spines, is a solid red color and can only be harvested by experienced divers. Thus, this shell is more highly desired and traded by the ChimĂș people.
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The ChimĂș's vast territorial expansion increased the amount of cultural identities within the civilization. They also incorporated political ideologies along with cultural beliefs this is seen with the
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Keatinge, Richard W., and
Geoffrey W. Conrad. 1983. Imperialist expansion in peruvian prehistory: Chimu administration of a conquered territory. Journal of Field Archaeology 10, (3) (Autumn): 255-83.
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While many archaeological sources point to the abundance of shell-working, as the remains of shell workshops and artifacts were uncovered widely in Peru, little evidence documents the movement of
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in the same domestic unit, it is likely that both men and women were artisans. They engaged in fishing, agriculture, and metallurgy, and made ceramics and textiles from cotton and the wool of
518:. The rivers in the region carved a series of fertile valley plains, which were very flat and well-suited to irrigation. Agriculture and fishing were both very important to the ChimĂș economy.
1597:) skeletons from children between the ages of 6 and 15, all of whom had deep slashes across the sternum and broken rib cages indicating that their hearts may have been removed. According to
654:, the mature ChimĂș culture developed in roughly the same territory where the Mochica had existed centuries before. The ChimĂș was also a coastal culture - according to legend, its capital of
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support this theory, as the bowls were probably used to feed the large workforce that built and maintained that section of canal. The workers were probably fed and housed at state expense.
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and cotton. Judging from the uniform spin direction, degree of the twist, and colors of the threads, it is likely that all of the fibers were pre-spun and imported from a single location.
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Emmerich, André. "IV: The Horizon of the City Builders." In Sweat of the Sun and Tears of the Moon: Gold and Silver in Pre-Columbian Art. Seat tle: University of Washington Press, 1965.
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this site revealed that the bodies of 227 victims, aged between four and 14, had been excavated, further establishing this as the largest-ever known example of child sacrifice.
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by archaeologist and researcher Daniel Sandweiss. Dating back to around 1390-1480 A.D., the workshop comprised various small rooms and contained evidence for the production of
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is the Moche or Mochica civilization, which is identified as Early ChimĂș. The start of this period is not known for certain, but it ended around 700 CE. It was centered in the
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beads. Shell debris from all stages of production, ranging from cut pieces to finished beads, along with the stone tools used to work the shell, were excavated from the site.
1174:. Harvesting the shell is both a time and labor-intensive process, requiring experienced divers to free dive to depths of up to 50 meters and pry the shells off of rocks.
499:. According to legend, its capital of Chan Chan was founded by Taycanamo, who arrived in the area by sea. Chimor was the last kingdom that had any chance of stopping the
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Many sites relied on marine resources, but after the advent of agriculture, there were more sites further inland, where marine resources were harder to attain. Keeping
1444:, as early ChimĂș pottery had some resemblance to that of the Moche. Their ceramics are all black, and their work in precious metals is very detailed and intricate.
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is one well-known ChimĂș work. They also made beautiful ritual costumes of gold compounds with plume headdresses, earrings, necklaces, bracelets, and breastplates.
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abundant crop yields. The ChimĂș also placed shells in sources of water, such as wells and springs, to bring rain to their fields, especially in times of drought.
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trade through imperial conquests of neighboring states, but rather, used its existing access to the trade as a religious and financial justification for power.
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Moore, J.D., Mackey, C.J. (2008). The ChimĂș Empire. In: Silverman, H., Isbell, W.H. (eds) The Handbook of South American Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY.
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shells were highly valued and traded by the ChimĂș people, and the exchange of the shells played a significant economic and political role in the empire.
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Moore, Jerry D. 1996. Architecture and power in the ancient andes: The archaeology of public buildings. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press 1996.
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The architecture of the rural sites also supported the idea of a hierarchical social order. They have similar structural components, making them mini-
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It has been argued that ChimĂș leaders conquered territories further away because of the deviations in inheritance. The opposition to this is that an
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Pillsbury, Joanne (1996). "The Thorny Oyster and the Origins of Empire: Implications of Recently Uncovered Spondylus Imagery from Chan Chan, Peru".
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Pillsbury, Joanne (1996). "The Thorny Oyster and the Origins of Empire: Implications of Recently Uncovered Spondylus Imagery from Chan Chan, Peru".
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on the outer edge of the city. They consisted of many single-family domestic spaces with a kitchen, work space, domestic animals, and storage area.
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Keatinge, Richard W. 1974. Chimu rural administrative centers in the Koche valley, peru. World Archaeology 6, (1, Political Systems) (Jun.): 66-82.
480:, Taycanamo's grandson would expand the kingdom by conquering the upper valley. Ăançenpinco began to further expansion both north and south of the
1632:, or royal compounds, thought to be associated with the kings of Chimor. They are surrounded by adobe walls that are nine meters high, giving the
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Glowacki, Mary (2005). "Food of the Gods or mere mortals? Hallucinogenic Spondylus and its interpretive implications for early Andean society".
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Glowacki, Mary (2005). "Food of the Gods or mere mortals? Hallucinogenic Spondylus and its interpretive implications for early Andean society".
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Topic, J. R. (2003). From stewards to bureaucrats: architecture and information flow at Chan Chan, Peru. Latin American Antiquity, 14, 243-274.
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529:. Offerings played an important role in religious rites. A common object for offerings, as well as one used by artisans, was the shell of the
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Spinning is the practice of combining a small set of threads to achieve a long and continuous thread with the use of an instrument called a
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has red and white hues, primarily used for beads and artifacts. While this species resides in shallower waters and is easier to obtain, the
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The ChimĂș expanded to include a vast area and many different ethnic groups. The first valleys seem to have joined forces willingly, but the
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Mosely, Michael E., and Kent C. Day. 1982. Chan Chan: Andean desert city. 1st ed. United States of America: School of American Research.
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was founded by Taycanamo, who arrived in the area by sea. It was developed in the Moche Valley north of present-day Lima, northeast of
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as the focal point of the structures. These would be used to restrict access to certain areas and are often found at strategic points.
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To the south, they expanded as far as Carabayllo. Their expansion southward was stopped by the military power of the great valley of
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as a main resource, although they maintained contact with coastal sites to use supplemental marine resources. They also made masks.
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Chan Chan shows a lack of a unifying plan or a discernible pattern. The urban core contains six principal classes of architecture:
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inlays for body ornaments and as beads for pieces of jewelry. The image to the right displays a ChimĂș collar made of cotton, red
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societies all changed after the conquest. Many households had to see tribute requirements and agricultural production increased.
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re-distribution of the products. The class system also helped to determine who would work to create state-sponsored monuments.
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Martin, Alexander J. (2001). "The Dynamics of Pre-Columbian Spondylus Trade across the South American Central Pacific Coast".
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in the South. Despite this, many areas kept distinctive aspects of their culture and some gained autonomy after the conquest.
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Tombs in the Huaca of the Moon belonged to six or seven teenagers from 13â14 years of age. Nine tombs belonged to children.
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was assimilated through conquest. At its peak, the ChimĂș advanced to the limits of the desert coast to the valley of the
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bottle. The shiny black finish of most ChimĂș pottery was achieved by firing the pottery at high temperatures in a closed
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system, with a powerful elite rule over administrative centers. The hierarchy was centered at the walled cities, called
708:, lower-class, workshops and homes with a population estimate of around 30,000. These workshop were all built in around
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arose as a supplemental way of attaining meat, but by the Late Intermediate period and Late Horizon, inland sites used
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SIAR or small irregular agglutinated rooms, which probably served as the residences for the majority of the population
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were sunken farms where land was withdrawn to work the moist, sandy soil underneath, an example of which is Tschudi.
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Cutright, Robyn E. âEating Empire in the Jequetepeque: A Local View of ChimĂș Expansion on the North Coast of Peru.â
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Much of the existing evidence for shell-working in the Andes stems from archaeological findings and colonial texts.
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ChimĂș or Lambayeque earspool, Late Intermediate Period, Central Andes, made of gold-copper alloy and silver alloy -
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Paulsen, Allison C. (1974). "The Thorny Oyster and the Voice of God: Spondylus and Strombus in Andean Prehistory".
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Paulsen, Allison C. (1974). "The Thorny Oyster and the Voice of God: Spondylus and Strombus in Andean Prehistory".
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specific shell workshops. One workshop, which was thought to be maintained by the ChimĂș people, was identified at
570:(copper and gold). The pottery is often in the shape of a creature or has a human figure sitting or standing on a
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ChimĂș or Chancay sling shot with shells made of shell, wool, cotton, and beads - fourteenth-fifteenth century -
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Differential architecture of palaces and monumental sites distinguished the rulers from the common people. At
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tweezers, and personal ornaments, are consistently small, utilitarian objects of copper or copper bronze. The
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Topic, J. R. (2003). "From stewards to bureaucrats: architecture and information flow at Chan Chan, Peru",
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was a symbol of spiritual transcendence and was viewed as bridge between physical and supernatural worlds.
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744:. The political power at Chan Chan is demonstrated by the organization of labor to construct the ChimĂș's
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In 1997, members of an archaeological team discovered approximately 200 skeletal remains on the beach at
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2791:: The architecture of social control in the ChimĂș state. Latin American Antiquity 3, (2) (Jun.): 95-113.
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is an instrument made of a small wand that usually gets thinner at both ends; that was used alongside a
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From what scholars can tell the ChimĂș had a complex and consolidated empire. The capitol consisted of
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The ChimĂș people are best known for their distinctive monochromatic pottery and fine metal working of
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3054:. Benson, Elizabeth P., Cook, Anita Gwynn. (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 2001.
2493:. Benson, Elizabeth P., Cook, Anita Gwynn. (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. 2001.
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617:. "Many large pyramids are attributed to the Early ChimĂș period." (37) These pyramids are built of
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2087:, eds. Maria Rostworowski and Michael E. Mosely. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1st ed., p. 548
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was acquired and exchanged along trade routes, and many scholars have proposed various models for
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monopolizing production, storage of food and products, and distribution or consumption of goods.
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779:
507:, defeating the emperor and descendant of Taycanamo, Minchançaman, and was nearly complete when
2595:"The Dynamics of Pre-Columbian Spondylus Trade across the South American Central Pacific Coast"
2152:"Eating Empire in the Jequetepeque: A Local View of ChimĂș Expansion on the North Coast of Peru"
1657:
with rural adapted administrative functions. Most of these sites have smaller walls, with many
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Mirrors of Clay: Reflections of Ancient Andean Life in Ceramics from the Sam Olden Collection
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Mirrors of Clay: Reflections of Ancient Andean Life in Ceramics from the Sam Olden Collection
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deity (Si or Shi) was the greatest divinity. It was believed to be more powerful than the
1311:
2946:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi/Jackson State University. pp. 91â92.
2469:. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi/Jackson State University. pp. 91â92.
1536:
988:
death of a ruler, all the ruler's wealth would be distributed to more distant relatives.
2760:"Archaeologists in Peru unearth 227 bodies in biggest-ever discovery of child sacrifice"
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4519:
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from the original on 2020-06-19 – via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
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was acquired through conquest. They also were significantly influenced by the pre-Inca
457:
408:
2833:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 221â252.
2572:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. pp. 221â252.
2083:
Mosely, Michael E. (1990). "Structure and history in the dynastic lore of Chimor", in
1452:
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production was domestic and carried out by independent craftsmen. Many collections of
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1593:. After years of excavation, they identified more than 140 human (and more than 200
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2019:
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shell has also been linked to femininity, with the univalve embodying masculinity.
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likewise used for ornamentation of certain buildings and architectural structures.
1047:
856:
848:
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733:
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472:. From there his descendants would conquer surrounding areas starting with his son
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1961:
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The Early pottery is also characterized by realistic modeling and painted scenes.
440:
around 1470, fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region. Chimor (
1603:, if the analysis is correct, the discovery constitutes "the largest single mass
1550:
Each district had local shrines that varied in importance. These shrines, called
1456:
ChimĂș beaker with face, Central Andes, 1100â1536 A.D., made of hammered silver -
1425:
without higher finishing, while funeral ceramics show more aesthetic refinement.
1411:, Late Intermediate Period, 1250-1350, Camelid fiber and cotton tapestry weave -
859:
assumed the throne in 1493. They moved Minchançaman, the final ChimĂș emperor, to
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Though the remains of shell workshops and artifacts are abundant in Chimor, the
876:
847:
Chimor was the last Andean kingdom capable of stopping the Inca Empire, but the
783:
647:
614:
526:
500:
434:
372:
359:
171:
42:
3164:
3114:
1589:
In 2011, archaeologists uncovered human and animal skeletons in the village of
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3558:
3320:
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2168:
1882:
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864:
790:
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2312:
2176:
1969:
1917:
1909:
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Four divers swim beneath the boat and are near spiky eggshell-shaped shells.
696:. Historians and archeologists contest how far south they managed to expand.
17:
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4523:
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4248:
3583:
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3124:
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around 1320 and changed the political structure of the society. Places like
741:
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195:
175:
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3702:
1977:
1547:) was used to calculate the year and was believed to watch over the crops.
1228:
921:
473:
461:
1535:
Several constellations were also viewed as important. Two of the stars of
1516:
The ChimĂș worshipped Mars (Nor) and Earth (Ghisa) deities, as well as the
4514:
4364:
3926:
3906:
3901:
3791:
3771:
3193:
2676:
1544:
1360:
663:
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shellfish, which resides only in the warm coastal waters off present-day
1639:
The bulk of the ChimĂș population (approximately 26,000 people) lived in
633:
4510:
4047:
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3931:
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3568:
3543:
3528:
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3400:
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3345:
1509:
1390:
1248:
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909:
833:
721:
662:, and finishing in central present-day Trujillo. Later, it expanded to
659:
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536:
400:
167:
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2654:
2320:
178:, Gold ceremonial dress, a map of ChimĂș cultural influence within Peru
4453:
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4339:
4314:
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3821:
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3513:
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3478:
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to Ni for protection against drowning and bountiful catches of fish.
1498:
1385:, ferruginosa, or mordant aluminum; as well as from animals, such as
1378:
1368:
917:
579:
571:
561:
557:
549:
404:
3019:
2974:
2638:
2304:
855:, defeating the emperor Minchançaman, and was nearly complete when
525:, the ChimĂș, unlike the Inca, considered it more powerful than the
4093:
4037:
4028:
3916:
3493:
1687:
1615:
1594:
1529:
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Artisan-class dwellings and workshops spread throughout the city
1558:
1540:
1486:
1469:
1382:
1236:
1016:
844:. The people paid tribute to the rulers with products or labor.
832:. The legends of war were said to have been told by the leaders
693:
651:
606:
583:
575:
553:
522:
515:
514:
The ChimĂș resided on a strip of desert on the northern coast of
487:
The first valleys seem to have joined forces willingly, but the
3216:
2831:
Making Value, Making Meaning: Techné in the Pre-Columbian World
2570:
Making Value, Making Meaning: Techné in the Pre-Columbian World
2057:
Holstein, Otto. 1927. "Chan-chan: Capital of the great Chimu",
824:
The state governed such social classes until the empire of the
637:
Map of the area of control and influence of the Chimor culture.
2910:
Florida Atlantic University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing
2602:
Florida Atlantic University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing
1521:
1517:
1490:
36:
2250:
Thereâs a 1,200-year-old Phone in the Smithsonian Collections
476:. Guacricur integrated ChimĂș reign over the lower valley and
4675:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3147:
Golden Kingdoms: Luxury & Legacy in the Ancient Americas
1867:. Estudios Indiana. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. p. 225.
1778:. Estudios Indiana. Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag. p. 225.
666:. During this time Arequipa was framed by 3 volcanoes. (39)
453:, encompassing 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) of coastline.
2030:. Vol. 7 : South America (1 ed.). Springer.
2229:
The Northern Dynasties: Kingships and Statecraft in Chimor
1389:. The garments were made of the wool of four animals: the
1126:
conditions, its presence is seen as an omen for disaster.
2787:
Moore, Jerry D. 1992. Pattern and meaning in prehistoric
2085:
The Northern Dynasties Kingship and Statecraft in Chimor
2912:– via ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
1282:
the ChimĂș did not attempt to expand its command of the
937:
which expanded the strength of their cultivated areas.
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2219:
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2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
955:
The ChimĂș used walk-in wells, similar to those of the
689:
in the Lambayeque Valley was also ruled by the ChimĂș.
605:
The oldest civilization present on the north coast of
4728:
States and territories established in the 9th century
4670:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
2730:"Ancient Mass Child Sacrifice May Be World's Largest"
2227:
Moseley, M. E. & Cordy-Collins, A. (Ed.) (1990).
1934:, Ringwood: Penguin Books Australia Ltd., pp. 247-274
34:
Political grouping of the ChimĂș culture in early Peru
1752:"Chan Chan : Capital of Kingdom ChimĂș - UNESCO"
539:. Associated with the sea, rainfall, and fertility,
4541:
4464:
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4360:
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3997:
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1291:Little information exists about the means by which
755:Gold adornments of the ChimĂș dated to about 1300 -
314:
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287:
273:
263:
253:
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231:
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2150:
1620:Carvings of fish in the Tschudi Complex, Chan Chan
1051:ChimĂș collar, twelfth-fourteenth century, made of
863:and redirected gold and silver there to adorn the
460:, the history of Chimor began with the arrival of
2103:Christie, J. J. & Sarro, P. J (Eds). (2006).
429:. The culture arose about 900 CE, succeeding the
3208:Video of possible Quingam letter discussed above
2070:Bennett, Wendell C. (1937). "Chimu archeology",
1628:, there are ten large, walled enclosures called
1512:on his boat - Lombards Historical Society Museum
4723:15th-century disestablishments in South America
794:increased identities socially and politically.
4650:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4635:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
2005:Rowe, John H. (1948) "The kingdom of Chimor",
1396:The majority of ChimĂș textiles were made from
503:. But the Inca conquest began in the 1470s by
4758:States and territories disestablished in 1470
3228:
8:
3115:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_39
2135:
2133:
2131:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
1539:were considered to be the emissaries of the
1314:, who was a member of the expedition led by
875:Chan Chan could be said to have developed a
4743:9th-century establishments in South America
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
1932:The Art and Architecture of Ancient America
1902:BoletĂn de la Academia Peruana de la Lengua
1813:BoletĂn de la Academia Peruana de la Lengua
1271:from its source in Ecuador to workshops in
887:ChimĂș vessel representing a fisherman on a
4618:
3235:
3221:
3213:
3092:"Thorny Oysters: The Daughters of the Sea"
2799:
2797:
2402:"Thorny Oysters: The Daughters of the Sea"
2107:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press
1864:Lost languages of the Peruvian north coast
1775:Lost languages of the Peruvian north coast
160:
138:
4640:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3125:https://doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.64
3123:, vol. 26, no. 1, 2015, pp. 64â86.,
2811:
2809:
2783:
2781:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1896:Salas GarcĂa, JosĂ© Antonio (2010-12-31).
1807:Salas GarcĂa, JosĂ© Antonio (2010-12-31).
1432:Earthenware jar, between 1100 and 1550 -
1359:The ChimĂș embellished their fabrics with
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3244:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
3138:Central and Southern Andes, 1000â1400 AD
2923:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp.
2710:"Mass human sacrifice unearthed in Peru"
2440:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp.
1451:
1310:is a report written by Spanish colonist
1046:
882:
394:
3185:Thorny Oyster: The Daughters of the Sea
2286:
2284:
2282:
1743:
1170:shell originates in the warm waters of
725:ChimĂș Piece, Imperial Epoch, 1300â1532
3075:
2514:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
1675:Domestic architecture associated with
1565:) with an associated legend and cult.
1561:, and had a sacred object of worship (
1178:they gather shells, and portrayals of
2920:Art of the Andes: From ChavĂn to Inca
2620:
2618:
2563:
2561:
2437:Art of the Andes: From ChavĂn to Inca
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
1135:exhibits seasonal toxicity, known as
898:The majority of the citizens in each
444:
313:
300:
296:
272:
262:
252:
242:
238:
230:
7:
1252:ChimĂș pendant, 900-1470 AD, made of
1008:, a type of marine bivalve mollusk.
948:ChimĂș vessel showing a sexual act -
425:) was the political grouping of the
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3668:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
2764:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2231:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.
932:The ChimĂș developed mainly through
732:The ChimĂș society was a four-level
4768:Indigenous culture of the Americas
4738:Former monarchies of South America
4660:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
3639:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
1557:were also found in other parts of
25:
3651:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
3622:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
2149:Cutright, Robyn E. (March 2015).
2105:Palaces and Power in the Americas
1944:Silverman, Helaine (1991-05-17).
1672:- citadels or palatial fortresses
1093:The symbolic significance of the
1055:beads, stone beads, and cotton -
449:) was the largest kingdom in the
433:, and was later conquered by the
399:ChimĂș Tapestry Shirt, 1400â1540,
4692:
3644:Archaeological sites in Colombia
3617:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
3052:Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru
2736:. April 26, 2018. Archived from
2491:Ritual Sacrifice in Ancient Peru
1844:"A Summary Of The Chimu Kingdom"
1508:ChimĂș gold plaque, displays god
1413:Los Angeles County Museum of Art
595:Early ChimĂș (Moche civilization)
377:
352:
41:
4753:Former empires in South America
3627:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
893:Museum of the Americas (Madrid)
891:(reed watercraft), 1100â1400 -
851:conquest began in the 1470s by
52:needs additional citations for
3096:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
2917:Miller, Rebecca Stone (1996).
2434:Miller, Rebecca Stone (1996).
2406:The Metropolitan Museum of Art
1636:the appearance of a fortress.
950:Museum of the Americas, Madrid
773:Cultural and Economic Exchange
1:
4571:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
3632:Archaeological sites in Chile
2593:Martin, Alexander J. (2001).
1962:10.1126/science.252.5008.1011
1543:. The constellation Fur (the
1137:Paralytic shellfish poisoning
307:
152:
4665:Mesoamerican writing systems
3661:Archaeological sites in Peru
2829:Costin, Cathy Lynne (2016).
2568:Costin, Cathy Lynne (2016).
511:assumed the throne in 1493.
4561:Spanish Conquest of YucatĂĄn
3160:Yale University Art Gallery
3156:Art of the Ancient Americas
1458:Yale University Art Gallery
928:Subsistence and agriculture
4789:
4587:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4490:Uaxaclajuun UbÊŒaah KÊŒawiil
3189:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3151:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3142:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2028:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
1572:
1196:(the Divers), a relief in
1088:Metropolitan Museum of Art
1057:Metropolitan Museum of Art
817:
598:
26:
4688:
4630:
4621:
3985:
3812:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
2885:10.1017/s0003598x00114061
2367:10.1017/s0003598x00114061
2169:10.7183/1045-6635.26.1.64
828:conquered the kingdom of
331:
327:
297:
283:
239:
159:
151:
4699:Civilizations portal
3656:Cultural periods of Peru
3176:Michael C. Carlos Museum
3121:Latin American Antiquity
3008:Latin American Antiquity
2853:Michael C. Carlos Museum
2541:Michael C. Carlos Museum
2293:Latin American Antiquity
2199:Latin American Antiquity
2157:Latin American Antiquity
2026:, eds. (2001). "ChimĂș".
1930:Kubler, George. (1962).
1910:10.46744/bapl.201002.004
1904:(in Esperanto): 83â128.
1861:Urban, Matthias (2019).
1821:10.46744/bapl.201002.004
1815:(in Esperanto): 83â128.
1772:Urban, Matthias (2019).
1381:; and minerals, such as
1159:Michael C. Carlos Museum
797:The ChimĂș conquered the
700:Life in the ChimĂș Empire
646:During the reign of the
451:Late Intermediate Period
27:Not to be confused with
4748:1470s disestablishments
4593:HernĂĄn PĂ©rez de Quesada
3439:Mesoamerican chronology
3198:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
2681:Encyclopedia Britannica
1842:Sadio, Julovar (2021).
727:Larco Museum Collection
582:from reacting with the
3296:Archaeological periods
3082:: CS1 maint: others (
2521:: CS1 maint: others (
2074:45, (1) (Jul.): 35-48.
2072:The Scientific Monthly
2061:17, (1) (Jan.): 36-61.
1621:
1513:
1460:
1436:
1416:
1262:
1258:shell and turquoise -
1161:
1090:
1059:
952:
895:
759:
748:and irrigated fields.
729:
638:
442:Spanish pronunciation:
411:
4599:List of Conquistadors
4486:Kʌinich Janaabʌ Pakal
3897:Quebrada de Humahuaca
3316:Caddoan Mississippian
2789:Peruvian architecture
2024:Peregrine, Peter Neal
1898:"La lengua pescadora"
1809:"La lengua pescadora"
1619:
1573:Further information:
1507:
1455:
1431:
1406:
1251:
1156:
1085:
1050:
947:
886:
818:Further information:
782:in the north and the
754:
724:
636:
398:
202:Common languages
4733:Andean civilizations
4566:Francisco de Montejo
4494:Jasaw Chan KÊŒawiil I
3607:Andean civilizations
3534:Shaft tomb tradition
1575:Punta Lobos massacre
1205:Production and trade
275:âą c. 1450â1470
61:improve this article
4532:Manco Inca Yupanqui
3837:Manteño-Huancavilca
3306:Ancestral Puebloans
2969:(4Part1): 597â607.
2942:Park, Yumi (2012).
2734:National Geographic
2633:(4Part1): 597â607.
2465:Park, Yumi (2012).
2059:Geographical Review
1956:(5008): 1011â1012.
1732:Swamps of Huanchaco
1679:'s non-royal gentry
1600:National Geographic
1015:species present in
889:caballito de totora
456:According to ChimĂș
303:âą Established
4773:Prehistory of Peru
4655:Columbian exchange
4645:Portal:Mesoamerica
3797:La Tolita (Tumaco)
3612:Indigenous peoples
3351:Hopewell tradition
3278:Indigenous peoples
3170:2019-03-01 at the
2963:American Antiquity
2627:American Antiquity
2007:Aus Acta Americana
1691:s or temple mounds
1622:
1514:
1485:In Pacasmayo, the
1461:
1437:
1434:Walters Art Museum
1417:
1263:
1162:
1091:
1060:
1043:Uses and symbolism
1037:Spondylus princeps
1033:Spondylus calcifer
1028:Spondylus princeps
1022:Spondylus calcifer
1011:The most abundant
953:
896:
853:Topa Inca Yupanqui
760:
730:
683:Jequetepeque River
639:
629:Expansion and rule
578:, which prevented
505:Topa Inca Yupanqui
468:from the sea on a
438:Topa Inca Yupanqui
412:
4710:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4680:Pre-Columbian art
4616:
4615:
4610:Francisco Pizarro
4576:Pedro de Alvarado
3892:PucarĂĄ de Tilcara
2766:. August 29, 2019
2740:on April 26, 2018
1874:978-3-7861-2826-7
1785:978-3-7861-2826-7
1581:Punta Lobos, Peru
1316:Francisco Pizarro
1233:Lambayeque Region
983:Split inheritance
934:intensive farming
840:and Taycanamo in
419:Kingdom of Chimor
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
365:
364:
292:Late Intermediate
143:Kingdom of Chimor
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
4780:
4763:Former countries
4697:
4696:
4695:
4619:
4605:Spanish Conquest
4582:Spanish Conquest
4557:Spanish Conquest
4546:Spanish Conquest
3988:
3987:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3214:
3180:Emory University
3127:. Accessed 2022.
3105:
3103:
3102:
3087:
3081:
3073:
3047:
3002:
2957:
2938:
2913:
2904:
2879:(304): 257â268.
2867:
2865:
2864:
2855:. Archived from
2844:
2816:
2813:
2804:
2801:
2792:
2785:
2776:
2775:
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2756:
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2613:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2565:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2543:. Archived from
2533:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2512:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2431:
2416:
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2398:
2387:
2386:
2361:(304): 257â268.
2350:
2333:
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2225:
2202:
2195:
2189:
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2108:
2101:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2062:
2055:
2042:
2041:
2016:
2010:
2003:
1982:
1981:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1893:
1887:
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1858:
1852:
1851:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1748:
1520:(Jiang) and the
830:Lambayeque, Peru
766:Quebrada del Oso
521:Worshipping the
448:
446:[tÊi'mu]
443:
381:
380:
369:
368:
356:
355:
349:
348:
333:
332:
309:
164:
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69:
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4569:
4563:
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4526:
4522:
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4509:
4505:
4503:Quemuenchatocha
4501:
4492:
4488:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4432:
4301:
4210:
4184:
4173:
4120:Human Sacrifice
4117:
4109:Human Sacrifice
4106:
4080:
4053:Mayan Languages
3981:
3593:
3425:
3282:
3263:Genetic history
3246:
3241:
3172:Wayback Machine
3134:
3100:
3098:
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2410:
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2399:
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2252:Baldwin, Neil.
2248:
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2205:
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2192:
2148:
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2091:
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2078:
2069:
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2038:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2004:
1985:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1895:
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1875:
1860:
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1801:
1786:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1712:ChimorâInca War
1708:
1614:
1605:child sacrifice
1577:
1571:
1483:
1478:
1450:
1422:
1334:
1312:Francisco Xerez
1207:
1151:
1045:
999:
994:
985:
976:
930:
873:
822:
820:ChimorâInca War
816:
719:
644:
631:
603:
597:
592:
441:
378:
353:
320:
304:
276:
266:
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70:
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58:
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35:
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15:
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5:
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4613:
4602:
4579:
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4543:
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4538:
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4496:
4483:
4466:
4465:Notable Rulers
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4434:Neo-Inca State
4427:
4422:
4417:
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3217:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3162:
3153:
3144:
3133:
3132:External links
3130:
3129:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3109:Chimor outline
3106:
3088:
3060:
3048:
3020:10.2307/972262
3014:(4): 313â340.
3003:
2975:10.2307/278907
2958:
2953:978-1617037955
2952:
2939:
2934:978-0500202869
2933:
2914:
2905:
2868:
2845:
2839:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2777:
2751:
2721:
2701:
2692:
2668:
2639:10.2307/278907
2614:
2585:
2578:
2557:
2528:
2499:
2482:
2476:978-1617037955
2475:
2457:
2451:978-0500202869
2450:
2417:
2388:
2334:
2305:10.2307/972262
2299:(4): 313â340.
2258:
2242:
2233:
2203:
2201:, 14, 243-274.
2190:
2141:
2127:
2109:
2089:
2076:
2063:
2043:
2037:978-0306462610
2036:
2011:
1983:
1936:
1923:
1888:
1873:
1853:
1834:
1799:
1784:
1764:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1692:
1683:
1680:
1673:
1613:
1610:
1570:
1567:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1449:
1446:
1421:
1418:
1333:
1330:
1260:Dumbarton Oaks
1206:
1203:
1150:
1147:
1044:
1041:
1025:Carpenter and
998:
995:
993:
990:
984:
981:
975:
972:
929:
926:
872:
869:
838:Sican language
815:
812:
718:
715:
685:in the north.
643:
640:
630:
627:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
591:
588:
409:Dumbarton Oaks
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
375:
366:
363:
362:
357:
345:
344:
339:
329:
328:
325:
324:
321:
315:
312:
311:
305:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
289:
288:Historical era
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
274:
271:
270:
267:
265:âą c.1375
264:
261:
260:
257:
255:âą c.1340
254:
251:
250:
247:
245:âą c.1305
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:King of Chimor
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
185:
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165:
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49:
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40:
33:
24:
14:
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3:
2:
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4600:
4594:
4588:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4551:Hernån Cortés
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
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4017:
4013:
4010:
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4000:
3995:
3989:
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3928:
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3900:
3898:
3895:
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3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
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3855:
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3850:
3848:
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3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
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3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
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3755:
3753:
3750:
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3743:
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3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3709:
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3699:
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3684:
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3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3654:
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3649:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3599:South America
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3421:Weeden Island
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Poverty Point
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3361:Mississippian
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3288:North America
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
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2015:
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72:Find sources:
66:
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50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
30:
19:
18:Chimu Culture
4690:
4623:
4473:Moctezuma II
4430:Inca history
4355:Andean Music
4299:Architecture
4294:Architecture
4289:Architecture
4284:Architecture
4280:Architecture
4274:Gender Roles
4019:Tenochtitlan
3942:TimotoâCuica
3937:Tierradentro
3746:
3722:CasmaâSechin
3454:Chalcatzingo
3120:
3099:. Retrieved
3095:
3051:
3011:
3007:
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2962:
2943:
2919:
2909:
2876:
2872:
2861:. Retrieved
2857:the original
2852:
2830:
2768:. Retrieved
2763:
2754:
2742:. Retrieved
2738:the original
2733:
2724:
2713:. Retrieved
2704:
2695:
2684:. Retrieved
2680:
2671:
2630:
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2601:
2588:
2569:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:the original
2540:
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2490:
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2460:
2436:
2409:. Retrieved
2405:
2358:
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2228:
2198:
2193:
2163:(1): 64â86.
2160:
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2027:
2014:
2006:
1953:
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1755:. Retrieved
1746:
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1658:
1654:
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1646:
1645:
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1633:
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1612:Architecture
1598:
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1537:Orion's Belt
1534:
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1193:
1189:
1188:Sections of
1187:
1179:
1176:
1165:
1163:
1140:
1130:
1128:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
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938:
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904:
899:
897:
874:
857:Huayna Capac
846:
823:
808:Jequetepeque
799:Jequetepeque
796:
788:
776:
772:
771:
764:
761:
757:Larco Museum
737:
734:hierarchical
731:
703:
699:
698:
691:
687:Pampa Grande
676:
672:
668:
645:
624:
615:Viru Valleys
604:
565:
547:
540:
530:
520:
513:
509:Huayna Capac
486:
466:Moche Valley
458:oral history
455:
435:Inca emperor
426:
423:ChimĂș Empire
422:
418:
414:
413:
342:Succeeded by
341:
336:
279:Minchançaman
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4536:TĂșpac Amaru
4520:Manco CĂĄpac
4469:Moctezuma I
4380:Agriculture
4375:Agriculture
4370:Agriculture
4361:Agriculture
4304:Road System
4193:Mathematics
4058:Muysc Cubun
3912:San AgustĂn
3862:Monte Verde
3539:Teotihuacan
3431:Mesoamerica
3326:Coles Creek
3311:Anishinaabe
3268:Archaeology
2849:"Earspools"
2537:"Earspools"
2254:Smithsonian
1398:alpaca wool
1122:related to
992:Visual arts
877:bureaucracy
648:Wari Empire
501:Inca Empire
478:Ăancempinco
373:Inca Empire
360:Wari Empire
337:Preceded by
269:Ăancempinco
4717:Categories
4507:Tisquesusa
4481:Cuauhtémoc
4477:CuitlĂĄhuac
3807:Lauricocha
3777:Gran Chaco
3767:Cupisnique
3752:Chinchorro
3727:Chachapoya
3717:CaralâSupe
3559:Tlaxcaltec
3549:TeuchitlĂĄn
3464:ChupĂcuaro
3391:Plum Bayou
3386:Plaquemine
3356:Marksville
3321:Chichimeca
3101:2018-04-12
3061:0292708939
2863:2018-04-13
2770:August 29,
2744:August 29,
2715:2009-10-09
2686:2018-04-20
2551:2018-04-13
2500:0292708939
2411:2018-04-12
2256:, Dec 2013
1883:1090545680
1794:1090545680
1738:References
1696:audiencias
1670:ciudadelas
1659:audiencias
1655:ciudadelas
1647:Ciudadelas
1630:ciudadelas
1448:Metallurgy
1365:embroidery
1194:Buceadores
1190:ciudadelas
1129:Moreover,
1031:Broderip.
974:Technology
939:Huachaques
865:Qurikancha
780:Late SicĂĄn
738:ciudadelas
470:balsa raft
403:fiber and
259:Guacricaur
224:Government
219:Polytheist
87:newspapers
4528:Atahualpa
4524:Pachacuti
4499:Nemequene
4365:Chinampas
4187:Astronomy
4176:Astronomy
4156:Mythology
4151:Mythology
4146:Mythology
4141:Mythology
4137:Mythology
3967:Wankarani
3957:TuncahuĂĄn
3847:Marajoara
3802:Las Vegas
3688:Atacameño
3584:Xochipala
3524:Purépecha
3484:Epi-Olmec
3474:Cuicuilco
3416:Troyville
3406:St. Johns
3078:cite book
3044:164108466
3028:1045-6635
2999:163248896
2983:0002-7316
2901:160047859
2893:0003-598X
2873:Antiquity
2663:163248896
2647:0002-7316
2517:cite book
2383:160047859
2375:0003-598X
2355:Antiquity
2329:164108466
2313:1045-6635
2185:163656881
2177:1045-6635
1970:0036-8075
1918:2708-2644
1829:2708-2644
1727:Huanchaco
1722:Chan Chan
1698:or courts
1694:U-shaped
1677:Chan Chan
1634:ciudadela
1626:Chan Chan
1591:Huanchaco
1569:Sacrifice
1387:cochineal
1321:Spondylus
1307:Spondylus
1300:Spondylus
1294:Spondylus
1285:Spondylus
1278:Spondylus
1273:Chan Chan
1268:Spondylus
1255:Spondylus
1242:Spondylus
1223:Spondylus
1218:Spondylus
1212:Spondylus
1198:Chan Chan
1181:Spondylus
1167:Spondylus
1142:Spondylus
1132:Spondylus
1118:Spondylus
1110:Spondylus
1103:Spondylus
1096:Spondylus
1071:Spondylus
1064:Spondylus
1053:Spondylus
1013:Spondylus
1005:Spondylus
1002:shell of
905:ciudadela
900:ciudadela
803:PacatnamĂș
742:Chan Chan
706:Chan Chan
656:Chan Chan
642:Expansion
542:Spondylus
532:Spondylus
493:Cajamarca
462:Taycanamo
249:Taycanamo
216:Religion
196:Chan Chan
176:Chan Chan
117:June 2011
4624:See also
4542:Conquest
4515:Zoratama
4182:Calendar
4171:Calendar
4166:Calendar
4162:Calendar
4131:Religion
4126:Religion
4115:Religion
4104:Religion
4100:Religion
4089:Numerals
4083:Numerals
4044:Language
4024:Multiple
3962:Valdivia
3947:Tiwanaku
3907:Saladoid
3902:Quimbaya
3792:Kuhikugu
3772:Diaguita
3762:Chorrera
3579:Veraguas
3574:Veracruz
3554:Tlatilco
3366:Mogollon
3273:Cultures
3251:Americas
3168:Archived
3165:Americas
3070:55873621
2606:Archived
2509:55873621
1978:17843261
1757:29 March
1706:See also
1545:Pleiades
1476:Religion
1420:Ceramics
1361:brocades
1332:Textiles
1324:shells.
814:Downfall
664:Arequipa
474:Guacriur
227:Monarchy
210:Quingnam
172:ceramics
155:900â1470
76:"Chimor"
4511:Tundama
4440:Peoples
4425:History
4420:History
4415:History
4411:History
4405:Cuisine
4400:Cuisine
4395:Cuisine
4390:Cuisine
4386:Cuisine
4244:Warfare
4239:Warfare
4234:Warfare
4230:Warfare
4224:Society
4219:Economy
4208:Society
4203:Society
4199:Society
4069:Writing
4063:Quechua
4048:Nahuatl
4015:Capital
3952:ToyopĂĄn
3932:Tairona
3842:Mapuche
3757:Chiripa
3732:Chancay
3703:Cañaris
3678:Amotape
3673:El Abra
3589:Zapotec
3569:Totonac
3544:Tepanec
3529:Quelepa
3499:Mezcala
3489:Huastec
3459:Cholula
3449:Capacha
3444:Acolhua
3401:Sinagua
3376:Patayan
3346:Hohokam
3336:Fremont
2925:160â161
2823:Sources
2677:"ChimĂș"
2442:160â161
1950:Science
1641:barrios
1563:macyaec
1510:Naymlap
1481:Deities
1415:(LACMA)
1391:guanaco
1346:tortera
1338:spindle
1231:in the
1172:Ecuador
1124:El Niño
910:weaving
871:Economy
836:in the
834:Naylamp
791:El Niño
660:Huarmey
611:Chicama
590:History
567:tumbaga
537:Ecuador
464:in the
401:Camelid
316:âą
206:Mochica
192:Capital
187:Culture
168:pottery
101:scholar
4454:Muisca
4449:Mayans
4444:Aztecs
4078:Script
4073:Script
4033:BacatĂĄ
4004:Muisca
3887:PucarĂĄ
3882:Piaroa
3877:PaijĂĄn
3872:Omagua
3827:Lupaca
3822:Lokono
3787:Kalina
3782:Huetar
3742:ChavĂn
3737:Chango
3712:Nariño
3708:CapulĂ
3698:Calima
3693:Aymara
3683:Arawak
3564:Toltec
3514:Olmecs
3509:Nicoya
3504:Mixtec
3479:Diquis
3381:Picosa
3371:Oshara
3341:Glades
3331:Dorset
3068:
3058:
3042:
3036:972262
3034:
3026:
2997:
2991:278907
2989:
2981:
2950:
2931:
2899:
2891:
2837:
2661:
2655:278907
2653:
2645:
2576:
2507:
2497:
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