2716:
2746:
2757:
162:
2741:
859:
2723:
2751:
2735:
895:
135:
883:
871:
734:(too rare to evaluate). Many species have restricted ranges and practically none have had their movement patterns studied. In addition, bycatch reports are usually insufficiently precise to the species or even genus level, so it is difficult to keep track of bycatch on a species-by-species basis. This lack of data renders chimaera species especially susceptible to overlooked population declines.
414:
2729:
525:
Instead of sharks' many sharp, consistently-replaced teeth, chimaeras have just six large, permanent tooth-plates, which grow continuously throughout their entire life. These tooth-plates are arranged in three pairs, with one pair at the tip of the lower jaws and two pairs along the upper jaws. They
661:
Unlike sharks, male chimaeras have retractable sexual appendages (known as tentacula) to assist mating. The frontal tentaculum, a bulbous rod which extends out of the forehead, is used to clutch the females' pectoral fins during mating. The prepelvic tentacula are serrated hooked plates normally
921:
A renewed effort to explore deep water and to undertake taxonomic analysis of specimens in museum collections led to a boom during the first decade of the 21st century in the number of new species identified. A preliminary study found 8% of species to be threatened. There are
662:
hidden in pouches in front of the pelvic fins, and they anchor the male to the female. Lastly, the pelvic claspers (sexual organs shared by sharks) are fused together by a cartilaginous sheathe before splitting into a pair of flattened lobes at their tip.
1118:(338-332 million years ago) of Russia, which is more closely related to modern chimeras (Chimaeroidei) than any other known extinct groups of Chimaeriformes. The earliest known remains attributable to modern chimaeras are known from the
593:
Chimaeras live in temperate ocean floors, with some species inhabiting depths exceeding 2,000 m (6,600 ft), with relatively few modern species regularly inhabiitng shallow water. Exceptions include the members of the
488:, with a larger upper lobe inclined upwards, similar to many sharks. There are two dorsal fins: a large triangular first dorsal fin and a low rectangular or depressed second dorsal fin. For defense, some chimaeras have a
460:
The pectoral fins are large enough to generate lift at a relaxed forward momentum, giving the chimaera the appearance of "flying" through the water. Further back on the body are also a pair of smaller
429:
Chimaeras are soft-bodied, shark-like fish with bulky heads and long, tapered tails; measured from the tail, they can grow up to 150 cm (4.9 ft) in length. Like other members of the class
441:(denticles) present on sharks and rays. However, there are still exceptions, as hatchlings retain a few rows of denticles on the back, and adult males bear denticulated sexual organs. The
1130:
of
Yakutia, Russia and New Zealand that resemble those of rhinochimaerids and callorhinchids respectively indicates that they had a global distribution prior to the end of the
1093:
Tracing the evolution of these species has been problematic given the paucity of good fossils. DNA sequencing has become the preferred approach to understanding speciation.
3838:
3704:
821:) all have bycatch rates exceeding 10% in certain parts of their range, and some are experiencing steep declines. Chimaeras have mostly avoided harvesting for the
719:
538:(hence the name "rabbit fish"). Chimaera teeth are unique among vertebrates, due to their mode of mineralization. Most of each plate is formed by relatively soft
773:
for its liver oil, and a recent decline of catch rates may indicate a population crash. Even species without commercial exploitation can fall victim to bycatch:
3743:
3298:
926:
in six genera and three families, with other genera known from fossils. The extant species fall into three families—the
Callorhinchidae, Rhinochimaeridae and
2570:
2500:"An enigmatic chondrichthyan spine from the Visean of Indiana, USA that resembles a median rostral cartilage of Squaloraja (Holocephali, Chimaeriformes)"
1853:
Bullock, T. H.; Hartline, R. H.; Kalmijn, A. J.; Laurent, P.; Murray, R. W.; Scheich, H.; Schwartz, E.; Szabo, T. (6 December 2012). Fessard, A. (ed.).
844:: stronger storms and warmer seawater are predicted to increase egg mortality by disrupting the stable environments necessary to complete incubation.
3678:
3381:
2715:
3717:
2285:
Inoue, Jun G.; Miya, Masaki; Lam, Kevin; Tay, Boon-Hui; Danks, Janine A.; Bell, Justin; Walker, Terrence I.; Venkatesh, Byrappa (November 2010).
566:, which crystalizes within the teeth as the animal matures. Other vertebrates with hypermineralized teeth rely on enamel, which is derived from
1651:
2393:"A Late Triassic chimaeroid egg capsule from New Zealand: early evidence of chimaeroid reproductive mode from the eastern margin of Gondwana"
1966:
1864:
1808:
914:
of cartilaginous fishes; in other systems, this distinction may be raised to the level of class. Chimaeras also have some characteristics of
3303:
503:
522:. The back of the head is supported by a complex of fused vertebrae called the synarcual, which also connects to the dorsal fin spine.
634:, but they used to be more diverse. The Carboniferous period had forms that lived as specialised suction feeders in the water column.
2448:"A New Callorhinchid Genus (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei) from the Early Bajocian of Ottange-Rumelange, on the Luxembourg-French Border"
1882:"A unique mineralization mode of hypermineralized pleromin in the tooth plate of Chimaera phantasma contributes to its microhardness"
405:, though their last common ancestor with them lived nearly 400 million years ago. Living species are largely confined to deep water.
2002:
1837:
1755:
2336:
Lebedev, Oleg A.; Popov, Evgeny V.; Bagirov, Sergey V.; Bolshiyanov, Igor P.; Kadyrov, Rail I.; Statsenko, Evgeny O. (2021-10-21).
966:
2745:
3805:
818:
715:
2563:
611:, which locally or periodically can be found at shallower depths. Consequently, these are also among the few species kept in
518:(cranial cartilage). This contrasts with modern sharks, where the palatoquadrate is movable and detachable, a trait known as
418:
3722:
2287:"Evolutionary Origin and Phylogeny of the Modern Holocephalans (Chondrichthyes: Chimaeriformes): A Mitogenomic Perspective"
3730:
3308:
161:
3374:
3315:
1945:
Didier, Dominique; Kemper, Jenny; Ebert, David (2012-04-09), Carrier, Jeffrey; Musick, John; Heithaus, Michael (eds.),
1787:
Didier, Dominique; Kemper, Jenny; Ebert, David (2012-04-09), Carrier, Jeffrey; Musick, John; Heithaus, Michael (eds.),
3639:
3616:
2756:
2020:"Reproductive Anatomy of Chondrichthyans: Notes on Specimen Handling and Sperm Extraction. II. Sharks and Chimaeras"
2595:
2556:
863:
2750:
3748:
3283:
1062:
655:
2230:
Finucci, Brittany; Cheok, Jessica; Ebert, David A.; Herman, Katelyn; Kyne, Peter M.; Dulvy, Nicholas K. (2021).
2175:
Finucci, Brittany; Cheok, Jessica; Ebert, David A.; Herman, Katelyn; Kyne, Peter M.; Dulvy, Nicholas K. (2021).
3293:
1594:
981:
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676:
39:
2740:
2722:
3833:
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2734:
727:
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802:
1693:
828:
Another threat is habitat destruction of coastal nurseries (by urban development) or deepwater reefs (by
3779:
1146:
1043:
778:
758:
437:. Their skin is smooth and relatively free of scales or unique features, lacking the keeled, tooth-like
1396:
3797:
3644:
1405:
3758:
3665:
3603:
3336:
3288:
2975:
2404:
2349:
2243:
2188:
2090:
2079:"Evidence for high-performance suction feeding in the Pennsylvanian stem-group holocephalan Iniopera"
1893:
1512:
1239:
1058:
899:
269:
228:
3810:
2499:
1717:"Ancient And Bizarre Fish Discovered: New Species Of Ghostshark From California And Baja California"
1381:
1269:
1249:
753:). Modern quotas have helped to moderate collection of these species to a sustainable level, though
3594:
2392:
1741:
35:
1544:
1369:
1256:
1195:
3024:
2872:
2475:
2428:
2373:
2267:
2212:
1716:
1039:
887:
875:
766:
723:
694:
651:
604:
477:
156:
143:
46:
1580:
1496:
480:, meaning that it is thin and whip-like, edged from above and below by fins of similar size. In
3784:
1603:
1553:
1448:
1326:
507:
3766:
3652:
3479:
3198:
3146:
3103:
3097:
3060:
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3018:
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2204:
2116:
2059:
2041:
1998:
1962:
1927:
1909:
1860:
1854:
1833:
1804:
1751:
1656:
1350:
1155:
923:
858:
853:
737:
Several near-shore species are purposefully caught for their meat, especially callorhinchids,
547:
519:
1745:
3771:
3709:
3331:
3242:
3225:
2939:
2854:
2459:
2412:
2357:
2298:
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2231:
2196:
2106:
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1954:
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1901:
1796:
1620:
1021:
990:
742:
543:
473:
446:
318:
289:
31:
2728:
502:
In many species, the bulbous snout is modified into an elongated sensory organ, capable of
3517:
3211:
3174:
3054:
3005:
2826:
2628:
2286:
2134:
1608:
1459:
1357:
1298:
1286:
948:
829:
810:
750:
681:
608:
492:
422:
309:
279:
2158:, is a presumed sexual organ that extends from its forehead called a tentaculum. ...
526:
together form a protruding, beak-like crushing and grinding mechanism, comparable to the
2408:
2353:
2247:
2192:
2176:
2094:
1897:
3608:
3469:
3449:
3432:
3391:
3186:
3164:
3109:
3091:
3042:
3034:
3011:
2969:
2945:
2690:
2111:
2078:
2054:
2019:
1922:
1881:
1661:
1571:
1484:
1184:
1165:
1119:
1101:
911:
841:
731:
671:
612:
511:
442:
430:
305:
246:
203:
3621:
761:) experienced severe overfishing in the 20th century before protections were enacted.
3827:
3422:
3135:
2982:
2957:
2906:
2819:
2701:
2681:
2479:
2447:
2432:
2377:
2271:
2216:
1992:
1987:
Tozer, Helen; Dagit, Dominique D. (2004). "Chapter 33: Husbandry of
Spotted Ratfish,
1946:
1828:
Stevens, John; Last, Peter R. (1998). Paxton, John R.; Eschmeyer, William N. (eds.).
1788:
1689:
1666:
1624:
1463:
1415:
1361:
1338:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1110:
1077:
1072:
1025:
1010:
995:
961:
952:
822:
647:
599:
481:
438:
394:
254:
92:
894:
3502:
3474:
3454:
3359:
3247:
3126:
3066:
2951:
2884:
2779:
2232:"Ghosts of the deep – Biodiversity, fisheries, and extinction risk of ghost sharks"
2177:"Ghosts of the deep – Biodiversity, fisheries, and extinction risk of ghost sharks"
1720:
1438:
1427:
1314:
1279:
1173:
1053:
915:
551:
515:
485:
454:
2361:
882:
870:
134:
2416:
627:, and more specifically, they include ophiurans and molluscs. Modern species are
3735:
3691:
3657:
3588:
3531:
3484:
3464:
3234:
3220:
3156:
3085:
2890:
2845:
2792:
2637:
2522:
2337:
1994:
Elasmobranch
Husbandry Manual: Captive Care of Sharks, Rays, and their Relatives
1590:
1539:(40 species) Worldwide, Middle Jurassic–Miocene (also placed in Callorhinchidae)
1472:
1097:
977:
927:
907:
794:
707:
563:
469:
413:
284:
213:
148:
67:
30:
This article is about the cartilaginous fish order. For the namesake genus, see
3579:
1905:
3512:
3416:
3252:
3151:
2996:
2933:
2878:
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2659:
2650:
1521:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1206:
1005:
624:
582:
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535:
496:
461:
402:
387:
262:
112:
77:
2538:
2471:
2424:
2369:
2263:
2208:
2154:... Perhaps the most intriguing feature of the newly described species,
2045:
1913:
3459:
3206:
2963:
2927:
2918:
2832:
2523:"The Kinney Brick Quarry Lagerstätte, Late Pennsylvanian of New Mexico, USA"
2303:
2138:
2102:
1612:
1562:
1535:
1034:
685:
631:
434:
383:
173:
117:
2312:
2120:
2063:
1931:
1423:
17:
2018:
García-Salinas, Pablo; Gallego, Victor; Asturiano, Juan F. (August 2021).
1991:". In Smith, Mark; Warmolts, Doug; Thoney, Dennis; Heuter, Robert (eds.).
706:
Despite their secluded habits, some chimaera species may be threatened by
642:
Chimaera reproduction resembles that of sharks in some ways: males employ
615:. They live in all the oceans except for the Arctic and Antarctic oceans.
554:-like tissue, arranged into sheets or beaded rods, but it is deposited by
3631:
3573:
3494:
3410:
3404:
3169:
3071:
2866:
2665:
2643:
2605:
2338:"The earliest chimaeriform fish from the Carboniferous of Central Russia"
1698:
1633:
1504:
1306:
1290:
1135:
1131:
1105:
833:
628:
465:
193:
107:
102:
87:
82:
72:
2036:
3507:
3257:
2797:
2787:
2769:
2077:
Dearden, Richard P.; Herrel, Anthony; Pradel, Alan (January 24, 2023).
711:
643:
571:
527:
379:
122:
97:
2521:
Lucas, Spencer G.; DiMichele, William A.; Schneider, Joerg W. (2022).
2463:
2255:
2200:
445:
are condensed into a pouch-like bundle covered by a sheet of skin (an
3696:
2620:
1958:
1856:
Electroreceptors and Other
Specialized Receptors in Lower Vertebrates
1800:
542:, but the active edges are supplemented by a unique hypermineralized
539:
531:
183:
3550:
2548:
3683:
2446:
Popov, Evgeny V.; Delsate, Dominique; Felten, Roland (2019-07-02).
3792:
3441:
3076:
1376:
United
Kingdom, Late Triassic-Early Jurassic (Rhaetian–Sinemurian)
931:
893:
881:
869:
857:
770:
595:
489:
412:
398:
906:
In some classifications, the chimaeras are included (as subclass
2590:
1305:
Austria, England and
Switzerland, Late Triassic–Early Jurassic (
689:
578:
559:
450:
433:, chimaera skeletons are entirely cartilaginous, or composed of
3554:
3363:
2552:
1947:"Phylogeny, Biology and Classification of Extant Holocephalans"
1789:"Phylogeny, Biology and Classification of Extant Holocephalans"
1108:, over 380 million years ago. The oldest known chimaeriform is
1245:(Late Triassic–Late Jurassic; possible Carboniferous records)
351:
3670:
1744:; Eschmeyer, William N.; Herald, Earl S. (1 September 1999).
1491:
Posidonia Shale
Formation, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
1345:
Posidonia Shale
Formation, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian)
698:; the species can attain 50 mm (2.0 in) in length.
577:
Chimaeras also differ from sharks in that they have separate
1138:
representatives are often found in shallow water settings.
345:
333:
1096:
The group containing chimaeras and their close relatives (
562:. In addition, pleuromin's hardness is due to the mineral
1104:(the group containing modern sharks and rays) during the
393:
At one time a "diverse and abundant" group (based on the
339:
324:
2391:
Gottfried, Michael D.; Fordyce, R. Ewan (2015-05-04).
1859:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 125.
646:
for internal fertilization of females and females lay
1951:
Biology of Sharks and Their
Relatives, Second Edition
1793:
Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, Second Edition
714:
or commercial exploitation. No species are listed as
354:
342:
321:
3239:
3194:
3161:
3143:
2993:
2915:
2842:
2809:
2697:
2686:
2677:
2670:
2655:
2633:
2616:
1747:
A Field Guide to Pacific Coast Fishes: North America
421:. Visible on its snout are tiny pores which lead to
336:
3563:
3530:
3493:
3440:
3431:
3324:
3276:
3185:
3134:
3125:
3033:
2992:
2914:
2905:
2841:
2808:
2778:
2768:
2604:
1333:
Belgium and Luxembourg, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
378:; the last three names are not to be confused with
348:
330:
327:
1953:, vol. 20123460, CRC Press, pp. 97–122,
1795:, vol. 20123460, CRC Press, pp. 97–122,
2139:"Freaky New Ghostshark ID'd Off California Coast"
514:(upper jaw cartilage) is completely fused to the
2498:Itano, Wayne M.; Duffin, Christopher J. (2023).
45:"Ghost shark" redirects here. For the film, see
2083:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1880:Iijima, Mayumi; Ishiyama, Mikio (2020-10-29).
1455:United Kingdom, Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)
27:Cartilaginous fish in the order Chimaeriformes
3375:
2564:
930:with the callorhinchids being the most basal
8:
1997:. Ohio Biological Survey. pp. 487–491.
1422:Moscow Region, Russia, Lower Carboniferous (
1420:Lebedev & Popov in Lebedev et al., 2021
1409:Lebedev & Popov in Lebedev et al., 2021
1400:Lebedev & Popov in Lebedev et al., 2021
1388:United Kingdom, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
1202:United States, Lower Carboniferous (Viséan)
3551:
3437:
3382:
3368:
3360:
3131:
2911:
2775:
2571:
2557:
2549:
1711:
1709:
670:As other fish, chimaeras have a number of
570:and encases round crystals of the mineral
558:-derived cells similar to those that form
133:
53:
3518:Myliobatiformes (stingrays and relatives)
2302:
2110:
2053:
2035:
1921:
1832:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 69.
1750:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 13.
506:to find prey. The cartilaginous skull is
2527:Newsletter on Carboniferous Stratigraphy
971:(3 extant species) Mid-Cretaceous–recent
3839:Extant Early Devonian first appearances
3450:Hexanchiformes (frilled and cow sharks)
1678:
1525:United Kingdom, France, Middle Jurassic
1479:Germany, Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)
623:The usual diet of chimaeras consist of
2493:
2491:
2489:
1652:List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
417:Deep-sea chimaera photographed by the
397:), their closest living relatives are
2331:
2329:
2170:
2168:
2166:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1190:(Lower Carboniferous–Early Jurassic)
7:
3798:03A3DB49-C050-B83F-82E7-C4FAFE187CBB
3759:f0e70598-5386-4bdf-b1c7-21b8f17caf06
3513:Rajiformes (skates and guitarfishes)
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1684:
1682:
1321:Germany, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
1263:Belgium, Early Jurassic (Sinemurian)
1172:United States, Lower Carboniferous (
1126:) of Europe, but egg cases from the
825:, which threatens many true sharks.
3470:Heterodontiformes (bullhead sharks)
2397:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2342:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1100:) is thought to have diverged from
34:. For the mythological beast, see
25:
3480:Carcharhiniformes (ground sharks)
1637:Europe, Late Cretaceous–Oligocene
1501:Popov, Delsate & Felten, 2019
840:are vulnerable to the effects of
769:) is targeted along the coast of
3475:Orectolobiformes (carpet sharks)
2755:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2714:
1607:Popov, Johns & Suntok, 2020
819:eastern Pacific black ghostshark
550:. Pleromin is an extremely hard
317:
160:
3503:Torpediniformes (electric rays)
2504:Spanish Journal of Paleontology
2291:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1557:Worldwide, Cretaceous–Paleogene
1141:Extinct chimaeriforms include:
3460:Pristiophoriformes (sawsharks)
836:). Near-shore species such as
1:
3485:Lamniformes (mackerel sharks)
3465:Squatiniformes (angel sharks)
3455:Squaliformes (dogfish sharks)
2362:10.1080/14772019.2021.1977732
1566:Worldwide, Cretaceous–Neogene
3316:List of transitional fossils
2417:10.1080/14772019.2014.880752
1575:Australia, Early Cretaceous
1548:Europe, Jurassic–Cretaceous
1360:, Denmark, Early Jurassic (
1289:, Germany, Early Jurassic (
1134:. Unlike modern chimaeras,
1015:(26 species) Miocene–recent
63:Early Carboniferous–Present
3855:
3540:Chimaeriformes (chimaeras)
2596:Timeline of fish evolution
1906:10.1038/s41598-020-75545-0
1000:(16 species) Eocene–recent
864:Callorhinchus callorynchus
851:
775:Callorhinchus callorynchus
464:, and some genera bear an
44:
29:
3399:
3350:
3284:Lists of prehistoric fish
2712:
2586:
1530:Family †"Edaphodontidae"
1503:France, Middle Jurassic (
1287:Posidonia Shale Formation
722:, but four are listed as
495:on the front edge of the
468:in front of the tail. In
453:-opening in front of the
241:
236:
157:Scientific classification
155:
141:
132:
56:
3508:Pristiformes (sawfishes)
2452:Paleontological Research
1702:. November 2014 version.
1692:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1223:Europe, Early Jurassic (
1200:Itano & Duffin, 2023
787:dwarf sicklefin chimaera
747:Hydrolagus novaezealandi
702:Conservation and threats
677:Chimaericola leptogaster
3342:Vertebrate paleontology
2156:Hydrolagus melanophasma
2103:10.1073/pnas.2207854119
815:Hydrolagus melanophasma
362:), known informally as
1830:Encyclopedia of Fishes
1694:"Order Chimaeriformes"
1516:Russia, Upper Jurassic
1303:Duffin and Furrer 1981
924:over 50 extant species
903:
891:
879:
867:
484:, the tail is instead
426:
419:NOAAS Okeanos Explorer
38:. For other uses, see
3780:Paleobiology Database
2304:10.1093/molbev/msq147
2137:(22 September 2009).
1355:Duffin and Milàn 2017
897:
885:
873:
861:
779:American elephantfish
759:Australian ghostshark
416:
3337:Transitional fossils
2976:Pseudopetalichthyida
1742:Peterson, Roger Tory
1723:. September 23, 2009
1453:Ward and Duffin 1989
900:Harriotta raleighana
763:Neoharriotta pinnata
2409:2015JSPal..13..371G
2354:2021JSPal..19..821L
2248:2021AqFF...22..391F
2193:2021AqFF...22..391F
2095:2023PNAS..12007854D
2037:10.3390/ani11082191
1898:2020NatSR..1018591I
1477:A. S. Woodward 1894
838:Callorhinchus milii
803:Ogilby's ghostshark
755:Callorhinchus milii
730:, and many more as
510:, meaning that the
36:Chimera (mythology)
3392:cartilaginous fish
3025:Ischnacanthiformes
2873:Cephalaspidomorphi
2236:Fish and Fisheries
2181:Fish and Fisheries
2089:(4): e2207854119.
1989:Hydrolagus colliei
1886:Scientific Reports
1584:Europe, Cretaceous
1147:Echinochimaeroidei
904:
892:
888:Hydrolagus affinis
880:
876:Chimaera monstrosa
868:
807:Hydrolagus colliei
791:Chimaera monstrosa
783:Neoharriotta carri
767:sicklefin chimaera
695:Chimaera monstrosa
654:-shaped, leathery
427:
306:cartilaginous fish
144:Hydrolagus colliei
47:Ghost Shark (film)
3821:
3820:
3767:Open Tree of Life
3557:Taxon identifiers
3548:
3547:
3526:
3525:
3442:Selachii (sharks)
3357:
3356:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3199:Palaeonisciformes
3147:Onychodontiformes
3104:Petalodontiformes
3098:Iniopterygiformes
3061:Phoebodontiformes
3049:Ctenacanthiformes
3019:Diplacanthiformes
2901:
2900:
2674:Myllokunmingiidae
2580:Evolution of fish
2464:10.2517/2018PR021
2297:(11): 2576–2586.
2256:10.1111/faf.12526
2201:10.1111/faf.12526
1968:978-1-4398-3924-9
1866:978-3-642-65926-3
1810:978-1-4398-3924-9
1657:List of chimaeras
1628:
1598:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1467:
1454:
1443:
1421:
1410:
1401:
1397:Protochimaeroidei
1387:
1375:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1304:
1285:
1274:
1262:
1244:
1222:
1211:
1201:
1189:
1171:
1160:
1156:Echinochimaeridae
1151:
1081:
1066:
1047:
1029:
1014:
999:
985:
970:
956:
943:
854:List of chimaeras
739:Hydrolagus bemisi
718:according to the
449:), with a single
299:
298:
232:
16:(Redirected from
3846:
3814:
3813:
3801:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3775:
3774:
3762:
3761:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3738:
3736:NBNSYS0000173046
3726:
3725:
3713:
3712:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3673:
3661:
3660:
3648:
3647:
3635:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3552:
3438:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3361:
3332:Prehistoric life
3243:Pycnodontiformes
3241:
3226:Acipenseriformes
3196:
3163:
3145:
3132:
2995:
2940:Brindabellaspida
2917:
2912:
2855:Pteraspidomorphi
2844:
2811:
2776:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2737:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2718:
2699:
2688:
2679:
2672:
2657:
2635:
2618:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2495:
2484:
2483:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2306:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2172:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2135:Madrigal, Alexis
2131:
2125:
2124:
2114:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2039:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1959:10.1201/b11867-6
1942:
1936:
1935:
1925:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1825:
1814:
1813:
1801:10.1201/b11867-6
1784:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1686:
1623:
1621:Rhinochimaeridae
1593:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1462:
1452:
1441:
1419:
1408:
1406:Protochimaeridae
1399:
1385:
1373:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1302:
1283:
1272:
1260:
1242:
1220:
1209:
1199:
1187:
1169:
1158:
1149:
1076:
1057:
1038:
1024:
1022:Rhinochimaeridae
1009:
994:
980:
965:
951:
941:
799:Chimaera ogilbyi
751:dark ghost shark
743:pale ghost shark
688:parasite of the
504:electroreception
390:, respectively.
384:Opisthoproctidae
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
290:Rhinochimaeridae
227:
165:
164:
137:
127:
64:
60:Temporal range:
54:
32:Chimaera (genus)
21:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3770:
3765:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3742:
3734:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3708:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3651:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3559:
3549:
3544:
3522:
3495:Batoidea (rays)
3489:
3427:
3395:
3388:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3320:
3264:
3212:Polypteriformes
3181:
3175:Tetrapodomorpha
3121:
3055:Hybodontiformes
3029:
3006:Acanthodiformes
2988:
2897:
2837:
2827:Paraconodontida
2804:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2732:
2720:
2710:
2629:Cephalochordate
2600:
2582:
2577:
2547:
2546:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2497:
2496:
2487:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2348:(12): 821–846.
2335:
2334:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2147:
2145:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1867:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1827:
1826:
1817:
1811:
1786:
1785:
1772:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1726:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1648:
1609:Sooke Formation
1513:Moskovirhynchus
1460:Callorhinchidae
1358:Hasle Formation
1299:Agkistracanthus
1240:Myriacanthoidei
1188:Patterson, 1965
1114:from the Early
1091:
949:Callorhinchidae
910:) in the class
856:
850:
830:deep sea mining
811:spotted ratfish
728:Near Threatened
726:, four more as
704:
682:Chimaericolidae
668:
640:
621:
609:spotted ratfish
591:
474:rhinochimaerids
423:electroreceptor
411:
320:
316:
280:Callorhinchidae
270:Myriacanthoidei
226:
159:
128:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
62:
61:
58:
50:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3852:
3850:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3834:Chimaeriformes
3826:
3825:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3802:
3789:
3776:
3763:
3753:
3740:
3727:
3714:
3701:
3688:
3675:
3662:
3649:
3636:
3626:
3622:Chimaeriformes
3613:
3609:Chimaeriformes
3600:
3595:Chimaeriformes
3585:
3569:
3567:
3565:Chimaeriformes
3561:
3560:
3555:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3435:
3433:Elasmobranchii
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3203:
3202:
3191:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3165:Porolepiformes
3154:
3149:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3110:Symmoriiformes
3106:
3100:
3094:
3092:Eugeneodontida
3082:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3043:Elasmobranchii
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3012:Climatiiformes
3008:
3001:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2970:Acanthothoraci
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2946:Petalichthyida
2942:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2921:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2820:Protoconodonta
2815:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2766:
2765:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2695:
2691:Myllokunmingia
2668:
2663:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2513:
2485:
2438:
2403:(5): 371–375.
2383:
2325:
2277:
2242:(2): 391–412.
2222:
2187:(2): 391–412.
2162:
2126:
2069:
2010:
2003:
1979:
1967:
1937:
1872:
1865:
1845:
1838:
1815:
1809:
1770:
1756:
1733:
1705:
1690:Froese, Rainer
1677:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1662:Acanthothoraci
1659:
1654:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1572:Ptyktoptychion
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1492:
1485:Bathytheristes
1480:
1456:
1442:Patterson 1965
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1382:Recurvacanthus
1377:
1365:
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1294:
1270:Myriacanthidae
1266:
1265:
1264:
1250:Chimaeropsidae
1243:Patterson 1965
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1210:Woodward, 1886
1203:
1185:Squalorajoidei
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1166:Echinochimaera
1120:Early Jurassic
1102:Elasmobranchii
1090:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1068:
1049:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1001:
974:
973:
972:
942:Patterson 1965
912:Chondrichthyes
852:Main article:
849:
848:Classification
846:
842:climate change
732:Data Deficient
703:
700:
667:
664:
639:
636:
620:
617:
613:public aquaria
590:
587:
512:palatoquadrate
482:callorhinchids
476:, the tail is
439:placoid scales
431:Chondrichthyes
410:
407:
313:Chimaeriformes
297:
296:
295:
294:
293:
292:
287:
282:
272:
266:
258:
250:
247:Echinochimaera
239:
238:
234:
233:
224:Chimaeriformes
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
204:Chondrichthyes
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
153:
152:
139:
138:
130:
129:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
65:
59:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3851:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3423:Gnathostomata
3420:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3299:cartilaginous
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3035:Cartilaginous
3032:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2983:Stensioellida
2980:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2959:
2958:Ptyctodontida
2955:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2807:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2717:
2704:
2703:
2702:Zhongxiniscus
2696:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2683:
2682:Haikouichthys
2675:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2613:Basal member
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2562:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2326:
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2096:
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2014:
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2004:0-86727-152-3
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1980:
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1964:
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1924:
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1691:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1667:Ptyctodontida
1665:
1663:
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1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
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1436:
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1418:
1417:
1416:Protochimaera
1412:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1362:Pliensbachian
1359:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1339:Metopacanthus
1335:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1273:Woodward 1889
1271:
1267:
1259:
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1247:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1226:
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1213:
1212:
1208:
1207:Squalorajidae
1204:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:Late Triassic
1125:
1124:Pliensbachian
1121:
1117:
1116:Carboniferous
1113:
1112:
1111:Protochimaera
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1073:Rhinochimaera
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
993:
992:
987:
986:
983:
979:
975:
968:
964:
963:
962:Callorhinchus
958:
957:
954:
950:
946:
945:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
925:
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902:
901:
896:
890:
889:
884:
878:
877:
872:
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865:
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831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
701:
699:
697:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:
673:
665:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
637:
635:
633:
630:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
601:
600:Callorhinchus
597:
588:
586:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
455:pectoral fins
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
420:
415:
408:
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:fossil record
391:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
359:
314:
311:
307:
303:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
271:
267:
265:
264:
259:
257:
256:
255:Protochimaera
251:
249:
248:
243:
242:
240:
235:
230:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
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146:
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140:
136:
131:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3564:
3539:
3421:Infraphylum
3289:spiny sharks
3248:Halecomorphi
3114:
3067:Xenacanthida
2952:Phyllolepida
2885:Pituriaspida
2846:Ostracoderms
2780:Cyclostomata
2770:Jawless fish
2719:
2700:
2689:
2680:
2658:
2636:
2619:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2507:
2503:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2345:
2341:
2316:. Retrieved
2294:
2290:
2280:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2184:
2180:
2155:
2153:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:
2129:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1972:, retrieved
1950:
1940:
1892:(1): 18591.
1889:
1885:
1875:
1855:
1848:
1829:
1792:
1761:. Retrieved
1746:
1736:
1725:. Retrieved
1721:ScienceDaily
1697:
1632:
1602:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1545:Elasmodectes
1543:
1534:
1520:
1511:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1447:
1439:Chimaeroidei
1428:Serpukhovian
1414:
1380:
1374:Agassiz 1837
1370:Myriacanthus
1368:
1349:
1337:
1325:
1315:Alethodontus
1313:
1309:–Sinemurian)
1297:
1280:Acanthorhina
1278:
1257:Chimaeropsis
1255:
1215:
1196:Sulcacanthus
1194:
1174:Serpukhovian
1164:
1140:
1109:
1095:
1092:
1071:
1054:Neoharriotta
1052:
1033:
1004:
989:
960:
939:Chimaeroidei
938:
936:
920:
905:
898:
886:
874:
862:
837:
827:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
762:
754:
746:
738:
736:
705:
693:
675:
669:
660:
641:
638:Reproduction
622:
598:
592:
576:
524:
516:neurocranium
501:
486:heterocercal
459:
428:
392:
375:
371:
367:
364:ghost sharks
363:
312:
301:
300:
275:Chimaeroidei
274:
261:
253:
245:
223:
142:
51:
3692:iNaturalist
3589:Wikispecies
3532:Holocephali
3309:lobe-finned
3235:Neopterygii
3221:Chondrostei
3157:Rhipidistia
3136:Lobe-finned
3086:Holocephali
2891:Osteostraci
2793:Hyperoartia
2638:Cathaymyrus
2606:Forerunners
2318:14 November
2148:14 November
2030:(8): 2191.
1591:Chimaeridae
1489:Duffin 1995
1473:Brachymylus
1386:Duffin 1981
1343:Zittel 1887
1331:Duffin 1984
1319:Duffin 1983
1261:Zittel 1887
1221:Riley, 1833
1098:Holocephali
1082:(3 species)
1067:(3 species)
1048:(2 species)
978:Chimaeridae
928:Chimaeridae
916:bony fishes
908:Holocephali
795:rabbit fish
708:overfishing
625:crustaceans
605:rabbit fish
568:ameloblasts
564:whitlockite
540:osteodentin
478:leptocercal
462:pelvic fins
443:gill arches
376:rabbit fish
285:Chimaeridae
214:Holocephali
149:Chimaeridae
18:Chimaeroids
3828:Categories
3417:Vertebrata
3415:Subphylum
3294:placoderms
3253:Ginglymodi
3187:Ray-finned
3152:Coelacanth
2997:Acanthodii
2934:Arthrodira
2919:Placoderms
2907:Jawed fish
2879:Galeaspida
2861:Thelodonti
2660:Haikouella
2651:Olfactores
2458:(3): 220.
1974:2024-09-26
1727:2009-09-23
1673:References
1611:, Canada,
1581:Lebediodon
1522:Pachymylus
1497:Ottangodus
1395:†Suborder
1284:Fraas 1910
1238:†Suborder
1229:Sinemurian
1225:Hettangian
1217:Squaloraja
1183:†Suborder
1170:Lund, 1977
1159:Lund, 1977
1150:Lund, 1977
1145:†Suborder
1006:Hydrolagus
724:Vulnerable
716:Endangered
686:monogenean
632:durophages
585:openings.
583:urogenital
556:mesenchyme
536:lagomorphs
508:holostylic
497:dorsal fin
470:chimaerids
263:Squaloraja
237:Subgroups
210:Subclass:
3352:† extinct
3207:Cladistia
2964:Rhenanida
2928:Antiarchi
2833:Conodonta
2812:Conodonts
2539:2772-8625
2533:(17–21).
2480:198423356
2472:1342-8144
2433:128402250
2425:1477-2019
2378:239509836
2370:1477-2019
2272:229433827
2264:1467-2979
2217:229433827
2209:1467-2960
2046:2076-2615
1914:2045-2322
1613:Oligocene
1604:Canadodus
1595:Bonaparte
1563:Edaphodon
1554:Elasmodus
1536:Ischyodus
1449:Eomanodon
1437:Suborder
1327:Halonodon
1089:Evolution
1063:Schroeder
1035:Harriotta
982:Bonaparte
937:Suborder
823:fin trade
672:parasites
666:Parasites
656:egg cases
530:teeth of
447:operculum
435:cartilage
388:Siganidae
372:spookfish
302:Chimaeras
180:Kingdom:
174:Eukaryota
57:Chimaeras
3629:BioLib:
3580:Q5290058
3574:Wikidata
3411:Chordata
3405:Animalia
3403:Kingdom
3170:Lungfish
3115:Chimaera
2867:Anaspida
2666:Tunicate
2644:Lancelet
2313:20551041
2121:36649436
2064:34438648
1932:33122684
1763:9 August
1699:FishBase
1646:See also
1634:Amylodon
1505:Bajocian
1404:†Family
1351:Oblidens
1307:Rhaetian
1291:Toarcian
1268:†Family
1248:†Family
1205:Family †
1193:?†Genus
1154:†Family
1136:Mesozoic
1132:Triassic
1106:Devonian
996:Linnaeus
991:Chimaera
967:Lacépède
834:trawling
710:through
644:claspers
629:demersal
607:and the
589:Behavior
548:pleromin
520:hyostyly
490:venomous
466:anal fin
380:rattails
368:rat fish
229:Obruchev
194:Chordata
190:Phylum:
184:Animalia
170:Domain:
3409:Phylum
3390:Extant
3325:Related
3258:Teleost
2798:Lamprey
2788:Hagfish
2405:Bibcode
2350:Bibcode
2244:Bibcode
2189:Bibcode
2112:9942859
2091:Bibcode
2055:8388383
2024:Animals
1923:7596707
1894:Bibcode
1619:Family
1589:Family
1458:Family
1413:†Genus
1214:†Genus
1163:†Genus
1059:Bigelow
1020:Family
976:Family
947:Family
813:), and
745:), and
712:bycatch
684:) is a
652:spindle
650:within
572:apatite
546:called
532:rodents
528:incisor
409:Anatomy
308:in the
220:Order:
200:Class:
40:Chimera
3772:550649
3756:NZOR:
3723:161009
3394:orders
2621:Pikaia
2537:
2478:
2470:
2431:
2423:
2376:
2368:
2311:
2270:
2262:
2215:
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2119:
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2062:
2052:
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2001:
1965:
1930:
1920:
1912:
1863:
1836:
1807:
1754:
1627:, 1901
1625:Garman
1597:, 1831
1466:, 1901
1464:Garman
1424:Viséan
1080:, 1901
1078:Garman
1070:Genus
1065:, 1950
1061:&
1051:Genus
1046:, 1895
1042:&
1032:Genus
1028:, 1901
1026:Garman
1013:, 1863
1003:Genus
998:, 1758
988:Genus
984:, 1831
969:, 1798
959:Genus
955:, 1901
953:Garman
603:, the
552:enamel
544:tissue
425:cells.
399:sharks
231:, 1953
3811:10217
3806:WoRMS
3793:Plazi
3785:34790
3710:11054
3705:IRMNG
3697:60451
3632:15396
3277:Lists
3077:Shark
2476:S2CID
2429:S2CID
2374:S2CID
2268:S2CID
2213:S2CID
2143:Wired
1040:Goode
932:clade
771:India
757:(the
690:gills
596:genus
493:spine
386:, or
374:, or
310:order
3749:7864
3744:NCBI
3718:ITIS
3679:GBIF
3671:8902
3640:BOLD
3304:bony
3127:Bony
2591:Fish
2535:ISSN
2510:(1).
2468:ISSN
2421:ISSN
2366:ISSN
2320:2018
2309:PMID
2260:ISSN
2205:ISSN
2150:2018
2117:PMID
2060:PMID
2042:ISSN
1999:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1928:PMID
1910:ISSN
1861:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1805:ISBN
1765:2015
1752:ISBN
1044:Bean
1011:Gill
832:and
749:ae (
720:IUCN
648:eggs
619:Diet
581:and
579:anal
560:bone
534:and
472:and
451:gill
403:rays
401:and
304:are
68:PreꞒ
3731:NBN
3684:880
3666:EoL
3653:CoL
3645:227
3617:AFD
3604:ADW
3072:Ray
2676:? (
2460:doi
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