507:. They migrate to more shallow waters to spawn. Also, a club-like protrusion from the head is used to hold onto the female during mating. The keratinous eggs are released onto the muddy sediment of the ocean bottom, usually in shallower water. At first, the egg is a golden yellow color, but this transforms into brown, and finally, black right before hatching. The average time in the egg is 8 months, and the embryo uses the yolk for all nourishment. Once hatched, the young instinctively move to deeper water. The egg cases are long and flat, and resemble pieces of seaweed.
355:
pectoral fins, believed to aid in moving swiftly through the water. They also have two dorsal fins spaced widely apart, which help identify the species in the open ocean. In front of each pectoral fin is one single gill opening. Between the two dorsal fins is a spine, and the second dorsal fin is significantly smaller than the more anterior one. The caudal fin is divided into two lobes, the top one being larger. The eyes, set high on the head, are often green in color.
122:
144:
354:
Plough-nose chimaeras range from about 70 to 125 cm (2.30 to 4.10 ft) in total length. Their usual color is black or brown, and, often a mixture between the two. While the club-like snout makes elephantfish easy to recognize, they have several other distinctive features. They possess large
585:
Currently, no effort is being made to conserve the family
Callorhinchidae, but the species are heavily fished for food in South America. Because of this, they are extremely susceptible to being overfished. The greatest risk to this species is trawling or net fishing. Using this method, large numbers
406:
over their gill slits. Additionally, their skin is smooth, not covered in tough scales, characteristic of the shark. While the shark's jaw is loosely attached to the skull, the family
Callorhinchidae differ in that their jaws are fused to their skulls. Many classify the Callorhinchidae as a chimeric
486:
The
Callorhinchidae are predominantly filter feeders, feeding on the sandy sediment of the ocean bottoms or continental shelves. The large protrusion of the snout aids in this task. Their diet consists of molluscs, more specifically, clams. Besides this, the Callorhinchidae have been shown to also
358:
The snout is used to probe the sea bottom in search of the invertebrates and small fishes on which it preys. The remainder of the body is flat and compressed, often described as elongated. The mouth is just under this snout and the eyes are located high on top of the head. They have broad, flat
345:
along the ocean bottom on muddy and sandy substrates. They filter feed, with small shellfish making up the bulk of their diet. The plough-nosed chimaera lays eggs on the ocean floor that hatch at around 8 months. They are currently not a target of conservation efforts; however, they may be
594:, as they remain common. While fishing quotas are in place in Australia and New Zealand, this is the furthest that the conservation effort spans. Rarely, they are caught to be placed in aquaria, but this is much less common than fishery for food.
444:
is found in the southwestern
Pacific Ocean near the coasts of Australia and New Zealand in warmer, more temperate waters. Still, in these temperate waters, the elephantfish reside in the cooler continental shelf. During the spring and summer,
873:
Kara E. Yopak, Thomas J. Lisney, Shaun P. Collin, John C. Montgomery; Variation in Brain
Organization and Cerebellar Foliation in Chondrichthyans: Sharks and Holocephalans. Brain Behav Evol 1 April 2007; 69 (4): 280–300.
474:. Its vision is very poor and the electrical sensing capabilities of the snout are predominantly used to find food. Both its circulatory and endocrine systems are similar to similar vertebrates, likely due to the early
389:
to distinguish them from the shark and ray categorization. Because of this, they provide a useful research organism for studying the early development of the jawed characteristic. Among the
Chondrichthyes,
503:. Mating and spawning happen during the spring and early summer. Males possess the characteristic claspers near the pelvic fin that are seen in sharks, and these are used to transport the
402:
to represent the cartilaginous fish class. They are considered to resemble a cross between a shark and a ray or skate, but can be distinguished from sharks because they possess an
960:
Otero, Rodrigo A.; Rubilar-Rogers, David; Yury-Yañez, Roberto E.; Vargas, Alexander O.; Gutstein, Carolina S.; Mourgues, Francisco Amaro; Robert, Emmanuel (February 2013).
962:"A new species of chimaeriform (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from the uppermost Cretaceous of the LĂłpez de Bertodano Formation, Isla Marambio (Seymour Island), Antarctica"
341:, but are distinguished by the presence of an elongated, flexible, fleshy snout, with a vague resemblance to a ploughshare. They are only found in the oceans of the
1390:
1171:
1416:
1197:
487:
feed on invertebrates such as jellyfish or small octopuses. They are considered to be incapable of eating bony fish, in that they cannot keep up with the
586:
are caught quickly. Once caught, the fish are sold as whitefish or silver trumpeter fillets. The most common location of export is
Australia. Under the
1364:
1145:
1403:
1184:
862:
799:
428:
north to Peru (in the
Pacific) and southern Brazil (in the Atlantic). It is fished for year-round in the waters off of Brazil and Argentina.
1503:
888:
560:
292:
622:
546:
279:
239:
1465:
1233:
533:
266:
1408:
1189:
1010:
143:
359:
teeth that have adapted for this eating habit, two pairs that reside in the upper jaw and one pair in the lower jaw.
1325:
1302:
1106:
1093:
741:
524:
420:
256:
1421:
1202:
1498:
690:
463:
638:
716:
31:
1493:
1033:
670:
541:
432:
1330:
1452:
788:
Freeborn, Michelle (2015-01-01). Roberts, Clive
Douglas; Stewart, Andrew L.; Struthers, Carl D. (eds.).
287:
1111:
1470:
1431:
1351:
1289:
1280:
1238:
1212:
1132:
1080:
415:
Members of this genus are all found in subtropical and temperate waters in the
Southern Hemisphere:
555:
440:
342:
130:
1071:
992:
475:
138:
1457:
121:
1439:
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1220:
1176:
1119:
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858:
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399:
274:
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915:
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1225:
976:
425:
403:
374:
215:
1294:
766:
1307:
378:
338:
185:
1085:
819:
1487:
1098:
996:
961:
828:
666:
591:
529:
382:
262:
220:
79:
516:
1124:
938:
1343:
366:
fish can sense movement and electric fields, allowing them to locate their prey.
1377:
1274:
1158:
1065:
642:
386:
195:
54:
1265:
818:
Dagit, D.D.; Chiaramonte, G.E.; Romero, M.; Di Giácomo, E.; Acuña, E. (2018) .
436:
is found in the oceans off southern Africa, including Namibia and South Africa.
17:
980:
570:
467:
99:
64:
1056:
988:
478:
structures the Callorhinchidae possess relative to the other Chondrichthyes.
500:
471:
450:
155:
104:
745:
1317:
1259:
1050:
675:
407:
species due to their shared characteristics of both the sharks and rays.
205:
175:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
1150:
569:
A number of fossil species are also known, extending back into the mid-
504:
488:
109:
84:
613:
Stevens, J.; Last, P.R. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.).
466:
is 1.1, compared to 6 in humans. Compared to humans, it has a larger
1382:
1163:
574:
395:
330:
165:
1369:
1027:
875:
854:
Branch, G.M., Branch, M.L, Griffiths, C.L. and Beckley, L.E. 2010.
736:
734:
318:
1137:
590:, the three extant species of Callorhinchidae are all listed as
587:
1031:
891:. The Genome Institute at Washington University. Archived from
398:. Because of this, it has been proposed to be used for entire
1356:
856:
Two Oceans: a guide to the marine life of southern Africa
537:(Ploughnose chimaera, American elephantfish, or cockfish)
424:
resides off southern South American waters, ranging from
362:
In addition to its use for feeding, the "trunks" of the
789:
1249:
1040:
794:. Vol. 2. Te Papa Press. pp. 38–39.
337:spp. are similar in form and habits to other
8:
767:"Chimaerids, elephant fish and ghost sharks"
385:skeleton seen in sharks, but are considered
377:, they are the oldest group of living jawed
1028:
120:
38:
617:. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 69.
346:susceptible to overfishing and trawling.
329:). A few extinct genera only known from
602:
608:
606:
7:
1432:4c94ef72-4f4c-4827-aaab-bb7f1f7ba941
1213:a660e7b5-f2fd-4a10-bef3-728d5253ebc3
813:
811:
710:
708:
691:"Elephant Fish: Callorhinchus Milii"
661:
659:
829:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
719:. Florida Museum of Natural History
742:"Elephant Shark Genome Sequencing"
25:
876:https://doi.org/10.1159/000100037
717:"Biological Profile: Ghost Shark"
519:species, all in the same genus:
142:
1011:"Best Fish Guide:Elephant Fish"
581:Fishery and conservation effort
1:
941:. Encyclopedia of New Zealand
889:"Genome: Callorhinchus milii"
27:Genus of cartilaginous fishes
1504:Taxa named by Samuel Garman
1520:
822:Callorhinchus callorynchus
525:Callorhinchus callorynchus
515:The family contains three
421:Callorhinchus callorynchus
29:
981:10.1017/S095410201200079X
791:The fishes of New Zealand
499:The Callorhinchidae are
453:and inshore bays to mate.
252:
247:
139:Scientific classification
137:
128:
119:
41:
669:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
639:"Family Callorhynchidae"
464:encephalization quotient
381:. They possess the same
333:remains are recognized.
30:Not to be confused with
679:. January 2009 version.
671:"Family Callorhincidae"
565:(Australian ghostshark)
32:freshwater elephantfish
615:Encyclopedia of Fishes
542:Callorhinchus capensis
433:Callorhinchus capensis
317:, are the only living
311:plough-nosed chimaeras
1453:Paleobiology Database
561:Bory de Saint-Vincent
293:Bory de Saint-Vincent
836:: e.T63107A133966405
556:Callorhinchus milii
551:(Cape elephantfish)
441:Callorhinchus milii
343:Southern Hemisphere
325:(sometimes spelled
131:Callorhinchus milii
895:on 3 November 2013
715:Bester, Cathleen.
394:has the smallest
1481:
1480:
1440:Open Tree of Life
1221:Open Tree of Life
1034:Taxon identifiers
1013:. Forest and Bird
969:Antarctic Science
916:"Elephant Sharks"
863:978-1-77007-772-0
801:978-0-9941041-6-8
564:
550:
536:
400:genome sequencing
302:
301:
296:
283:
270:
243:
224:
16:(Redirected from
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914:Wilson, Judith.
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744:. Archived from
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547:A. H. A. Duméril
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528:
426:Tierra del Fuego
375:Phylogenetically
291:
280:A. H. A. Duméril
278:
260:
238:
219:
147:
146:
124:
114:
51:
47:Temporal range:
39:
21:
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1499:Callorhinchidae
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1308:Callorhinchidae
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1295:Callorhinchidae
1293:
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1281:Callorhinchidae
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1278:
1273:
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1251:Callorhinchidae
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1026:
1016:
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1004:
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944:
942:
939:"Elephant Fish"
936:
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583:
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484:
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413:
372:
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327:Callorhynchidae
323:Callorhinchidae
257:C. callorynchus
237:
218:
216:Callorhinchidae
141:
115:
113:
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107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
49:
48:
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35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Callorhinchidae
15:
12:
11:
5:
1517:
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1501:
1496:
1486:
1485:
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952:
929:
906:
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667:Froese, Rainer
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512:
509:
496:
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459:
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455:
454:
437:
429:
412:
409:
379:Chondrichthyes
371:
368:
351:
348:
321:in the family
300:
299:
298:
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284:
271:
250:
249:
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244:
230:
226:
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213:
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206:Chimaeriformes
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186:Chondrichthyes
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14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1516:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Callorhinchus
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1489:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
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1437:
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1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
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1100:
1099:Callorhinchus
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Callorhinchus
1082:
1078:
1073:
1072:Callorhinchus
1067:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1042:Callorhinchus
1039:
1035:
1030:
1012:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
975:(1): 99–106.
974:
970:
963:
956:
953:
940:
933:
930:
917:
910:
907:
894:
890:
887:Warren, Wes.
883:
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835:
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808:
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784:
781:
769:. Sea Friends
768:
762:
759:
748:on 2018-04-11
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624:0-12-547665-5
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592:least concern
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434:
430:
427:
423:
422:
418:
417:
416:
410:
408:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:Callorhinchus
388:
384:
383:cartilaginous
380:
376:
369:
367:
365:
364:Callorhinchus
360:
356:
349:
347:
344:
340:
336:
335:Callorhinchus
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
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306:Callorhinchus
294:
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277:
276:
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268:
264:
259:
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254:
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234:Callorhinchus
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106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:Albian–Recent
44:
43:Callorhinchus
40:
37:
33:
19:
1250:
1041:
1017:28 September
1015:. Retrieved
1005:
972:
968:
955:
945:28 September
943:. Retrieved
932:
920:. Retrieved
909:
899:28 September
897:. Retrieved
893:the original
882:
869:
855:
850:
838:. Retrieved
833:
827:
821:
790:
783:
771:. Retrieved
761:
750:. Retrieved
746:the original
721:. Retrieved
695:. Retrieved
693:. Fish Index
685:
674:
646:. Retrieved
633:
614:
584:
568:
554:
540:
523:
514:
498:
495:Reproduction
485:
461:
449:migrates to
446:
439:
431:
419:
414:
411:Distribution
391:
373:
363:
361:
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334:
326:
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315:elephantfish
314:
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286:
273:
255:
233:
232:
129:
42:
36:
1378:iNaturalist
1275:Wikispecies
1159:iNaturalist
1066:Wikispecies
648:17 December
643:Fossilworks
387:holocephali
275:C. capensis
196:Holocephali
1488:Categories
922:28 October
918:. Critters
840:19 January
752:2013-10-29
598:References
571:Cretaceous
476:homologous
468:cerebellum
458:Physiology
350:Morphology
192:Subclass:
997:111377431
989:0954-1020
773:8 October
723:8 October
697:8 October
501:oviparous
491:' speed.
472:forebrain
451:estuaries
404:operculum
370:Phylogeny
339:chimaeras
162:Kingdom:
156:Eukaryota
1315:BioLib:
1266:Q2084323
1260:Wikidata
1138:46561156
1051:Wikidata
676:FishBase
530:Linnaeus
489:teleosts
447:C. milii
288:C. milii
263:Linnaeus
248:Species
240:Lacépède
212:Family:
176:Chordata
172:Phylum:
166:Animalia
152:Domain:
1177:1319534
1151:2417404
1057:Q675505
511:Species
505:gametes
229:Genus:
202:Order:
182:Class:
1471:148800
1458:285292
1445:550645
1429:NZOR:
1409:161011
1396:111473
1331:124058
1239:205766
1226:550643
1210:NZOR:
1190:564615
995:
987:
861:
798:
621:
575:Albian
563:, 1823
549:, 1865
517:extant
396:genome
331:fossil
309:, the
295:, 1823
282:, 1865
242:, 1798
223:, 1901
221:Garman
1466:WoRMS
1391:IRMNG
1383:85653
1318:15400
1234:WoRMS
1172:IRMNG
1164:87180
993:S2CID
965:(PDF)
470:than
319:genus
1422:7865
1417:NCBI
1404:ITIS
1370:2182
1365:GBIF
1357:8903
1326:BOLD
1203:7866
1198:NCBI
1185:ITIS
1146:GBIF
1125:3FPT
1112:3013
1107:BOLD
1019:2013
985:ISSN
947:2013
924:2013
901:2013
859:ISBN
842:2020
834:2007
796:ISBN
775:2013
725:2013
699:2013
650:2021
619:ISBN
588:IUCN
534:1758
482:Diet
462:The
267:1758
55:Preęž’
1352:EoL
1344:7KV
1339:CoL
1303:AFD
1290:ADW
1133:EoL
1120:CoL
1094:AFD
1081:ADW
977:doi
577:).
313:or
1490::
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1419::
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1068::
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991:.
983:.
973:25
971:.
967:.
832:.
826:.
810:^
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673:.
658:^
641:.
605:^
532:,
265:,
105:Pg
1021:.
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844:.
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701:.
652:.
627:.
573:(
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261:(
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:ęž’
34:.
20:)
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