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give up the Korea
Peninsula. After much thought, Mao solely sent Chinese troops into Korea on 19 October 1950 under an extremely hard Chinese economic and military situation. This activity ultimately changed the Sino-Soviet relationship. After 12 days of Chinese troops entering the war, Stalin allowed the Soviet Air Forces to provide air cover, and supported more aid to China. Mao sending Chinese troops to take part in the Korean War was followed by large-scale economic and military cooperation between China and the Soviet Union, and the friendly relationship of the two countries changed from titular to virtual. In one less known example of the Sino-Soviet military cooperation, in April–June 1952 a group of Soviet
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719:, and the Chinese Eastern Railway and the South Manchuria Railway were the essential arterial communications which connected Siberia to Port Arthur and Dalian. As Mao Zedong thought that the usage rights of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the South Manchuria Railway, the Port Arthur and Dalian were part of Chinese state sovereignty, he required the Soviet Union
1070:, the PRC in 1949 was less industrialized than Russia in 1914), the PRC emerged in a far more favorable and stable financial position. While the severe Soviet shortage of capital was new, Chinese economic and military underdevelopment was not. Nor was the PRC's desperate and ever-growing need for mineral resources, especially
969:
wanted to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union to facilitate focusing resources on economic development. Gorbachev likewise sought a more peaceful bilateral relationship in order to reduce military expenditures. Intrigued by reform and opening up, Gorbachev told a
Chinese magazine, "We take special
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Thus, in the immediate years after the PRC was proclaimed, the Soviet Union became its closest ally. Moscow sent thousands of Soviet engineers and workers, and trainloads of machinery and tools. By the late 1950s, the
Soviets had erected a network of modern industrial plants across China, capable of
698:
In late 1949, Mao went to Moscow to seek economic help. Stalin kept him waiting for weeks, humiliating Mao in treatment worthy of a minor vassal. After the establishment of the People's
Republic of China, a sensitive issue emerged. As a condition of fighting the Kwantung Army at the end of World War
648:
After 1946, the CCP was increasingly successful in the Civil War. Until the late 1940s, the Soviet Union had hedged and supported both the CCP and the KMT. In late 1948, the Soviet Union committed fully to supporting the CCP. In May 1948, the Soviet Union had advised the CCP not to cross the
Yangtze
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with China. The
Republic of China received credits for $ 250 million for the purchase of Soviet weapons. There followed big arms deliveries, including guns, artillery pieces, more than 900 aircraft and 82 tanks. More than 1,500 Soviet military advisers and about 2,000 members of the air force were
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to provide air cover. As the two leaders distrusted each other, Stalin agreed with sending
Chinese troops to Korea, but refused to provide air cover. Since without the air cover from the Soviet Union, Mao once considered that China did not send troops into Korea, and Stalin at one time decided to
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for abandoning the strict traditions of Lenin and Stalin. In the late 1950s – early 1960s, relations became deeply strained. By attacking Soviet revisionism, Mao consolidated his political struggle in
Beijing and won over his opponents. Khrushchev ridiculed the failures of the
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presence. Soviet forces won a decisive victory while the
Kwantung suffered massive casualties, with 700,000 having surrendered. The Soviet Union distributed some of the weapons of the captured Kwantung Army to the CCP, who were still battling the KMT in the Chinese Civil War.
394:
in May 1924. The academy provided training for commanders who would be significant in both the KMT and the communist armies and provided a military edge over the less professionalized
Chinese warlord armies. Soviet advisors were the academy's primary instructors.
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against China. More important, China launched its own bid to control communist movements around the world, and in most cases local communist parties split between the two sponsors, confusing fellow travelers and weakening the overall communist movement in the
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which resulted in massive losses to foreign speculators, near-anarchical conditions and economic collapse. Thus, in the post–Cold War period, while the Soviet Union remained vastly more developed (economically and militarily), in a systemic and deep way
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891:, relations between China and the Afghan communists quickly turned hostile. The Afghan pro-Soviet communists supported the Vietnamese during the Sino-Vietnamese War and blamed China for supporting Afghan anti-communist militants. China responded to the
906:
into China itself. Hundreds of millions worth of anti-aircraft missiles, rocket launchers and machine guns were given to the mujahideen by the Chinese. Chinese military advisers and army troops were present with the mujahideen during training.
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462:. The Chinese seized the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway in 1929; swift Soviet military intervention quickly put an end to the crisis and forced the Chinese to accept restoration of joint Soviet–Chinese administration of the railway.
676:. With the creation of the People's Republic of China, the supreme political authority in the two countries became centred in two communist parties, both espousing revolutionary, Marxist–Leninist ideology: the CCP and the
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era and favor the socialist camp over the capitalist camp. Mao announced that China must ally "with the Soviet Union, with every New Democratic Country, and with the proletariat and broad masses in all other countries".
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607:, China's first ambassador to the Soviet Union, Stalin was concerned by the independent streak of communist China and was concerned about the prospect of future competition with the Soviet Union.
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interest in China's ongoing economic and political reforms. Our two countries are now faced with similar problems. This will open a broad horizon for useful mutual exchange of experiences."
738:. However, both Kim Il Sung and Stalin did not consider that the United States would intervene into that war immediately, if at all. Kim Il Sung could not sustain the attack against the
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attended Andropov's funeral in a diplomatic move which signaled China's positive view of Andropov and optimism for better relations. Soviet-educated and Russian-speaking Vice Premier
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period, the two countries suffered more losses than any other country, with China (in the Second Sino-Japanese War) losing about 30 million people and the Soviet Union 26 million.
954:" and Li congratulated the Soviet Union for its "socialist course". Despite the reconciliation, China made clear that it would continue to develop an independent foreign policy.
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twice. Gorbachev affirmed to Li that the Soviet Union also wished to improve relations. At the Li–Gorbachev meetings, the two sides began again to refer to each other as "
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1299:"Unsuccessful attempts to resolve political problems in Sinkiang; extent of Soviet aid and encouragement to rebel groups in Sinkiang; border incident at Peitashan"
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and ramping up their military presence near Afghanistan in Xinjiang. China acquired military equipment from the United States to defend itself from Soviet attack.
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383:. From the Soviet perspective, its aid was consistent with the Soviet commitment to help revolutionary parties in other countries engage in national revolutions.
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Shen, Zhihua (2010). "China and the Dispatch of the Soviet Air Force: The Formation of the Chinese–Soviet–Korean Alliance in the Early Stage of the Korean War".
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Jersild, Austin (2016). "Sino-Soviet Rivalry in Guinea-Conakry, 1956–1965: The Second World in the Third World". In Babiracki, Patryk; Jersild, Austin (eds.).
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viewed Japan as a potential enemy, and as a result offered no help to Chinese communists between 1937 and 1941, in order not to weaken efforts of the
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Peskov, Yuri (2010). "Sixty Years of the Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance Between the U.S.S.R. and the PRC, February 14, 1950".
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During the Sino-Soviet split, strained relations between China and the Soviet Union resulted in strained relations between China and the pro-Soviet
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against the Kuomintang. After the CCP defeated the Kuomintang in 1949, the Soviet Union terminated support for the Second East Turkestan Republic.
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727:. Joseph Stalin initially refused this treaty, but finally agreed with this treaty. However, the ports were not returned until after Stalin died.
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abruptly dismissed his Soviet advisers and imposed restrictions on CCP participation in the government. By 1927, after the conclusion of the
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373:(CCP) to sign a military treaty with the KMT. On 31 May 1924, the two governments signed an agreement to establish diplomatic relations.
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742:. When Kim Il Sung required military assistance from the Soviet Union and China, Mao agreed to send Chinese troops, but asked the
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On 1 October 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed by Mao Zedong, and by May 1950 the KMT had been expelled from
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The Soviets tried to spread anti-Chinese propaganda among minorities in Xinjiang, but this backfired when Uyghur mobs attacked
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922:(1985) provided the opportunity for Sino-Soviet "funeral diplomacy" and an improvement in relations. Chinese Foreign Minister
680:. The day after the PRC's founding, the Soviet Union terminated its diplomatic relations with the KMT and recognized the PRC.
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serves as a training camp for Chinese revolutionaries from both the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
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producing warplanes, tanks and warships. Moscow even provided some nuclear technology. Mao, however, deeply distrusted
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aircraft were based in Beijing to perform reconnaissance missions on United States fusion bomb tests in the Pacific.
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1308:. Vol. VII: The Far East: China. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 1972. pp. 546–587
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The September 1989 withdrawal of Vietnam's forces from Cambodia further reduced Sino-Soviet tension. Gorbachev
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Shen, Zhihua; Xia, Yafeng (2011). "The Great Leap Forward, the People's Commune and the Sino-Soviet Split".
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between classes, relations between the two countries became gradually normalized. In 1979, however, the PRC
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The Sino-Soviet conflict of 1929 was a minor armed conflict between the Soviet Union and China over the
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1424:"Sino-Soviet Relations and the Origins of the Korean War: Stalin's Strategic Goals in the Far East"
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China, the United States, and the Soviet Union: Tripolarity and Policy Making in the Cold War
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856:(which had, after a period of ambivalence, sided with the Soviet Union) in response to the
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of 1912–1949 and its successor, the People's Republic of China) and the various forms of
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The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy
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river be ruled by the CCP and that the region south by ruled by the KMT. According to
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2003:
1969:
1961:
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China's quest: the history of the foreign relations of the people's Republic of China
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1791:. Rocklin, California: Forum. pp. 446–448, 142–157, 196–204, 238–242, 489–494.
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587:, a massive military operation mobilizing 1.5 million soldiers against one million
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Relations significantly improved in the early 1980s. The deaths of Soviet leaders
1943:
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Unlike that of the PRC, this was a much more extreme, highly unregulated form of
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The Soviet Union and Communist China, 1945–1950: An Arduous Road to the Alliance
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The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities
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was concentrating on the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviet Union supported
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river with its army, but in April 1949 the CCP ignored this advice, and the
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welcomed the Soviet support, which assisted the KMT in fighting the northern
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KMT–CCP, the Chinese Civil War and the establishment of diplomatic relations
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Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance Against Japanese Aggression
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who died in defense of China from Japanese invaders. The unit was based in
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1177:
810:, and was now seen as the greatest threat it faced. Mao made overtures to
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movement. The Sino-Soviet split was marked by small scale fighting in the
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Chinese–Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism
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In late August 1945, Stalin proposed to Mao that the region north of the
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and captured the KMT's capital city, Nanjing, in only a matter of days.
318:, defeated the White warlord and established a new pro-Soviet Mongolian
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On 30 June 1949, Mao stated that China would "lean to one side" in the
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1077:, which the Soviet Union held in abundance in such Asiatic regions as
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2224:
2132:"The Soviet Union and China in the 1980s: Reconciliation and Divorce"
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399:
134:
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Strategic Partners: Russian–Chinese Relations in the Post-Soviet Era
1987:
484:, which was composed of Muslims, severely mauled the Soviet Union's
1911:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
1839:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
1823:
Mao Against Khrushchev: A Short History of the Sino-Soviet Conflict
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Agreement from 1924 on the establishment of diplomatic relations
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Shadow Cold War: The Sino-Soviet Competition for the Third World
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China and Russia: Four Centuries of Conflict and Concord (book)
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sent to China. The deliveries halted in August 1941 due to the
1701:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
1208:. New Approaches to International History series. London, UK:
1096:
History of foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
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for the first summit between the two nations in thirty years.
190:
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raised similar challenges for both countries. Chinese leader
723:
these interests to China, and this was a crucial part of the
2041:"The Great Wall of Steel: Military and Strategy in Xinjiang"
806:. Beijing said the Soviet Union had fallen into the trap of
1617:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–177.
946:
attended Chernenko's funeral and met with Soviet leader
1235:
China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future
902:
China moved its training camps for the mujahideen from
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The Soviet Union intervened again in Xinjiang in 1937.
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and the United States, culminating in the sensational
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793:. That never happened, but the Soviets did encourage
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played an important role in the establishment of the
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Chinese Civil War and the People's Republic of China
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which would last until 1949, a few months after the
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2104:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1699:
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
1206:
The Fear of Chinese Power: an International History
46:
1909:The Sino-Soviet Alliance: An International History
699:II, the Soviet Union received usage rights of the
640:and called for them to be expelled from Xinjiang.
1826:. New York: Frederick A. Praeger. Archived from
1938:. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 303–325.
423:proclamation of the People's Republic of China
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2488:
2197:
1166:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty
1101:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
767:Sino-Soviet relations during the Brezhnev era
8:
1972:(October 1959). "Soviet–Chinese Relations".
1306:Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947
539:(1932), which signaled the beginning of the
267:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
32:
3703:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
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1471:
1469:
1364:
1362:
1019:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
492:allies when the Soviets attempted to seize
482:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)
225:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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2287:Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean oil pipeline
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1936:Socialist Internationalism in the Cold War
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287:became contested territories. After being
2399:China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2160:
1516:"П.В.Струнов. Специальные полеты в Китае"
1039:Learn how and when to remove this message
926:met with Soviet Foreign Affairs Minister
577:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
295:in 1919, they came under the sway of the
245:Learn how and when to remove this message
1587:. London: Allen Lane. pp. 233–260.
1199:
1197:
1136:. Oxford University Press. p. 191.
887:. When the pro-Soviet Afghan communists
883:with each other during the rule of King
4212:Bilateral relations of the Soviet Union
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1664:
1353:
1262:
1122:
844:. With the PRC no longer espousing the
840:, who was to soon implement pro-market
828:Sino-Soviet relations from 1969 to 1991
629:in their uprise in Xinjiang and set up
2272:2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship
1789:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire
822:Post-Mao era and stabilizing relations
330:Creation of a communist party in China
31:
3806:Foreign relations of the Soviet Union
2251:Consulate General of Russia, Shanghai
1866:. New York: Oxford University Press.
571:On 8 August 1945, three months after
7:
1767:
1755:
1736:
1341:
1329:
1285:
1017:adding citations to reliable sources
832:In 1976, Mao died, and in 1978, the
694:(2nd right) in Moscow, December 1949
575:surrendered, and on the week of the
543:. In August 1937, a month after the
476:Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)
299:General turned independent warlord,
223:adding citations to reliable sources
2049:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland
889:seized power in Afghanistan in 1978
678:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
554:German invasion of the Soviet Union
3608:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
2314:2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
2051:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.
2020:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.
1892:. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe.
25:
3733:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2595:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
2372:History of Sino-Russian relations
2309:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2292:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
2267:1991 Sino-Soviet Border Agreement
1091:History of Sino-Russian relations
1053:Sino-Russian relations since 1991
864:which overthrew the China-backed
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480:In 1934, the Republic of China's
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1884:(Oxford University Press, 2015).
1639:"Hua Guofeng | premier of China"
1133:The Origins of Chinese Communism
989:
725:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship
711:(also known as Port Arthur) and
583:, the Soviet Union launched the
195:
68:
57:
38:
3753:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
3661:Dates of diplomatic recognition
2463:Category:China–Russia relations
981:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
547:, the Soviet Union established
153:sovetsko-kitayskiye otnosheniya
3676:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
2351:Chinese missile warning system
2246:Ambassadors of Russia to China
1855:10.5149/9781469623771_friedman
1815:. London: Hollis & Carter.
1812:Soviet Russia and the Far East
893:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
631:Second East Turkestan Republic
187:Russian Civil War and Mongolia
139:
122:
106:
1:
2153:10.1080/14682745.2017.1315923
1927:10.5149/9781469611600_jersild
1584:The Cold War: A World History
1544:Journal of Contemporary China
1522:(in Russian). 26 October 2012
1374:"The New Beijing-Moscow Axis"
789:in 1969. Moscow considered a
655:crossing of the Yangtze river
347:Moscow Sun Yat-sen University
4207:Bilateral relations of China
4202:China–Soviet Union relations
3632:Diplomatic missions of China
1944:10.1007/978-3-319-32570-5_12
1557:10.1080/10670564.2011.604505
1481:Journal of Strategic Studies
1237:. New York, NY: 1804 Books.
157:China–Soviet Union relations
149:советско-китайские отношения
18:China–Soviet Union relations
3620:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2409:Shenzhen MSU-BIT University
2404:Russo-Chinese Bank Building
1432:Journal of Cold War Studies
975:visited Beijing in May 1989
934:. Chinese Vice Premier and
787:Sino-Soviet border conflict
591:troops, the last remaining
472:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
451:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
324:Mongolian People's Republic
322:, which by 1924 became the
4233:
3691:Political status of Taiwan
2511:Foreign relations of China
2282:2007 Delhi security summit
1050:
850:antagonistic contradiction
825:
764:
758:
672:, remaining in control of
614:
545:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
469:
448:
445:Sino-Soviet conflict, 1929
341:(CCP) in 1921 through the
301:Roman von Ungern-Sternberg
179:of 1917 to 1991, when the
4156:
4114:
4103:
4076:
4062:
4051:
3826:
3812:
3603:
3592:
3510:
3499:
2528:
2517:
2454:
2039:Shichor, Yitzhak (2004).
1835:Friedman, Jeremy (2015).
1494:10.1080/01402391003590291
1445:10.1162/15203970051032309
1170:Stanford University Press
816:1972 Nixon visit to China
791:preemptive nuclear strike
433:, thus causing the CCP's
148:
80:
67:
56:
37:
3717:Major historical splits
3641:Belt and Road Initiative
2580:Central African Republic
2429:Cyrillization of Chinese
2241:Embassy of China, Moscow
1907:Jersild, Austin (2014).
1888:Heinzig, Dieter (2004).
1862:Garver, John W. (1988).
651:People's Liberation Army
541:Second Sino-Japanese War
503:Second Sino-Japanese War
392:Whampoa Military Academy
3989:Weimar and Nazi Germany
3666:Foreign policy of China
3580:China and the Antarctic
3545:China–Japan–South Korea
2419:Chinese Orthodox Church
2414:Chinese Eastern Railway
2100:Zhao, Suisheng (2022).
2077:. New York: Routledge.
2073:Wilson, Jeanne (2004).
1697:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
1644:Encyclopædia Britannica
1379:The Wall Street Journal
1204:Crean, Jeffrey (2024).
1057:Russia–Taiwan relations
961:and the Soviet Union's
873:Afghan communist regime
705:South Manchuria Railway
701:Chinese Eastern Railway
513:Soviet Volunteer Airmen
460:Chinese Eastern Railway
371:Chinese Communist Party
367:Communist International
365:(KMT), and in 1923 the
339:Chinese Communist Party
291:by the Chinese General
175:which emerged from the
161:diplomatic relationship
4217:China–Russia relations
4176:Occupations by country
3748:Wolf warrior diplomacy
3575:Arctic policy of China
3515:BCIM Economic Corridor
3505:Multilateral relations
2600:Congo, Republic of the
2220:China–Russia relations
1164:Laikwan, Pang (2024).
695:
562:Nationalist government
520:
390:and his aides started
95:
3671:Foreign Relations Law
3646:China's peaceful rise
2735:São Tomé and Príncipe
2377:Sino-Soviet relations
2083:10.4324/9781315700601
1975:International Affairs
1820:Floyd, David (1964).
1462:on 30 September 2020.
1233:Hammond, Ken (2023).
1178:10.1515/9781503638822
1130:Dirlik, Arif (1989).
959:reform and opening up
765:Further information:
686:
585:invasion of Manchuria
549:a non-aggression pact
510:
386:Sun's Soviet advisor
361:began supporting the
99:Sino-Soviet relations
89:
33:Sino-Soviet relations
4129:Common European Home
4124:Peaceful coexistence
3178:United Arab Emirates
2356:Marine Security Belt
1111:Pei-ta-shan Incident
1013:improve this section
920:Konstantin Chernenko
862:invasion of Cambodia
690:(2nd left) visiting
413:between the CCP and
307:, with support from
269:, sending forces to
219:improve this section
3696:Chinese unification
3656:Confucius Institute
3193:Northern Domination
2931:Trinidad and Tobago
2816:Antigua and Barbuda
2523:Bilateral relations
2387:Trans-Zeya villages
2382:China–Russia border
2045:Starr, S. Frederick
2034:on 28 October 2013.
1703:Bloomsbury Academic
1402:Far Eastern Affairs
1372:(1 February 2019).
1356:, pp. 142–149.
1210:Bloomsbury Academic
885:Mohammed Zahir Shah
836:were overthrown by
627:Uyghur nationalists
417:, resulting in the
409:, Chiang ended the
407:Northern Expedition
297:Russian White Guard
277:beginning in 1918.
119:traditional Chinese
34:
29:Bilateral relations
2871:Dominican Republic
2339:Military relations
2277:Altai gas pipeline
1370:Trofimov, Yaroslav
932:Brezhnev's funeral
895:by supporting the
808:social imperialism
779:Great Leap Forward
740:United States Army
696:
521:
411:First United Front
259:Beiyang government
177:Russian Revolution
103:simplified Chinese
96:
4189:
4188:
4152:
4151:
4119:Brezhnev Doctrine
4099:
4098:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4044:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3743:Theater diplomacy
3708:Stadium diplomacy
3628:
3616:
3613:General Secretary
3588:
3587:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3490:
2615:Equatorial Guinea
2470:
2469:
2330:New Star incident
2111:978-1-5036-3415-2
2092:978-1-315-70060-1
1953:978-3-319-32569-9
1918:978-1-4696-1160-0
1846:978-1-4696-2377-1
1798:978-0-7615-2057-3
1712:978-1-350-23394-2
1624:978-1-107-02045-0
1594:978-0-14-197991-5
1219:978-1-350-23394-2
1143:978-0-19-505454-5
1049:
1048:
1041:
948:Mikhail Gorbachev
897:Afghan mujahideen
774:Nikita Khrushchev
761:Sino-Soviet split
755:Sino-Soviet split
744:Soviet Air Forces
623:Republic of China
593:Japanese military
419:Chinese Civil War
335:Grigori Voitinsky
316:Damdin Sükhbaatar
255:
254:
247:
183:ceased to exist.
84:
83:
16:(Redirected from
4224:
4181:Foreign ministry
4134:Sinatra Doctrine
4105:
4064:
4057:
3828:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3769:
3713:String of Pearls
3625:Foreign Minister
3622:
3610:
3594:
3501:
3442:Papua New Guinea
2530:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2446:Axis of Upheaval
2440:China and Russia
2234:Diplomatic posts
2228:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2183:
2166:
2164:
2140:Cold War History
2136:
2128:Zubok, Vladislav
2123:
2096:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2035:
2030:. Archived from
2007:
1965:
1930:
1903:
1880:Garver, John W.
1877:
1858:
1831:
1830:on 6 March 2019.
1816:
1807:Dallin, David J.
1802:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1740:
1734:
1717:
1716:
1694:
1688:
1678:
1672:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1579:Westad, Odd Arne
1575:
1569:
1568:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1455:. Archived from
1428:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1366:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1270:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1168:. Stanford, CA:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1127:
1044:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1024:
993:
985:
846:anti-revisionist
783:people's commune
531:and created the
511:Monument to the
250:
243:
239:
236:
230:
199:
191:
169:Chinese Republic
159:, refers to the
150:
141:
132:
116:
72:
71:
61:
60:
42:
35:
21:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4148:
4110:
4095:
4072:
4058:
4041:
4020:
3954:
3893:
3862:
3822:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3766:
3757:
3686:Panda diplomacy
3651:Chinese Century
3599:
3584:
3506:
3487:
3466:
3452:Solomon Islands
3395:
3204:
2950:
2804:
2524:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2471:
2466:
2450:
2424:Second Cold War
2392:Outer Manchuria
2360:
2334:
2318:
2255:
2229:
2222:
2212:
2210:
2173:
2134:
2126:
2112:
2099:
2093:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2038:
2028:
2012:Ross, Robert S.
2010:
1988:10.2307/2609120
1968:
1954:
1933:
1919:
1906:
1900:
1887:
1874:
1861:
1847:
1834:
1819:
1805:
1799:
1783:
1780:
1778:Further reading
1775:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1743:
1735:
1720:
1713:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1679:
1675:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1609:Mylonas, Harris
1607:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1551:(72): 861–880.
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1459:
1426:
1422:(Spring 2000).
1418:
1417:
1413:
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1398:
1394:
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1368:
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1360:
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1301:
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1296:
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1273:
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1232:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1203:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1144:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1087:
1079:Western Siberia
1059:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1010:
994:
983:
912:Leonid Brezhnev
854:invaded Vietnam
842:economic reform
830:
824:
769:
763:
757:
730:Stalin allowed
646:
619:
613:
505:
478:
470:Main articles:
468:
453:
447:
403:Chiang Kai-shek
388:Mikhail Borodin
369:instructed the
355:
332:
251:
240:
234:
231:
216:
200:
189:
140:Zhōng-Sū Guānxì
73:
69:
62:
58:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4230:
4228:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4194:
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4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4091:United Nations
4088:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3955:
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3937:
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3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3901:
3899:
3895:
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3892:
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3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
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3861:
3860:
3855:
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3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3810:
3809:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3683:
3681:Nine-dash line
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3629:
3617:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3570:United Nations
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:European Union
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3489:
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3486:
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3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3386:United Kingdom
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:Czech Republic
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3097:
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3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
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2969:
2964:
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2949:
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2923:
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2201:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2172:
2171:External links
2169:
2168:
2167:
2147:(2): 121–141.
2124:
2110:
2097:
2091:
2070:
2057:
2036:
2026:
2014:, ed. (1993).
2008:
1982:(4): 417–426.
1970:Mehnert, Klaus
1966:
1952:
1931:
1917:
1904:
1898:
1885:
1878:
1872:
1859:
1845:
1832:
1817:
1803:
1797:
1785:Crozier, Brian
1779:
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1711:
1689:
1673:
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1507:
1488:(2): 211–230.
1465:
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997:
995:
988:
982:
979:
928:Andrei Gromyko
848:notion of the
826:Main article:
823:
820:
759:Main article:
756:
753:
734:to launch the
670:Mainland China
645:
642:
638:White Russians
615:Main article:
612:
609:
504:
501:
490:White movement
467:
466:1930s Xinjiang
464:
449:Main article:
446:
443:
431:Jiangxi Soviet
354:
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4078:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3946:
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3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3889:United States
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
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3829:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3802:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
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3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
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3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
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3689:
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3679:
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3664:
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3642:
3639:
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3626:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3555:Latin America
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3502:
3498:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:Former states
3469:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:United States
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Guinea-Bissau
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2060:
2058:0-7656-1318-2
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:1-56324-253-2
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1899:0-7656-0785-9
1895:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1873:0-19-505432-6
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1770:, p. 61.
1769:
1764:
1761:
1758:, p. 60.
1757:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1739:, p. 59.
1738:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1537:
1534:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1408:(1): 100–115.
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1347:
1344:, p. 28.
1343:
1338:
1335:
1332:, p. 27.
1331:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1288:, p. 25.
1287:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:9781736850084
1240:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1187:9781503638815
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:privatization
1058:
1054:
1043:
1040:
1032:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1003:
998:This section
996:
992:
987:
986:
980:
978:
976:
971:
968:
967:Deng Xiaoping
964:
960:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:Yuri Andropov
913:
908:
905:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
829:
821:
819:
817:
813:
812:Richard Nixon
809:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
768:
762:
754:
752:
750:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
693:
689:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
666:
663:
658:
656:
652:
641:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
618:
617:Ili Rebellion
611:Ili Rebellion
610:
608:
606:
605:Wang Jiaxiang
602:
597:
594:
590:
589:Kwantung Army
586:
582:
581:United States
578:
574:
569:
567:
564:. During the
563:
559:
558:Joseph Stalin
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
518:
514:
509:
502:
500:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
477:
473:
465:
463:
461:
458:
452:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
401:
398:In 1926, KMT
396:
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Soviet Russia
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
329:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
305:Soviet troops
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
249:
246:
238:
228:
224:
220:
214:
213:
209:
204:This section
202:
198:
193:
192:
186:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
142:
136:
131:
128:
125:
120:
115:
112:
109:
104:
100:
93:
88:
79:
76:
65:
55:
52:
50:
49:
45:
41:
36:
27:
19:
4069:Multilateral
3994:East Germany
3904:
3843:Burkina Faso
3478:Soviet Union
3477:
3391:Vatican City
3173:Turkmenistan
3121:Saudi Arabia
2760:South Africa
2750:Sierra Leone
2560:Burkina Faso
2456:
2438:
2376:
2144:
2138:
2130:(May 2017).
2101:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2048:
2032:the original
2016:
1979:
1973:
1935:
1908:
1889:
1881:
1863:
1836:
1828:the original
1822:
1811:
1788:
1763:
1698:
1692:
1681:Shichor 2004
1676:
1665:Shichor 2004
1660:
1648:. Retrieved
1642:
1633:
1613:
1603:
1582:
1573:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1524:. Retrieved
1519:
1510:
1485:
1479:
1457:the original
1439:(2): 44–68.
1436:
1430:
1420:Shen, Zhihua
1414:
1405:
1401:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1377:
1354:Crozier 1999
1349:
1337:
1310:. Retrieved
1305:
1293:
1263:Heinzig 2004
1234:
1228:
1205:
1165:
1132:
1125:
1067:
1060:
1035:
1026:
1011:Please help
999:
972:
956:
918:(1984), and
909:
901:
879:had neutral
875:. China and
870:
868:from power.
834:Gang of Four
831:
770:
749:Tupolev Tu-4
729:
697:
667:
659:
647:
635:
620:
598:
573:Nazi Germany
570:
566:World War II
533:puppet state
522:
498:
479:
454:
397:
385:
375:
356:
333:
320:client state
279:
275:North Russia
256:
241:
232:
217:Please help
205:
181:Soviet Union
173:Soviet Power
156:
152:
138:
98:
97:
75:Soviet Union
26:
4144:Occupations
3971:The Baltics
3940:Philippines
3853:Ivory Coast
3565:Third World
3530:Arab League
3432:New Zealand
3376:Switzerland
3326:Netherlands
3131:South Korea
3111:Philippines
3089:North Korea
2962:Afghanistan
2881:El Salvador
2765:South Sudan
2655:Ivory Coast
2346:Vostok 2018
1520:Airforce.ru
963:perestroika
914:(in 1982),
877:Afghanistan
866:Khmer Rouge
838:Hua Guofeng
804:Third World
732:Kim Il Sung
717:Soviet Navy
653:launched a
377:Sun Yat-sen
293:Xu Shuzheng
265:joined the
263:North China
90:Inside the
4196:Categories
4016:Yugoslavia
3483:Yugoslavia
3422:Micronesia
3356:San Marino
3321:Montenegro
3311:Luxembourg
3183:Uzbekistan
3158:Tajikistan
3049:Kyrgyzstan
3044:Kazakhstan
2997:East Timor
2977:Bangladesh
2972:Azerbaijan
2861:Costa Rica
2745:Seychelles
2710:Mozambique
2695:Mauritania
2680:Madagascar
2575:Cape Verde
2120:1332788951
1683:, p.
1667:, p.
1650:10 January
1526:10 January
1385:10 January
1312:10 January
1265:, p.
1117:References
1051:See also:
736:Korean War
621:While the
488:and their
457:Manchurian
435:Long March
427:Mao Zedong
415:Kuomintang
363:Kuomintang
312:guerrillas
167:(both the
4161:Diplomats
4109:Diplomacy
4071:relations
3945:Sri Lanka
3821:relations
3819:Bilateral
3598:Diplomacy
3540:Caribbean
3407:Australia
3306:Lithuania
3143:Sri Lanka
3126:Singapore
3106:Palestine
3012:Indonesia
2946:Venezuela
2911:Nicaragua
2821:Argentina
2700:Mauritius
2434:Li Yueran
2323:Incidents
2260:Diplomacy
2162:157596575
2004:156091095
1962:157384582
1768:Zhao 2022
1756:Zhao 2022
1737:Zhao 2022
1565:153857326
1502:154427564
1342:Zhao 2022
1330:Zhao 2022
1286:Zhao 2022
1072:petroleum
1029:July 2024
1000:does not
936:Politburo
924:Huang Hua
881:relations
721:to return
537:Manchukuo
529:Manchuria
523:In 1931,
357:In 1921,
343:Comintern
309:Mongolian
303:in 1920.
235:July 2024
206:does not
94:, Beijing
4171:Treaties
4001:Holy See
3985:Germany
3935:Pakistan
3930:Malaysia
3867:Americas
3738:Treaties
3636:in China
3417:Kiribati
3341:Portugal
3236:Bulgaria
3163:Thailand
3101:Pakistan
3074:Mongolia
3069:Maldives
3064:Malaysia
2992:Cambodia
2926:Suriname
2896:Honduras
2856:Colombia
2831:Barbados
2809:Americas
2800:Zimbabwe
2775:Tanzania
2625:Ethiopia
2605:Djibouti
2570:Cameroon
2555:Botswana
1809:(1949).
1787:(1999).
1611:(2012).
1581:(2017).
1453:57565927
1085:See also
957:China's
952:comrades
904:Pakistan
781:and the
662:Cold War
527:invaded
494:Xinjiang
486:Red Army
381:warlords
289:occupied
281:Mongolia
163:between
4086:Comecon
4037:Vanuatu
4025:Oceania
4006:Hungary
3976:Denmark
3966:Austria
3884:Grenada
3858:Liberia
3726:Albania
3560:Oceania
3520:BIMSTEC
3462:Vanuatu
3400:Oceania
3381:Ukraine
3346:Romania
3316:Moldova
3291:Ireland
3286:Iceland
3281:Hungary
3271:Germany
3261:Finland
3256:Denmark
3241:Croatia
3231:Belgium
3226:Belarus
3221:Austria
3216:Albania
3188:Vietnam
3136:History
3094:History
3079:Myanmar
3059:Lebanon
3037:history
3002:Georgia
2967:Armenia
2941:Uruguay
2901:Jamaica
2886:Grenada
2876:Ecuador
2836:Bolivia
2826:Bahamas
2785:Tunisia
2755:Somalia
2740:Senegal
2725:Nigeria
2715:Namibia
2705:Morocco
2670:Liberia
2665:Lesotho
2620:Eritrea
2590:Comoros
2565:Burundi
2540:Algeria
2365:Related
2047:(ed.).
1996:2609120
1021:removed
1006:sources
944:Li Peng
938:member
858:Vietnam
795:Uyghurs
601:Yangtze
579:by the
519:in 1938
439:Shaanxi
314:led by
271:Siberia
227:removed
212:sources
145:Russian
4081:Africa
4011:Norway
3981:France
3959:Europe
3950:Turkey
3915:Israel
3874:Canada
3848:Guinea
3838:Angola
3831:Africa
3721:Soviet
3525:Africa
3371:Sweden
3361:Serbia
3351:Russia
3336:Poland
3331:Norway
3301:Kosovo
3276:Greece
3266:France
3246:Cyprus
3209:Europe
3168:Turkey
3153:Taiwan
3027:Israel
2987:Brunei
2982:Bhutan
2916:Panama
2906:Mexico
2846:Canada
2841:Brazil
2795:Zambia
2790:Uganda
2730:Rwanda
2685:Malawi
2645:Guinea
2635:Gambia
2545:Angola
2533:Africa
2159:
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2089:
2064:22 May
2055:
2024:
2002:
1994:
1960:
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1925:
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940:Wan Li
713:Dalian
709:Lüshun
703:, the
692:Stalin
674:Taiwan
400:leader
155:), or
137::
135:pinyin
121::
105::
4166:Spies
4032:Tonga
3920:Japan
3910:India
3905:China
3535:BRICS
3457:Tonga
3447:Samoa
3427:Nauru
3366:Spain
3296:Italy
3200:Yemen
3148:Syria
3116:Qatar
3084:Nepal
3032:Japan
3007:India
2891:Haiti
2851:Chile
2770:Sudan
2720:Niger
2675:Libya
2660:Kenya
2640:Ghana
2630:Gabon
2610:Egypt
2550:Benin
2297:BRICS
2157:S2CID
2135:(PDF)
2043:. In
2000:S2CID
1992:JSTOR
1958:S2CID
1923:JSTOR
1851:JSTOR
1561:S2CID
1498:S2CID
1460:(PDF)
1449:S2CID
1427:(PDF)
1302:(PDF)
799:rebel
525:Japan
517:Wuhan
437:from
165:China
64:China
3925:Laos
3898:Asia
3879:Cuba
3437:Niue
3412:Fiji
3054:Laos
3022:Iraq
3017:Iran
2955:Asia
2921:Peru
2866:Cuba
2780:Togo
2690:Mali
2585:Chad
2302:BRIC
2116:OCLC
2106:ISBN
2087:ISBN
2066:2012
2053:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1894:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1707:ISBN
1652:2023
1619:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1528:2023
1387:2023
1314:2023
1239:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1075:fuel
1068:i.e.
1055:and
1004:any
1002:cite
474:and
285:Tuva
283:and
273:and
257:The
210:any
208:cite
2149:doi
2079:doi
1984:doi
1940:doi
1685:158
1669:157
1553:doi
1490:doi
1441:doi
1174:doi
1015:by
930:at
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117:;
114:关系
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