520:
516:
chariots remained in strict formation there would be a good opportunity to encircle the enemy. During this period of chariot warfare, the use of orderly team-based combat to some extent determined the difference between victory and defeat, otherwise fighting would have to stop in order to consolidate the formation. In this type operation unified command was important. Senior officers would use drums and flags to command the army's advance and retreat, speed and to make formation adjustments. However such operations were inherently very slow-paced and the speed of engagement thus hampered. Furthermore, the infantry had to remain in line which was not conducive to long-distance pursuits of retreating enemies.
320:
359:(771–476 BCE) improvements had been made to the chariot's design and construction. The angle of the curved draw pole had increased raising the end of the pole. This reduced the amount of effort required by the horse pulling the chariot and increased its speed. The width of the carriage body had also increased to around 1.5 m allowing soldiers greater freedom of movement. Key components such as the pole, hubcap and yoke were reinforced with decorated copper castings, increasing the chariot's stability and durability. These chariots were variously referred to as "gold chariots" (金車), "attack chariots" (攻車) or "weapons chariots" (戎車).
489:
481:
352:
wooden yokes attached, to which the horses would be harnessed. Wooden wheels with a diameter of between approximately 1.2 – 1.4 m were mounted on a three-meter-long (9.8 ft) axle and secured at each end with a bronze hubcap. Wheels of the Shang period usually had 18 spokes, but those of the Zhou period numbered from 18 to 26. Chariot wheels of the Spring and Autumn period (8th–7th century BCE) had between 25 and 28 spokes. The carriage body was around one meter long and 0.8 meters wide with wooden walls and an opening at the back to provide access for soldiers.
336:
219:
470:
50:
372:
200:
461:军). In the Spring and Autumn period the chariot became the main weapon of war. Along with each state's increase in military manpower, their proportion of chariots to overall army numbers also fell with the number of men allocated to each chariot increasing to seventy. This alteration fundamentally changed the fundamentals of warfare.
554:
around all four sides thereby increasing the vehicle's flexibility. Formations no longer involved a single line of chariots; instead they were spread out which brought the advantage of depth. In this way the chariot's movement was no longer impeded so it could counter enemy attacks as well as provide a fast pursuit vehicle.
512:. These tactics required fighting in tight formation with good military discipline and control. When the spring and autumn period began, more attention was paid to troop formations according to the type of battle. Chariot units were trained to ensure co-ordination with the rest of the army during a military campaign.
262:(471–221 BCE) when increasing use of the crossbow, massed infantry, the adoption of standard cavalry units and the adaptation of nomadic cavalry (mounted archery) took over. Chariots continued to serve as command posts for officers during the Qin and Han dynasties while armored chariots were also used by the
695:
Recent publications of archeological discoveries throughout Soviet
Central Asia, however, now allow the previous void between China and the Near East to be filled both spatially and temporally, leaving no doubt that the chariot did indeed enter China from the northwest at about 1200 B.C. (...) From
351:
Ancient
Chinese chariots were typically two wheeled vehicles drawn by two or four horses with a single draught pole measuring around 3 m long that was originally straight but later evolved into two curved shafts. At the front end of the pole there was a horizontal draw-bar about one meter long with
537:
in 1046 BCE. As the Zhou army moved forward, the infantry and chariots were commanded to stop and regroup after every six or seven steps to maintain formation. The Shang army, despite its superior numbers, was largely composed of demoralized and forcibly conscripted troops. As a result, the troops
503:
Chariot-based combat usually took place in wide-open spaces. When the two sides were within range, they would first exchange arrow or crossbow fire, hoping that through superior numbers they would cause disorder and confusion in the enemy ranks. As the two opponents closed on each other they would
507:
Only about three meters wide, with infantry riding on both sides, the chariot was highly inflexible as a fighting machine and difficult to turn around. Coupled with this were restrictions on the use of weapons with opponents seizing the momentary opportunity for victory or trapping their opponent
553:
the disorganized nature of the Chu army's chariots and infantry led to its defeat. Both troop formations and the flexibility of the chariot subsequently underwent major developments with infantry placing a much larger role in combat. Troops were no longer deployed forward of chariots but instead
515:
During the
Western Zhou Era, chariots were deployed on wide-open plains abreast of each other in a single line. The accompanying infantry would then be deployed forward of the chariot, a broad formation that denied the enemy the opportunity for pincer attacks. When the two sides clashed, if the
499:
In ancient China the chariot was used in a primary role from the time of the Shang dynasty until the early years of the Han dynasty (c. 1200–200 BCE) when it was replaced by cavalry and fell back into a secondary support role. For a millennium or more, every chariot borne soldier had used the
305:
dynasties (221 BCE – 220 CE) the chariot was replaced by cavalry and infantry, and the single-pole chariot became less important. At this time the double shaft chariot developed as a transport vehicle which was light and easy to handle. During the
Eastern Han (25–220 CE) and later during the
1236:
310:
period (220–280 CE), the double shaft chariot was the predominant form. This change is seen in innumerable Han dynasty stone carvings and in many ceramic tomb models. Over time, as society evolved, the early chariot of the Pre-Qin period gradually disappeared.
362:
The
Chinese war chariot, like the other war chariots of Eurasia, derived its characteristic ability to perform at high speed by a combination of a light design, together with a propulsion system using horses, which were the fastest draft animals available.
408:
All chariot commanders carried a bronze dagger for protection in the case of the chariot becoming unserviceable or an enemy jumping on board the chariot. Soldiers aboard wore leather or occasionally copper armour and carried a shield or
379:
Usually a chariot carried three armored warriors with different tasks: one, known as the charioteer (御者) was responsible for driving, a second, the archer (射) (or sometimes multiple archers (多射)) tasked with long range shooting. The
641:
have illuminated the key role of the
Mongolia plateau as a major region of origin for chariot and horse use in East Asia (and their associated weapons and tools), and also the likely source for the chariots and horses employed at
429:) for long distance attacks. Chariot horses also began to wear armor during the Spring and Autumn period to protect against injury. When the chariot was not engaged in a military campaign, it was used as a transport vehicle.
1185:
1178:
441:(徒卒) to co-operate in battle. During the Western Zhou era, ten infantry were usually allocated to each chariot with five of them riding on the chariot, each of which was called a squadron (
437:
The chariot was a large military vehicle that through its lack of flexibility was not effective as a single combat unit. Usually its commander would be allocated a number of infantrymen or
696:
this we might suggest an upper limit for artifactual evidence of the chariot in China of about 1200 B.C., which corresponds to the last part of King Wu Ding's reign (c. 1200-1180 B.C.).
1256:
1241:
1171:
504:
stay about four meters apart to avoid the three-meter-long (9.8 ft) dagger-axes of their opponents. Only when two chariots came closer than this would an actual fight occur.
237:, and say they were used at the Battle of Gan (甘之戰) in the 21st century BCE. However archeological evidence shows that small scale use of the chariot began around 1200 BCE in the
391:(戈), a weapon with a roughly three-meter shaft. At the end of the double-headed device there was a sharp dagger on one side and an axe head on the other. This was carried by the
1079:, p. 53 (note: although Beckwith is making a general statement about war chariots in general, this also is explicitly tied to the Chinese war chariot elsewhere in the text)
519:
974:
384:(戎右), whose role was short range defense, made up the third member of the crew. Weapons carried on the chariot consisted of close-combat and long range weapons.
1271:
1419:
319:
1047:
1231:
1464:
1195:
1132:
954:
865:
838:
1544:
1266:
1251:
1549:
1246:
1153:
1529:
175:
also allowed military commanders a mobile platform from which to control troops while providing archers and soldiers armed with
30:
1220:
344:
136:
68:
1211:
1089:
144:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1216:
568:
488:
286:'s army of 80,000 cavalry. Wei Qing ordered his troops to arrange heavy-armored chariots in a ring formation, creating
1539:
1504:
1226:
1002:
533:
A typical example of the importance of disciplined forces occurred during the Zhou overthrow of Shang at the decisive
1359:
480:
210:
ruins. Shang chariots were introduced around 1200 BCE through the northern steppes, probably from the area of the
395:
and could be either swung or thrust like a spear at the enemy. By the time of the Spring and Autumn period the
356:
180:
1407:
1120:
246:
1296:
573:
167:'war vehicle') was used as an attack and pursuit vehicle on the open fields and plains of ancient
1374:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1203:
881:
Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1988). "Historical
Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China".
259:
712:
603:"Chariotry and Prone Burials: Reassessing Late Shang China's Relationship with Its Northern Neighbours"
1394:
1364:
1055:
855:
271:
550:
335:
242:
211:
787:
293:
With changes in the nature of warfare, as well as the increasing availability of larger breeds of
241:
period. They were probably introduced through the northern steppes, probably from the area of the
218:
1554:
1424:
1369:
994:
916:
898:
798:
686:
624:
1163:
830:
824:
1534:
1149:
1128:
950:
861:
834:
678:
542:
986:
890:
670:
614:
469:
405:(戟) which had a spear blade at the end of the shaft in addition to the axe head and dagger.
99:
49:
255:
depict a chariot-like two wheeled vehicle with a single pole for the attachment of horses.
1354:
527:
509:
275:
29:
This article is about the ancient vehicle. For the traditional
Chinese constellation, see
1125:
Empires of the Silk Road: A History of
Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present
371:
199:
1483:
1458:
1344:
1143:
1050:[Fierce and effective weapons of Ancient China: Chariots and Chariot Warfare].
534:
307:
222:
1523:
1489:
1477:
1349:
998:
917:"Excavation of Zhou Dynasty Chariot Tombs Reveals More About Ancient Chinese Society"
746:
628:
602:
541:
As the Spring and Autumn period dawned, chariots remained the key to victory. At the
328:
204:
1412:
1261:
493:
414:
400:
106:
258:
Chariots reached their apogee and remained a powerful weapon until the end of the
1436:
638:
546:
523:
474:
387:
The most important close-combat weapon aboard the chariot was the dagger-axe or
340:
324:
302:
298:
263:
230:
188:
1093:
619:
17:
1451:
1429:
1402:
990:
634:
287:
238:
176:
682:
1496:
1384:
764:
741:
857:
Ancient civilizations: the illustrated guide to belief, mythology, and art
1442:
422:
413:(盾) made from leather or bronze. The chariot's archer was armed either a
279:
234:
1470:
1379:
902:
737:
690:
659:"Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China"
658:
563:
267:
184:
172:
55:
793:
769:
283:
152:
894:
674:
823:
Ebrey, Patricia
Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006).
518:
487:
479:
468:
370:
334:
318:
294:
229:
Traditional sources attribute the invention of the chariot to the
217:
207:
198:
168:
179:
increased mobility. They reached a peak of importance during the
1167:
713:"Wheeled Vehicles in the Chinese Bronze Age (c. 2000-741 B.C.)"
282:'s army, setting off from Dingxiang, encountered the Xiongnu
500:
particular combat tactics that use of the vehicle required.
797:, vol. 1, Chariot Section (車部). quote: "世本奚仲作車宋忠曰夏禹時人也".
111:
826:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
1393:
1332:
1325:
1295:
1202:
105:
98:
93:
81:
67:
38:
947:Imperial Chinese military history: 8000BC-1912AD
923:. Beijing: People's Daily Online. 16 March 2002
801:scanned and transcribed by Chinese Text Project
538:failed to stay in formation and were defeated.
457:师) while five divisions were known as an army (
399:had largely been superseded by the halberd or
1179:
949:. Lincoln: iUniverse, Inc. pp. 154–155.
940:
938:
250:
73:
8:
1148:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
975:"Chariot and horse burials in ancient China"
829:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p.
162:
1329:
1186:
1172:
1164:
1054:(in Chinese). 17 July 2008. Archived from
711:Barbieri-Low, Anthony J. (February 2000).
90:
1127:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
618:
1076:
968:
966:
810:
633:These different monuments, petroglyphs,
590:
1090:"Weapons of the Warring States Period"
1023:
765:"Chapter on Inventions (作篇) - Xia (夏)"
706:
704:
473:Miniature bronze chariot with an axe,
35:
652:
650:
7:
596:
594:
860:. Barnes & Noble. p. 227.
883:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
663:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
25:
1257:Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms
1145:A History of Chinese Civilization
545:in 575 BCE between the States of
183:, but were largely superseded by
973:Lu Liancheng (1 December 1993).
48:
657:Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1988).
465:Combat and tactical disposition
31:Chariot (Chinese constellation)
323:Powerful landlord in chariot.
157:
148:
140:
112:
74:
1:
1013:– via The Free Library.
601:Rawson, Jessica (June 2020).
445:隊). Five squadrons made up a
1092:(in Chinese). Archived from
569:Horses in East Asian warfare
484:Scythed Chinese chariot axle
375:Scythed Chinese chariot axle
1545:Horse history and evolution
1505:Self Strengthening Movement
945:Whiting, Marvin C. (2002).
607:Journal of World Prehistory
1571:
1550:Military vehicles of China
1237:Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms
620:10.1007/s10963-020-09142-4
28:
991:10.1017/S0003598X0006381X
251:
123:
89:
47:
43:
39:Chariots in ancient China
1196:Chinese military history
1142:Gernet, Jacques (1996).
1121:Beckwith, Christopher I.
357:Spring and Autumn period
355:With the arrival of the
247:oracle bone inscriptions
181:Spring and Autumn period
69:Traditional Chinese
1530:Animal-powered vehicles
1242:Northern & Southern
133:ancient Chinese chariot
1465:Ming gunpowder weapons
1420:Song gunpowder weapons
574:South-pointing chariot
530:
496:
485:
477:
433:Operational deployment
376:
348:
343:chariot, from Tomb of
332:
274:, specifically at the
226:
215:
171:from around 1200 BCE.
1305:Ming treasure voyages
1194:Ancient and dynastic
1048:"中国古代战争的凶猛利器：古代战车及车战"
522:
491:
483:
472:
374:
338:
322:
270:Confederation in the
260:Warring States period
221:
202:
1484:Breechloading musket
854:Woolf, Greg (2007).
720:Sino-Platonic Papers
339:Model recreation of
453:formed a division (
278:in 119 CE. General
243:Deer stones culture
212:Deer stones culture
137:traditional Chinese
1540:Chinese inventions
1425:Thunder crash bomb
1370:Repeating crossbow
1005:on 21 October 2012
531:
497:
486:
478:
377:
349:
333:
227:
225:chariot burial pit
216:
145:simplified Chinese
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1134:978-0-691-13589-2
956:978-0-595-22134-9
867:978-1-4351-0121-0
840:978-0-618-13384-0
543:Battle of Yanling
526:chariot from the
367:Crew and weaponry
288:mobile fortresses
249:of the character
165:
127:
126:
119:
118:
100:Standard Mandarin
61:
16:(Redirected from
1562:
1330:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1138:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1044:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1001:. Archived from
985:(257): 824–838.
970:
961:
960:
942:
933:
932:
930:
928:
913:
907:
906:
878:
872:
871:
851:
845:
844:
820:
814:
808:
802:
784:
778:
777:
761:
755:
754:
752:車：輿輪之緫名。夏后時奚仲所造。
734:
728:
727:
717:
708:
699:
698:
654:
645:
644:
622:
598:
254:
253:
203:War chariots at
166:
163:
159:
150:
142:
115:
114:
91:
77:
76:
62:
59:
52:
36:
21:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1509:
1389:
1375:Siege equipment
1321:
1291:
1198:
1192:
1162:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1058:on 17 July 2011
1046:
1045:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1008:
1006:
972:
971:
964:
957:
944:
943:
936:
926:
924:
915:
914:
910:
895:10.2307/2719276
880:
879:
875:
868:
853:
852:
848:
841:
822:
821:
817:
809:
805:
785:
781:
763:
762:
758:
736:
735:
731:
715:
710:
709:
702:
675:10.2307/2719276
656:
655:
648:
600:
599:
592:
587:
582:
560:
528:Terracotta Army
510:pincer movement
492:Chariot parts,
467:
435:
369:
317:
276:Battle of Mobei
272:Han–Xiongnu War
245:. Contemporary
197:
82:Literal meaning
63:
58:
34:
23:
22:
18:Chinese chariot
15:
12:
11:
5:
1568:
1566:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1462:
1459:Huolongchushui
1455:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1317:Late Qing Navy
1314:
1313:
1312:
1310:treasure ships
1301:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1232:Three Kingdoms
1229:
1224:
1221:Warring States
1214:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1096:on 7 July 2011
1081:
1069:
1028:
1016:
962:
955:
934:
921:People's Daily
908:
889:(1): 189–237.
873:
866:
846:
839:
815:
803:
779:
756:
729:
700:
669:(1): 189–237.
646:
613:(2): 135–168.
589:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
559:
556:
535:Battle of Muye
466:
463:
434:
431:
368:
365:
316:
313:
308:Three Kingdoms
223:Warring States
196:
193:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
109:
103:
102:
96:
95:
94:Transcriptions
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
71:
65:
64:
53:
45:
44:
41:
40:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1567:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1490:Xun Lei Chong
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1478:San yan chong
1475:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1157:
1155:0-521-49781-7
1151:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1077:Beckwith 2009
1073:
1070:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1026:, p. 51.
1025:
1020:
1017:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
969:
967:
963:
958:
952:
948:
941:
939:
935:
922:
918:
912:
909:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
877:
874:
869:
863:
859:
858:
850:
847:
842:
836:
832:
828:
827:
819:
816:
813:, p. 43.
812:
811:Beckwith 2009
807:
804:
800:
799:p. 132 of 157
796:
795:
790:
789:
783:
780:
776:
772:
771:
766:
760:
757:
753:
749:
748:
747:Shuowen Jiezi
743:
739:
733:
730:
725:
721:
714:
707:
705:
701:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
630:
626:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
597:
595:
591:
584:
579:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
552:
548:
544:
539:
536:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
511:
505:
501:
495:
490:
482:
476:
471:
464:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:
404:
403:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
373:
366:
364:
360:
358:
353:
346:
342:
337:
330:
326:
321:
314:
312:
309:
304:
300:
297:, during the
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
224:
220:
213:
209:
206:
205:Shang dynasty
201:
194:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
160:
154:
146:
138:
134:
129:
122:
110:
108:
104:
101:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
72:
70:
66:
57:
51:
46:
42:
37:
32:
27:
19:
1495:
1488:
1476:
1469:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1408:Flamethrower
1339:
1144:
1124:
1113:Bibliography
1098:. Retrieved
1094:the original
1084:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:the original
1051:
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
1003:the original
982:
978:
946:
925:. Retrieved
920:
911:
886:
882:
876:
856:
849:
825:
818:
806:
792:
788:Guyi congshu
786:
782:
774:
768:
759:
751:
745:
732:
723:
719:
694:
666:
662:
632:
610:
606:
540:
532:
514:
506:
502:
498:
494:Zhou dynasty
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
436:
426:
418:
410:
407:
401:
396:
392:
388:
386:
381:
378:
361:
354:
350:
315:Construction
292:
266:against the
257:
228:
156:
132:
130:
128:
107:Hanyu Pinyin
60:(c. 400 BCE)
26:
1437:Hand cannon
1333:Traditional
1272:Jurchen Jin
1024:Gernet 1996
742:"Radical 車"
639:deer stones
635:khirigsuurs
524:Qin dynasty
475:Han dynasty
449:(正偏), four
341:Han dynasty
327:25–220 CE.
325:Eastern Han
264:Han dynasty
231:Xia dynasty
189:Han dynasty
187:during the
177:dagger-axes
85:war vehicle
1524:Categories
1452:Hu dun pao
1430:Fire lance
1403:Fire arrow
1009:6 December
927:10 October
580:References
239:Late Shang
54:A Chinese
1555:Warhorses
1497:Hongyipao
1413:Petroleum
1395:Gunpowder
1326:Equipment
1100:8 October
1062:6 October
1052:China.com
999:160406060
979:Antiquity
683:0073-0548
629:254751158
585:Citations
451:zhèngpiān
447:zhèngpiān
345:Liu Sheng
233:minister
1535:Chariots
1443:Huochong
1385:War cart
1365:Crossbow
1360:Elephant
1355:Polearms
1123:(2009).
558:See also
423:crossbow
331:, Hebei.
280:Wei Qing
235:Xi Zhong
173:Chariots
1471:Huo Che
1380:Stirrup
1340:Chariot
903:2719276
738:Xu Shen
691:2719276
564:Chariot
508:with a
393:róngyòu
382:róngyòu
268:Xiongnu
195:History
185:cavalry
158:zhànchē
113:zhànchē
56:chariot
1350:Swords
1345:Armour
1204:Armies
1152:
1131:
997:
953:
901:
864:
837:
794:Yupian
770:Shiben
689:
681:
642:Anyang
627:
421:弓) or
329:Anping
295:horses
284:Chanyu
155::
153:pinyin
147::
139::
1212:Shang
995:S2CID
899:JSTOR
775:奚仲作車。
716:(PDF)
687:JSTOR
625:S2CID
439:tú zù
208:Yinxu
169:China
1297:Navy
1287:Qing
1282:Ming
1277:Yuan
1267:Song
1262:Liao
1252:Tang
1217:Zhou
1150:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1102:2010
1064:2010
1011:2022
951:ISBN
929:2010
862:ISBN
835:ISBN
791:11,
679:ISSN
637:and
549:and
427:nŭ 弩
419:gōng
301:and
164:lit.
131:The
1247:Sui
1227:Han
987:doi
891:doi
671:doi
615:doi
551:Jin
547:Chu
459:jūn
455:shī
443:duì
415:bow
411:dùn
303:Han
299:Qin
1526::
1031:^
993:.
983:67
981:.
977:.
965:^
937:^
919:.
897:.
887:48
885:.
833:.
831:14
773:.
767:.
750:.
744:.
740:.
724:99
722:.
718:.
703:^
693:.
685:.
677:.
667:48
665:.
661:.
649:^
631:.
623:.
611:33
609:.
605:.
593:^
402:jĭ
397:gē
389:gē
290:.
191:.
161:;
151:;
149:战车
143:;
141:戰車
75:戰車
1223:)
1219:(
1187:e
1180:t
1173:v
1158:.
1137:.
1104:.
1066:.
989::
959:.
931:.
905:.
893::
870:.
843:.
726:.
673::
617::
425:(
417:(
347:.
252:車
214:.
135:(
33:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
