2311:, a Chinook linguist, to head its language program. Chinuk Wawa was chosen due to its strong connection to native identity on the reservation as well as being the only indigenous language still spoken at Grand Ronde. Prior to this, there were formal Chinuk Wawa classes taught by Eula Holmes from 1978 until her death in 1986. Eula Holmes' sister, Ila, held informal and sporadic classes to teach the language to the public. Henry Zenk was brought onto the project in 1998 after having previous experience with the language, documenting it in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Community classes were started in the summer of 1998, and a dictionary was released in 2012. This dictionary was compiled from the Chinuk Wawa of Grand Ronde elders, chiefly from the Hudson, Wacheno and Riggs families. The dictionary features a section on Chinuk Wawa recorded by natives of the lower Columbia but not used by the elders at Grand Ronde. In 2014, the tribe made an app spanning traditional and modern vocabulary.
468:
818:) the Jargon had become creolized by the early 19th century, and that would have been among the mixed French/Métis, Algonkian, Scots and Hawaiian populations, as well as among the natives around the Fort. At Grand Ronde, the resettlement of tribes from all over Oregon in a multi-tribal agency led to the use of Chinuk Wawa as a common tongue among the linguistically diverse population. These circumstances led to the creolization of Chinuk Wawa at Grand Ronde. There is also evidence that creolization occurred at the
830:
version of the Jargon that developed there. First-language speakers of the
Chinook Jargon were common in BC (native and non-native), until the mid-20th century. After 1850, the Wawa was still used in the United States portion of the Chinook-speaking world, especially in wilderness areas and work environments. Local creolization's probably did occur in British Columbia, but recorded materials have not been studied as they were made due to the focus on the traditional aboriginal languages.
2641:– in the Jargon means 'plenty of food' and came to connote one who lived well, thus in colloquial English an important or officious person. On long-distance journeys such as for trade the "muckamuck" of the expedition referred to an experienced trustworthy person (but not necessarily wealthy) chosen to lead the expedition and among other duties was tasked with portioning out and protecting the food supply. Related to this is
511:, were meaning matches for the Jargon words 'wapato' (a root that tastes like a potato) and 'chaplill', the word for the bread cakes made from this root (Lyon 2016:41). The word recorded for 'king' by Drake was 'hióh' (recorded also as 'hioghe'). Lyon thought it was a match for the Wawa word hi-yú, meaning a gathering, or much, plenty. Lyon was not able to conclude whether Drake encountered people of the Northwest Coast.
9730:
9493:
252:
2406:
628:'s first half century (1840s–1890s), there were frequent trade interactions between pioneers and Native Americans. Many Oregonians used Jargon in casual conversation. Jones estimates that in pioneer times in the 1860s there were about 100,000 speakers of Chinook Jargon. It peaked in usage from approximately 1858 to 1900, and declined as a result of widespread deaths from the
4804:
4813:
566:
2580:('girl, female child'). Still in use in English in some areas and with people of an older background to mean a First Nations woman, or to refer to the wives/women attached to a certain group in a joking way e.g. "we sent all the klootchman to the kitchen while we played cards". Unlike its male equivalent
2219:. Place names throughout this region bear Jargon names and words that are preserved in various rural industries such as logging and fishing. Linguist David Douglas Robertson and others have described Chinook Jargon as part of the shared cultural heritage of modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest.
2828:
in the Jargon could mean anything from a building to a room). "He's a skookum guy" means that the person is solid and reliable, while "we need somebody who's skookum" means that a strong and large person is needed. A carpenter, after banging a stud into place, might check it and decide, "Yeah, that's
789:
Chinook was the language of instruction in the school for Indian children that Hills established near
Victoria in 1860. ... Chinook entered the mainstream. ... It was only after mid-century, when almost all Indian adults had learned basic English in school, that everyday use of Chinook died
785:
The persistence of everyday relationships between
Natives and Europeans is embodied in Chinook. Emerging out of early contact and the fur trade, the Chinook jargon possesses at most 700 words derived in approximately equal proportions from the powerful Chinook Indians of the lower Columbia, from the
4429:
The
Incubator link at right will take you to the Chinuk Wawa test-Knowledge, which is written in a variation of the standardized orthography of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde which differs significantly from the orthographies used by early linguists and diarists recording other versions of
2226:
was taking steps to preserve
Chinook Jargon use through a full immersion head start/preschool that was conducted in Chinuk Wawa. The Confederated Tribes also offer Chinuk Wawa lessons at their offices in Eugene and Portland. In addition, Lane Community College offers two years of Chinuk Wawa study
887:
In a general sense, when words were derived from
English or French, the original English/French spellings were used. Words not derived from English/French were written in an approximate spelling based on mainstream English, French or German spelling. This would mean, for example, "kloochman" (from
2342:
formed around him, organizing learning sessions and starting the BC Chinook Jargon initiative website. Sullivan's efforts to expand public awareness of
Chinook Jargon have included an interview with Powell conducted entirely in that language. The interview was organized through Kumtuks, a British
2318:, the tribe started an immersion preschool. A kindergarten was started in 2004 by Kathy Cole, a tribal member and certified teacher, which has since expanded to a half-day immersion K–4 with slots for 25 students at Willamina Elementary School. Cole also started Chinuk Wawa elective classes at
829:
No studies of
British Columbia versions of the Jargon have demonstrated creolization. The range of varying usages and vocabulary in different regions suggests that localization did occur—although not on the pattern of Grand Ronde where Wasco, Klickitat and other peoples adopted and added to the
2897:
was commonly used and still occurs in some local
English usages meaning 'boss' or 'someone in charge'. Business and local political and community figures of a certain stature from some areas are sometimes referred to in the British Columbia papers and histories by the old chiefly name worn by
781:; as industry developed, Chinook Jargon was often used by cannery workers, hop pickers, loggers, fishermen, and ranchers. It is possible that, at one point, the population of British Columbia spoke Chinook Jargon more than any other language, even English. Historian Jane Barman wrote:
363:
and
British Columbia. It has been described as part of a multicultural heritage shared by the modern inhabitants of the Pacific Northwest. The total number of Jargon words in published lexicons is in the hundreds. It has a simple grammatical system. In Chinook Jargon, the consonant
2365:
have several words still in current use which are loanwords from the Chinook Jargon, which was widely spoken throughout the Pacific Northwest by all ethnicities well into the middle of the 20th century. These words tend to be shared with, but are not as common in, the states of
499:
and his crew on the 1579 voyage that took them to the Oregon coast. Lyon compared the seven words and phrases found on the Native vocabulary list recorded by Drake and his men with the vocabularies of Native languages on the west coast (Lyon 2016).
542:
The post-contact hypothesis suggests the language originated in Nootka Sound after the arrival of Russian and Spanish traders as a means of communicating between them and indigenous peoples. It eventually spread further south due to commercial use.
2820:, which was used in the Jargon either as a verb auxiliary for 'to be able' or an adjective for 'able, strong, big', 'genuine', 'reliable' – which sums up its use in British Columbian English, although there is a wide range of possible usages:
741:
The original Jargon was a pidgin, originally used as a second language by speakers of other Native American languages in the area. It had sentence-initial negation, which is atypical of regional languages, and also didn't have typical
852:
Current scholarly opinion holds that a trade language probably existed before European contact, which began "morphing" into the more familiar Chinook Jargon in the late 1790s, notably at a dinner party at Nootka Sound where Capts
685:, especially among the members of the Arctic Club. Seattle was the last city where the language was widely used. Writing in 1972, Jones remarked that "Only a few can speak it fully, men of ninety or a hundred years old, like
661:
In 2013, it was reported that there was one native speaker of Chinook Jargon (specifically the Grand Ronde variety). An estimated 1,000 people had oral or written knowledge of Chinook Jargon as a second language. In 2015, the
2516:– less common nowadays, but still heard in some places to mean 'party' or 'gathering'. From the Chinook for 'many, several, lots of'. The Big Hiyu (also known as "The July") was a week-long joint celebration of the July 1
4280:
The Chinook Book: A descriptive analysis of the Chinook Jargon in plain words, giving instructions for pronunciation, construction, expression, and proper speaking of Chinook with all the various shaded meanings of the
701:
There is some controversy about the origin of the Jargon, but the consensus is that the pidgin peaked in use during the 19th century. During this era, many dictionaries were published to help settlers interact with the
4557:
The Chinook Book: A Descriptive Analysis of the Chinook Jargon in Plain Words, Giving Instructions for Pronunciation, Construction, Expression and Proper Speaking of Chinook with All the Various Shaded Meanings of the
2914:
would have been a senator, a longtime MP or MLA, or a business magnate with a strong local powerbase, long-time connections, and wealth from and because of the area. There is a popular British Columbia news site named
897:) for "woman, wife", "house" (English origin) for "house", and "le clou" (French origin) for "nail, claw". This spelling doesn't take into account the actual mainstream pronunciation of the words in Chinook Jargon.
351:
Reflecting its origins in early trade transactions, approximately 15 percent of its lexicon is French. It also makes use of English loan words and those of other language systems. Its entire written form is in the
514:
In 2021, Melissa Darby studied the ethnographic records and the records left by Francis Drake's expedition. She found new evidence that the people Drake met were speaking some Jargon words to Drake and his men.
4577:
Chinook as spoken by the Indians of Washington Territory, British Columbia and Alaska for the use of traders, tourists and others who have business intercourse with the Indians: Chinook-English, English-Chinook
522:
in a region marked by divisive geography and intense linguistic diversity. It eventually expanded to incorporate elements of European languages, with approximately 15 percent of its lexicon derived from
9766:
9771:
2885:
and Comox". This was also the common title used for the famous chiefs of the early era, such as Maquinna, for whom it was applied by Captain Vancouver and others in the context of 'king'. The
5046:
3927:
2223:
6540:
4181:
9761:
5859:
833:
There is a belief that something similar to the Jargon existed before European contact—without European words in its vocabulary. There is some evidence for a Chinookan-Nuu-chah-nulth
4729:
9791:
4437:—dictionaries, books, & journal articles documenting the etymology, grammar, history, origins, and use of the Chinook Jargon trade language collected by Donald W. Bushaw.
4615:
3142:
9831:
495:
Whether Jargon was a post-contact or pre-contact language has been the subject of debate among scholars. In 2016, linguist John Lyon studied the word lists collected by
786:
Nootka people of Vancouver Island, and from French and English... jargon provided 'an important vehicle of communication for trading & ordinary purposes.' ...
9826:
762:
were SOV, so this was probably a result of contact — a cross-language compromise. Only later did Chinook Jargon acquire significant English and French lexical items.
903:
With every writer having their own variation of a fairly standardized spelling based on their own dialect, the same examples above could be "tlotchmin, haws, leklo".
706:
people living in the Pacific Northwest. Local settler families exchanged communiqués that were stylishly composed entirely in "the Chinook." Many residents of the
4434:
550:
Linguist Barbara Harris suggests a dual genesis, positing that both origins probably have some legitimacy and that the two varieties eventually blended together.
9531:
9036:
5199:
3843:
6533:
6302:
2334:
By 2012, it was discovered that there was only one person left in British Columbia who had learned Chinook Jargon from Elders. That person was Jay Powell, a
2227:
that satisfy the second-language graduation requirements of Oregon public universities. In March 2012, the tribe published a Chinuk Wawa dictionary through
9781:
5852:
909:
This was used on the Chinook Jargon Listserve in the 1990s and other places where it was difficult or impossible to type using actual IPA symbols. Compare
262:
3935:
2861:
in the context of 'boss' or well-known person. In Campbell River and in the sport-fishing business, a really big chinook salmon is a Tyee. In the Jargon
9821:
9776:
4983:
8897:
8867:
4945:
4857:
3557:
2851:– used in Western Washington to mean a semi-formal dance, analogous to the homecoming ball, to which girls ask boys. From the Chinook for 'to win'.
9836:
9796:
6526:
3389:
United States Exploring Expedition: During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1842 Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N.. Ethnography and philology
2720:) properly a First Nations man, but sometimes used for women as well. The origins and meaning may be considered pejorative and derogatory French
1681:
o (note that in some native languages and thus CJ dialects, "n" and "l" were pronounced so similarly they would switch between one and the other)
747:
872:" is not known to have shared anything in common with Chinook Jargon or with the Nootkan-Chinookan "proto-jargon", which is its main foundation.
8978:
5845:
5005:
8933:
8924:
8891:
8861:
8855:
8849:
8650:
5826:
2768:
1451:
819:
3472:
8939:
8918:
8912:
8879:
8873:
8607:
8569:
6790:
6348:
5892:
1625:
1592:
858:
778:
1970:
66:
Pacific Northwest (Interior and Coast): Alaska, The Yukon, British Columbia, Washington State, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Northern California
3824:
8990:
8984:
8762:
6595:
2315:
1564:
3687:
9099:
8799:
7351:
5095:
4950:
4881:
2202:
1918:
580:
4737:
3292:
Melissa Darby, "New Light on the Antiquity of Chinook Jargon (Chinuk Wawa) from Francis Drake's Exploration of the Northwest Coast",
773:
words or Hawaiian styles of pronunciation. In some areas, the adoption of further non-aboriginal words has been observed. During the
9524:
9029:
5192:
4059:
4032:
3760:
3656:
3220:
3103:
3010:
2755:
2712:
2445:
2395:
2657:– in Chinook Jargon is a ceremony among certain tribes involving food and exchange of gifts, nowadays sometimes used to refer to a
9816:
4837:
8817:
7790:
6647:
6295:
4827:
2521:
1830:
1228:
690:
8306:
7149:
6359:
5921:
9253:
7356:
6846:
6739:
5277:
4793:
4481:
4083:
3149:
2423:
1379:
1256:
942:
147:
8291:
4690:
The Chinook Jargon and How to Use It: A complete and exhaustive lexicon of the oldest trade language of the American continent
880:
There are a few main spelling variations of Chinook Jargon but each individual writer also had their own spelling variations.
9566:
8206:
7263:
6709:
6549:
6311:
5757:
5105:
5100:
4932:
4393:
4354:
4261:
3714:
3674:
Chinook Jargon and Native Cultural Persistence in the Grand Ronde Indian Community, 1856-1907: A Special Case of Creolization
3595:
3193:
3015:
2427:
2335:
2322:
in 2011. Students there and at Willamina Middle School can earn high school and college credit for completion of the course.
2228:
5944:
5325:
4471:—written and spoken examples of elder wawa from Grand Ronde as well as information on the history of the tribe and language.
2968:
4544:
8116:
7780:
7204:
6032:
5868:
5075:
5033:
4927:
2350:
was founded in November 2020 using BC Chinook Jargon and written in Chinuk Pipa, the alphabet based on Dupoyan shorthand.
1300:
5661:
4465:
4313:
814:, distinct from the varied pronunciation of the Chinook Jargon. There is evidence that in some communities (e.g., around
9841:
9801:
9734:
9517:
9497:
9022:
8752:
6957:
6771:
5681:
5185:
4847:
3072:
1806:
1189:
448:
238:
4452:
4225:
2338:
anthropological linguist who had dedicated himself to the revitalization of Indigenous languages. A small group led by
402:
Most books written in English still use the term Chinook Jargon, but some linguists working with the preservation of a
9450:
9349:
8739:
8615:
8478:
6719:
6677:
6672:
6443:
6288:
6215:
6210:
6130:
5803:
5567:
4852:
2275:
in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, between Davie and Drake streets. Translation into Chinook Jargon was done by
1780:
1479:
1427:
769:
married into First Nations and non-native families, their particular mode of the Jargon is believed to have contained
467:
7361:
4940:
4766:
3854:
3419:
865:
words and mimicry of European dress and mannerisms. There evidently was Jargon in use in Queen Charlotte, but this "
9273:
9235:
9228:
8081:
7724:
7711:
7649:
7484:
6102:
4842:
4832:
3976:"Bringing "good Jargon" to Light: The New Chinuk Wawa Dictionary of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, Oregon"
2958:
2525:
2048:
2022:
1854:
1718:
4446:
4278:
3905:
518:
The pre-contact hypothesis states that the language developed prior to European settlement as an intra-indigenous
9811:
9806:
9713:
9221:
7750:
7477:
6734:
6714:
6704:
5227:
4919:
4771:
4388:. Vancouver, Toronto, Seattle, and London: Douglas & McIntyre / University of Washington Press. p. 101.
2362:
2358:
1994:
1075:
686:
667:
613:(c. 1860–1934), an early Native American activist and novelist, used Chinook words and phrases in her writing.
9708:
9703:
9698:
7890:
3731:
2290:, explores intercultural dialogue between three women of different cultural and linguistic backgrounds in 1890s
9611:
9388:
8086:
7224:
6766:
6662:
6637:
6590:
5110:
4976:
4648:
Gill's Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon: With examples of use in conversation and notes upon tribes and tongues
4112:
3550:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over: 2009-2013"
2953:
2938:
2907:
1890:
602:
452:
8526:
799:
9786:
9756:
9571:
9548:
9540:
8111:
8033:
7836:
7815:
7755:
7234:
6936:
6929:
6699:
6602:
6157:
6107:
5641:
5577:
5524:
5335:
5090:
4890:
2489:
2416:
1504:
1355:
1162:
703:
621:
104:
4760:
3611:
3307:
861:
were entertained by Chief Maquinna and his brother Callicum performing a theatrical using mock English and
822:
reservation paralleling Grand Ronde, although, due to language revitalization efforts being focused on the
670:
that around 45 people (with a margin of error of 25) spoke Chinook Jargon at home in the period 2009–2013.
189:
9672:
9458:
8824:
8747:
7996:
7731:
7716:
7448:
7434:
7284:
7131:
7089:
6996:
6915:
6729:
6451:
6205:
5822:
5809:
5788:
5023:
4620:
4051:
Chinuk Wawa : kakwa nsayka ulman-tilixam laska munk-kemteks nsayka=As our elders teach us to speak it
3549:
2988:
2943:
2323:
2308:
2216:
1946:
1695:
1332:
1134:
1103:
743:
651:
365:
7174:
6382:
3802:
3624:
9631:
9621:
9380:
9355:
9127:
8541:
8504:
8280:
8266:
8043:
8025:
7701:
7696:
7622:
7305:
7229:
7199:
6950:
6851:
6694:
6392:
6220:
6084:
4993:
4971:
3853:. Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon. July 15, 2009. p. 15. Archived from
3213:
Chinuk Wawa / kakwa nsayka ulman-tili̩xam ɬaska munk-kəmtəks nsayka / As Our Elders Teach Us to Speak It
2933:
2616:
2319:
1672:
1648:
735:
360:
7138:
7110:
5390:
5282:
5161:
718:, even using it at home in preference to English. Among the first Europeans to use Chinook Jargon were
3753:
Chinuk Wawa: kakwa nsayka ulman-tilixam laska munk-kemteks nsayka / As Our Elders Teach Us to Speak It
2829:
skookum". Asking for affirmation, someone might say "is that skookum" or "is that skookum with you?"
479:
9646:
9596:
8780:
8716:
8678:
8673:
8432:
8238:
8201:
8014:
7934:
7855:
7770:
7455:
7169:
7124:
6901:
6724:
6456:
5911:
5903:
5793:
5605:
5494:
5350:
5317:
5244:
5017:
4999:
4715:—Archive of early 1990s newsletter about Chinook Jargon, also includes audio of a song in the Jargon.
3025:
2264:
1403:
759:
544:
794:
A heavily creolized form of Chinook Jargon is still spoken as a first language by some residents of
9677:
9606:
9300:
9211:
9139:
9045:
9002:
8668:
8536:
8406:
8259:
8193:
8091:
8076:
7570:
7467:
7371:
7256:
7117:
7100:
7071:
7014:
6876:
6861:
6761:
6751:
6689:
6684:
6667:
6607:
6474:
6097:
5798:
5762:
5438:
5307:
5208:
5068:
5011:
4862:
4786:
2764:
2268:
1025:
751:
483:
436:
also means speech or words; "have a wawa" means "hold a parley", even in modern idiomatic English,
407:
329:
536:
9626:
9601:
9332:
9323:
9156:
8951:
8597:
8546:
8273:
8252:
8231:
8224:
8211:
8147:
8071:
7905:
7829:
7742:
7657:
7611:
7583:
7414:
7323:
7214:
7189:
7164:
7079:
7024:
6943:
6856:
6826:
6627:
6269:
6117:
5990:
5964:
5772:
5707:
5549:
5486:
5471:
5340:
5262:
5257:
4652:
3953:
3886:. Eugene, Oregon: Language, Literature and Communication Department, Lane Community College. 2014
3829:
3777:
3262:
3020:
2763:, with the rhythm of the original French, it is used by modern speakers of the Chinook Jargon in
2626:
2371:
2244:" – Chinook for "everyone was thrown together to make this strange new country ",
2208:
995:
755:
663:
584:
532:
473:
353:
317:
141:
108:
8129:
5063:
2343:
Columbia focused educational video series whose name comes from the Chinook word for knowledge.
3879:
9636:
9313:
9308:
9242:
8945:
8663:
8658:
8321:
8316:
8165:
8106:
8101:
8066:
8061:
8051:
7822:
7795:
7785:
7775:
7662:
7638:
7630:
7603:
7598:
7533:
7502:
7491:
7441:
7399:
7384:
7291:
7034:
7009:
7004:
6964:
6894:
6831:
6612:
6372:
6367:
6264:
6125:
6074:
6069:
6020:
6008:
5979:
5934:
5752:
5702:
5557:
5539:
5534:
5514:
5509:
5461:
5395:
5085:
4389:
4350:
4257:
4065:
4055:
4028:
3995:
3756:
3710:
3652:
3591:
3216:
3189:
3099:
2998:
2776:
1631:
1603:
770:
644:
624:, missionaries, and pioneers who came across the Oregon Trail from the 1830s to the 1870s. In
305:
4623:—includes annotated version of Shaw's dictionary, augmented by content from other word lists.
2877:
means 'important/big ruler/leader', and is also sometimes used in English in the same way as
9693:
9616:
9581:
9576:
9561:
9474:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9415:
9369:
9282:
9262:
9182:
9108:
9071:
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8969:
8957:
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8885:
8706:
8635:
8620:
8577:
8413:
8383:
8378:
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8331:
8301:
8173:
8096:
7973:
7941:
7927:
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7870:
7847:
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7765:
7706:
7688:
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7588:
7578:
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7419:
7346:
7336:
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7298:
7277:
7194:
7052:
7042:
6971:
6922:
6881:
6821:
6816:
6579:
6568:
6466:
6420:
6402:
6329:
6178:
6135:
6092:
6064:
6059:
5954:
5949:
5929:
5882:
5747:
5737:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5636:
5631:
5621:
5587:
5529:
5476:
5423:
5385:
5330:
5292:
5252:
5222:
5028:
3987:
3691:
3254:
2882:
2782:
2729:
2686:
2485:
2028:
854:
731:
707:
625:
610:
606:
528:
519:
414:(with the spelling 'Chinuk' instead of 'Chinook'). Historical speakers did not use the name
345:
321:
112:
2536:
has celebrated the month of July for more than 75 years with the HiYu Summer Festival.
765:
The Jargon is influenced by individuals' accents and terms from their native languages; as
443:
The name for the Jargon varied throughout the territory in which it was used. For example:
9656:
9425:
9362:
9289:
9121:
9115:
8701:
8688:
8587:
8442:
8336:
8326:
8178:
8136:
7991:
7962:
7955:
7913:
7900:
7895:
7885:
7880:
7865:
7677:
7541:
7409:
7394:
7389:
7379:
7219:
7209:
7060:
7019:
6871:
6866:
6808:
6632:
6412:
6397:
6334:
6259:
6234:
6162:
6054:
6037:
5972:
5959:
5742:
5732:
5727:
5686:
5595:
5562:
5519:
5466:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5405:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5345:
5297:
5287:
5146:
4803:
4370:
3179:
2978:
2973:
2598:, and used in broadcast English in those areas, the Chinook Jargon adaption of the French
2235:
2000:
889:
823:
811:
723:
524:
341:
301:
83:
9641:
7179:
6387:
5355:
5156:
5141:
4812:
4718:
4628:
4586:
4503:
3453:
9651:
9591:
9556:
9420:
9199:
9192:
9088:
9081:
8963:
8692:
8630:
8592:
8393:
8388:
8373:
8368:
8245:
8183:
8155:
8121:
7986:
7981:
7875:
7800:
7559:
7546:
7404:
7341:
7331:
7270:
7242:
7159:
7047:
6985:
6978:
6886:
6756:
6617:
6377:
6183:
6042:
6025:
5998:
5939:
5626:
5600:
5499:
5360:
5302:
5080:
4779:
4591:. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution / US Government Printing Office
4457:
4163:
4020:
3183:
2983:
2890:
2658:
866:
815:
715:
655:
640:
309:
123:
17:
4449:
Excellent resource compiling public domain texts written about and in the Chinook Wawa
893:
593:. As a result, the Jargon had the beginnings of its own literature, mostly translated
229:
222:
9750:
9586:
9170:
9163:
8398:
8311:
8216:
8056:
8006:
7860:
7427:
7249:
7184:
7084:
6908:
6836:
6746:
6622:
6498:
6434:
6197:
6047:
5666:
5272:
5267:
5166:
5151:
4525:
3523:
3030:
2963:
2493:
2481:
1747:
1536:
1053:
834:
589:
571:
507:
which was the Native word for a root that can be eaten raw or made into cakes called
496:
459:. In many areas it was simply "the old trade language" or "the Hudson Bay language".
456:
96:
4646:
4484:. 1775–1915. 1 linear foot (3 boxes). Includes dictionary of Chinook jargon. At the
3279:"Francis Drake's 1579 Voyage: Assessing Linguistic Evidence for an Oregon Landing",
2833:
can also be translated simply as 'O.K.', but it means something a bit more emphatic.
583:, British Columbia, hundreds of speakers learned to read and write the Jargon using
8640:
8625:
8582:
8450:
8001:
7948:
6841:
6657:
6652:
5767:
5671:
5428:
5126:
4988:
4966:
3040:
3035:
2993:
2533:
2517:
2497:
2339:
977:
966:
862:
846:
682:
554:
135:
6147:
5572:
4671:
An International Idiom: A manual of the Oregon trade language, or "Chinock jargon"
4137:
3497:
3387:
6518:
4669:
4555:
4546:
An International Idiom: A Manual of the Oregon Trade Language or "Chinook Jargon"
4485:
4344:
4251:
620:, Chinook Jargon was widely used by natives, trappers, traders, employees of the
6152:
6013:
5837:
5413:
5040:
2772:
2405:
2291:
2276:
2272:
2263:
An art installation featuring Chinook Jargon, "Welcome to the Land of Light" by
1865:
1762:
1729:
1546:
1518:
1047:
838:
643:, who grew up speaking Chinook Jargon as their first language. But by 1962, the
633:
629:
251:
243:
4688:
4575:
2669:– refers to the remains of an old Indian pit-house, or underground house, from
777:, Chinook Jargon was used in British Columbia at first by gold prospectors and
8757:
7760:
6642:
6003:
5504:
5136:
4521:
4499:
4321:
3949:
3579:
2948:
2637:
674:
4069:
3999:
3064:
8711:
6776:
6140:
5418:
4899:
2287:
2241:
konoway tillicums klatawa kunamokst klaska mamook okoke huloima chee illahie
774:
727:
711:
403:
215:
199:
181:
100:
3975:
2889:– 'Great Woman Ruler', roughly 'Her Majesty' – was the historical term for
4610:
3991:
3119:
206:
4807:
4230:
3215:. Chinuk Wawa Dictionary Project / University of Washington Press. 2012.
2903:
2899:
2653:
1001:
842:
719:
598:
92:
3651:(3rd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 180–181.
658:, started a three-semester university program teaching Chinook Jargon.
3957:
3688:"Siletz Dee-Ni Talking Online Dictionary Project Western North America"
3266:
3242:
2881:. e.g. "He was the undisputed hyas tyee of all the country between the
2812:
2665:
2625:
meaning 'mill' in Chinook (lumber mills were a source of wealth in the
2430: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2383:
910:
766:
678:
337:
9509:
9014:
5177:
4588:
Bibliography of the Chinookan Languages (Including the Chinook Jargon)
841:
and in what is known as the Barclay Sound word-list, from the area of
565:
8772:
6280:
6230:
4049:
3629:
2564:– in the Jargon meaning simply 'a woman' or 'female" (of anything) –
2375:
2367:
1758:
869:
807:
803:
795:
617:
569:
An example of the shorthand "Chinuk Pipa" writing system used in the
325:
313:
259:
4630:
A Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon: Or, the Trade Language of Oregon
3258:
2865:
meant chief, and could also be an adjective denoting 'big', as with
2528:, featuring horse races, gambling, a rodeo and other festivities. A
4048:
scientifique., The Chinuk Wawa dictionary Project. Éditeur (2012).
3690:. Living Tongues Institute For Endangered Languages. Archived from
923:
This is only used by speakers of the Grand Ronde dialect in Oregon.
378:, for instance, have changed after being adopted to the Jargon, to
3143:"Dictionary of the Chinook Language, or, Trade Language of Oregon"
2595:
2532:('small gathering') was on a much smaller scale. The community of
2379:
2212:
914:
594:
564:
466:
333:
4712:
4453:
Kamloops Wawa page, Chinook Jargon Information Superhighway site
4199:
3950:"Small Pleasures (Short Film) - Chinook Jargon Barkerville Film"
3207:
3205:
2621:, meaning 'money' in American slang, comes from the Jargon word
906:
3. IPA-based spelling for use on smartphones and early computers
9513:
9018:
6576:
6522:
6284:
5841:
5181:
4775:
4025:
Northwest Voices: Language and Culture in the Pacific Northwest
3825:"Grand Ronde tribe saves a dying language, one child at a time"
3071:. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
503:
Of the five single words on the list, Lyon found that the word
4440:
4054:. Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon.
2771:, or as an adjective connoting connection thereto, such as in
2399:
2307:
In 1997, the Grand Ronde reservation in Northern Oregon hired
2215:, and Alaska. It was the working language in canneries on the
3803:"Confederated Tribes of the Grande Ronde Community of Oregon"
3530:. Eugene: Native American Studies Dept., University of Oregon
3148:(Abridged ed.). New York: Cramoisy Press. Archived from
2797:
2744:
2701:
2588:
does not generally have a derisive tone nowadays (when used).
258:
Chinook Jargon is classified as Critically Endangered by the
3340:
Chinook Jargon: The Hidden Language of the Pacific Northwest
2923:
was also the title of the University of Washington yearbook.
2677:, which in the Jargon means 'down' or 'underneath, beneath'.
849:. Others believe that the Jargon was formed during contact.
2791:
2735:
2695:
2612:, with the accent on the first syllable (unlike in French).
2506:– 'bad, worthless, useless', 'ordinary', or 'evil, taboo'.
359:
Many words from Chinook Jargon remain in common use in the
2800:
2747:
2704:
2661:
or sometimes the giving away of personal items to friends.
2224:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
3880:"Language Studies Department - American Indian Languages"
3755:. Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde. March 8, 2012.
1791:
in place of "r": e.g. "rob" and "lob" are said the same)
810:. Hence, Chinuk Wawa, as it is known in Oregon, is now a
9229:
Northern Kalapuya (Tualatin dialect (Tfalati, Atfalati))
4730:"Status Report: Chinuk Wawa Language Nights in Portland"
9171:
Upper Chinook (Kiksht, Columbia Chinook, Wasco-Wishram)
4486:
University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections
3649:
The West Beyond the West: A History of British Columbia
4295:
2390:
Chinook Jargon words used by English-language speakers
2255:
All people go together they make this strange new land
3709:. Portland, Oregon: Binfords & Mort. p. 10.
3069:
Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures Online
2808:
pronunciation is considered offensive in Grand Ronde.
2794:
2788:
2756:
2741:
2732:
2713:
2698:
2692:
9309:
Sahaptin (Shahaptin, Sħáptənəxw, Ichishkíin Sɨ́nwit)
3243:"Chinook Jargon: Arguments for a Pre-Contact Origin"
2594:– 'thank you'. In northern British Columbia and the
2470:('come') and was used to refer to non-native people.
2239:
1789:
o b (note that most northern dialects pronounce "l"
547:
linguist David Lang has argued for this conclusion.
388:
380:
286:
278:
46:
40:
9767:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
9686:
9665:
9547:
9467:
9449:
9408:
9401:
9379:
9342:
9322:
9299:
9272:
9252:
9209:
9180:
9137:
9098:
9069:
9062:
8838:
8809:
8789:
8771:
8738:
8729:
8687:
8649:
8606:
8568:
8559:
8519:
8477:
8468:
8423:
8361:
8354:
8290:
8192:
8164:
8146:
8042:
8024:
7972:
7846:
7741:
7687:
7648:
7621:
7569:
7532:
7501:
7465:
7370:
7322:
7148:
7098:
7070:
7033:
6995:
6807:
6800:
6789:
6567:
6487:
6465:
6442:
6433:
6411:
6358:
6347:
6318:
6252:
6229:
6196:
6171:
6116:
6083:
5989:
5920:
5902:
5891:
5875:
5781:
5695:
5654:
5614:
5586:
5548:
5485:
5437:
5404:
5316:
5243:
5236:
5215:
5119:
5056:
4959:
4912:
4874:
4820:
4435:
Portland State University Chinook Jargon Collection
4284:. Seattle: R. L. Davis Printing Co. pp. 86–87.
3956:from the original on December 11, 2021 – via
2785:
2738:
2689:
2234:At her swearing-in as lieutenant governor in 2001,
647:(SIL) estimated that only 100 speakers were left.
639:As late as the 1940s, native children were born in
531:loanwords, and its written form is entirely in the
308:. It spread during the 19th century from the lower
237:
213:
197:
179:
174:
159:
154:
120:
80:
70:
62:
54:
34:
9772:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
4469:Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde Culture website
4371:"University of Washington Yearbooks and Documents"
3556:. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau. October 2015.
42:chinuk wawa, wawa, chinook lelang, lelang, chinook
6710:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English
4621:Chinook Jargon history, dictionary and phrasebook
4027:. Oregon State University Press. pp. 63–80.
2928:Notable non-natives known to speak Chinook Jargon
4951:Union nationale métisse Saint-Joseph du Manitoba
3586:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. pp. 94
340:. It sometimes took on the characteristics of a
27:Pidgin trade language from the Pacific Northwest
4346:Native American Placenames of the United States
4253:Native American Placenames of the United States
3409:, Chicago; New York: Rand, McNally, 1891, 1905.
2326:also teaches a two-year course of Chinuk Wawa.
783:
368:is rare. Such English and French loan words as
348:, upon which much of its vocabulary is based.
9762:North America Native-based pidgins and creoles
3642:
3640:
3058:
3056:
440:also means the physical bodypart, the tongue.
9525:
9030:
6534:
6296:
5853:
5193:
4787:
4443:—including study guides and four dictionaries
4441:Selected references for students and scholars
4349:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 452.
4256:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 115.
3473:"When public lands become tribal lands again"
3163:– via University of Washington Library.
2207:Many words are still used throughout Oregon,
8:
9236:Northern Kalapuya (Yamhill dialect (Yamell))
3805:. US Department of Health and Human Services
2721:
2599:
884:1. English, French and German-Based spelling
427:
373:
9109:Lower Rogue River (Tututni, Upper Coquille)
4226:"North America's Nearly Forgotten Language"
4182:"The Pacific Northwest once had a language"
3448:
3446:
3420:"North America's nearly forgotten language"
2245:
165:
130:
9792:Indigenous languages of Washington (state)
9532:
9518:
9510:
9405:
9066:
9037:
9023:
9015:
8735:
8565:
8474:
8358:
6804:
6797:
6573:
6541:
6527:
6519:
6491:
6439:
6355:
6322:
6303:
6289:
6281:
5899:
5860:
5846:
5838:
5240:
5200:
5186:
5178:
4794:
4780:
4772:
4580:. Victoria, British Columbia: M. W. Waitt.
3934:. Community Services Group. Archived from
3405:, Chicago; New York: Rand, McNally, 1892;
3373:Making Wawa: The genesis of Chinook Jargon
3098:. Vancouver: UBC Press. pp. 127–128.
3096:Making Wawa: The Genesis of Chinook Jargon
2845:– 'people/person', 'family', and 'people'.
926:
557:into a native language for some speakers.
356:developed by French priest Émile Duployé.
250:
31:
4245:
4243:
4241:
3366:
3364:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3174:
3172:
3170:
2446:Learn how and when to remove this message
2238:concluded her speech in Chinook, saying "
9832:Languages attested from the 19th century
4858:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians
4611:Directory to on-line Jargon dictionaries
4144:. Eugene, Oregon: Lane Community College
3504:. Eugene, Oregon: Lane Community College
3236:
3234:
3232:
2063:Jargon Chinook Alphabet (Grande Ronde):
263:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
9827:Native American language revitalization
5106:Metis Child and Family Services Society
3906:"Artwork: Welcome To the Land of Light"
3052:
605:news, community gossip and events, and
3833:, 2003-07-20. Retrieved on 2009-12-02.
2524:holidays in the Fraser Canyon town of
2462:– 'newcomer'; the word is formed from
478:, 13th Edition, 1891. Photographed at
4946:Vancouver Métis Community Association
4386:Franz Boas: The Early Years 1858–1906
4107:
4105:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3969:
3967:
3560:from the original on November 6, 2015
3075:from the original on January 14, 2018
2500:river means 'strong-water', 'rapids'.
677:, Chinook Jargon was still in use in
666:estimated based on the self-reported
170:in Pacific Northwest until about 1920
7:
9116:Upper Rogue River (Galice-Applegate)
4574:Tate, Charles Montgomery (c. 1889).
4447:British Columbia Time Temple Archive
4090:. Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde
2428:adding citations to reliable sources
9389:Northern Paiute (Numu and Paviotso)
5006:The National Committee of the Métis
4736:. November 23, 2011. Archived from
4585:Pilling, James Constantine (1893).
3844:"Cultural Resources slates classes"
3730:Johnson, Tony (November 11, 1998).
2615:It is possible that the slang term
2316:Administration for Native Americans
2282:A short film using Chinook Jargon,
1060:the vowel/consonant to be rounded)
900:2. Approximate sound-based spelling
476:'s Dictionary of the Chinook Jargon
9782:Extinct languages of North America
9283:Klamath-Modoc (Klamath, Lutuamian)
4882:Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia
4117:Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde
3471:Smith, Anna V. (August 16, 2019).
3241:Harris, Barbara (September 1994).
2969:Father Jean-Marie-Raphaël Le Jeune
2203:List of Chinook Jargon place names
344:. It is partly descended from the
25:
4863:Métis Settlements General Council
4734:The Where Are Your Keys? LLC blog
4554:Phillips, Walter Shelley (1913).
4277:Phillips, Walter Shelley (1913).
3908:. City of Vancouver. June 4, 2008
3707:Chinook: A History and Dictionary
3294:Journal of Northwest Anthropology
3011:List of Chinook Jargon placenames
2396:List of Chinook Jargon placenames
2047:
2021:
1993:
1969:
1917:
1889:
1853:
1829:
1805:
1779:
1746:
1717:
1671:
1647:
1624:
1591:
1563:
1535:
1503:
1478:
1450:
1426:
1402:
1378:
1354:
1299:
1255:
1227:
1188:
1161:
1074:
1046:
994:
965:
920:4. IPA-based Grand Ronde spelling
312:, first to other areas in modern
300:) is a language originating as a
9822:History of the Pacific Northwest
9777:Culture of the Pacific Northwest
9729:
9728:
9492:
9491:
8818:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
6648:Inland Northern American English
4853:Northwest Territory Métis Nation
4811:
4802:
3776:Robertson, David (May 9, 2019).
3612:Goulet, George and Terry Goulet.
2781:
2767:, with the context of meaning a
2728:
2685:
2496:, 'cold water'. The name of the
2404:
8800:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language
5096:Métis Population Betterment Act
4767:Chinuk Wawa Resources Resources
4530:. US Government Printing Office
4508:. US Government Printing Office
4505:Chinook: An Illustrative Sketch
4113:"Chinuk Wawa Education Program"
3625:"Chinook: Metis Trade Language"
3353:Matthews, J. S. "Skit" (1936).
3122:. Yinka Dene Language Institute
3065:"Chinuk Wawa structure dataset"
2857:– 'leader, chief, boss'. Also
2415:needs additional citations for
2314:In 2001, with funding from the
645:Summer Institute of Linguistics
47:
9837:Languages of the United States
9797:Indigenous languages of Oregon
6550:Languages of the United States
5101:List of settlements in Alberta
4933:Congress of Aboriginal Peoples
4561:. R. L. Davis Printing Company
3705:Thomas, Edward Harper (1935).
3308:"Chinook Jargon (Chinuk Wawa)"
3016:American Indian Pidgin English
2336:University of British Columbia
2294:in northern British Columbia.
2229:University of Washington Press
714:spoke Chinook Jargon as their
1:
5869:Languages of British Columbia
5034:Nemaha Half-Breed Reservation
4828:Métis Nation British Columbia
4765:First People's Language Map:
4759:First People's Language Map:
4549:. London: Whittaker & Co.
4413:. London: Hurst and Blackett.
3454:"Can We Still Speak Chinook?"
3357:. City of Vancouver Archives.
3188:. Vancouver: New Star Books.
820:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
406:form of the language used in
9243:Yoncalla (Southern Kalapuya)
8753:Black American Sign Language
8531:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language
6772:Western Pennsylvania English
6206:American Sign Language (ASL)
5682:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
4687:Shaw, George Coombs (1909).
4482:Thomas Wickham Prosch papers
553:By 1840, Chinook Jargon had
432:, the language, or tongue).
41:
8547:Navajo Family Sign Language
5804:Plains Indian Sign Language
4719:Can We Still Speak Chinook?
4616:Abridged Chinook Dictionary
3980:Oregon Historical Quarterly
3314:. Oregon Historical Society
3296:, Fall 2021, Vol. 55 No. 2.
3281:Anthropological Linguistics
2542:– 'stuff'; also pronounced
527:. The Jargon also acquired
9858:
9222:Central Kalapuya (Santiam)
9057:indicate extinct languages
8763:Puerto Rican Sign Language
5655:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
4928:North Slave Métis Alliance
4693:. Rainier Printing Company
4467:ntsayka ikanum (Our Story)
3778:"Cascadia and Chinuk Wawa"
2944:Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie
2393:
2200:
826:, Chinuk fell out of use.
9724:
9487:
9089:Yaquina (Yakwina, Yakona)
9052:
8486:Anishinaabe Sign Language
6735:Southern American English
6715:Pacific Northwest English
6705:Northern American English
6586:
6556:
6494:
6325:
5819:
4848:Manitoba Métis Federation
4838:Métis Nation—Saskatchewan
4411:The Prey of the Strongest
3830:The Eugene Register-Guard
3528:NativeStudies.UOregon.edu
2378:and, to a lesser degree,
2363:Pacific Northwest English
2359:British Columbian English
1032:the aspirated consonant)
758:were VSO. However, local
681:until roughly the eve of
668:American Community Survey
535:created by French priest
249:
161:Official language in
39:
7513:San Felipe–Santo Domingo
6767:Western American English
6663:Midland American English
6638:General American English
6591:African-American English
5662:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
5111:Gabriel Dumont Institute
4941:Alberta Métis Federation
4904:(Southbranch Settlement)
4895:(Southbranch Settlement)
4409:Roberts, Morley (1906).
4343:Birght, William (2004).
4250:Bright, William (2004).
3602:Quotation is from p. 97.
3182:; Glavin, Terry (1998).
2939:Francis Stillman Barnard
2816:– The most versatile is
2211:, British Columbia, the
1761:"k" with lips rounded) (
1008:the ejective consonant)
790:out in British Columbia.
8489:Blackfoot Sign Language
6700:New York Latino English
6603:American Indian English
4843:Métis Nation of Ontario
4833:Métis Nation of Alberta
3676:. University of Oregon.
3247:Pacific Coast Philology
3185:A Voice Great Within Us
3063:Grant, Anthony (2013).
2510:means 'worthless junk'.
2490:Alpine Lakes Wilderness
2267:, can be viewed on the
2240:
1955:(depending on dialect)
936:Grand Ronde variations
389:
381:
292:, also known simply as
287:
279:
146:currently standardized
18:Chinook jargon language
9673:American Sign Language
9459:American Sign Language
9200:Miluk (Lower Coquille)
8825:Henniker Sign Language
8748:American Sign Language
8492:Cheyenne Sign Language
7357:Central Siberian Yupik
7352:Central Alaskan Yup'ik
6847:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
6757:Upper Michigan English
6730:Puerto Rican Englishes
6452:American Sign Language
5827:Canadian dictionaries
5810:Maritime Sign Language
5789:American Sign Language
5278:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
5024:Southbranch Settlement
4920:Métis National Council
4891:Council of St. Laurent
4668:Hale, Horatio (1890).
4627:Gibbs, George (1863).
4543:Hale, Horatio (1890).
4384:Cole, Douglas (1999).
3623:Barkwell, Lawrence J.
3386:Hale, Horatio (1846).
3141:Gibbs, George (1863).
2989:Robert William Service
2722:
2600:
2324:Lane Community College
2298:Revitalization attempt
2217:British Columbia Coast
792:
652:Lane Community College
576:
487:
428:
374:
166:
131:
9356:Plateau Sign Language
9254:Oregon Coast Penutian
8527:Hawai'i Sign Language
8510:Ktunaxa Sign Language
8505:Plateau Sign Language
8267:Northern Sierra Miwok
8207:Southern Sierra Miwok
7516:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos
7264:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie
6752:Transatlantic English
6695:New York City English
6685:New Mexican Englishes
6668:New England Englishes
6221:Plateau Sign Language
5823:Canadian style guides
4994:Pemmican Proclamation
3992:10.1353/ohq.2012.0035
3928:"Public Art Registry"
3694:on November 10, 2013.
3647:Barman, Jean (2007).
3371:Lang, George (2008).
3094:Lang, George (2008).
2964:Phoebe Goodell Judson
2934:Francis Jones Barnard
2919:. Beginning in 1900,
2666:Quiggly, quiggly hole
2604:remains common, i.e.
2492:take their name from
2320:Willamina High School
2201:Further information:
2003:(Scottish English "lo
917:transcription of IPA.
736:Catholic missionaries
568:
470:
361:Western United States
302:pidgin trade language
58:Canada, United States
9817:Hudson's Bay Company
8975:Serbo-Croatian (0.3)
8843:in 2021 in millions)
8781:Samoan Sign Language
8498:Navajo Sign Language
8433:Afro-Seminole Creole
8202:Central Sierra Miwok
7781:North Straits Salish
7205:Mescalero-Chiricahua
6725:Philadelphia English
6457:Quebec Sign Language
6033:North Straits Salish
5794:Quebec Sign Language
5237:Indigenous languages
5018:North-West Rebellion
5000:Battle of Seven Oaks
4875:Historic Governments
4707:News and newsletters
4674:. Whittaker & Co
4296:"[Homepage]"
3974:Zenk, Henry (2012).
3672:Zenk, Henry (1984).
3440:Jones (1972), p. 97.
3392:. Lea and Blanchard.
3338:Holton, Jim (1999).
3155:on September 4, 2012
3026:Medny Aleut language
2887:Hyas Klootchman Tyee
2824:is 'jail', prison' (
2476:– 'water'; and thus
2424:improve this article
2354:Influence on English
2346:The online magazine
928:Spelling variations
760:Athabaskan languages
622:Hudson's Bay Company
587:via the publication
545:University of Ottawa
9842:Languages of Canada
9802:Chinookan languages
9541:Languages of Alaska
9046:Languages of Oregon
8841:(number of speakers
8839:Immigrant languages
8537:Inuit Sign Language
6762:Utah Mormon English
6690:New Orleans English
6608:Appalachian English
6253:Immigrant languages
5763:Pennsylvania German
5209:Languages of Canada
5012:Red River Rebellion
4605:Dictionaries online
4164:"BC Chinook Jargon"
3460:. January 10, 2006.
3312:Oregon Encyclopedia
2974:Sir Richard McBride
2765:Grand Ronde, Oregon
2726:. When pronounced
2197:Contemporary status
929:
837:in the writings of
689:, the realtor, and
581:Diocese of Kamloops
484:Seattle, Washington
408:Grand Ronde, Oregon
330:Northern California
9678:Inuk Sign Language
8616:Pennsylvania Dutch
8495:Cree Sign Language
8307:Havasupai–Hualapai
8253:Kings River Yokuts
8232:Buena Vista Yokuts
8212:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts
6720:Pennsylvania Dutch
6643:High Tider English
6628:California English
6475:Inuk Sign Language
6319:Official languages
6312:Languages of Yukon
6131:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
6103:Southern Tsimshian
5945:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
5799:Inuk Sign Language
5758:Newfoundland Irish
5723:Tagalog (Filipino)
5696:Minority languages
5568:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
5326:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
5216:Official languages
5162:Métis buffalo hunt
4886:(Red River Colony)
4821:Modern Governments
4653:J. K. Gill Company
4168:BCChinookJargon.ca
3021:Maritime fur trade
2570:klootchman lecosho
2566:klootchman kiuatan
927:
756:Salishan languages
744:complex morphology
664:U.S. Census Bureau
585:Duployan shorthand
577:
533:Duployan shorthand
488:
410:, prefer the term
354:Duployan shorthand
150:-based orthography
9744:
9743:
9714:Ninilchik dialect
9507:
9506:
9483:
9482:
9397:
9396:
9012:
9011:
8834:
8833:
8725:
8724:
8555:
8554:
8469:Manual Indigenous
8464:
8463:
8460:
8459:
8350:
8349:
7725:Northeastern Pomo
7712:Southeastern Pomo
7485:Northern Kalapuya
6785:
6784:
6613:Baltimore English
6516:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6483:
6482:
6429:
6428:
6343:
6342:
6278:
6277:
6192:
6191:
5876:Official language
5835:
5834:
5753:Doukhobor Russian
5650:
5649:
5175:
5174:
4937:
4924:
4905:
4896:
4887:
4867:
4324:on August 5, 2011
4084:"Chinuk Wawa App"
3938:on June 16, 2013.
3782:chinookjargon.com
3407:Told in the Hills
2999:Theodore Winthrop
2954:Sir James Douglas
2873:('boss mule'). A
2643:high muckety muck
2456:
2455:
2448:
2061:
2060:
1632:lateral affricate
1604:lateral fricative
939:Other variations
732:coureurs des bois
601:, some local and
306:Pacific Northwest
271:
270:
48:𛰣𛱇𛰚𛱛𛰅 𛱜𛱜
16:(Redirected from
9849:
9807:Anglic languages
9732:
9731:
9534:
9527:
9520:
9511:
9495:
9494:
9416:American English
9406:
9350:Plains Sign Talk
9274:Plateau Penutian
9067:
9039:
9032:
9025:
9016:
8736:
8707:Louisiana Creole
8566:
8475:
8359:
7650:Plateau Penutian
7478:Central Kalapuya
6805:
6798:
6580:American English
6574:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6520:
6492:
6440:
6435:Manual languages
6356:
6349:Oral Indigenous
6323:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6282:
6216:Plains Sign Talk
5900:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5839:
5748:Hutterite German
5241:
5202:
5195:
5188:
5179:
5029:Half-Breed Tract
4935:
4922:
4903:
4894:
4885:
4865:
4815:
4806:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4773:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4664:
4662:
4660:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4633:. Cramoisy Press
4600:
4598:
4596:
4581:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4550:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4415:
4414:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4320:. Archived from
4310:
4304:
4303:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4247:
4236:
4235:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4206:. March 10, 2021
4204:The Kaltash Wawa
4196:
4190:
4189:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4017:
4004:
4003:
3971:
3962:
3961:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3932:App.Vancouver.ca
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3860:on July 31, 2009
3859:
3848:
3840:
3834:
3823:McCowan, Karen.
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3620:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3450:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3416:
3410:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3303:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3238:
3227:
3226:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3180:Lillard, Charles
3176:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3120:"Chinook Jargon"
3116:
3110:
3109:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3060:
2883:Johnstone Strait
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2725:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2603:
2578:klootchman tenas
2574:tenas klootchman
2522:Independence Day
2486:Colchuck Glacier
2451:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2431:
2408:
2400:
2330:British Columbia
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2222:As of 2009, the
2051:
2044:
2037:
2029:uvular fricative
2025:
2014:
1997:
1986:
1973:
1962:
1948:
1939:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1893:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1857:
1846:
1833:
1822:
1809:
1798:
1783:
1772:
1750:
1739:
1721:
1710:
1697:
1688:
1675:
1664:
1651:
1640:
1628:
1617:
1613:
1595:
1584:
1580:
1567:
1556:
1539:
1528:
1507:
1496:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1454:
1443:
1430:
1419:
1406:
1395:
1382:
1371:
1358:
1347:
1334:
1325:
1321:
1303:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1165:
1154:
1136:
1127:
1123:
1105:
1096:
1092:
1078:
1067:
1050:
1039:
1015:
998:
987:
969:
958:
954:
933:Listserv symbol
930:
708:British Columbia
611:Marah Ellis Ryan
520:contact language
480:Log House Museum
431:
394:, respectively.
392:
384:
377:
367:
346:Chinook language
322:British Columbia
290:
282:
265:
254:
232:
225:
209:
202:
193:
192:
184:
169:
134:
126:
86:
50:
49:
44:
32:
21:
9857:
9856:
9852:
9851:
9850:
9848:
9847:
9846:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9740:
9720:
9682:
9661:
9612:Upper Kuskokwim
9543:
9538:
9508:
9503:
9479:
9463:
9445:
9393:
9375:
9338:
9318:
9295:
9268:
9248:
9205:
9176:
9133:
9094:
9058:
9048:
9043:
9013:
9008:
8842:
8840:
8830:
8805:
8785:
8767:
8731:
8721:
8683:
8645:
8602:
8561:
8551:
8515:
8470:
8456:
8425:
8419:
8346:
8293:
8286:
8188:
8160:
8142:
8087:Northern Paiute
8038:
8034:Coast Tsimshian
8020:
7968:
7842:
7737:
7683:
7644:
7617:
7565:
7528:
7497:
7461:
7366:
7318:
7225:Upper Kuskokwim
7151:
7144:
7094:
7066:
7029:
6991:
6792:
6791:Oral Indigenous
6781:
6777:Yeshiva English
6633:Chicano English
6582:
6563:
6552:
6547:
6517:
6508:
6488:Trade languages
6479:
6461:
6425:
6407:
6350:
6339:
6314:
6309:
6279:
6274:
6248:
6225:
6188:
6167:
6112:
6108:Coast Tsimshian
6079:
5985:
5916:
5894:
5893:Oral Indigenous
5887:
5871:
5866:
5836:
5831:
5815:
5777:
5743:Canadian Gaelic
5691:
5646:
5642:Coast Tsimshian
5610:
5582:
5544:
5481:
5433:
5400:
5312:
5232:
5211:
5206:
5176:
5171:
5115:
5052:
4955:
4908:
4870:
4816:
4800:
4756:
4743:
4741:
4740:on July 6, 2012
4728:
4709:
4696:
4694:
4686:
4677:
4675:
4667:
4658:
4656:
4645:
4636:
4634:
4626:
4607:
4594:
4592:
4584:
4573:
4564:
4562:
4553:
4542:
4533:
4531:
4520:
4511:
4509:
4498:
4495:
4478:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4357:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4264:
4249:
4248:
4239:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4093:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4062:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4021:Denham, Kristin
4019:
4018:
4007:
3973:
3972:
3965:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3610:
3606:
3598:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3563:
3561:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3401:
3397:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3355:Early Vancouver
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3336:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3274:
3259:10.2307/1316345
3240:
3239:
3230:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3178:
3177:
3168:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3062:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3007:
2979:John McLoughlin
2930:
2910:. A man called
2784:
2780:
2777:Siwash Sweaters
2769:Native American
2758:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2688:
2684:
2452:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2421:
2409:
2398:
2392:
2356:
2332:
2305:
2300:
2284:Small Pleasures
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2236:Iona Campagnolo
2205:
2199:
2194:
2042:
2035:
2012:
2001:velar fricative
1984:
1960:
1937:
1912:
1905:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1844:
1820:
1796:
1790:
1770:
1737:
1708:
1686:
1662:
1638:
1615:
1611:
1582:
1578:
1554:
1526:
1494:
1473:
1466:
1441:
1417:
1393:
1369:
1345:
1323:
1319:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1246:
1242:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1183:
1176:
1152:
1125:
1121:
1094:
1090:
1065:
1037:
1013:
985:
956:
952:
878:
859:Bodega y Quadra
824:Tolowa language
812:creole language
779:Royal Engineers
699:
693:, the banker."
687:Henry Broderick
599:classical works
563:
493:
465:
400:
342:creole language
267:
266:
257:
233: (creole)
228:
227:
226: (pidgin)
221:
205:
198:
188:
187:
180:
162:
155:Official status
145:
139:
127:
122:
116:
87:
84:Language family
82:
73:
72:Native speakers
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9855:
9853:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9829:
9824:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9804:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9787:Oregon Country
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9757:Chinook Jargon
9749:
9748:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9738:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9718:
9717:
9716:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9690:
9688:
9687:Non-Indigenous
9684:
9683:
9681:
9680:
9675:
9669:
9667:
9666:Sign languages
9663:
9662:
9660:
9659:
9654:
9649:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9589:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9572:Siberian Yupik
9569:
9564:
9559:
9553:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9539:
9537:
9536:
9529:
9522:
9514:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9481:
9480:
9478:
9477:
9471:
9469:
9465:
9464:
9462:
9461:
9455:
9453:
9447:
9446:
9444:
9443:
9438:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9418:
9412:
9410:
9403:
9399:
9398:
9395:
9394:
9392:
9391:
9385:
9383:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9373:
9366:
9359:
9352:
9346:
9344:
9340:
9339:
9337:
9336:
9328:
9326:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9316:
9311:
9305:
9303:
9297:
9296:
9294:
9293:
9286:
9278:
9276:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9258:
9256:
9250:
9249:
9247:
9246:
9239:
9232:
9225:
9217:
9215:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9196:
9188:
9186:
9178:
9177:
9175:
9174:
9167:
9160:
9153:
9150:Chinook Jargon
9145:
9143:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9131:
9124:
9119:
9112:
9104:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9093:
9092:
9085:
9082:Alsea (Alséya)
9077:
9075:
9064:
9060:
9059:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9044:
9042:
9041:
9034:
9027:
9019:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9000:
8994:
8988:
8982:
8976:
8973:
8967:
8961:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8928:
8922:
8916:
8910:
8907:
8901:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8871:
8865:
8859:
8853:
8846:
8844:
8836:
8835:
8832:
8831:
8829:
8828:
8821:
8813:
8811:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8803:
8795:
8793:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8783:
8777:
8775:
8769:
8768:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8744:
8742:
8733:
8730:Manual settler
8727:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8698:
8696:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8659:Caló (Chicano)
8655:
8653:
8647:
8646:
8644:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8612:
8610:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8574:
8572:
8563:
8557:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8549:
8544:
8542:Keresan Pueblo
8539:
8534:
8533:
8532:
8523:
8521:
8517:
8516:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8511:
8500:
8499:
8496:
8493:
8490:
8487:
8483:
8481:
8472:
8466:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8446:
8445:
8440:
8438:Chinook Jargon
8435:
8429:
8427:
8424:Mixed or trade
8421:
8420:
8418:
8417:
8410:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8365:
8363:
8356:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8298:
8296:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8284:
8277:
8270:
8263:
8256:
8249:
8246:Gashowu Yokuts
8242:
8235:
8228:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8198:
8196:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8170:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8158:
8152:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8140:
8133:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8117:Ute-Chemehuevi
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8048:
8046:
8040:
8039:
8037:
8036:
8030:
8028:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7978:
7976:
7970:
7969:
7967:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7945:
7938:
7931:
7924:
7917:
7909:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7852:
7850:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7837:Upper Chehalis
7833:
7826:
7819:
7816:Lower Chehalis
7812:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7756:Columbia-Moses
7753:
7747:
7745:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7728:
7720:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7693:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7681:
7674:
7666:
7665:
7660:
7654:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7634:
7633:
7627:
7625:
7619:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7575:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7563:
7555:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7538:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7510:Cochiti Pueblo
7507:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7488:
7481:
7473:
7471:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7376:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7365:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7328:
7326:
7320:
7319:
7317:
7316:
7309:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7281:
7274:
7267:
7260:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7237:
7235:Western Apache
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7156:
7154:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7121:
7114:
7106:
7104:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7076:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7064:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7039:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7001:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6982:
6975:
6968:
6961:
6954:
6947:
6940:
6937:Mohegan-Pequot
6933:
6930:Miami-Illinois
6926:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6802:
6795:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6618:Boston English
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6577:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6523:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6504:Chinook Jargon
6501:
6495:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6471:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6448:
6446:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6364:
6362:
6360:Dené–Yeniseian
6353:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6332:
6326:
6320:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6308:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6285:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6244:Chinook Jargon
6240:
6238:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6202:
6200:
6198:Sign languages
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6175:
6173:
6172:Other/isolates
6169:
6168:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6158:Nuu-chah-nulth
6155:
6150:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6128:
6122:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6006:
6001:
5995:
5993:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5976:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5922:Dené–Yeniseian
5918:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5908:
5906:
5897:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5857:
5850:
5842:
5833:
5832:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5782:Sign languages
5779:
5778:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5677:Chinook Jargon
5674:
5669:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5578:Nuu-chah-nulth
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5182:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5132:Chinook Jargon
5129:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5064:Canadian Métis
5060:
5058:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5047:Daniels ruling
5044:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4930:
4925:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4868:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4817:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4763:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4750:
4726:
4725:, January 2006
4716:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4684:
4665:
4643:
4624:
4618:
4613:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4582:
4571:
4551:
4540:
4518:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4463:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4423:
4422:External links
4420:
4417:
4416:
4401:
4394:
4376:
4362:
4355:
4335:
4305:
4287:
4269:
4262:
4237:
4217:
4191:
4188:. May 9, 2020.
4173:
4155:
4129:
4101:
4088:GrandRonde.org
4075:
4060:
4040:
4033:
4005:
3986:(4): 560–569.
3963:
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3897:
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3794:
3768:
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3744:
3722:
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3013:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2984:Morley Roberts
2981:
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2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
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2936:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2891:Queen Victoria
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2809:
2678:
2662:
2659:potluck dinner
2650:
2647:hyas muckamuck
2630:
2613:
2589:
2555:
2537:
2511:
2501:
2480:'salt water'.
2471:
2454:
2453:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2391:
2388:
2355:
2352:
2331:
2328:
2304:
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2195:
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2171:
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2126:
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2059:
2058:
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2040:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1908:
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1901:
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1876:
1870:
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1858:
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1667:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1575:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1304:
1297:
1284:
1282:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1225:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1010:
1009:
999:
992:
990:
988:
982:
981:
970:
963:
961:
959:
949:
948:
945:
940:
937:
934:
925:
924:
921:
918:
907:
904:
901:
898:
885:
877:
874:
816:Fort Vancouver
798:, much as the
716:first language
698:
695:
656:Eugene, Oregon
650:In the 2000s,
641:Tiller, Oregon
562:
559:
492:
489:
464:
461:
399:
396:
310:Columbia River
274:Chinook Jargon
269:
268:
256:
255:
247:
246:
241:
235:
234:
219:
211:
210:
203:
195:
194:
185:
177:
176:
175:Language codes
172:
171:
163:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
128:
124:Writing system
121:
118:
117:
90:
88:
81:
78:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
56:
55:Native to
52:
51:
37:
36:
35:Chinook Jargon
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9854:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9813:
9812:Métis culture
9810:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9793:
9790:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9737:
9736:
9727:
9726:
9723:
9715:
9712:
9711:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9691:
9689:
9685:
9679:
9676:
9674:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9664:
9658:
9655:
9653:
9650:
9648:
9645:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9568:
9567:Central Yupik
9565:
9563:
9560:
9558:
9555:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9546:
9542:
9535:
9530:
9528:
9523:
9521:
9516:
9515:
9512:
9500:
9499:
9490:
9489:
9486:
9476:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9466:
9460:
9457:
9456:
9454:
9452:
9448:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9413:
9411:
9409:Indo-European
9407:
9404:
9400:
9390:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9382:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9367:
9365:
9364:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9347:
9345:
9341:
9335:
9334:
9330:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9321:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9298:
9292:
9291:
9287:
9285:
9284:
9280:
9279:
9277:
9275:
9271:
9265:
9264:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9255:
9251:
9245:
9244:
9240:
9238:
9237:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9226:
9224:
9223:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9213:
9208:
9202:
9201:
9197:
9195:
9194:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9184:
9179:
9173:
9172:
9168:
9166:
9165:
9164:Lower Chinook
9161:
9159:
9158:
9154:
9152:
9151:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9141:
9136:
9130:
9129:
9125:
9123:
9122:Siletz Dee-ni
9120:
9118:
9117:
9113:
9111:
9110:
9106:
9105:
9103:
9101:
9097:
9091:
9090:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9068:
9065:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9047:
9040:
9035:
9033:
9028:
9026:
9021:
9020:
9017:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8968:
8965:
8962:
8959:
8956:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8944:
8941:
8938:
8935:
8932:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8920:
8917:
8914:
8911:
8908:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8890:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8878:
8875:
8872:
8869:
8866:
8863:
8860:
8857:
8854:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8837:
8827:
8826:
8822:
8820:
8819:
8815:
8814:
8812:
8808:
8802:
8801:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8792:
8788:
8782:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8774:
8770:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8745:
8743:
8741:
8737:
8734:
8728:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8648:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8573:
8571:
8567:
8564:
8558:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8530:
8529:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8509:
8508:
8507:
8506:
8502:
8501:
8497:
8494:
8491:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8476:
8473:
8467:
8453:
8452:
8448:
8447:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8422:
8416:
8415:
8411:
8409:
8408:
8404:
8403:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8360:
8357:
8353:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8289:
8283:
8282:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8243:
8241:
8240:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8229:
8227:
8226:
8222:
8221:
8218:
8217:Valley Yokuts
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8195:
8191:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8163:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8151:
8149:
8145:
8139:
8138:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8127:
8126:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8041:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8016:
8012:
8011:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7997:Southern Tiwa
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7971:
7965:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7956:Tutelo-Saponi
7953:
7951:
7950:
7946:
7944:
7943:
7939:
7937:
7936:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7925:
7923:
7922:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7853:
7851:
7849:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7827:
7825:
7824:
7820:
7818:
7817:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7751:Coeur d'Alene
7749:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7740:
7734:
7733:
7732:Northern Pomo
7729:
7727:
7726:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7717:Southern Pomo
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7686:
7680:
7679:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7647:
7641:
7640:
7636:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7614:
7613:
7609:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7537:
7535:
7531:
7525:Laguna Pueblo
7524:
7521:
7519:Western Keres
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7469:
7464:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7449:Susquehannock
7446:
7444:
7443:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7435:Neutral Huron
7432:
7430:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7362:Chevak Cup’ik
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7321:
7315:
7314:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7296:
7294:
7293:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7285:Plains Apache
7282:
7280:
7279:
7275:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7261:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7091:
7090:Upper Chinook
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7058:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6962:
6960:
6959:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6916:Nawathinehena
6913:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6897:
6896:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6788:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6747:Texan English
6745:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6658:Maine English
6656:
6654:
6653:Miami English
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6623:Cajun English
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6561:
6558:Languages in
6555:
6551:
6544:
6539:
6537:
6532:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6499:Broken Slavey
6497:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6464:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6422:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6393:Neeʼaandeegnʼ
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6346:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6306:
6301:
6299:
6294:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5858:
5856:
5851:
5849:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5667:Broken Slavey
5665:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5653:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5203:
5198:
5196:
5191:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5168:
5167:Red River Jig
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5041:Powley ruling
5039:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4936:(Canada-wide)
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4923:(Canada-wide)
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4913:Organizations
4911:
4901:
4898:
4892:
4889:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4692:
4691:
4685:
4673:
4672:
4666:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4590:
4589:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4572:
4560:
4559:
4552:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4529:
4528:
4527:Chinook texts
4523:
4519:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4461:by Franz Boas
4460:
4459:Chinook Texts
4456:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4421:
4412:
4405:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4339:
4336:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4143:
4139:
4138:"Chinuk Wawa"
4133:
4130:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4061:9780295991863
4057:
4053:
4052:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4034:9780870719639
4030:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3856:
3852:
3851:Smoke Signals
3845:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3817:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3783:
3779:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3762:9780295991863
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3733:
3732:"ChInuk-wawa"
3726:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3680:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3658:9780802093097
3654:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3529:
3525:
3524:"Chinuk Wawa"
3519:
3516:
3503:
3499:
3498:"Chinuk Wawa"
3493:
3490:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3434:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3403:Squaw Elouise
3399:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3313:
3309:
3306:Zenk, Henry.
3302:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3222:9780295991863
3218:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3105:9780774815260
3101:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3031:Nootka Jargon
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2822:skookum house
2819:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2709:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2645:, or Chinook
2644:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:Skookum-chuck
2495:
2494:Colchuck Lake
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:Colchuck Peak
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2439:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2413:This section
2411:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1283:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
991:
989:
984:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:
964:
962:
960:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
931:
922:
919:
916:
912:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
895:
891:
886:
883:
882:
881:
876:Orthographies
875:
873:
871:
868:
864:
860:
856:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
835:lingua franca
831:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
806:is spoken in
805:
801:
797:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
748:SVO structure
745:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:First Nations
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
673:According to
671:
669:
665:
659:
657:
653:
648:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:
590:Kamloops Wawa
586:
582:
574:
573:
572:Kamloops Wawa
567:
560:
558:
556:
551:
548:
546:
540:
538:
537:Émile Duployé
534:
530:
526:
521:
516:
512:
510:
506:
501:
498:
497:Francis Drake
490:
485:
481:
477:
475:
469:
462:
460:
458:
457:Fraser Canyon
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
430:
425:
421:
418:, but rather
417:
413:
409:
405:
397:
395:
393:
391:
385:
383:
376:
371:
362:
357:
355:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:and parts of
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
289:
283:
281:
275:
264:
261:
253:
248:
245:
242:
240:
236:
231:
224:
220:
218:
217:
212:
208:
204:
201:
196:
191:
186:
183:
178:
173:
168:
164:
158:
153:
149:
143:
140:historically
137:
133:
129:
125:
119:
114:
110:
106:
105:Indo-European
102:
98:
97:Nootka Jargon
94:
89:
85:
79:
76:1 (2013)
75:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
9733:
9632:Upper Tanana
9622:Lower Tanana
9496:
9368:
9361:
9354:
9343:Unclassified
9331:
9288:
9281:
9261:
9241:
9234:
9227:
9220:
9210:
9198:
9193:Hanis (Coos)
9191:
9181:
9169:
9162:
9155:
9149:
9148:
9138:
9128:Upper Umpqua
9126:
9114:
9107:
9087:
9080:
9070:
9054:
8823:
8816:
8798:
8790:
8679:Sabine River
8674:Puerto Rican
8626:Plautdietsch
8560:Oral settler
8503:
8451:Mohawk Dutch
8449:
8437:
8412:
8405:
8281:Plains Miwok
8279:
8272:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8223:
8135:
8128:
8013:
7961:
7954:
7947:
7940:
7933:
7926:
7919:
7912:
7835:
7828:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7730:
7723:
7702:Eastern Pomo
7697:Central Pomo
7676:
7669:
7637:
7610:
7558:
7522:Acoma Pueblo
7490:
7483:
7476:
7466:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7311:
7306:Upper Umpqua
7304:
7297:
7290:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7255:
7248:
7241:
7230:Upper Tanana
7200:Lower Tanana
7137:
7130:
7123:
7116:
7109:
7099:
7059:
6997:Austronesian
6984:
6977:
6970:
6963:
6956:
6951:Narragansett
6949:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6852:Massachusett
6578:Dialects of
6562:are extinct.
6559:
6503:
6243:
5978:
5971:
5821:
5808:
5768:Plautdietsch
5676:
5429:Inuvialuktun
5157:Métis fiddle
5142:Métis French
5131:
4989:Pemmican War
4967:Indian trade
4893:(1873–1878)
4742:. Retrieved
4738:the original
4733:
4722:
4721:from B.C.'s
4695:. Retrieved
4689:
4676:. Retrieved
4670:
4657:. Retrieved
4647:
4635:. Retrieved
4629:
4593:. Retrieved
4587:
4576:
4563:. Retrieved
4556:
4545:
4532:. Retrieved
4526:
4510:. Retrieved
4504:
4493:Free e-books
4466:
4458:
4430:the Jargon:
4426:
4425:
4410:
4404:
4385:
4379:
4365:
4345:
4338:
4328:November 19,
4326:. Retrieved
4322:the original
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4279:
4272:
4252:
4229:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4167:
4158:
4146:. Retrieved
4141:
4132:
4120:. Retrieved
4116:
4092:. Retrieved
4087:
4078:
4050:
4043:
4024:
3983:
3979:
3944:
3936:the original
3931:
3922:
3912:December 10,
3910:. Retrieved
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3883:
3874:
3862:. Retrieved
3855:the original
3850:
3838:
3828:
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3781:
3771:
3752:
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3725:
3706:
3700:
3692:the original
3682:
3673:
3667:
3648:
3628:
3618:
3607:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3562:. Retrieved
3553:
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3527:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3501:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3476:
3466:
3457:
3436:
3424:. Retrieved
3414:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3381:
3375:. UBC Press.
3372:
3354:
3348:
3339:
3316:. Retrieved
3311:
3301:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3253:(1): 28–36.
3250:
3246:
3212:
3184:
3157:. Retrieved
3150:the original
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3114:
3095:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3068:
3041:Wobbly lingo
3036:Tlingit noun
2994:Sam Sullivan
2959:Joshua Green
2920:
2916:
2911:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2534:West Seattle
2529:
2518:Dominion Day
2513:
2508:Cultus iktus
2507:
2503:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2442:
2436:January 2015
2433:
2422:Please help
2417:verification
2414:
2382:and western
2357:
2348:Kaltash Wawa
2347:
2345:
2340:Sam Sullivan
2333:
2313:
2309:Tony Johnson
2306:
2283:
2281:
2262:
2233:
2221:
2206:
2062:
2054:
2004:
1976:
1952:
1929:
1925:
1897:
1861:
1836:
1812:
1786:
1754:
1725:
1701:
1678:
1654:
1599:
1570:
1542:
1514:
1510:
1486:
1458:
1433:
1409:
1385:
1361:
1338:
1311:
1307:
1263:
1234:
1196:
1168:
1144:
1140:
1113:
1109:
1082:
1057:
1029:
1005:
978:glottal stop
973:
892:
879:
863:mock Spanish
851:
832:
828:
793:
788:
784:
764:
746:. It had an
740:
700:
691:Joshua Green
683:World War II
672:
660:
649:
638:
615:
588:
578:
570:
552:
549:
541:
517:
513:
508:
504:
502:
494:
472:
455:area of the
444:
442:
437:
433:
423:
419:
416:Chinook Wawa
415:
411:
401:
387:
379:
369:
358:
350:
297:
293:
288:Chinook Wawa
285:
277:
273:
272:
244:Chinook Wawa
214:
29:
9451:French Sign
9381:Uto-Aztecan
8909:Hindi (0.9)
8717:Angloromani
8669:New Mexican
8598:New England
8239:Coast Miwok
8112:Tübatulabal
8044:Uto-Aztecan
8026:Tsimshianic
8015:Piro Pueblo
7935:Mitchigamea
7891:Omaha–Ponca
7856:Assiniboine
7771:Lushootseed
7623:Palaihnihan
7456:Wenrohronon
7152:Yeniseian?)
7015:Refaluwasch
6902:Gros Ventre
6085:Tsimshianic
5912:Plains Cree
5606:Assiniboine
5495:Bella Coola
5414:Inuinnaqtun
5086:Bois-Brûlés
5081:Anglo-Métis
5014:(1869–1870)
5008:(est. 1864)
4761:Chinuk Wawa
4754:Other links
4522:Boas, Franz
4500:Boas, Franz
4318:cayoosh.net
4186:thestar.com
3864:December 2,
3809:December 2,
3737:January 18,
3580:Jones, Nard
3564:October 22,
3534:January 15,
3508:January 15,
3482:January 15,
3126:December 2,
3079:October 22,
2893:. The word
2867:tyee salmon
2773:Siwash Rock
2520:and July 4
2303:Grand Ronde
2292:Barkerville
2277:Duane Pasco
2273:False Creek
2265:Henry Tsang
1866:unaspirated
1763:unaspirated
1730:unaspirated
1547:unaspirated
1519:unaspirated
839:John Jewitt
634:World War I
630:Spanish flu
445:skokum hiyu
412:Chinuk Wawa
280:Chinuk Wawa
9751:Categories
9607:Holikachuk
9549:Indigenous
9100:Athabaskan
9063:Indigenous
8930:Urdu (0.5)
8898:Portuguese
8868:Vietnamese
8758:Protactile
8740:Francosign
8407:Chitimacha
8260:Lake Miwok
7761:Halkomelem
7257:Holikachuk
7132:Purisimeño
6877:Potawatomi
6596:Vernacular
6444:Francosign
6378:Dene Zágéʼ
6211:Francosign
6004:Halkomelem
5904:Algonquian
5505:Halkomelem
5318:Athabaskan
5308:Potawatomi
5245:Algonquian
5137:Hivernants
5069:in Alberta
4713:Tenas Wawa
4697:August 25,
4678:August 25,
4659:August 25,
4637:August 25,
4595:August 25,
4565:August 25,
4534:August 25,
4512:August 25,
4395:0295979038
4356:0806135980
4263:0806135980
4142:LaneCC.edu
3884:LaneCC.edu
3716:0832302171
3597:0385018754
3554:Census.gov
3502:LaneCC.edu
3426:October 3,
3283:58, no. 1.
3195:0921586566
3047:References
2949:Franz Boas
2871:tyee lamel
2839:– 'small'.
2671:kickwillie
2633:Mucky muck
2586:klootchman
2568:('mare'),
2558:Klootchman
2530:tenas hiyu
2466:('new') +
2394:See also:
2372:Washington
2209:Washington
1026:aspiration
913:, another
675:Nard Jones
449:Boston Bar
426:(from Fr.
420:"the Wawa"
320:, then to
318:Washington
9657:Tsimshian
9627:Tanacross
9602:Deg Xinag
9402:Immigrant
9333:Tillamook
9301:Sahaptian
9212:Kalapuyan
9157:Kathlamet
9140:Chinookan
8732:languages
8712:Spanglish
8695:languages
8621:Hutterite
8578:Louisiana
8562:languages
8479:Hand Talk
8471:languages
8426:Languages
8274:Palewyami
8225:Bay Miwok
8194:Yuk-Utian
8072:Kitanemuk
7906:Winnebago
7830:Tillamook
7658:Nez Perce
7612:Apalachee
7584:Chickasaw
7571:Muskogean
7468:Kalapuyan
7415:Tuscarora
7372:Iroquoian
7215:Tanacross
7190:Jicarilla
7165:Deg Xinag
7139:Ventureño
7111:Barbareño
7101:Chumashan
7080:Kathlamet
7072:Chinookan
7025:Tokelauan
6944:Nanticoke
6857:Menominee
6827:Blackfoot
6793:languages
6388:Häł gołan
6351:languages
6270:Ukrainian
6237:and mixed
6148:Kwakʼwala
6141:Oowekyala
5965:Chilcotin
5895:languages
5773:Ukrainian
5708:Cantonese
5573:Kwakʼwala
5472:Tuscarora
5439:Iroquoian
5419:Inuktitut
5391:Tsuutʼina
5341:Chipewyan
5336:Chilcotin
5263:Blackfoot
5258:Algonquin
4977:Fur trade
4900:Exovedate
4866:(Alberta)
4744:August 2,
4314:"Cayoosh"
4210:March 18,
4148:March 18,
4122:March 18,
4094:March 18,
4070:819160594
4000:2329-3780
3787:March 17,
2912:hyas tyee
2875:hyas tyee
2638:muckamuck
2572:('sow'),
2554:reversed.
2478:saltchuck
2460:Cheechako
2288:Karin Lee
855:Vancouver
802:language
775:gold rush
752:Chinookan
728:voyageurs
712:Vancouver
697:Evolution
603:episcopal
595:scripture
575:newspaper
555:creolized
429:la langue
404:creolized
216:Glottolog
200:ISO 639-3
182:ISO 639-2
101:Chinookan
9735:Category
9647:Gwichʼin
9637:Tsetsaut
9597:Denaʼina
9498:Category
9324:Salishan
9314:Umatilla
8979:Armenian
8952:Gujarati
8946:Japanese
8810:Isolates
8636:Alsatian
8588:Missouri
8520:Isolates
8362:Isolates
8322:Maricopa
8317:Kumeyaay
8148:Wakashan
8107:Timbisha
8102:Shoshoni
8067:Kawaiisu
8062:Ivilyuat
8052:Comanche
7823:Quinault
7796:Thompson
7786:Okanagan
7776:Nooksack
7743:Salishan
7663:Sahaptin
7639:Atsugewi
7631:Achumawi
7604:Muscogee
7599:Mikasuki
7492:Yoncalla
7442:Nottoway
7400:Onondaga
7385:Cherokee
7324:Eskaleut
7292:Tsetsaut
7175:Gwich’in
7170:Dena'ina
7125:Obispeño
7010:Hawaiian
7005:Chamorro
6965:Powhatan
6895:Etchemin
6832:Cheyenne
6801:Families
6383:Gwich'in
6153:Liqʼwala
6136:Heiltsuk
6126:Ditidaht
6118:Wakashan
6075:Lillooet
6070:Squamish
6021:Okanagan
6014:Scw'exmx
6009:Thompson
5991:Salishan
5980:Tsetsaut
5935:Dane-zaa
5703:Mandarin
5558:Ditidaht
5550:Wakashan
5540:Thompson
5535:Squamish
5525:shíshálh
5515:Okanagan
5510:Lillooet
5487:Salishan
5462:Onondaga
5396:Tutchone
5351:Gwichʼin
5076:US Métis
4984:Marriage
4972:Scottish
4723:The Tyee
4524:(1894).
4502:(1910).
4476:Archives
4300:HiYu.com
4231:BBC News
4023:(2019).
3954:Archived
3890:June 23,
3582:(1972).
3558:Archived
3458:The Tyee
3318:March 7,
3159:July 13,
3073:Archived
3005:See also
2917:The Tyee
2904:Concomly
2900:Maquinna
2879:Big Tyee
2859:Big Tyee
2843:Tillicum
2654:Potlatch
2526:Lillooet
1002:ejective
947:English
843:Ucluelet
771:Hawaiian
750:, while
724:trappers
710:city of
626:Portland
424:"Lelang"
230:chin1272
223:pidg1254
167:De facto
142:Duployan
132:De facto
109:Germanic
93:Wakashan
9709:Russian
9704:Tagalog
9699:Spanish
9694:English
9617:Koyukon
9582:Tlingit
9577:Inupiaq
9562:Alutiiq
9475:Finnish
9441:Swedish
9436:Spanish
9431:Russian
9370:Takelma
9263:Siuslaw
9055:Italics
8970:Punjabi
8958:Bengali
8934:Persian
8925:Italian
8904:Haitian
8892:Russian
8862:Tagalog
8856:Chinese
8850:Spanish
8791:Kentish
8651:Spanish
8631:Bernese
8593:Muskrat
8414:Tonkawa
8384:Siuslaw
8379:Kutenai
8342:Yavapai
8332:Quechan
8302:Cocopah
8294:Cochimí
8174:Nomlaki
8166:Wintuan
8097:Serrano
8092:O'odham
8077:Luiseño
7992:Picuris
7942:Moneton
7928:Chiwere
7921:Catawba
7871:Hidatsa
7809:Cowlitz
7766:Klallam
7707:Kashaya
7671:Klamath
7594:Koasati
7589:Choctaw
7579:Alabama
7552:Nisenan
7534:Maiduan
7503:Keresan
7420:Wyandot
7347:Alutiiq
7337:Inupiat
7313:Wailaki
7299:Tututni
7278:Mattole
7195:Koyukon
7118:Cruzeño
7053:Wichita
7043:Arikara
7035:Caddoan
6972:Quiripi
6958:Pamlico
6923:Mahican
6882:Shawnee
6862:Mi'kmaq
6822:Arapaho
6817:Abenaki
6678:Western
6673:Eastern
6569:English
6560:italics
6467:Isolate
6421:Iñupiaq
6403:Tlingit
6398:Tā̀gish
6373:Dän kʼí
6368:Dän kʼè
6330:English
6265:Russian
6235:creoles
6231:Pidgins
6179:Kutenai
6098:Nisga'a
6093:Gitxsan
6065:Sechelt
6060:Shuswap
6038:Saanich
5955:Tlingit
5950:Tahltan
5930:Carrier
5883:English
5738:Italian
5718:Spanish
5713:Punjabi
5637:Tlingit
5632:Kutenai
5622:Beothuk
5530:Shuswap
5520:Saanich
5477:Wyandot
5424:Inupiaq
5386:Tahltan
5331:Carrier
5293:Naskapi
5283:Miꞌkmaq
5253:Abenaki
5223:English
5120:Culture
5057:Society
4960:History
4902:(1885)
4884:(1870)
4810:people
4200:"About"
3958:YouTube
3588:et. seq
3584:Seattle
3477:HCN.org
3267:1316345
2831:Skookum
2818:skookum
2813:Skookum
2723:sauvage
2562:klootch
2488:in the
2384:Montana
2269:Seawall
2249:
1602:o c k (
1056:(comes
1054:rounded
1028:(comes
1004:(comes
911:X-SAMPA
894:łuucmaa
847:Alberni
767:Kanakas
720:traders
679:Seattle
607:diaries
579:In the
529:English
491:Origins
471:Cover,
463:History
447:in the
338:Montana
304:in the
294:Chinook
91:Mainly
9468:Uralic
9426:German
9363:Cayuse
9290:Molala
9183:Coosan
9072:Alsean
8997:Hebrew
8940:Telugu
8919:Polish
8913:German
8886:Korean
8880:French
8874:Arabic
8852:(41.3)
8773:BANZSL
8702:Gullah
8689:Creole
8664:Isleño
8608:German
8570:French
8443:Michif
8355:Others
8337:Tiipai
8327:Mojave
8292:Yuman–
8179:Patwin
8137:Tongva
8130:Cupeño
7974:Tanoan
7963:Woccon
7914:Biloxi
7901:Stoney
7896:Quapaw
7886:Mandan
7881:Lakota
7866:Dakota
7848:Siouan
7791:Salish
7689:Pomoan
7678:Molala
7542:Konkow
7410:Seneca
7395:Oneida
7390:Mohawk
7380:Cayuga
7220:Tolowa
7210:Navajo
7150:Dené(–
7085:Tsinúk
7061:Kitsai
7020:Samoan
6872:Ojibwe
6867:Munsee
6335:French
6260:French
6163:Haisla
6055:Nuxalk
6043:Samish
6026:Sinixt
5973:Nicola
5960:Sekani
5733:German
5728:Arabic
5687:Michif
5672:Bungee
5596:Stoney
5588:Siouan
5563:Haisla
5467:Seneca
5457:Oneida
5452:Mohawk
5447:Cayuga
5381:Tagish
5376:Slavey
5371:Sekani
5366:Nicola
5346:Dogrib
5303:Ottawa
5298:Ojibwe
5288:Munsee
5228:French
5147:Michif
5091:People
5049:(2016)
5043:(2003)
5020:(1885)
5002:(1816)
4996:(1814)
4655:. 1909
4392:
4353:
4260:
4068:
4058:
4031:
3998:
3759:
3713:
3655:
3630:Scribd
3594:
3265:
3219:
3192:
3102:
2908:Nicola
2779:. The
2717:-wahsh
2681:Siwash
2675:kekuli
2623:moolah
2618:moolah
2582:siwash
2504:Cultus
2376:Alaska
2368:Oregon
2271:along
1759:uvular
1757:een" (
1753:deep "
1573:o v e
1513:ow, an
890:Nootka
870:Jargon
808:Canada
804:Michif
796:Oregon
734:, and
618:Oregon
525:French
509:cheepe
505:petáh,
453:Lytton
438:Lelang
326:Alaska
314:Oregon
298:Jargon
260:UNESCO
113:Italic
103:, and
63:Region
9652:Haida
9592:Ahtna
9557:Aleut
9421:Dutch
9005:(0.2)
9003:Khmer
8999:(0.2)
8993:(0.2)
8991:Hmong
8987:(0.3)
8985:Greek
8981:(0.3)
8972:(0.3)
8966:(0.3)
8964:Tamil
8960:(0.4)
8954:(0.4)
8948:(0.5)
8942:(0.5)
8936:(0.5)
8927:(0.5)
8921:(0.5)
8915:(0.9)
8906:(0.9)
8900:(0.9)
8894:(1.0)
8888:(1.1)
8882:(1.2)
8876:(1.4)
8870:(1.5)
8864:(1.7)
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