33:
50:
306:
68:
313:
The knotting gall is found in
Cornwall, Wiltshire, Worcester, Hants, Norfolk, Warwickshire, Berkshire, Cardiganshire, Cheshire, Denbighshire, East Norfolk, Suffolk, Easterness, Elgin, Flintshire, North Ayrshire, Herefordshire, Merionethshire, Perth, Yorkshire, Montgomeryshire, Lincolnshire, Somerset,
296:
Eggs are laid in the unfurling fronds and the hatched larvae feed on the trichomes in the groove of the rachis, causing the frond to curl inwards. The pupae drop from the gall and remain from autumn and winter to emerge in the spring. Galling rates up to nine fronds in 13 on a single plant have been
317:
As shown, the knotting gall has been recorded throughout the United
Kingdom, in the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Russia – north and north-west, Slovakia, Spain, and Sweden.
283:
the leaves and stems of the fern's frond at the apex. The tip of the frond rolls upwards into a loose, obvious knot or mop-head structure involving many pinnae; inside, a white larva mines along the rachis, eating the
686:
727:
288:, causing it to coil. Usually, only one larva is present in the leaf tip, sometimes two. An elongated white egg shell is visible at the centre of the mass.
32:
621:
647:
49:
305:
780:
775:
582:
439:
467:
402:
381:
770:
652:
314:
Oxfordshire, Shropshire, Devon, Hampshire, Yorkshire, Stafford, Surrey, Gloucestershire, Kent, Suffolk, and
Worcestershire.
673:
530:
691:
600:
765:
613:
67:
485:
535:
760:
260:
162:
569:
517:
254:
665:
248:
188:
62:
712:
556:
463:
398:
377:
737:
717:
436:
699:
522:
443:
608:
595:
201:
179:
754:
561:
129:
678:
660:
634:
350:
508:
345:
334:
326:
280:
266:
587:
339:
285:
99:
79:
704:
548:
543:
502:
139:
626:
639:
246:
develops in the terminal shoots of ferns, such as broad buckler fern (
419:
109:
89:
479:
395:
British Plant Galls. Identification of galls on plants & fungi.
304:
243:
574:
483:
235:
119:
492:
460:The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in colour
397:AIDGAP. Shrewsbury : Field Studies Council.
393:Redfern, Margaret & Shirley, Peter (2002).
476:The Norfolk and Norwich Naturalist's Society.
8:
480:
48:
31:
20:
415:
413:
411:
374:Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls
365:
309:Broad buckler fern with a knotting gall
7:
614:ac71472a-aa39-44f1-a754-135f7af1a10f
474:The Study of Plant Galls in Norfolk.
432:
430:
428:
275:The physical appearance of the galls
57:Knotting gall on broad buckler fern
14:
462:. Pub. Blandford Press. Dorset.
66:
1:
781:Taxa named by Oscar Ringdahl
376:. Pub. Brit Plant Gall Soc.
458:Darlington, Arnold (1968).
446:Retrieved : 2011-07-28
372:Stubbs, F. B. Edit. (1986)
797:
776:Insects described in 1935
194:
187:
168:
161:
63:Scientific classification
61:
56:
47:
39:
30:
23:
349:have been identified as
310:
771:Gall-inducing insects
422:Retrieved: 2011-07-28
308:
264:), and ostrich fern (
261:Athyrium filix-femina
609:Fauna Europaea (new)
337:wasps of the genera
255:Dryopteris filix-mas
472:Hancy, Rex (2000).
437:Leaf and Stem Mines
329:wasps of the genus
249:Dryopteris dilatata
442:2011-10-08 at the
311:
766:Diptera of Europe
748:
747:
728:chirosia-betuleti
713:Open Tree of Life
523:Chirosia_betuleti
494:Chirosia betuleti
486:Taxon identifiers
231:Chirosia betuleti
227:
226:
221:
213:
205:
198:Hylemyia betuleti
172:Chirosia betuleti
41:Chirosia betuleti
25:Chirosia betuleti
788:
741:
740:
731:
730:
721:
720:
708:
707:
695:
694:
682:
681:
679:NBNSYS0000030423
669:
668:
656:
655:
643:
642:
630:
629:
617:
616:
604:
603:
591:
590:
578:
577:
565:
564:
552:
551:
539:
538:
526:
525:
513:
512:
511:
481:
447:
434:
423:
417:
406:
391:
385:
370:
234:is a species of
219:
217:Melinia carinata
212:(Brischke, 1888)
211:
209:Chirosia signata
200:
174:
154:C. betuleti
71:
70:
52:
35:
21:
796:
795:
791:
790:
789:
787:
786:
785:
751:
750:
749:
744:
736:
734:
726:
724:
716:
711:
703:
700:Observation.org
698:
690:
685:
677:
672:
664:
659:
651:
646:
638:
633:
625:
620:
612:
607:
599:
594:
586:
581:
573:
568:
560:
555:
547:
542:
534:
529:
521:
516:
507:
506:
501:
488:
455:
453:Further reading
450:
444:Wayback Machine
435:
426:
418:
409:
392:
388:
371:
367:
363:
324:
303:
294:
281:fly larva mines
277:
269:struthiopteris)
238:, which causes
220:(Tiensuu, 1939)
183:
176:
170:
157:
65:
17:
12:
11:
5:
794:
792:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
753:
752:
746:
745:
743:
742:
732:
722:
709:
696:
683:
670:
657:
644:
631:
618:
605:
596:Fauna Europaea
592:
579:
566:
553:
540:
527:
514:
498:
496:
490:
489:
484:
478:
477:
470:
454:
451:
449:
448:
424:
407:
386:
364:
362:
359:
323:
320:
302:
299:
293:
290:
276:
273:
258:), lady fern (
252:), male fern (
242:in ferns. The
225:
224:
223:
222:
214:
206:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
166:
165:
159:
158:
151:
149:
145:
144:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Species of fly
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
793:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
756:
739:
733:
729:
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
701:
697:
693:
688:
684:
680:
675:
671:
667:
662:
658:
654:
649:
645:
641:
636:
632:
628:
623:
619:
615:
610:
606:
602:
597:
593:
589:
584:
580:
576:
571:
567:
563:
558:
554:
550:
545:
541:
537:
532:
528:
524:
519:
515:
510:
504:
500:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
482:
475:
471:
469:
468:0-7137-0748-8
465:
461:
457:
456:
452:
445:
441:
438:
433:
431:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
412:
408:
404:
403:1-85153-214-5
400:
396:
390:
387:
383:
382:0-9511582-0-1
379:
375:
369:
366:
360:
358:
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
341:
336:
332:
328:
321:
319:
315:
307:
300:
298:
291:
289:
287:
282:
274:
272:
270:
268:
263:
262:
257:
256:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:knotting gall
237:
233:
232:
218:
215:
210:
207:
203:
199:
196:
195:
193:
190:
186:
181:
175:
173:
167:
164:
163:Binomial name
160:
156:
155:
150:
147:
146:
143:
142:
138:
135:
134:
131:
128:
125:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
64:
60:
55:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
761:Anthomyiidae
493:
473:
459:
394:
389:
373:
368:
354:
344:
338:
330:
325:
316:
312:
301:Distribution
295:
278:
265:
259:
253:
247:
239:
230:
229:
228:
216:
208:
197:
171:
169:
153:
152:
140:
130:Anthomyiidae
40:
24:
18:
661:NatureServe
635:iNaturalist
355:C. betuleti
351:parasitoids
322:Parasitoids
755:Categories
361:References
346:Elachertus
267:Matteuccia
100:Arthropoda
666:2.1205926
340:Dimmockia
331:Aphaereta
292:Lifecycle
286:trichomes
148:Species:
86:Kingdom:
80:Eukaryota
544:BugGuide
509:Q5101991
503:Wikidata
440:Archived
405:, p. 288
384:., p. 80
335:eulophid
327:Braconid
202:Ringdahl
189:Synonyms
180:Ringdahl
141:Chirosia
126:Family:
96:Phylum:
90:Animalia
76:Domain:
738:8186484
718:4361255
692:1895027
627:1575308
549:1209747
420:BioStor
297:noted.
182:, 1935)
136:Genus:
120:Diptera
116:Order:
110:Insecta
106:Class:
43:female
735:uBio:
705:158514
653:149475
640:487156
601:406243
588:136069
575:747197
536:660005
466:
401:
380:
204:, 1935
725:PPE:
583:EUNIS
562:5Y6B8
687:NCBI
648:ITIS
622:GBIF
531:BOLD
464:ISBN
399:ISBN
378:ISBN
343:and
333:and
279:The
244:gall
674:NBN
570:EoL
557:CoL
518:ADW
353:of
236:fly
757::
715::
702::
689::
676::
663::
650::
637::
624::
611::
598::
585::
572::
559::
546::
533::
520::
505::
427:^
410:^
357:.
271:.
178:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
