487:
455:
140:
38:
130:
1859:
1122:
pathway. When this pathway functions appropriately it restores a DNA double-strand break by reconnecting the originally broken ends, but when it acts inappropriately it may join ends incorrectly resulting in genomic rearrangements including translocations. In order for the illegitimate joining of
354:
and is seen in about 0.97 / 1000 newborns. Carriers of
Robertsonian translocations are not associated with any phenotypic abnormalities, but there is a risk of unbalanced gametes that lead to miscarriages or abnormal offspring. For example, carriers of Robertsonian translocations involving
342:
in humans leaves only 45 chromosomes, since two chromosomes have fused together. This has no direct effect on the phenotype, since the only genes on the short arms of acrocentrics are common to all of them and are present in variable copy number (nucleolar organiser genes).
183:. Two detached fragments of two different chromosomes are switched. Robertsonian translocation occurs when two non-homologous chromosomes get attached, meaning that given two healthy pairs of chromosomes, one of each pair "sticks" and blends together homogeneously.
289:. The former results in a chromosomal abnormality featured in all cells of the offspring, as in translocation carriers. Somatic translocations, on the other hand, result in abnormalities featured only in the affected cell and its progenitors, as in
230:
of material between non-homologous chromosomes and occur in about 1 in 491 live births. Such translocations are usually harmless, as they do not result in a gain or loss of genetic material, though they may be detected in
2465:
1106:
changes by affecting chromosomal translocations. The paper is thought to mark the beginning of the field of radiation cytology, and led him to be called "the father of radiation cytology".
2390:
458:
Overview of some chromosomal translocations involved in different cancers, as well as implicated in some other conditions, e.g. schizophrenia, with chromosomes arranged in standard
367:) during gametogenesis. The mother has a higher (10%) risk of transmission than the father (1%). Robertsonian translocations involving chromosome 14 also carry a slight risk of
48:
2423:
819:
Acute myeloid leukemia, congenital fibrosarcoma, secretory breast carcinoma, mammary analogue secretory carcinoma of salivary glands, cellular variant of mesoblastic nephroma
1281:
540:
A and chromosome B. The information in the second set of parentheses, when given, gives the precise location within the chromosome for chromosomes A and B respectively—with
718:
1891:
346:
Robertsonian translocations have been seen involving all combinations of acrocentric chromosomes. The most common translocation in humans involves chromosomes
3438:
2992:
911:
729:
1635:
Kurzrock R, Kantarjian HM, Druker BJ, Talpaz M (May 2003). "Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias: from basic mechanisms to molecular therapeutics".
1414:
Semple CA, Devon RS, Le
Hellard S, Porteous DJ (April 2001). "Identification of genes from a schizophrenia-linked translocation breakpoint region".
2416:
390:: Several forms of cancer are caused by acquired translocations (as opposed to those present from conception); this has been described mainly in
338:
chromosome and one extremely small chromosome that may be lost from the organism with little effect because it contains few genes. The resulting
2380:
2021:
1761:
1690:
1616:
1573:
1457:
1316:
1258:
266:
are often offered to families that may carry a translocation. Most balanced translocation carriers are healthy and do not have any symptoms.
2385:
1381:
1863:
494:
with annotated bands and sub-bands as used for the nomenclature of chromosomal abnormalities. It shows dark and white regions as seen on
3105:
109:
3428:
3248:
2409:
548:
indicating the long arm, and the numbers after p or q refers to regions, bands and sub-bands seen when staining the chromosome with a
81:
3095:
1884:
971:
1285:
2678:
1115:
88:
3077:
3020:
2610:
981:
480:
3071:
3010:
2948:
941:
95:
2565:
2006:
1063:
2594:
1191:
3014:
3006:
2962:
2654:
2529:
2507:
1877:
1098:
Biological
Laboratories, published a paper entitled "Chromosome Aberrations Induced by X-rays", which demonstrated that
1049:
887:
843:
839:
806:
795:
764:
760:
475:
465:
399:
290:
56:
3205:
3193:
2573:
2460:
77:
2650:
2646:
1607:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard (2007). "Chapter 20: The Endocrine System".
3407:
2952:
1119:
1003:
946:
395:
327:
322:
2715:
434:
Chromosomal translocations between the sex chromosomes can also result in a number of genetic conditions, such as
206:(in an even exchange of material with no genetic information extra or missing, and ideally full functionality) or
67:
52:
3119:
3081:
705:
2569:
2207:
1991:
1146:
682:
486:
1709:
Agarwal, S.; Tafel, A. A.; Kanaar, R. (2006). "DNA double-strand break repair and chromosome translocations".
528:
The
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN) is used to denote a translocation between
3402:
3135:
3127:
3113:
3099:
3057:
2978:
2690:
1504:"Detection of translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32) in mantle cell lymphoma by fluorescence in situ hybridization"
755:
294:
247:
3241:
2581:
2432:
2160:
2143:
2113:
2086:
470:
176:
1221:
3433:
3362:
3326:
3289:
3209:
2148:
2046:
503:
427:
423:
356:
351:
347:
3189:
3185:
599:
102:
3271:
2936:
2861:
2800:
2606:
2368:
2293:
2278:
2108:
2056:
2031:
1971:
1123:
broken ends to occur, the exchange partners DNAs need to be physically close to each other in the 3D
746:
629:
568:
559:
The translocation is the mechanism that can cause a gene to move from one linkage group to another.
3336:
3276:
3109:
2922:
2556:
2036:
655:
3213:
3201:
3197:
3161:
3156:
3091:
2705:
2485:
1779:
1660:
1095:
865:
687:
368:
259:
232:
1389:
961:
403:
3321:
3316:
3234:
3175:
2792:
2711:
2666:
2634:
2622:
2098:
2010:
1836:
1767:
1757:
1726:
1686:
1652:
1612:
1569:
1533:
1453:
1431:
1363:
1355:
1312:
1254:
1167:
1118:. A type of DNA repair that has a major role in generating chromosomal translocations is the
1031:
745:
found in ~7% of new cases of AML, carries a favorable prognosis and predicts good response to
711:
1648:
1073:
190:
may be created when the translocation joins two otherwise-separated genes. It is detected on
3392:
3341:
3170:
3166:
3063:
2940:
2908:
2539:
2288:
2187:
1826:
1818:
1749:
1718:
1644:
1523:
1515:
1423:
1345:
1035:
1017:
553:
454:
438:
2343:
2338:
1334:"Sperm FISH studies in seven male carriers of Robertsonian translocation t(13;14)(q10;q10)"
3331:
3180:
2769:
2180:
2001:
1949:
1791:
811:
persistent laboratory detection of the PML-RARA transcript is strong predictor of relapse
263:
17:
3308:
2854:
2820:
2815:
2490:
2071:
1995:
1831:
1806:
1528:
1503:
848:
610:
510:
372:
364:
199:
1744:
Bohlander, S. K.; Kakadia, P. M. (2015). "DNA Repair and
Chromosomal Translocations".
1519:
3422:
3049:
2849:
2810:
2805:
2733:
2719:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2639:
2544:
2522:
2517:
2495:
2051:
1161:
927:
906:
828:
785:
422:
is caused in a minority (5% or less) of cases by a
Robertsonian translocation of the
419:
360:
278:
1664:
159:
is a phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes. This includes
3284:
2844:
2751:
2747:
2627:
2615:
2599:
2587:
2577:
2480:
2026:
1900:
1469:
1136:
549:
509:
chromosome pairs as well as both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two
282:
191:
139:
1722:
1681:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard (2007).
1561:
1248:
2866:
2837:
2832:
2729:
2245:
2240:
2103:
2081:
2076:
1944:
1753:
1156:
917:
800:
567:
For an explanation of the symbols and abbreviations used in these examples, see
409:
269:
It is important to distinguish between chromosomal translocations that occur in
251:
187:
180:
2986:
2982:
2788:
2534:
2512:
2502:
2265:
2255:
2250:
2235:
2175:
2165:
2066:
2041:
2015:
1966:
1956:
1904:
1199:
1141:
1068:
876:
537:
529:
499:
363:. This is known as a 'translocation Downs'. This is due to a mis-segregation (
335:
331:
330:
is a type of translocation caused by breaks at or near the centromeres of two
310:
211:
144:
1359:
2827:
2783:
2475:
2470:
2217:
1961:
1939:
1920:
1869:
1822:
1350:
1333:
1222:"Can changes in the structure of chromosomes affect health and development?"
1099:
634:
516:
506:
495:
491:
459:
339:
270:
195:
2401:
1840:
1771:
1730:
1656:
1537:
1435:
1427:
1367:
1858:
1560:
Burtis, Carl A.; Ashwood, Edward R.; Bruns, David E. (December 16, 2011).
3397:
3387:
3382:
3257:
2943:
2893:
2889:
2761:
2440:
2203:
1987:
1103:
1091:
780:
770:
402:). Translocations have also been described in solid malignancies such as
391:
255:
152:
1114:
The initiating event in the formation of a translocation is generally a
416:, where the parent is asymptomatic but conceived fetuses are not viable.
2996:
2779:
2452:
2373:
2227:
2138:
2133:
1077:
734:
286:
274:
244:
66:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
334:
chromosomes. The reciprocal exchange of parts gives rise to one large
2283:
2170:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1250:
Genetic
Disorders and the Fetus: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment
1151:
1124:
986:
387:
236:
235:. However, carriers of balanced reciprocal translocations may create
1748:. Recent Results in Cancer Research. Vol. 200. pp. 1–37.
3085:
3024:
3000:
2930:
2348:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2273:
2211:
992:
895:
870:
740:
669:
604:
453:
306:
138:
3131:
3123:
3067:
3053:
3028:
2956:
2926:
2916:
966:
951:
854:
822:
661:
642:
616:
215:
3230:
2405:
1873:
27:
Phenomenon that results in unusual rearrangement of chromosomes
2912:
1566:
Tietz
Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
442:
31:
1807:"Molecular biology. Finding the right partner in a 3D genome"
1253:(7th ed.). Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. p. 179.
305:
Nonreciprocal translocation involves the one-way transfer of
1332:
E. Anton; J. Blanco; J. Egozcue; F. Vidal (April 29, 2004).
3226:
143:
Chromosomal reciprocal translocation of the 4th and 20th
697:) – Placeholder for any of several other genes/proteins
2391:
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature
1450:
International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature
63:
1685:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. p. 626.
1502:
Li JY, Gaillard F, Moreau A, et al. (May 1999).
3375:
3350:
3307:
3300:
3264:
3149:
3042:
2971:
2901:
2888:
2879:
2778:
2760:
2746:
2555:
2448:
2439:
2361:
2264:
2226:
2196:
2124:
1980:
1911:
1470:"Characteristics of chromosome groups: Karyotyping"
179:caused by exchange of parts between non-homologous
383:Some human diseases caused by translocations are:
214:material is unequal resulting in extra or missing
1805:Rocha, P. P.; Chaumeil, J.; Skok, J. A. (2013).
1568:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1371–1396.
647:induces massive transcription of fusion protein
621:induces massive transcription of fusion protein
1630:
1628:
666:induces massive transcription of fusion protein
639:gives fusion protein cell-proliferative ability
563:Examples of translocations on human chromosomes
1704:
1702:
674:gives fusion protein anti-apoptotic abilities
664:(immunoglobulin heavy locus) on chromosome 14,
645:(immunoglobulin heavy locus) on chromosome 14,
619:(immunoglobulin heavy locus) on chromosome 14,
62:Please review the contents of the article and
3242:
3171:46,XX testicular disorders of sex development
2417:
1885:
1676:
1674:
1186:
1184:
175:translocation. Reciprocal translocation is a
8:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1247:Milunsky, Aubrey; Milunsky, Jeff M. (2015).
719:peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Îł
544:indicating the short arm of the chromosome,
2993:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
730:Acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation
3304:
3249:
3235:
3227:
2898:
2885:
2757:
2445:
2424:
2410:
2402:
2223:
1892:
1878:
1870:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1060:t(7,16) (q32-34;p11) or t(11,16) (p11;p11)
536:is used to denote a translocation between
359:have a higher risk of having a child with
1830:
1527:
1349:
226:Reciprocal translocations are usually an
3376:Mutation with respect to overall fitness
1649:10.7326/0003-4819-138-10-200305200-00010
1611:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
1409:
1407:
1192:"EuroGentest: Chromosome Translocations"
573:
485:
412:: One of the would-be parents carries a
1746:Chromosomal Instability in Cancer Cells
1476:. Radiation Effects Research Foundation
1180:
1787:
1777:
1311:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 443.
1116:double-strand break in chromosomal DNA
2381:List of organisms by chromosome count
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1284:. Carmel Clay Schools. Archived from
313:to another nonhomologous chromosome.
7:
498:. Each row is vertically aligned at
167:translocation, with two main types:
3439:Modification of genetic information
3106:Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor
445:gene from the Y to the X chromosome
441:: caused by a translocation of the
3301:Mutation with respect to structure
25:
243:chromosome translocations during
2679:22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome
1857:
1562:"44. Hematopoeitic malignancies"
993:Platelet derived growth factor B
873:(formerly CHOP) on chromosome 12
784:("breakpoint cluster region" on
613:lymphocyte-proliferative ability
250:. This can lead to infertility,
128:
36:
3078:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
3021:Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
2949:Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
2611:Chromosome 5q deletion syndrome
2002:Macrochromosome/Microchromosome
1309:Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
552:. See also the definition of a
481:Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
1228:. National Library of Medicine
1110:DNA double-strand break repair
942:Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
679:t(10;(various))(q11;(various))
426:long arm onto the long arm of
64:add the appropriate references
1:
2801:Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY)
2566:1q21.1 copy number variations
1520:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65399-0
1064:Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma
3007:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
2963:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
2655:17q12 microdeletion syndrome
2530:22q11.2 duplication syndrome
2508:16p11.2 duplication syndrome
1723:10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.029
1307:Hartwell, Leland H. (2011).
796:Acute promyelocytic leukemia
765:acute lymphoblastic leukemia
761:Chronic myelogenous leukemia
476:Chronic myelogenous leukemia
466:Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
400:chronic myelogenous leukemia
291:chronic myelogenous leukemia
2574:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
2461:1q21.1 duplication syndrome
1754:10.1007/978-3-319-20291-4_1
317:Robertsonian translocations
301:Nonreciprocal translocation
281:), and those that occur in
78:"Chromosomal translocation"
49:reliable medical references
3455:
3358:Chromosomal translocations
2042:Dinoflagellate chromosomes
1864:Chromosomal translocations
1120:non-homologous end joining
1004:Acute myelogenous leukemia
566:
514:
396:acute myelogenous leukemia
328:Robertsonian translocation
323:Robertsonian translocation
320:
3429:Chromosomal abnormalities
3120:Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
2855:XYYYY syndrome (49,XYYYY)
2821:XXXXY syndrome (49,XXXXY)
2816:XXXYY syndrome (49,XXXYY)
2386:List of sequenced genomes
2154:Chromosomal translocation
2027:A chromosome/B chromosome
2018:(or accessory chromosome)
706:Follicular thyroid cancer
582:
579:
576:
222:Reciprocal translocations
202:. Translocations can be
55:or relies too heavily on
2595:Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
2570:1q21.1 deletion syndrome
2433:Chromosome abnormalities
2208:Telomere-binding protein
2022:Supernumerary chromosome
1147:Chromosome abnormalities
695:Papillary Thyroid Cancer
683:Papillary thyroid cancer
157:chromosome translocation
18:Chromosome translocation
3398:Nearly neutral mutation
2979:Philadelphia chromosome
2850:XYYY syndrome (48,XYYY)
2811:XXXY syndrome (48,XXXY)
2806:XXYY syndrome (48,XXYY)
2691:22q13 deletion syndrome
2466:2q31.1 microduplication
1823:10.1126/science.1246106
1683:Robbins Basic Pathology
1609:Robbins Basic Pathology
1448:Schaffer, Lisa. (2005)
1226:Genetics Home Reference
756:Philadelphia chromosome
295:Philadelphia chromosome
248:chromosomal segregation
210:(where the exchange of
3408:Nonsynonymous mutation
3363:Chromosomal inversions
3265:Mechanisms of mutation
2838:Pentasomy X (49,XXXXX)
2770:Turner syndrome (45,X)
2651:Smith–Magenis syndrome
2647:Miller–Dieker syndrome
2582:1p36 deletion syndrome
2144:Structural alterations
1428:10.1006/geno.2001.6516
958:t(11;22)(q24;q11.2-12)
879:gene on chromosome 16
520:
483:
471:Acute myeloid leukemia
462:order. Abbreviations:
414:balanced translocation
177:chromosome abnormality
148:
3388:Advantageous mutation
3327:Conservative mutation
2845:XYY syndrome (47,XYY)
2833:Tetrasomy X (48,XXXX)
2716:Prader–Willi syndrome
2161:Numerical alterations
2149:Chromosomal inversion
2047:Homologous chromosome
1351:10.1093/humrep/deh232
583:Fused genes/proteins
515:Further information:
489:
457:
142:
3383:Deleterious mutation
3351:Large-scale mutation
2937:Mantle cell lymphoma
2607:Cri du chat syndrome
2369:Extrachromosomal DNA
2057:Satellite chromosome
2032:Lampbrush chromosome
1972:Nuclear organization
1866:at Wikimedia Commons
1014:t(X;18)(p11.2;q11.2)
924:t(1;11)(q42.1;q14.3)
892:TEL on chromosome 12
747:cytosine arabinoside
630:Mantle cell lymphoma
569:Cytogenetic notation
258:with abnormalities.
3403:Synonymous mutation
3337:Frameshift mutation
2923:Follicular lymphoma
2062:Centromere position
2037:Polytene chromosome
2007:Circular chromosome
1817:(6164): 1333–1334.
1717:(9–10): 1075–1081.
1288:on December 1, 2017
1202:on January 24, 2018
1196:www.eurogentest.org
1102:could induce major
721:1) on chromosome 3
656:Follicular lymphoma
580:Associated diseases
532:. The designation
502:level. It shows 22
285:, due to errors in
273:, due to errors in
3162:Uniparental disomy
3157:Fragile X syndrome
3092:Myxoid liposarcoma
2944:t(11 CCND1:14 IGH)
2828:Trisomy X (47,XXX)
2706:genomic imprinting
2486:Distal trisomy 10q
1338:Human Reproduction
1096:Harvard University
866:Myxoid liposarcoma
688:RET proto-oncogene
600:Burkitt's lymphoma
521:
484:
369:uniparental disomy
260:Genetic counseling
233:prenatal diagnosis
149:
3416:
3415:
3371:
3370:
3322:Missense mutation
3317:Nonsense mutation
3224:
3223:
3176:Marker chromosome
3145:
3144:
3038:
3037:
2875:
2874:
2742:
2741:
2712:Angelman syndrome
2667:DiGeorge syndrome
2635:Jacobsen syndrome
2623:Williams syndrome
2399:
2398:
2357:
2356:
2094:Centromere number
2011:Linear chromosome
1862:Media related to
1763:978-3-319-20290-7
1692:978-1-4160-2973-1
1618:978-1-4160-2973-1
1575:978-1-4557-5942-2
1458:978-3-8055-8019-9
1318:978-0-07-352526-6
1260:978-1-118-98152-8
1168:Takifugu rubripes
1083:
1082:
1046:t(17;19)(q22;p13)
1032:Oligodendroglioma
995:on chromosome 22
903:t(11;18)(q21;q21)
898:on chromosome 21
884:t(12;21)(p12;q22)
862:t(12;16)(q13;p11)
857:on chromosome 12
831:on chromosome 15
816:t(12;15)(p13;q25)
792:t(15;17)(q22;q21)
754:t(9;22)(q34;q11)
712:paired box gene 8
672:on chromosome 18,
652:t(14;18)(q32;q21)
637:on chromosome 11,
626:t(11;14)(q13;q32)
137:
136:
113:
16:(Redirected from
3446:
3393:Neutral mutation
3342:Dynamic mutation
3305:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3228:
3167:XX male syndrome
3064:Synovial sarcoma
2941:Multiple myeloma
2909:Burkitt lymphoma
2899:
2886:
2789:other karyotypes
2758:
2540:Cat-eye syndrome
2446:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2403:
2224:
2188:Polyploidization
2016:Extra chromosome
1931:Genetic material
1894:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1861:
1845:
1844:
1834:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1678:
1669:
1668:
1637:Ann. Intern. Med
1632:
1623:
1622:
1604:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1557:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1499:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1411:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1388:. Archived from
1378:
1372:
1371:
1353:
1344:(6): 1345–1351.
1329:
1323:
1322:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1198:. Archived from
1188:
1036:oligoastrocytoma
1028:t(1;19)(q10;p10)
1018:Synovial sarcoma
1000:t(1;12)(q21;p13)
989:on chromosome 17
836:t(9;12)(p24;p13)
825:on chromosome 12
809:on chromosome 17
803:on chromosome 15
743:on chromosome 21
726:t(8;21)(q22;q22)
690:on chromosome 10
607:on chromosome 8,
596:t(8;14)(q24;q32)
574:
439:XX male syndrome
132:
131:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
40:
39:
32:
21:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3367:
3346:
3332:Silent mutation
3296:
3260:
3255:
3225:
3220:
3181:Ring chromosome
3141:
3034:
2967:
2871:
2787:
2774:
2738:
2551:
2450:
2435:
2430:
2400:
2395:
2353:
2260:
2222:
2192:
2181:Paleopolyploidy
2126:
2120:
1976:
1950:Heterochromatin
1913:
1907:
1898:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1786:
1776:
1764:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1693:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1606:
1605:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1559:
1558:
1545:
1501:
1500:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1395:
1393:
1392:on June 4, 2017
1380:
1379:
1375:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1282:"Translocation"
1280:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1133:
1112:
1088:
962:Ewing's sarcoma
938:t(2;5)(p23;q35)
851:on chromosome 9
810:
776:on chromosome 9
744:
737:on chromosome 8
714:on chromosome 2
702:t(2;3)(q13;p25)
673:
665:
658:(~90% of cases)
646:
638:
620:
608:
572:
565:
526:
519:
511:sex chromosomes
478:
473:
468:
463:
452:
404:Ewing's sarcoma
381:
379:Role in disease
325:
319:
303:
297:translocation.
264:genetic testing
224:
133:
129:
124:
118:
115:
72:
61:
57:primary sources
41:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3421:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3309:Point mutation
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3178:
3173:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3117:
3103:
3089:
3075:
3061:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3018:
3004:
2990:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2946:
2934:
2920:
2905:
2903:
2896:
2883:
2881:Translocations
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2755:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2561:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2491:Patau syndrome
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Submetacentric
2069:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2004:
1999:
1998:or heterosome)
1992:Sex chromosome
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1853:
1852:External links
1850:
1847:
1846:
1797:
1788:|journal=
1762:
1736:
1698:
1691:
1670:
1643:(10): 819–30.
1624:
1617:
1588:
1574:
1543:
1514:(5): 1449–52.
1487:
1461:
1441:
1403:
1373:
1324:
1317:
1299:
1273:
1259:
1239:
1213:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1111:
1108:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1001:
997:
996:
990:
984:
979:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
935:
934:
932:
930:
925:
921:
920:
915:
909:
904:
900:
899:
893:
890:
885:
881:
880:
874:
868:
863:
859:
858:
852:
846:
837:
833:
832:
826:
820:
817:
813:
812:
804:
798:
793:
789:
788:
777:
768:
758:
751:
750:
738:
732:
727:
723:
722:
715:
708:
703:
699:
698:
691:
685:
680:
676:
675:
667:
659:
653:
649:
648:
640:
632:
627:
623:
622:
614:
611:fusion protein
602:
597:
593:
592:
589:
585:
584:
581:
578:
564:
561:
525:
522:
451:
448:
447:
446:
432:
431:
417:
407:
380:
377:
373:trisomy rescue
365:nondisjunction
321:Main article:
318:
315:
302:
299:
223:
220:
135:
134:
127:
125:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3451:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3281:Substitution
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3247:
3245:
3240:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:Ewing sarcoma
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2734:Proximal 18q-
2731:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:Down syndrome
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2449:Duplications,
2447:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:and evolution
2123:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2052:Isochromosome
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:Am. J. Pathol
1505:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:S. Karger AG
1451:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1396:September 16,
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1303:
1300:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1163:
1162:Pseudodiploid
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
983:
980:
977:
976:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
957:
956:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
937:
936:
933:
931:
929:
928:Schizophrenia
926:
923:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
908:
907:MALT lymphoma
905:
902:
901:
897:
894:
891:
889:
886:
883:
882:
878:
875:
872:
869:
867:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
850:
847:
845:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
829:TrkC receptor
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
808:
805:
802:
799:
797:
794:
791:
790:
787:
786:chromosome 22
783:
782:
778:
775:
773:
769:
766:
762:
759:
757:
753:
752:
748:
742:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
725:
724:
720:
716:
713:
709:
707:
704:
701:
700:
696:
692:
689:
686:
684:
681:
678:
677:
671:
668:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
650:
644:
641:
636:
633:
631:
628:
625:
624:
618:
615:
612:
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601:
598:
595:
594:
590:
587:
586:
577:Translocation
575:
570:
562:
560:
557:
555:
554:genetic locus
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:t(A;B)(p1;q2)
531:
523:
518:
512:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
482:
477:
472:
467:
461:
456:
450:By chromosome
449:
444:
440:
437:
436:
435:
429:
428:chromosome 14
425:
424:chromosome 21
421:
420:Down syndrome
418:
415:
411:
408:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
385:
384:
378:
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374:
370:
366:
362:
361:Down syndrome
358:
357:chromosome 21
353:
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341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
316:
314:
312:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:somatic cells
280:
279:gametogenesis
277:(i.e. during
276:
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122:
119:December 2011
111:
108:
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94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
69:
65:
59:
58:
54:
50:
45:This article
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
3434:Cytogenetics
3357:
3285:Transversion
2880:
2704:
2578:TAR syndrome
2481:Tetrasomy 9p
2153:
2093:
2061:
1901:Cytogenetics
1814:
1810:
1800:
1745:
1739:
1714:
1710:
1682:
1640:
1636:
1608:
1579:. Retrieved
1565:
1511:
1507:
1478:. Retrieved
1473:
1464:
1449:
1444:
1422:(1): 123–6.
1419:
1415:
1394:. Retrieved
1390:the original
1385:
1376:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1308:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:the original
1276:
1264:. Retrieved
1249:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1225:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:the original
1195:
1166:
1137:Accipitridae
1113:
1089:
779:
771:
694:
558:
550:staining dye
545:
541:
533:
527:
433:
413:
382:
345:
326:
304:
268:
252:miscarriages
240:
227:
225:
207:
203:
198:of affected
192:cytogenetics
185:
173:Robertsonian
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
150:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
53:verification
46:
29:
2867:46,XX/46,XY
2784:tetrasomies
2730:Distal 18q-
2114:Polycentric
2104:Monocentric
2087:Holocentric
2082:Acrocentric
2077:Telocentric
2067:Metacentric
1945:Euchromatin
1905:chromosomes
1581:November 5,
1157:Fusion gene
801:PML protein
530:chromosomes
410:Infertility
336:metacentric
332:acrocentric
188:gene fusion
181:chromosomes
47:needs more
3423:Categories
3290:Transition
2862:45,X/46,XY
2762:Monosomies
2535:Trisomy 22
2513:Trisomy 18
2503:Trisomy 16
2451:including
2266:Centromere
2197:Structures
2176:Polyploidy
2166:Aneuploidy
1967:Nucleosome
1957:Chromosome
1711:DNA Repair
1175:References
1142:Aneuploidy
987:Collagen I
609:gives the
538:chromosome
524:Denotation
504:homologous
500:centromere
371:14 due to
311:chromosome
271:germ cells
241:unbalanced
212:chromosome
208:unbalanced
169:reciprocal
165:unbalanced
145:chromosome
89:newspapers
3272:Insertion
2780:Trisomies
2557:Deletions
2476:Trisomy 9
2471:Trisomy 8
2453:trisomies
2441:Autosomal
2218:Protamine
2125:Processes
2109:Dicentric
1962:Chromatid
1940:Chromatin
1921:Karyotype
1790:ignored (
1780:cite book
1360:1460-2350
1206:March 29,
1100:radiation
1094:, at the
1090:In 1938,
635:cyclin D1
517:Karyotype
507:autosomal
496:G banding
492:karyotype
460:karyogram
340:karyotype
309:from one
293:with the
196:karyotype
3277:Deletion
3258:Mutation
2902:Lymphoid
2894:lymphoma
2890:Leukemia
2362:See also
2204:Telomere
2171:Euploidy
2099:Acentric
1996:allosome
1988:Autosome
1914:concepts
1841:24337287
1772:26376870
1731:16798112
1665:25865321
1657:12755554
1538:10329598
1480:June 30,
1436:11352574
1416:Genomics
1382:"Causes"
1368:15117905
1292:March 2,
1266:July 15,
1232:July 15,
1131:See also
1092:Karl Sax
978:t(17;22)
749:therapy
717:PPARÎł1 (
392:leukemia
256:children
228:exchange
204:balanced
161:balanced
153:genetics
3130:) t (1
2997:RUNX1T1
2972:Myeloid
2793:mosaics
2374:Plasmid
2228:Histone
2139:Meiosis
2134:Mitosis
1832:3961821
1811:Science
1529:1866594
1474:rerf.jp
1104:genetic
1086:History
1078:CREB3L1
1074:CREB3L2
914:(API-2)
763:(CML),
710:PAX8 –
591:Second
479:DFSP –
287:mitosis
275:meiosis
245:meiotic
237:gametes
103:scholar
68:removed
3082:COL1A1
2754:linked
1935:Genome
1926:Ploidy
1839:
1829:
1770:
1760:
1729:
1689:
1663:
1655:
1615:
1572:
1536:
1526:
1456:
1434:
1386:nhs.uk
1366:
1358:
1315:
1257:
1152:DbCRID
1125:genome
490:Human
474:CML –
469:AML –
464:ALL –
388:Cancer
171:, and
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
3150:Other
3136:FOXO1
3134:; 13
3128:FOXO1
3126:; 13
3112:; 22
3108:t(11
3098:; 16
3096:DDIT3
3094:t(12
3086:PDGFB
3080:t(17
3056:; 22
3052:t(11
3043:Other
3025:RBM15
3009:t(15
3001:RUNX1
2985:; 22
2925:t(14
2212:TINF2
1981:Types
1912:Basic
1661:S2CID
912:BIRC3
871:DDIT3
807:RAR-α
767:(ALL)
693:PTC (
670:Bcl-2
605:c-myc
588:First
307:genes
239:with
216:genes
200:cells
194:or a
110:JSTOR
96:books
3132:PAX7
3124:PAX3
3122:t(2
3084:;22
3070:;18
3066:t(x
3054:FLI1
3029:MKL1
3027:;22
3023:t(1
3015:RARA
3013:,17
2999:;21
2995:t(8
2981:t(9
2957:NPM1
2951:t(2
2931:BCL2
2929:;18
2915:;14
2911:t(8
1994:(or
1837:PMID
1792:help
1768:PMID
1758:ISBN
1727:PMID
1687:ISBN
1653:PMID
1613:ISBN
1583:2012
1570:ISBN
1534:PMID
1482:2014
1454:ISBN
1432:PMID
1398:2023
1364:PMID
1356:ISSN
1313:ISBN
1294:2009
1268:2020
1255:ISBN
1234:2020
1208:2019
1034:and
982:DFSP
967:FLI1
952:NPM1
896:AML1
774:gene
772:Abl1
741:AML1
662:IGH@
643:IGH@
617:IGH@
398:and
350:and
262:and
163:and
82:news
51:for
3114:EWS
3110:WT1
3100:FUS
3072:SSX
3068:SYT
3058:EWS
3011:PML
2987:BCR
2983:ABL
2955:;5
2953:ALK
2927:IGH
2917:IGH
2913:MYC
2246:H2B
2241:H2A
1827:PMC
1819:doi
1815:342
1750:doi
1719:doi
1645:doi
1641:138
1524:PMC
1516:doi
1512:154
1424:doi
1346:doi
1076:or
1069:FUS
1050:ALL
972:EWS
947:ALK
918:MLT
888:ALL
877:FUS
855:TEL
849:JAK
844:ALL
840:CML
823:TEL
781:BCR
735:ETO
443:SRY
254:or
218:).
151:In
3425::
3214:22
3212:,
3210:21
3208:;
3206:20
3204:;
3202:18
3200:;
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3192:;
3188:;
2720:15
2696:22
2684:22
2672:22
2660:17
2640:11
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2545:22
2523:21
2496:13
2289:C2
2284:C1
2256:H4
2251:H3
2236:H1
2206::
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1835:.
1825:.
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1784::
1782:}}
1778:{{
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