317:, which roughly means "shepherds' plays", are theatrical works performed by both amateur and professional groups during the Christmas season. The first pastorela in the New World occurred in the early 1700s with the establishment of early Spanish missions. Its origins are unknown, other than that it was orally passed down in Spain during Europe's Medieval period. In 1718, the Spanish settled along the San Antonio River and established a mission, forcing Native American inhabitants into new settlements adjacent to the church. The original purpose of these performances was to aid in Catholic conversion of the Native Americans. Soon afterward, there was a Spanish military settlement established across the river. In 1731, a group of Spanish colonists from the Canary Islands settled near these two communities, also along the river. These three communities then formed what is now known as the area of San Antonio.
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this play. He often carries crosses made of corn cobs and constantly teases the audience. The shepherds and hermit fall asleep and are tempted by the Devil, also known as Luzbel, and his demons, who eventually try to lure him to Hell instead of to baby Jesus. The shepherds are unable to see the devils, but the hermit carries a rosary that allows him to see them. The
Archangel challenges the Devils, defeating them and driving them back into the inferno. The shepherds finally reach Jesus, and the congregation joins them in a hymn to praise the birth of Jesus.
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multi-tiered bases. Over this base, moss, sawdust, sand, colored paper, paint, and more are used to recreate deserts, grassland, rivers, and lakes. Over these, a wide variety of structures and figures are placed that can include houses, churches, wells, vendors with carts of fruits and vegetables, playing children, musicians, dancers, cooking food, and more, all surrounding the center, in which is the Holy Family. The nativity scene of the main church in
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Poinsettias were cherished because indigenous people believed they were a symbol of fallen warriors receiving new life, who they believed returned as hummingbirds to drink the nectar of these flowers. A modern
Mexican legend says that the poinsettia was once a weed that miraculously turned into a beautiful flower so that a child could present it to the infant Jesus. The name for this plant is also used to refer to a
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a gift of sweets or small toys in memory of the children killed by Herod with the note saying "Innocent little dove who allowed yourself to be deceived, knowing that on this day, nothing should be lent." This then developed into a day of pranks in general. This even includes newspapers printing false wild stories on that day. This has also been celebrated online in recent years.
234:. It is generally set up by December 12, left on display until February 2, and is found in homes and churches. Nativity scenes were introduced to Mexico in the early colonial period when the first Mexican monks taught the Indigenous people to carve the figures. The basic setup is similar to those in other parts of the world, with a focus on the
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to avoid the arrival of Christ. It is also said that on this day, one must can borrow any item and not have to return it. In the 19th century, elaborate ruses would be concocted to get the gullible to lend things on this day. If successful, the victorious prankster would send a note to the lender and
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Originally descended from medieval Spain, this play is performed entirely in
Spanish. It was not until the mid-1900s that a translator was used, and it was not until 1913 that performances of Los Pastores made their way to Texas. "Between 1893 and 1953, at least one hundred twenty-five copies of this
176:. Santa Claus, depicted in his traditional red winter clothing, appears as well. Before Christmas Day, it is not uncommon to see stands with Santa Claus. Parents take advantage of this opportunity to take memorable pictures of their kids. After Christmas Day, these stands have one or more "Wise Men".
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In Oaxaca, a major event is the feast day of the patroness of the state, the Virgin of
Solitude, on December 18. She is honored with precessions called calendas, with allegorical floats and costumes. The traditional food for this is called buñuelos, a fried pastry covered in sugar. In coastal areas,
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started as a medium by which the
Evangelists used to teach Christian beliefs to the natives. The traditional star-shaped piñata is broken by children during the Posadas. Like the procession, the Mexican piñata has a symbolic and didactic meaning. The vessel represents Satan, who has all the goods of
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New Year's Eve falls during this time as well. It is celebrated much like most of the rest of the world with some exceptions. One notable tradition is the eating of twelve grapes rapidly along with the twelve chimes of the clock at midnight (a tradition shared with other Latin countries), to bring
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is considered to be a nativity play that has been performed on
Christmas Eve since the first recorded performance in 1721. In the play, the shepherds meet Michael the Archangel for the first time and begin their journey to meet Jesus. Along the way, they encounter a hermit, the comedic character in
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covering the base. The scene is missing the figure of Child Jesus until
Christmas Eve. Although all the other figures are generally proportional to the rest of the scene, the figure of Jesus is much larger – almost that of a life-sized baby. This figure is not only central to the nativity scene but
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The rehearsal process for this play was not consistent; the time participants spent sharing stories and making memories was the most important aspect of putting on these shows. The final product of the production was not seen as having great importance in this community. These are not professional
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began a celebration of
Christmas with a late-night Mass. The name comes from the tradition that the birth of Christ was announced by the crowing of a rooster. The celebration became popular among the newly converted Indigenous people as it included elements from the old celebrations for the Aztec
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Las
Posadas generally serves as a way to maintain community bonds with the neighborhood. In one variation, the procession arrives at a house and divides in two. One half remains outside and sings a traditional song to ask for shelter. The other sings the response from inside, and the ritual ends
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is celebrated on
February 2, as it commemorates the presentation of Child Jesus to the temple. On this day, people bring their images of Child Jesus to be blessed. These are elaborately dressed, traditionally in christening gowns, but many other costumes have since appeared as well. Afterwards,
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Today, they are usually performed in rural areas and the lower-class neighborhoods of cities. The first part consists of a procession. The most traditional version involves heading out after dark each of the nine evenings from a local church. A girl and boy are chosen to play Mary and Joseph in
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Many children get presents from both Santa Claus and the Wise Men, although they tend to get more from the Wise Men because "there are three of them". Public Christmas celebrations mix Mexican and foreign traditions. Mexico City sponsors a Christmas season display in the city's main square (or
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Since the second half of the 20th century, Mexico has adopted a number of German and U.S. Christmas traditions. Christmas trees were originally imported into Mexico for the expatriate community, but have since become more popular with the Mexican population, often placed with more traditional
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Starting in December, residential units, homes, and buildings are decorated with poinsettias named "Noche Buena" (from the Spanish phrase that means "good night" referring to Christmas Eve). In the pre-Hispanic period, they were called "Cuetlaxochitl", and were appreciated in the mid-winter.
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Nativity scenes can be found in all sizes and complexities. Large-scale nativity scenes can be quite elaborate, with multiple landscapes and even entire villages. These usually start with a base of sturdy brown paper, which is crumpled to simulate a landscape, sometimes with the support of
273:. From late November into December, the Tonalá market has dozens of stalls that sell nothing but supplies for nativity scenes. In addition to the more usual figures, Mexican nativity scenes have a number of several unique ones. These include native Mexican plants and animals such as
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productions, and the main focus is to simply have the community come together to tell the story of Jesus. The script of the play is often improvised by the actors and varies immensely. It can include elements such as jokes, jeers, slang, songs, bawdy humor, discussions, cigarettes,
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Another variation of this is sending the note in a helium balloon into the sky. Inside is a thoughtful note explaining why they have been good or bad that year and the gifts they would like if deemed worthy. In the morning after opening the presents, a round sweet bread called a
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The Christmas season in Mexico runs from December 12 to January 6, with one final celebration on February 1. Christmas traditions incorporate remnants of indigenous practices, customs from Spain, novel Mexican inventions from the colonial period, and later elements from the
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The area in and around the basilica begins to crowd with lights, fireworks, and Indigenous people dancing around dusk on December 11 and goes on all night and into the next day. The image of the Virgin Mary is honored in all of Mexico in various ways. In the
393:, with people coming to pay respects by all means of transportation, from airplanes to bicycles to walking. This pilgrimage is undertaken by a large number of Mexican Catholics, regardless of race or class. For example, every year, hundreds of members of the
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costume, sometimes with Mary riding a donkey. The rest of the procession carries candles, paper lanterns and/or decorated staves, and often an empty manger. If no one is dressed as Mary and Joseph, the procession generally carries a nativity scene.
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at churches. These traditions were formed from influences in both the pre-Hispanic period and Mexico's colonial period, thus incorporating indigenous and Spanish practices. There are also a few influences from both Germany and the United States.
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is served. It is baked with dried fruit and tiny images of the infant Jesus inside. Whoever gets one of these figures in their slice must pay for tamales for Candlemas on February 2. The rosca is served with tamales and atole.
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Hinojosa, Gilberto M. (2003-12-01). "Reviewed work: La emigración de San Luis Potosí a Estados Unidos: Pasado y presente (Immigration from San Luis Potosí to the United States: Past and Present), Fernando Saúl Alanis Enciso".
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Christmas presents are usually opened at the stroke of midnight. The rest of Christmas Day is quiet in Mexico as families recuperate from the festivities of the night before, often eating leftovers from the midnight dinner.
543:, with potatoes and often dried shrimp. The most luxurious item on the menu used to be a suckling pig but this has mostly been replaced by turkey or ham. After dinner, adults drink ponche or cider and children play with
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At the time, there were three social classes across the San Antonio region; Elite Spanish settlers, middle-class Mexican families, and poor Mexican workers. The emergence of social classes is vital to understanding the
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the world, decorated to attract people. There are most traditionally seven points to represent the seven cardinal sins. The stick represents the Christian faith to defeat evil and release the treasure for all.
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arrived to visit Child Jesus bearing gifts. On the night of January 5, children traditionally leave a shoe by the doorway where the Wise Men will enter, although this is not done in all parts of Mexico.
704:, changes "hosts" or the family that will take care of the over 400-year-old image for the year. In the Nativitas section of the borough, there is a parade of the Wise Men, sometimes with real camels.
689:). Oversized radishes are carved into elaborate figures. Originally, these were for nativity scenes but today there is a major competition in which the vegetables are carved in all kinds of figures.
238:, surrounded by angels, shepherds, and animals. The figures are sheltered by a portal that can take the shape of a cave, stone house, or cabin. Above the scene is a star, often with LED lights.
199:) with popular songs including: "Los pastores a Belén"; "Riu, riu, chiu: El lobo rabioso"; and "Los peces en el río". Contemporary music includes Spanish covers of foreign music, such as "
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Traditional figures are made from ceramic or plaster. One of the more traditional areas that produce ceramic figures for nativity scenes is the Guadalajara area, especially the towns of
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play relating to Christ's nativity have been discovered in the American Southwest and Mexico". They were originally developed as a didactic tool to teach the Christmas story.
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to the Virgin Mary in a midnight concert, which features many Mexican singers. Masses are held not just in the Basilica but also in all community parishes within Mexico.
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luck for each of the months of the coming year. Fireworks are common and in very rural areas, the festivities may also include shots fired in the air. In some parts of
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is observed from December 12 to January 6, with one additional celebration on February 2. Traditional decorations displayed on this holiday include nativity scenes,
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and turkeys, women making tortillas, fish in a river (a reference to a popular Mexican carol), a crowing rooster (a reference to Christmas Eve), and even images of
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nativity scenes. Christmas trees have become more common as household incomes rise and tree prices fall, with artificial trees easily available from stores like
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At the end of a posada, guests receive a small gift called an aguinaldo, usually a package with cookies, dried and fresh fruit, and candy. Then, carols called
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begins in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe, which ends on her feast day of December 12. The most important event related to this time is the pilgrimage to her
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with everyone inside. The other variation has the procession go to three houses singing, two of which "reject" the party until the third house accepts.
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523:. What follows is a late-night Mass called the Mass of the Rooster. It originated about six years after the arrival of the Spanish when Father
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Flores, Richard R. Los Pastores: History and Performance in the Mexican Shepherds' Play of South Texas. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1995.
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is now a large industry. Less-fortunate families that cannot afford live trees often seek small artificial trees, branches, or shrubs.
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to teach the Christmas story to the Indigenous people and ostensibly to supplant the rituals related to the birth of the god
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tradition; it took place around the time of the arrival of white settlers who possessed the ideal of manifest destiny.
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Part of a nativity scene from the Church of the Company of Jesus in the city of Oaxaca. Joseph and Mary are dressed in
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Pearce, Thomas Mathews. "The New Mexican Shepherds' Play." Perspectives in Mexican American Studies 1 (1988): 17-32.
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441:). For many children, this is the most anticipated part of the Christmas season. The tradition was begun by Spanish
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Following the Mass, there is a traditional midnight feast. Traditional dishes include bacalao, reconstituted dried
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at the church to be blessed. In the very early morning hours of the 12th, the shrine resounds with the singing of
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are sung. A very old tradition has the song sung to the nativity scene, which includes the newborn Child Jesus.
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cooked with onions, tomato sauce, olives, and more. Another is revoltijo de romerito, which is green in a
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tamales and atole are shared, purchased by the people who found the miniature Jesus images on January 6.
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Meacham, Bradley (November 30, 2000). "Christmas Tree Farms Turn to Mexico As Demand Slips in U.S.".
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and nativity scenes, as well as Christmas trees, ornaments, electric lights, and reindeer figures.
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The most traditional of these plays are found in rural areas. Variations exist, from a focus on
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Cevallos, Diego (December 6, 2003). "Mexico: One million return home for Christmas from U.S.".
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In the city of Oaxaca, on December 23, there is a unique event called La Noche de los Rabanos (
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is also important to a tradition of bringing the figure to church on February 2 to be blessed.
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Girl with balloon and note to send to the Three Wise Men on the night before Three Kings' Day
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her image is often brought to shore by boat, accompanied by other boats with brass bands.
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called Día de los Tres Reyes Magos (Three Kings' Day). This day celebrates when the
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and the Devil, and registering with authorities. Some also contain feminist themes.
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version usually includes milk, sugar, orange leaves, vanilla, and grated coconut.
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43:) is native to Mexico and is widely used as a decoration during Christmas time.
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such as fireworks, torches, sparklers and plays along with food, and dancing.
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From December 16 to 24, there are a series of processions and parties called
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Preston, Julia (November 8, 1997). "Mexico City: Day of the Three Kings".
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During Christmas, it is common to hear both traditional and contemporary
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1291:"Colonia japonesa en México visita Guadalupe en 54º peregrinación anual"
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has featured imagery from all over the world including wooden shoes, an
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In 2009, Mexico hosted the world's largest Christmas tree, according to
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Pearce, T. M. (April 1956). "The New Mexican "Shepherds' Play"".
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Part of the monumental nativity in the Vasco de Quiroga Plaza in
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The Christmas season begins with celebrations in honor of the
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The most traditional and important Navidad decoration is the
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community (which is mainly Catholic) make the pilgrimage in
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There are various regional Christmas season traditions. In
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Overview of the role and celebration of Christmas in Mexico
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to hide in the shadows (a reference to the pastorelas).
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Flagg, Ann (1999). "Los Posadas, Christmas in Mexico".
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After piñatas, there is a meal which usually includes
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which is only available during the Christmas season.
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94:Altar of the Saint Augustinus Church in
18:
1392:Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal
997:"Feliz navidad: Making merry in Mexico"
995:Hoyt Palfrey, Dale (December 1, 1997).
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
770:
2896:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1460:Natalicio de José Ma. Morelos y Pavón
7:
662:Regional Christmas season traditions
391:basilica in the north of Mexico City
1027:Knight Ridder Tribune Business News
559:December 28 is Mexico's version of
163:Christmas tree production in Mexico
14:
1079:Dumois, Luis (December 1, 1998).
3560:
3527:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3317:
3316:
2772:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
2667:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
1344:
728:
714:
607:
593:
377:Feast of the Virgin of Guadalupe
1456:Consumación de la Independencia
924:King, Judy (December 1, 1999).
507:Christmas Eve and Christmas Day
2752:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
2681:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
2064:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1843:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1059:. New York. December 19, 2011.
1:
3756:Religious festivals in Mexico
2703:Christmas television specials
2602:The New Oxford Book of Carols
1689:Annunciation to the shepherds
1521:Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe
1277:Weekend All Things Considered
1029:. Washington, D.C. p. 1.
584:
429:Breaking a piñata at a Posada
191:. Traditional music includes
2757:Christmas and holiday season
1534:Dia de los Santos Inocentes
1437:Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo
1427:Heroica Defensa de Veracruz
1293:. Aciprensa. Archived from
1165:Journal of American History
1044:. Madrid. December 6, 2009.
585:Three Kings' Day (Epiphany)
345:Rehearsals and performances
3777:
1669:Adoration of the Shepherds
1518:Día de los Fieles Difuntos
1373:Natalicio de Benito Juárez
874:Global Information Network
676:African identity in Mexico
86:Christmas season in Mexico
79:images of Jesus as a child
3702:
3669:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3558:
3365:Christmas in the Americas
3312:
2913:WWE Tribute to the Troops
2674:A Visit from St. Nicholas
2595:The Oxford Book of Carols
2171:Feast of the Seven Fishes
1734:Massacre of the Innocents
1583:
1465:Descubrimiento de América
1351:Public holidays in Mexico
1083:. Mexconnect newsletter.
999:. Mexconnect newsletter.
928:. Mexconnect newsletter.
754:Public holidays in Mexico
519:The last posada is early
102:, decorated for Christmas
3689:Turks and Caicos Islands
2715:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
759:Mexican Christmas dishes
77:and the presentation of
3761:Winter events in Mexico
2877:Small Business Saturday
2747:Black Friday (shopping)
2742:Black Friday (partying)
2236:Nine Lessons and Carols
2166:Events and celebrations
1514:Día de Todos los Santos
1481:Día de los Santos Reyes
1452:Día de los Niños Héroes
1275:"Christmas in Mexico".
859:New York Times Magazine
3604:British Virgin Islands
2521:Post-War United States
1369:Día de la Constitución
876:. New York. p. 1.
833:. 10/11 (12/1): 82–85.
516:
430:
369:, battles between the
306:
262:
227:
149:
103:
44:
28:
3517:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2570:Hit singles in the US
2565:Hit singles in the UK
2126:Carols by Candlelight
2054:Santa Claus' daughter
1662:Adoration of the Magi
687:Night of the Radishes
514:
428:
304:
252:
214:
144:
93:
34:
22:
2862:Santa's Candy Castle
2186:Google Santa Tracker
1388:Día de la Revolución
1383:Día de Independencia
861:. 6 (part 2) (8): 2.
555:Los Santos Inocentes
541:mole or pepita sauce
136:dark bock-style beer
3751:Christmas in Mexico
3694:U.S. Virgin Islands
3537:Trinidad and Tobago
3382:Antigua and Barbuda
2867:Santa Claus Village
2782:Christmas Mountains
2688:Journey of the Magi
1694:Baptism of the Lord
1486:Día de San Valentín
1297:on 19 December 2014
1207:"History of Mexico"
736:Christianity portal
571:
437:(from the word for
383:Virgin of Guadalupe
174:Paseo de la Reforma
120:traditional markets
73:is celebrated with
56:Virgin of Guadalupe
48:Christmas in Mexico
3447:Dominican Republic
2977:Twelve-dish supper
2827:Jews and Christmas
2777:Christmas Lectures
2506:American Civil War
2241:NORAD Tracks Santa
1617:Saint Nicholas Day
1505:Día del estudiante
1358:Statutory holidays
749:Religion in Mexico
517:
431:
307:
263:
228:
150:
104:
45:
29:
3738:
3737:
3332:
3331:
3308:
3307:
2972:Thirteen desserts
2892:Virginia O'Hanlon
2737:Advent Conspiracy
2651:Films (Christmas,
2643:A Christmas Carol
2588:Carols for Choirs
2131:Cavalcade of Magi
2111:Boar's Head Feast
1780:Star of Bethlehem
1751:Nativity of Jesus
1739:flight into Egypt
1624:St. Stephen's Day
1541:
1540:
1496:Día de las Madres
1417:Día de la Bandera
959:Instructor (1999)
744:Culture of Mexico
371:Archangel Michael
257:, displaying the
147:city of Chihuahua
3768:
3659:Saint Barthélemy
3619:Falkland Islands
3564:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3336:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3155:Redcurrant sauce
2944:
2938:
2933:
2907:Winter festivals
2657:Christmas horror
2624:
2535:
2366:
2221:Meals and feasts
2141:Christmas jumper
2088:
2059:Santa's reindeer
2011:
1957:Father Christmas
1921:
1878:Santa's workshop
1799:
1761:in later culture
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1577:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1447:Grito de Dolores
1442:Día de la Marina
1412:Día del Ejército
1349:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1314:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
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1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:Herrera-Sobek 17
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1171:(3): 1109–1110.
1159:
1153:
1152:
1134:
1111:Western Folklore
1106:
1100:
1099:
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1076:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1042:EFE News Service
1037:
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826:
738:
733:
732:
724:
719:
718:
717:
611:
597:
561:April Fools' Day
395:Japanese Mexican
197:Christmas carols
62:and Pastorelas.
25:Oaxacan clothing
3776:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3741:
3740:
3739:
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3712:Central America
3698:
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3565:
3556:
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3366:
3363:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3304:
3270:Pickled herring
3243:
3212:
3159:
3150:Cranberry sauce
3133:
3112:
3088:Red velvet cake
3073:Poppy seed roll
2991:
2942:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2902:White Christmas
2792:Christmas truce
2787:Christmas seals
2767:Christmas creep
2729:
2727:
2721:
2622:
2616:
2533:
2527:
2364:
2358:
2211:Lord of Misrule
2146:Christmas Peace
2096:Advent calendar
2086:
2080:
2029:Knecht Ruprecht
2009:
2007:
2001:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1714:Herod the Great
1649:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1542:
1537:
1501:Día del Maestro
1469:
1400:
1378:Día del Trabajo
1353:
1345:
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1341:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1298:
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1177:10.2307/3661033
1161:
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1123:10.2307/1497481
1108:
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1103:
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772:
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664:
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612:
603:
602:
601:
598:
587:
574:
557:
530:Huitzilopochtli
509:
447:Huitzilopochtli
423:
379:
347:
335:
312:
299:
209:
207:Nativity scenes
189:Christmas music
88:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3774:
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3674:Sint Eustatius
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3609:Cayman Islands
3606:
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3201:Smoking Bishop
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2999:
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2935:
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2899:
2889:
2884:
2882:Super Saturday
2879:
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2864:
2859:
2854:
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2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Giving Tuesday
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Christmas club
2759:
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2733:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
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2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:Piae Cantiones
2605:
2598:
2591:
2581:
2575:Music charts (
2572:
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2562:
2557:
2552:
2551:
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2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2044:Père Fouettard
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2010:Saint Nicholas
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1962:Grandpa Indian
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1930:Saint Nicholas
1926:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Old Man Winter
1865:
1860:
1855:
1853:Miner's figure
1850:
1845:
1840:
1838:Kallikantzaros
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1768:Nativity scene
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
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1644:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1603:Children's Day
1599:
1592:
1589:Blue Christmas
1584:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1539:
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1535:
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1527:
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1488:
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1477:
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1471:
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1468:
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1462:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1405:Civic holidays
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1342:
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1339:
1332:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1308:
1282:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1198:
1154:
1101:
1062:
1047:
1032:
1017:
968:
946:
879:
864:
836:
769:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
756:
751:
746:
740:
739:
725:
709:
706:
663:
660:
651:
648:
634:Three Wise Men
620:rosca de reyes
613:
606:
605:
604:
599:
592:
591:
590:
589:
588:
586:
583:
573:
572:New Year's Eve
570:
556:
553:
525:Pedro de Gante
508:
505:
422:
419:
407:city of Oaxaca
378:
375:
346:
343:
334:
331:
311:
308:
298:
295:
232:nativity scene
208:
205:
96:Miguel Hidalgo
87:
84:
71:Three Wise Men
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3773:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3731:
3730:
3729:South America
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:North America
3705:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
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3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
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3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:French Guiana
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
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3563:
3553:
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3542:United States
3540:
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3533:
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3528:
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3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:Meat and fish
3246:
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3227:
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3222:
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3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Hot chocolate
3184:
3182:
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3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
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3136:
3130:
3127:
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415:Las Mañanitas
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365:'s travel to
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68:
67:Christmas Eve
63:
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57:
53:
49:
42:
38:
33:
26:
21:
3727:
3679:Sint Maarten
3664:Saint Martin
3571:Dependencies
3491:
3260:Gefilte fish
3208:Ponche crema
3043:Melomakarono
2911:
2802:Cyber Monday
2707:
2672:
2641:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2583:Music books
2576:
2445:
2414:Nazi Germany
2306:
2302:Secret Santa
2289:
2176:Flying Santa
1883:Tió de Nadal
1833:Korvatunturi
1684:Annunciation
1650:Christianity
1631:Sol Invictus
1491:Día del Niño
1395:
1299:. Retrieved
1295:the original
1285:
1276:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1201:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1132:10150/624783
1117:(2): 77–88.
1114:
1110:
1104:
1094:November 30,
1092:. Retrieved
1056:
1050:
1041:
1035:
1026:
1020:
1010:November 30,
1008:. Retrieved
962:
958:
939:November 30,
937:. Retrieved
873:
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549:
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338:Los Pastores
337:
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314:
313:
283:
264:
243:Spanish moss
240:
229:
215:
201:Jingle Bells
186:
178:
167:
151:
132:
117:
105:
64:
47:
46:
36:
3649:Puerto Rico
3576:territories
3522:Saint Lucia
3457:El Salvador
3275:Roast goose
3196:Mulled wine
3176:Champurrado
3171:Apple cider
3145:Bread sauce
3098:Szaloncukor
3078:Pumpkin pie
3028:Gingerbread
2982:Smörgåsbord
2623:Other media
2461:Philippines
2451:New Zealand
2334:Twelve Days
2291:Räuchermann
2246:Nutcrackers
2196:Las Posadas
2156:Decorations
2136:Christingle
2076:Zwarte Piet
2071:Snegurochka
1992:Sinterklaas
1942:Santa Claus
1525:Las Posadas
1474:Festivities
1301:19 December
1057:PR Newswire
698:Mexico City
696:borough of
672:Tlacotalpan
501:villancicos
443:evangelists
435:Las Posadas
421:Las Posadas
275:nopal cacti
271:Tlaquepaque
236:Holy Family
220:Child Jesus
193:villancicos
128:poinsettias
100:Mexico City
60:Las Posadas
52:poinsettias
3745:Categories
3644:Montserrat
3639:Martinique
3634:Guadeloupe
3432:Costa Rica
3003:Candy cane
2952:Joulupöytä
2852:Pikkujoulu
2516:New Mexico
2365:By country
2339:Wassailing
2280:Poinsettia
2087:Traditions
2039:Mrs. Claus
2019:Belsnickel
1972:Julemanden
1967:Joulupukki
1898:Wenceslaus
1863:North Pole
1828:Jack Frost
1818:Christkind
1773:Neapolitan
1596:Boxing Day
1530:Nochebuena
1216:2019-12-20
765:References
694:Xochimilco
565:King Herod
490:piloncillo
411:Juan Diego
323:Pastorales
41:poinsettia
37:Nochebuena
3717:Caribbean
3629:Greenland
3552:Venezuela
3497:Nicaragua
3467:Guatemala
3387:Argentina
3372:Sovereign
3290:Tourtière
3280:Romeritos
3217:Dumplings
3164:Beverages
3068:Pecan pie
3058:Panettone
3053:Pampushka
3048:Mince pie
3023:Fruitcake
2967:Réveillon
2847:NFL games
2842:NBA games
2837:In August
2807:Economics
2577:Billboard
2431:Indonesia
2374:Australia
2349:Yule goat
2324:Stockings
2258:Ornaments
1987:Père Noël
1982:Olentzero
1977:Noel Baba
1952:Ded Moroz
1908:Yule Lads
1848:Mari Lwyd
1699:Bethlehem
1576:Christmas
1365:Año Nuevo
1265:Flores 24
1185:0021-8723
1141:0043-373X
1089:1028-9089
1005:1028-9089
934:1028-9089
655:Candlemas
650:Candlemas
545:sparklers
367:Bethlehem
333:The story
315:Pastorela
297:Pastorela
255:Pátzcuaro
216:Niño Dios
195:(akin to
75:Candlemas
3584:Anguilla
3532:Suriname
3507:Paraguay
3482:Honduras
3442:Dominica
3427:Colombia
3397:Barbados
3323:Category
3294:meat pie
3285:Stuffing
3239:Varenyky
3108:Yule log
3083:Qurabiya
2957:Julebord
2930:Food and
2857:SantaCon
2822:El Gordo
2709:Yule Log
2481:Scotland
2394:Ethiopia
2379:Colombia
2354:Yule log
2308:Spanbaum
2285:Pyramids
2151:Crackers
2049:Sack Man
1935:folklore
1903:Yule cat
1808:Badalisc
1798:folklore
1709:Epiphany
1229:Flores 1
965:(4): 38.
708:See also
668:Alvarado
630:Epiphany
579:Veracruz
482:tejocote
478:buñuelos
170:Guinness
124:Tianguis
122:and new
3614:Curaçao
3599:Bonaire
3594:Bermuda
3547:Uruguay
3487:Jamaica
3462:Grenada
3452:Ecuador
3407:Bolivia
3392:Bahamas
3229:Pierogi
3224:Hallaca
3129:Borscht
3093:Stollen
3063:Pavlova
3038:Makówki
3018:Cozonac
2987:Wigilia
2872:Scrooge
2832:In July
2730:society
2662:Poetry
2496:Ukraine
2471:Romania
2436:Ireland
2426:Iceland
2421:Hungary
2409:Germany
2399:Finland
2389:England
2384:Denmark
2344:Windows
2275:Piñatas
2263:Parades
2216:Markets
2201:Letters
2191:Hampers
2034:Krampus
1873:Perchta
1813:Caganer
1396:Navidad
1211:HISTORY
1193:3661033
1149:1497481
692:In the
470:tamales
352:tequila
310:History
287:Chapala
279:Lucifer
226:costume
224:Tzotzil
155:Walmart
113:Germany
3502:Panama
3492:Mexico
3472:Guyana
3417:Canada
3412:Brazil
3402:Belize
3374:states
3300:Turkey
3234:Tamale
3191:Kissel
3181:Eggnog
3138:Sauces
3124:Menudo
3103:Turrón
3013:Cookie
2996:Sweets
2962:Kūčios
2943:Dinner
2817:Grinch
2728:modern
2695:Tomten
2654:Santa,
2637:novels
2555:Operas
2543:Carols
2511:Hawaii
2491:Sweden
2486:Serbia
2476:Russia
2466:Poland
2456:Norway
2446:Mexico
2404:France
2319:Stamps
2314:Szopka
2206:Lights
2161:Didukh
1997:Others
1947:Befana
1893:Vertep
1756:in art
1724:Joseph
1674:Advent
1191:
1183:
1147:
1139:
1087:
1003:
932:
702:Niñopa
528:deity
494:Colima
462:piñata
399:kimono
387:novena
363:Joseph
267:Tonalá
182:Zocalo
159:Costco
3589:Aruba
3477:Haiti
3422:Chile
3033:Kutia
2932:drink
2560:Songs
2534:Music
2441:Italy
2297:Seals
2251:dolls
2181:Gifts
2121:Cards
2024:Elves
1888:Turoń
1858:Nisse
1823:Grýla
1719:Jesus
1189:JSTOR
1145:JSTOR
643:rosca
616:rosca
486:guava
474:atole
291:igloo
3654:Saba
3574:and
3512:Peru
3437:Cuba
3255:Carp
3117:Soup
3008:Cake
2919:Xmas
2548:list
2329:Tree
2268:list
1729:Mary
1638:Yule
1303:2014
1181:ISSN
1137:ISSN
1096:2012
1085:ISSN
1012:2012
1001:ISSN
941:2012
930:ISSN
670:and
460:The
361:and
359:Mary
269:and
111:and
35:The
3265:Ham
1795:In
1173:doi
1127:hdl
1119:doi
963:110
618:or
537:cod
439:inn
203:".
65:On
3747::
2898:")
2894:("
2726:In
1648:In
1209:.
1187:.
1179:.
1169:90
1167:.
1143:.
1135:.
1125:.
1115:15
1113:.
1065:^
971:^
961:.
949:^
882:^
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