1037:
on the
Apostolic Succession and, equally importantly, right teaching, orthodoxy (whereas the Gnostics whom he opposed were mere itinerant preachers without authority). About the middle of the 3rd century the pope was appealed to for the purpose of settling difficulties in the Church of Gaul and to remove an erring bishop (Cyprian, Epist. lxviii). At the Council of Arles (314) the bishops of Gaul were present with those of Brittany, Spain, Africa, even Italy; Pope Sylvester sent delegates to represent him. It was in a way a Council of the West. During all that century, however, the episcopate of Gaul had no head, and the bishops grouped themselves according to the ties of friendship or locality. Metropolitans did not exist as yet, and when advice was needed Milan was consulted. "The traditional authority", says Duchesne, "in all matters of discipline remained always the ancient Church of Rome; in practice, however, the Council of Milan decided in case of conflict." The popes then took the situation in hand, and in 417 Pope Zosimus made Patrocles, Bishop of Arles, his vicar or delegate in Gaul, and provided that all disputes should be referred to him. Moreover, no Gallic ecclesiastic could have access to the pope without testimonial letters from the Bishop of Aries. This primacy of Aries waxed and waned under the succeeding popes. It enjoyed a final period of brilliancy, under Caesarius, but after his time it conferred on the occupant merely an honorary title. In consequence, however, of the extensive authority of Arles in the 5th and 6th centuries, canonical discipline was more rapidly developed there, and the "Libri canonum" that were soon in vogue in Southern Gaul were modelled on those of the Church of Aries. Towards the end of this period Caesarius assisted at a series of councils, thus obtaining a certain recognition as legislator for the Merovingian Church.
438:
1165:(511); though he did not himself attend it, he set the agenda and followed the proceedings closely (at stake was "the unification of the Roman church under Frankish rule"). After the waning of Caesarius's influence and the establishment of Merovingian rule, the focus of the soon-to-be Frankish Church shifted north, to deal with the growing problem of adjusting to "deeply embedded Germanic practices"; rather than Pelagianism or Predestinatarianism, bishops now had to deal with problems involving "marriage, the relations between a warrior aristocracy and clergy, or monks and nuns, the conflicts born of royal influence and control, or of property rights". By the eighth century, the regular organization of synods had largely disappeared, and when Boniface complained to
1138:" were held, marking a particularly Germanic development in the Western Church: to the usual regional or provincial councils, Germanic peoples added a traditional element from their systems of government, the idea of a national council, which was influenced by the Christian East. They also indicate a growing congruence between church and state. While Arian rulers kept their distance from the general councils, Visigoth rulers began influencing the councils only after the conversion of
802:
1142:. As soon as they had established themselves, Merovingian kings (and the Carolingians after them) exerted their influence on the councils. According to Gregory Halfond, such congruence was a particular quality of the Gallo-Roman church, in which the Roman aristocracy made up an important part of the leadership of the Gallo-Roman (and later the Frankish) church; continuity in this power nexus is indicated also by the continued use of Roman procedures in the councils.
729:
671:
1540:
77:
1480:
1271:
1213:
22:
960:. The law of ecclesiastical celibacy was less stringent, less generally enforced than in Italy, especially Rome. The series of Gallic councils before the Merovingian epoch bear witness at once to the undecided state of discipline at the time, and also to the continual striving after some fixed disciplinary code.
1564:"After the writings of EUSEBIUS OF CAESARIA, SULPICIUS SEVERUS, PAULINUS OF NOLA, SALVIANUS, GREGORY OF TOURS, etc., our principal source of information is the epigraphic material published by LE BLANT, Inscriptions chrétiennes de la Gaule antérieures au VIIIe siècle (Paris, 1858–85), with a supplement (1897);
952:, a pagan, denounced the monks of LĂ©rins as a brood of night-owls; even the effort to make chastity the central virtue of Christianity met with much resistance, and the adversaries of Priscillian in particular were imbued with this hostility to a certain degree. It was also one of the objections raised by
821:
became a centre of
Christian life and ecclesiastical influence. Episcopal sees of Gaul were often objects of competition and greed, and were rapidly becoming the property of certain aristocratic families. LĂ©rins took up the work of reforming the episcopate, and placed many of its own sons at the head
1036:
In the final struggle Rome intervened. We do not know much concerning the earlier relations between the bishops of Gaul and the pope. The position of
Irenaeus in the Easter Controversy shows a considerable degree of independence; yet Irenaeus proclaimed the primacy of the See of Rome, which he based
785:
near Tours, where in the beginning the monks lived in separate grottoes or wooden huts. A little later
Cassian founded two monasteries at Marseilles (415). He had previously visited the monks of the East, and especially Egypt, and had brought back their methods, which he adapted to the circumstances
767:
worked to stamp out these practices, especially in central Gaul. A famous legend tells of Martin of Tours felling a sacred tree near Autun and being attacked by a peasant. The efforts of these missionaries were largely unsuccessful, and a quote from 395 refers to the
Christian deity as "that God Who
780:
The
Christianization of the lower classes of the people was greatly aided by the newly established monasteries. In Gaul as elsewhere the first Christian ascetics lived in the world and kept their personal freedom. The practice of religious life in common was introduced by Saint Martin (died c. 397)
533:
considers
Gregory's account more credible than the local legends, but maintains some reservations, assessing the narrative overall as tradition rather than fact. The encyclopedia notes that Gregory was writing three hundred years after the purported events, and highlights chronological issues with
947:
It is possible, however, that some of these foundations belong to the succeeding period. The monks had not yet begun to live according to any fixed and codified rule. For such written constitutions we must await the time of
Caesarius of Arles. Monasticism was not established without opposition.
771:
At the beginning of the 5th century, there took place in the neighbourhood of Autun the procession of Cybele's chariot to bless the harvest. In the 6th century, in the city of Arles, one of the regions where
Christianity had gained its earliest and strongest foothold, Bishop Caesarius was still
1045:
The barbarians, however, were on the march. The great invasion of 407 across the Rhine disrupted Gaul for almost 3 years until they passed over into Spain in
September or October 409. Gaul was free of invaders but subjected to civil wars between imperial contenders until 413, when the imperial
1130:
Throughout the 6th and 7th centuries manuscripts of the Bible and the Church were copied to meet the needs of public worship, ecclesiastical teaching, and Catholic life. The only contemporary buildings that exhibit traces of classical or Byzantine styles are religious edifices.
1079:
Between 410 and 413 the Burgundians had settled near Mains and were settled in Savoy in 443. In 475 they moved farther south along the RhĂ´ne, and about this time became Arian Christians. The Franks, soon to be masters of all Gaul, left the neighbourhood of Tournai, defeated
1004:
put Priscillian and his friends to death, Saint Martin was in doubt how to act, but repudiated with horror communion with the bishops who had condemned the unfortunates. Priscillianism, indeed, was more or less bound up with the cause of asceticism in general.
1095:
The transition from one regime to another was eased by the bishops of Gaul. The bishops had frequently played a role as intermediaries with the Roman authorities. It was long believed that they had been invested with special powers and the official title of
1088:, confining their domain to Spain, except for a strip of territory along the Mediterranean coast. In 534 the Burgundians were defeated; in 536 by the conquest of Arles they succeeded to the remnants of the great state created by King
264:. The letter implies that the Church of Lyons was the only organized church in Gaul at the time. That of Vienne appears to have been dependent on it and, to judge from similar cases, was probably administered by a deacon.
1017:, had obliged Leporius, a disciple of Pelagius, to leave Gaul, but it was not long before Marseille and LĂ©rins, led by Cassian, Vincent and Faustus, became hotbeds of a teaching opposed to St. Augustine's and known as
1050:
restored order. The Visigoths left Italy in 411 and settled in southwest Gaul and northeast Spain until finally being settled in a swatch of territory from Toulouse to the Atlantic coast north of Bordeaux in 416. The
1066:, really a national council of Visigothic Gaul (506), and in which Caesarius was dominant, is an evidence of the new temper on both sides. The Acts of this council follow very closely the principles laid down in the
984:, in spite of a few temporary or partial defections. Athanasius, who had been exiled to Trier (336-38), exerted a powerful influence on the episcopate of Gaul; one of the great champions of orthodoxy in the West was
1116:, upheld the social fabric. The bishops were guardians of the classical traditions of Latin literature and Roman culture, and long before the appearance of monasticism had been the mainstay of learning.
305:
Eusebius speaks of letters written by the Churches of Gaul, of which Irenaeus is bishop. These letters were written on the occasion of the second event, which brought the Church of Gaul into prominence.
226:), established the faith more firmly. As a result, the Christians of the community in Lyon and Vienne were "predominantly of eastern background" and maintained close ties with the community in Rome.
1149:, who organized regional synods, which were mostly concerned with conforming the canons and practices of the Church of Gaul to those of other Churches. At Orange, for instance, he had earlier (
996:
Priscillianism had a greater hold on the masses of the faithful. It was above all a method, an ideal of Christian life, which appealed to all, even to women. It was condemned in 380 at the
152:, and soon after the cessation of persecution, the bishops of the Latin world assembled at Arles in AD 314. The Church of Gaul passed through three crises in the late Roman period,
553:
The 314 Council of Arles was convened shortly after the end of the persecutions. Signatures on surviving documents show that bishops from the following dioceses were in attendance:
1025:
wrote against it, and was obliged to take refuge at Rome. It was not until the beginning of the 6th century that the teaching of Augustine triumphed, when a monk of LĂ©rins,
437:
1084:, the last representative of Roman authority in central north Gaul, in 486, and extended their power to the Loire. In 507 they defeated the Visigoth Kingdom in the
1619:
461:
gives another narrative of the evangelisation of Gaul. According to him, in the year 250, Rome sent seven bishops, who founded as many churches in Gaul:
1000:
where the Bishops of Bordeaux and Agen were present; nonetheless it spread rapidly in Central Gaul, Eauze in particular being a stronghold. When in 385
1458:
Schuler, Matthias (1947). "Zum 1200jähr. Jubiläum des fränkischen Generalkonzils vom Jahre 747. Der Höhepunkt der Reformtätigkeit des hl. Bonifatius".
887:
LĂ©rins too became a school of mysticism and theology and spread its religious ideas far and wide by useful works on dogma, polemics, and hagiography.
1335:
1134:
Regional synods had been held regularly in the Church of Gaul, more than thirty of them between 314 and 506. Under Merovingian rule, a number of "
1100:(defenders of the states). While this title was never officially borne by them, the popular error was only formal and superficial. Bishops like
1550:
40:
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society. Among them were Vettius Epagathus, an aristocrat; the physician Attalus of Pergamus, from the professional class; from the Church,
1157:
liturgical conformity with other Churches (Italy, Africa, the East) was established. A model for the following Frankish synods was set by
1571:
542:
Cyprian describes several churches organized in Gaul by the middle of the third century. These churches were largely unaffected by the
172:" were held, marking a particularly Germanic development in the Western Church. A model for the following Frankish synods was set by
1519:
1240:
120:
58:
87:
1567:
____, Les sarcophages chrétiens de la Gaule (Paris, 1896). SIRMOND AND LALANDE, Concilia Antigua Galliae (4 vols., fol., 1629–66);
429:. This theory inspired a whole series of fallacious narratives and forgeries that complicate and obscure the historical record.
1579:"General works devoted to the history and study of Christianity have chapters on the Church in Gaul. Special reference works:"
1297:
1125:
934:
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____, La première collection romaine des décrétales in Atti del secondo congresso d'archeologia cristiana (Rome, 1902), 159;
32:
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1229:
1183:
383:
319:
211:
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in 742 that there hadn't been a synod in the Frankish church in at least eighty years, he was not exaggerating by much.
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entered a monastery, sparking controversy among his peers. Non-Christian intellectuals, such as those in the schools of
242:
772:
attempting to suppress traditional beliefs, and some of his sermons are important sources of information on folk-lore.
1076:, the Visigothic king, for his Gallo-Roman subjects—and met with the approval of the Catholic bishops of his kingdom.
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1497:
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During the 4th and 5th centuries, Christianity slowly began to spread among the educated classes in Gaul. The poet
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741:
543:
411:
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MORIN, Saint Lazare et saint Maximin in Mémoires de la société des antiquaires de France, LIX (Paris, 1898);
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1234:, (Margaret M. Mitchell, Frances M. Young, K. Scott Bowie, eds.) Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 371
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was not celebrated on the same day in all Christian communities; towards the end of the 2nd century,
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By the close of the 5th century, the majority of scholars in Gaul were Christians. These included:
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623:
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487:
280:
234:
189:
1146:
1113:
1068:
1047:
1026:
997:
985:
831:
702:
653:
603:
523:
474:
453:
407:
387:
367:
145:
137:
1375:
1350:
1236:
1154:
871:
853:
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814:
707:
628:
578:
558:
355:
258:
1587:
HOUTIN, La controverse de l'apostolicité des églises de France au XIXe siècle (Paris, 1901);
1570:"also the catalogues or lists of bishops preserved in many dioceses and edited by DELISLE in
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862:
858:
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633:
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613:
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505:
483:
478:
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458:
395:
250:
728:
670:
1369:
1178:
1135:
1063:
1018:
881:
877:
867:
827:
749:
593:
588:
315:
169:
818:
1501:
1166:
1001:
924:
762:
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501:
426:
422:
291:
288:
215:
157:
141:
1613:
1544:
1275:
1217:
519:
379:
323:
311:
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DUCHESNE, Fastes Ă©piscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule, I (1894; 2nd ed., 1907), II (1900);
920:
903:
1402:
Rahner, Karl (1975). Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi, 301f.
1496:
The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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418:
351:
284:
161:
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957:
261:
238:
230:
199:
149:
1265:
1207:
148:. By the middle of the 3rd century, there were several churches organized in
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810:
347:
327:
295:
245:
was located. The sole account of this persecution is a letter preserved by
1013:
Finally the bishops and monks of Gaul were long divided over Pelagianism.
447:, in which Gregory of Tours gives an account of the evangelisation of Gaul
1158:
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165:
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Gradually the necessities of life imposed a policy of moderation. The
1105:
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307:
425:
of Gaul has often been attributed to missionaries sent from Rome by
421:
and over the centuries many legends grew up in support of them. The
194:
No records survive of how Christianity first reached Gaul. The 1913
105:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1543: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1232:
Cambridge History of Christianity: Volume 1, Origins to Constantine
1153:) practices of the Gallic church anathematized, and at the ensuing
326:. Irenaeus intervened to restore peace. About the same time, in an
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669:
436:
335:
331:
276:
1274:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1216:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
907:
398:, was a disciple of the Apostles, despite Daphnus attending the
268:
207:
133:
1266:
Kirsch, Johann Peter. "St. Blandina." The Catholic Encyclopedia
1473:
1029:, a follower of Augustine, caused it to be adopted by the 529
70:
15:
1210:
Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 6 Aug. 2020
1599:
DUCHESNE, Origines du culte chrétien (Paris, 1889), 32, 84;
690:, sometimes praised the virtues of the Christian emperors.
350:. A third event in which the bishops of Gaul appear is the
1336:"The religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Celts"
968:
The Church of Gaul passed through three dogmatic crises.
1208:
Lejay, Paul. "Christian Gaul." The Catholic Encyclopedia
417:
Such claims were flattering to local vanity. During the
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Its bishops seem to have been greatly preoccupied with
198:
speculates that early missionaries may have arrived at
94:
358:
and other colleagues in Gaul are mentioned in 254 by
298:
Maturus and the deacon Sanctus; and the young slaves
229:
The first mention of Christianity in the context of
1438:
Archaeology of Frankish Church Councils, AD 511-768
1413:
Archaeology of Frankish Church Councils, AD 511-768
1391:
Archaeology of Frankish Church Councils, AD 511-768
682:may have been a convert to Christianity; his pupil
386:or their immediate successors. In the 6th century,
378:Local legends attribute the founding of principal
674:Paulinus, an early Christian intellectual in Gaul
334:(ancient Augustodunum, the capital of the Celtic
1268:Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907.
786:of Gallo-Roman life. Through two of his works,
732:Martin of Tours, depicted felling a sacred tree
1072:—a summary of the Theodocian Code drawn up by
988:, who also suffered exile for his constancy.
980:; as a rule they clung to the teaching of the
798:, he became the doctor of Gallic asceticism.
781:and Cassian (died c. 435). Martin established
8:
1596:AUBÉ in Revue historique, VII (1878) 152-64;
1423:
1421:
890:Other monasteries founded in Gaul included:
736:Rural areas in Gaul remained strongholds of
1373:
793:
787:
442:
402:. A hundred years earlier, his predecessor
314:wished to universalize the Roman usage and
1338:. Archived from the original on 2015-10-30
768:alone is worshipped in the large cities".
1520:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
59:Learn how and when to remove this message
1298:Roman Catholic Diocese of Autun: History
1203:
1201:
1199:
1195:
550:, who was not hostile to Christianity.
1348:
1323:Le rôle théologique de Césaire d'Arles
338:), a certain Pectorius celebrated in
184:Establishment of Christianity in Gaul
7:
1559:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
202:by sea, and continued up the river
1549:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
14:
1620:History of Christianity in France
748:of the two. Missionaries such as
253:, the latter still known then as
136:was an important early center of
1572:Histoire littéraire de la France
1538:
1478:
1460:Trierer Theologische Zeitschrift
1269:
1211:
1145:An early important churchman is
1120:Christianity in Merovingian Gaul
930:Collégiale Saint-Mexme de Chinon
249:from the Christians of Lyon and
75:
20:
1590:Analecta Bollandiana, XIX, 354;
1126:Christianity in the 6th century
1:
1184:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul
1015:Proculus, Bishop of Marseille
206:to the central metropolis at
1436:Halfond, Gregory I. (2009).
1411:Halfond, Gregory I. (2009).
1389:Halfond, Gregory I. (2009).
1059:and hostile to Catholicism.
283:) represented every rank of
243:Sanctuary of the Three Gauls
813:founded a monastery on the
279:" the Gallic equivalent of
267:The forty-eight martyrs of
101:the claims made and adding
1641:
1123:
546:, due to the influence of
406:made the same claim about
237:, the religious center of
187:
1355:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
789:De institutis coenobiorum
1163:First Council of Orléans
544:Diocletianic Persecution
233:dates to AD 177 and the
178:First Council of Orléans
35:for style and neutrality
400:Council of Arles in 314
370:was favourable to him.
346:or fish, symbol of the
257:and the capital of the
1374:
1287:Hist. Eccl., V, xxiii.
1253:Historia Ecclesiastica
1046:government of Emperor
806:
794:
788:
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538:Spread of Christianity
448:
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320:Churches of Asia Minor
1556:Catholic Encyclopedia
1124:Further information:
809:About the same time,
804:
731:
673:
531:Catholic Encyclopedia
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196:Catholic Encyclopedia
1625:Gallo-Roman religion
1230:Behr, John. "Gaul",
1161:, who organized the
1102:Sidonius Apollinaris
1098:defensores civitatum
1023:Prosper of Aquitaine
718:Sidonius Apollinaris
441:Frontispiece of the
352:Novatian controversy
210:. Missionaries from
176:, who organized the
1110:Germanus of Auxerre
1090:Theodoric the Great
950:Rutilius Namatianus
754:Victricius of Rouen
548:Constantius Chlorus
515:Diocese of Clermont
497:Diocese of Toulouse
488:Diocese of Narbonne
235:persecution in Lyon
222:(both disciples of
190:Persecution in Lyon
1561:The entry states:
1147:Caesarius of Arles
1114:Caesarius of Arles
1069:Breviarium Alarici
1027:Caesarius of Arles
998:Synod of Saragossa
986:Hilary of Poitiers
964:Theological strife
807:
776:Gallic monasticism
738:traditional Gallic
734:
703:Hilary of Poitiers
676:
666:Among the educated
524:Diocese of Limoges
454:Historia Francorum
449:
444:Historia Francorum
388:Caesarius of Arles
368:Marcianus of Arles
259:continental Celtic
218:and his successor
146:Merovingian period
138:Latin Christianity
86:possibly contains
39:You can assist by
1530:
1529:
1522:
1380:, no. 893, v. 105
1376:Anthologia Latina
1155:council in Vaison
1086:Battle of Vouillé
1031:Council of Orange
982:Council of Nicaea
817:near Marseilles.
746:syncretic fusions
708:Sulpicius Severus
410:, founder of the
356:Faustinus of Lyon
255:Vienna Allobrogum
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88:original research
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795:Collationes XXIV
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783:Marmoutier Abbey
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758:Martin of Brives
713:Paulinus of Nola
506:Diocese of Paris
479:Diocese of Arles
470:Diocese of Tours
459:Gregory of Tours
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433:Gregory of Tours
412:Diocese of Arles
396:Bishop of Vaison
166:Merovingian rule
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744:religions, and
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382:in Gaul to the
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170:Frankish synods
168:, a number of "
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289:Saint Pothinus
275:, "citadel of
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49:October 2023
46:
33:copy editing
31:may require
30:
1533:Attribution
1510:August 2016
1462:56: 362–70.
1009:Pelagianism
954:Vigilantius
933: [
826:Honoratus,
761: [
511:Austromoine
427:St. Clement
419:Middle Ages
360:St. Cyprian
328:inscription
322:which were
312:Pope Victor
294:, with the
285:Gallo-Roman
162:Pelagianism
1614:Categories
1502:footnoting
1415:, pp. 4-6.
1342:2015-12-17
1256:, V, i-iv.
1190:References
1140:Reccared I
958:Calagurris
564:Marseilles
493:Saturninus
366:, whereas
342:verse the
262:Allobroges
239:Roman Gaul
231:Roman Gaul
214:, such as
200:Marseilles
188:See also:
150:Roman Gaul
95:improve it
41:editing it
1440:, pp. 8f.
1296:See also
1074:Alaric II
1053:Visigoths
904:ĂŽle Barbe
841:Eucherius
832:Caesarius
811:Honoratus
529:The 1913
520:Martialis
475:Trophimus
408:Trophimus
404:Patrocles
354:. Bishop
348:Eucharist
330:found at
271:(ancient
111:July 2024
99:verifying
1574:, XXIX."
1498:citation
1351:cite web
1173:See also
1159:Clovis I
1151:Pelagian
1082:Syagrius
1048:Honorius
978:Arianism
972:Arianism
859:Veranius
850:Salonius
792:and the
684:Paulinus
680:Ausonius
649:Clermont
644:Narbonne
639:Toulouse
624:Bordeaux
466:Gatianus
384:Apostles
364:Novatian
300:Blandina
296:neophyte
273:Lugdunum
247:Eusebius
224:Polycarp
220:Irenaeus
216:Pothinus
174:Clovis I
164:. Under
154:Arianism
144:and the
1547::
1470:Sources
1393:. p. 2.
1325:, p. 5.
1312:lxviii.
942:Loches
923:in the
878:Faustus
698:Salvian
654:Bourges
604:Cologne
451:In the
392:Daphnus
344:Ichthys
281:Mercury
180:(511).
140:during
93:Please
1239:
1106:Avitus
1057:Arians
917:Morvan
899:Vienne
895:Grigny
872:Troyes
854:Geneva
830:, and
828:Hilary
756:, and
629:Gabali
579:Vaison
574:Orange
559:Vienne
308:Easter
251:Vienne
1055:were
937:]
913:Réomé
897:near
868:Lupus
863:Vence
845:Lyons
836:Arles
765:]
688:Autun
659:Paris
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614:Reims
609:Trier
599:Autun
569:Arles
502:Denis
340:Greek
336:Aedui
332:Autun
277:Lugus
204:RhĂ´ne
1500:and
1357:link
1237:ISBN
908:Lyon
882:Riez
740:and
594:Lyon
589:Nice
484:Paul
380:sees
318:the
269:Lyon
212:Asia
208:Lyon
160:and
134:Gaul
1553:".
1310:Ep.
956:of
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