2410:
776:
3169:, who integrated Confucianism with the thoughts of the Zhongshu School and the theory of the Five Elements. He also was a promoter of the New Text school, which considered Confucius as a divine figure and a spiritual ruler of China, who foresaw and started the evolution of the world towards the Universal Peace. In contrast, there was an Old Text school that advocated the use of Confucian works written in ancient language (from this comes the denomination
1505:
2969:, which teaches that human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endeavour especially including self-cultivation and self-creation. A main idea of Confucianism is the cultivation of virtue and the development of moral perfection. Confucianism holds that one should give up one's life, if necessary, either passively or actively, for the sake of upholding the cardinal moral values of
5996:
764:
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43:
3043:; he believed that human cognition ought to be based on one's perceptions – one's sensory experiences, such as sight and hearing – instead of imagination or internal logic, elements founded on the human capacity for abstraction. Mozi advocated frugality, condemning the Confucian emphasis on ritual and music, which he denounced as extravagant.
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are continuation of the
Sramana school of thought. The Sramanas cultivated a pessimistic worldview of the samsara as full of suffering and advocated renunciation and austerities. They laid stress on philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Jnana, Samsara and Moksa.
2066:(Sanskrit: चार्वाक) (atheist) philosophy, also known as Lokāyata, it is a system of Hindu philosophy that assumes various forms of philosophical skepticism and religious indifference. It is named after its founder, Cārvāka, author of the Bārhaspatya-sūtras.
3039:, which advocated the idea of universal love: Mozi believed that "everyone is equal before heaven", and that people should seek to imitate heaven by engaging in the practice of collective love. His epistemology can be regarded as primitive materialist
1550:, the two main families of the Indo-Iranian philosophical traditions were characterized by fundamental differences in their implications for the human being's position in society and their view of man's role in the universe. The first charter of
3115:
or School of
Vertical and Horizontal , which focused on practical matters instead of any moral principle, so it stressed political and diplomatic tactics, and debate and lobbying skill. Scholars from this school were good orators, debaters and
2913:
The
Hundred Schools of Thought were philosophers and schools that flourished from the 6th century to 221 BCE, an era of great cultural and intellectual expansion in China. Even though this period – known in its earlier part as the
2780:(5th century CE), Jain logician and author of important works in Sanskrit and Prakrit, such as, Nyāyāvatāra (on Logic) and Sanmatisūtra (dealing with the seven Jaina standpoints, knowledge and the objects of knowledge)
3624:
Sasanian Iran - intellectual life. A. Tafazzoli and A. L. Khromov in: History of
Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization. B. A. Litvinsky, Zhang Guand-Da, R. Shabani Samghabadi. Unesco, 1996.
2991:, and foundational for the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire, the Legalists examined administrative methods, emphasizing a realistic consolidation of the wealth and power of autocrat and state.
3130:
The School of "Minor-talks", which was not a unique school of thought, but a philosophy constructed of all the thoughts which were discussed by and originated from normal people on the street.
3569:
Philip G. Kreyenbroek: "Morals and
Society in Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
3173:) that were so much more reliable. In particular, they refuted the assumption of Confucius as a godlike figure and considered him as the greatest sage, but simply a human and mortal.
3081:, a folk hero which was portrayed in Chinese literature as "working in the fields, along with everyone else, and consulting with everyone else when any decision had to be reached."
2926:
because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely. The thoughts and ideas discussed and refined during this period have profoundly influenced
3578:
Mary Boyce: "The
Origins of Zoroastrian Philosophy" in "Persian Philosophy". Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy: Brian Carr and Indira Mahalingam. Routledge, 2009.
3234:
dynasties that it gained considerable influence and acknowledgement. At the beginning, it was considered a sort of Taoist sect, and there was even a theory about
3162:
adopted Daoism and later
Confucianism as official doctrine. These latter two became the determining forces of Chinese thought until the introduction of Buddhism.
3155:
220:
182:
3587:
An
Anthology of Philosophy in Persia. From Zoroaster to 'Umar Khayyam. S. H. Nasr & M. Aminrazavi. I. B. Tauris Publishers, London & New York, 2008.
658:
4780:
3937:
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society of this era was characterized by itinerant scholars, who were often employed by various state rulers as advisers on the methods of
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702:
termed the intense period of philosophical development beginning around the 7th century BCE and concluding around the 3rd century BCE an
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wherein questions pertaining to laws of nature, the origin of the universe and the place of man in it are asked. In the famous
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Genuine philosophical thought, depending upon original individual insights, arose in many cultures roughly contemporaneously.
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360:
64:
3250:, and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century. Two chiefly important monk philosophers were
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In classical times, these inquiries were systematized in six schools of philosophy. Some of the questions asked were:
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3216:(lit. wind and flow), a sort of romantic spirit which encouraged following the natural and instinctive impulse.
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period – in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of
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cooperatively. This school tried to integrate the merits of various schools and avoid their perceived flaws.
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600:
523:
271:
5604:
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2595:, believed to have been the first Sanskrit dramatist, and is considered the greatest Indian poet prior to
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722:
680:
615:
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533:
281:
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1985:
that underlies the diversity of empirical phenomena and the origin of all things. Cosmic order is termed
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Ideas and tenets of
Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in
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5407:
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1602:, Wizidagīhā-ī Zātspram ("Selections of Zātspram") as well as older passages of the book Avesta, the
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3077:. The Agrarians believed that Chinese society should be modeled around that of the early sage king
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were influential leaders. However, this school was not one of the "Ten
Schools" defined by Hanshu.
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Chinese philosophy is the dominant philosophical thought in China and other countries within the
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2011:
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783:
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The Miscellaneous School, which integrated teachings from different schools; for instance,
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1426:
1396:
801:
730:
459:
3033:, or the source thereof (Tao), is the intended result of many Taoist rules and practices.
2518:
3198:. The main question of this school was whether Being came before Not-Being (in Chinese,
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Confucianism was particularly strong during the Han dynasty, whose greatest thinker was
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and later in several Puranas, and believed by Jains to be the first official religious
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3259:
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The founder of the Qin dynasty, who implemented Legalism as the official philosophy,
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2453:
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2063:
1606:
which are attributed to Zarathustra himself and regarded as his "direct teachings".
17:
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1262:
1093:
990:
885:
828:
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495:
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2663:
2554:
2118:
3795:
The Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics. Society of Christian Ethics (U.s.)
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3688:
in: History of Religions. Vol. 25, No. 2, Nov. 1985. University of Chicago Press.
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768:
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510:
157:
42:
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Zurvan. A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Robert Charles Zaehner. Biblo and Tannen, 1972.
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dealing with the nature of the soul and its contamination by matter, author of
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149:
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3697:
Yarshater, Ehsan. 1983. The Cambridge history of Iran, volume 2. pp. 995–997
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1977:
view, creation is ascribed to the self-consciousness of the primeval being (
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1081:
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841:
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3814:
3258:. But probably the most influential and original of these schools was the
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Another group is the School of the Military that studied strategy and the
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5156:
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is often seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by
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1432:
1364:
1292:
1162:
1112:
1033:
978:
953:
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852:
786:, depicting an array of ancient Greek philosophers engaged in discussion.
553:
2625:, a student of Nagarjuna and contributed significantly to the Madhyamaka
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2182:– Atri, Bharadwaja, Gautama, Jamadagni, Kasyapa, Vasishtha, Viswamitra.
2129:
2123:
2113:
2054:
2049:
1819:
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1635:
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1599:
1509:
1468:
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984:
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779:
3788:"Confucian Ethic of Death with Dignity and Its Contemporary Relevance"
2578:– Author of earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of
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3501:
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arrived in China around the 1st century AD, but it was not until the
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3026:
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or Umasvami (2nd century CE), author of first Jain work in Sanskrit,
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1999:
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1603:
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500:
3238:, founder of Taoism, who went to India and taught his philosophy to
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1925:
is a fusion of two ancient traditions: the Vedic tradition and the
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3235:
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762:
505:
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771:
and thinkers; red arrows indicate a relationship of opposition.
4879:
3263:
3096:. It is said to have parallels with that of the Ancient Greek
2943:
2853:
in a most systematized form acceptable to all sects of Jainism
2768:
36:
3915:
3123:
found scholars from different schools to write a book called
2859:– philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the
1590:
and of the extant scriptures of the Zoroastrian religion in
2143:
Timeline of Eastern philosophers § Indian philosophers
3158:. Legalism remained influential until the emperors of the
3050:
or the Yin-yang school, which synthesized the concepts of
3620:
3618:
3206:). A peculiar feature of these Taoist thinkers, like the
3262:
sect, which had an even stronger impact in Japan as the
3186:. The most important philosophers of this movement were
2997:(also called Daoism), a philosophy which emphasizes the
767:
Graphical relationship among the various pre-Socratic
2269:– an Upanishadic sage who authored major portions of
1542:
While there are ancient relations between the Indian
3017:, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos;
5927:
5827:
5789:
5736:
5703:
5694:
5623:
5535:
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5364:
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5071:
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4542:
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4326:
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4235:
4192:
4145:
4117:
4069:
4041:
3968:
2934:up to the present day in East Asian countries. The
2614:, a proponent of the Jaina doctrine of Anekantavada
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2172:Rishi Narayana – seer of the Purusha Sukta of the
1963:he, whether he fashioned it or whether he did not,
1516:beside Raphael who appears as the ancient painter
3707:Frank, Daniel; Leaman, Oliver (20 October 2005).
2803:(2nd century CE), exponent of Jain mysticism and
2754:–510 CE), early figure in Indic linguistic theory
3246:was far more successful in China than its rival
2452:(lived between 500 BCE and 400 BCE) – Author of
2167:Philosophers of Vedic Age (c. 1500 – c. 600 BCE)
2078:What is the ontological nature of consciousness?
3667:. Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume III. Fasc. 7–8.
738:
3176:The 3rd and 4th centuries saw the rise of the
3931:
3762:Indian sociology through Ghurye, a dictionary
3644:Falsafa. Philosophy in the pre-Islamic period
2722:), one of the founders of Buddhist school of
2587:Philosophers of Golden Age (184 BCE – 600 CE)
1598:by Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan, selections of
652:
8:
3776:, Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 4/6/2014
3029:(action through inaction). Harmony with the
3013:, while Taoist thought generally focuses on
1966:he, who surveys it all from highest heaven,
5700:
5691:
5674:
5370:
5077:
4849:
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4427:
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3965:
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2793:), one of the main founders of the Indian
659:
645:
226:
140:
3863:Deutsch, Eliot; Ronald Bontekoei (1999).
3646:. Encyclopædia Iranica. Volume IX. 1999.
3088:or the School of Names, which focused on
3062:is considered the founder of this school.
2950:. This period ended with the rise of the
2344:(599–527 BCE) – heavily influenced
1969:he knows—or maybe even he does not know."
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3887:Bloomsbury Studies in Ancient Philosophy
3801:, Society of Christian Ethics: 313–333,
1594:. Among these are treatises such as the
3889:, Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2011.
3562:
3156:quashed Mohist and Confucianist schools
2331:), founded the philosophical school of
2303:Philosophers of Axial Age (600–185 BCE)
2290:– an Upanishadic Sage mentioned in the
1871: 1st century BCE - 1st century CE
424:
291:
229:
148:
2091:Does cognition have its own structure?
3858:
3856:
3740:The significance of Purusha Sukta in
2811:(Essence of the Five Existents), the
2426:(520–460 BCE), grammarian, author of
1119:Metrodorus of Lampsacus (the younger)
7:
3883:Early Greek Thought: Before the Dawn
3546:Index of ancient philosophy articles
2081:How is cognition itself experienced?
1997:) is taken to have three qualities (
1960:"Whence all creation had its origin,
1304:Early Roman and Christian philosophy
65:adding citations to reliable sources
3911:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
3182:(mysterious learning), also called
2962:lists ten major schools, they are:
2815:(Essence of the Scripture) and the
2210:, as accredited by later followers.
2280:who authored Vaishvanara Vidya of
2188:– Gritsamada, Sandilya, Kanva etc.
1981:). This leads to the inquiry into
1937:Indian philosophy begins with the
749:Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy
729:, whereas in the Middle East, the
25:
3865:A companion to world philosophies
741:and ushered in the beginnings of
725:and ushered in the beginnings of
626:Social and political philosophers
5995:
5994:
5981:
3104:. The most notable Logician was
170:
156:
41:
3867:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 183.
3208:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
2702:, a Tamil-language treatise on
2564:), developed the philosophy of
1327:Philosophers during Roman times
987:(middle of the 5th century BCE)
930:(first half of 5th century BCE)
52:needs additional citations for
27:Philosophy in the ancient world
2832:– 250 CE), the founder of the
2548:) of political science at the
1237:Hellenistic schools of thought
671:This page lists some links to
1:
3521:
3423:
3416:
3330:
2826:
2787:
2761:
2748:
2732:
2716:
2692:
2558:
2534:
2527:
2505:
2498:
2480:
2463:
2436:
2325:
2309:
1900:
1893:
1880:
1867:
1836:
1823:
1687:
1387:
1380:
1172:
1141:
1134:
1017:
684:
5467:Ordinary language philosophy
3710:History of Jewish Philosophy
3686:Manichaean Views of Buddhism
1537:Dualism (philosophy of mind)
1316:Neoplatonism in Christianity
1028:Classical Greek philosophers
32:Ancient Philosophy (journal)
5517:Contemporary utilitarianism
5432:Internalism and externalism
2137:Ancient Indian philosophers
2070:Classical Indian philosophy
1508:Zarathustra as depicted in
6038:
4781:Svatantrika and Prasangika
3069:, which advocated peasant
2909:Hundred Schools of Thought
2906:
2903:Hundred Schools of Thought
2880:East Asian cultural sphere
2871:
2868:Ancient Chinese philosophy
2276:Ashvapati – a King in the
2255:– one of the seers of the
2220:sages, greatly influenced
2140:
2039:
1914:
1807:
1631:Mardan-Farrux Ohrmazddadan
1570:schools of thought of the
1523:
1500:Ancient Iranian philosophy
1307:
752:
679:extending as far as early
29:
5975:
5690:
5673:
5080:
4426:
4415:
4003:Philosophy of mathematics
3993:Philosophy of information
3964:
3953:
2819:(Essence of the Doctrine)
2767:–528 CE), founder of the
1923:ancient Indian philosophy
1911:Ancient Indian philosophy
1852:Aristobulus of Alexandria
1804:Ancient Jewish philosophy
1759:University of Gundishapur
1743:Philosophy and the Empire
1200:Metrodorus of Stratonicea
981:(465/450 – after 399 BCE)
796:Pre-Socratic philosophers
373:Middle Eastern philosophy
3786:Lo, Ping-cheung (1999),
2916:Spring and Autumn period
2836:(Middle Path) school of
1779:philosophical discourses
1421:Alexander of Aphrodisias
755:Ancient Greek philosophy
743:early Islamic philosophy
5472:Postanalytic philosophy
5413:Experimental philosophy
3840:Encyclopædia Britannica
2999:Three Jewels of the Tao
2884:share a common language
2315:), logician, author of
1769:Bakhtshooa Gondishapuri
1716:(died c. 524 or 528 CE)
1636:Adurfarnbag Farroxzadan
5605:Social constructionism
4617:Hellenistic philosophy
4033:Theoretical philosophy
4008:Philosophy of religion
3998:Philosophy of language
3747:3 October 2009 at the
3663:Prods Oktor Skjaervo.
2987:. Often compared with
2550:Takshashila University
2414:
1840: 2nd century BCE
1666:Pre-Manichaean thought
1596:Shikand-gumanic Vichar
1521:
1409:Alcinous (philosopher)
1336:
1202:(late 2nd century BCE)
1101:Hellenistic philosophy
787:
772:
739:Old Iranian philosophy
723:Hellenistic philosophy
681:post-classical history
596:Aesthetic philosophers
5988:Philosophy portal
5507:Scientific skepticism
5487:Reformed epistemology
4013:Philosophy of science
3751:by Swami Krishnananda
3283:(5th–4th century BCE)
3224:Northern and Southern
3210:, was the concept of
3067:School of Agrarianism
3048:School of Naturalists
2696: 5th century CE
2446:system of philosophy.
2412:
2383:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta
2088:) intentional or not?
1884: 1st century CE
1748:Political philosophy
1732:Materialist Zurvanism
1558:as understood in the
1507:
1487:Simplicius of Cilicia
1403:Clement of Alexandria
1334:
1014:Diogenes of Apollonia
894:(c. 470 BCE – ?)
823:(c. 585 – c. 525 BCE)
821:Anaximenes of Miletus
778:
766:
721:marked the ending of
677:philosophical thought
177:Philosophy portal
30:For the journal, see
5408:Critical rationalism
5115:Edo neo-Confucianism
4959:Acintya bheda abheda
4938:Renaissance humanism
4649:School of the Sextii
4023:Practical philosophy
4018:Political philosophy
3807:10.5840/asce19991916
3774:"Chinese philosophy"
3764:By S. Devadas Pillai
3498:(bef. 329 – 309 BCE)
3150:Early Imperial China
3065:Agrarianism, or the
2932:social consciousness
2863:school of philosophy
2471:Purva Mimamsa Sutras
2442:), proponent of the
1737:Fatalistic Zurvanism
1514:The School of Athens
1321:School of the Sextii
1310:Christian philosophy
1218:Antiochus of Ascalon
621:Philosophers of mind
76:"Ancient philosophy"
61:improve this article
18:Classical philosophy
4979:Nimbarka Sampradaya
4890:Korean Confucianism
4637:Academic Skepticism
3480:School of Diplomacy
3113:School of Diplomacy
2954:and the subsequent
2886:, including Japan,
2778:Siddhasena Divākara
2738:), exponent of the
2095:The six schools of
2046:Buddhist philosophy
1858:Philo of Alexandria
1810:Hellenistic Judaism
1727:Aesthetic Zurvanism
1243:Academic skepticism
948:Pherecydes of Syros
940:Metrodorus of Chios
727:medieval philosophy
631:Women in philosophy
361:Indigenous American
144:Part of a series on
6022:Ancient philosophy
5600:Post-structuralism
5502:Scientific realism
5457:Quinean naturalism
5437:Logical positivism
5393:Analytical Marxism
4612:Peripatetic school
4524:Chinese naturalism
4051:Aesthetic response
3978:Applied philosophy
3907:Ancient philosophy
3514:Military strategy
2924:Chinese philosophy
2898:Schools of thought
2874:Chinese philosophy
2415:
2282:Chāndogya Upaniṣad
2271:Chāndogya Upaniṣad
2186:Other Vedic Rishis
2148:1st millennium BCE
2036:Sramana philosophy
1989:and causal law by
1827: 450-180 BCE
1798:Pahlavi literature
1582:Schools of thought
1526:Iranian philosophy
1522:
1463:Augustine of Hippo
1337:
1283:Peripatetic School
1070:Diogenes of Sinope
848:Alcmaeon of Croton
788:
773:
737:marked the end of
711:Western philosophy
706:in human thought.
673:ancient philosophy
324:Eastern philosophy
6009:
6008:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5388:Analytic feminism
5360:
5359:
5322:Kierkegaardianism
5284:Transcendentalism
5244:Neo-scholasticism
5090:Classical Realism
5067:
5066:
4839:
4838:
4654:Neopythagoreanism
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4028:Social philosophy
3742:Daily Invocations
3720:978-1-134-89435-2
3551:Wisdom literature
3289:(4th century BCE)
3244:Mahayana Buddhism
3135:philosophy of war
2849:, expounding the
2838:Mahāyāna Buddhism
2515:school of thought
2486:), author of the
2419:Pakudha Kaccayana
2365:Ajita Kesakambali
2335:, gave theory of
2261:Mundaka Upanishad
2097:Indian philosophy
1956:) the poet asks:
1917:Indian philosophy
1864:Wisdom of Solomon
1848:(fl. 180–175 BCE)
1814:Jewish philosophy
1776:Emperor Khosrau's
1566:and developed in
1278:Neopythagoreanism
1226:(1st century BCE)
1165:(3rd century BCE)
950:(6th century BCE)
942:(4th century BCE)
892:Melissus of Samos
811:(624 – c 546 BCE)
669:
668:
477:
476:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
6029:
5998:
5997:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5701:
5692:
5675:
5565:Frankfurt School
5512:Transactionalism
5462:Normative ethics
5442:Legal positivism
5418:Falsificationism
5403:Consequentialism
5398:Communitarianism
5371:
5239:New Confucianism
5078:
4885:Neo-Confucianism
4850:
4659:Second Sophistic
4644:Middle Platonism
4487:
4428:
4417:
4260:Epiphenomenalism
4127:Consequentialism
4061:Institutionalism
3966:
3955:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3917:
3869:
3868:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3817:, archived from
3792:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3684:David A. Scott.
3682:
3676:
3661:
3655:
3640:
3634:
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3613:
3602:
3596:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3526:
3523:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3335:
3332:
3073:communalism and
3046:Naturalism, the
2958:of dissent. The
2831:
2828:
2809:Pañcāstikāyasāra
2792:
2789:
2766:
2763:
2753:
2750:
2737:
2734:
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2697:
2694:
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2500:
2485:
2482:
2468:
2465:
2441:
2438:
2330:
2327:
2314:
2311:
2233:Gargi Vachaknavi
2132:(Uttara Mimamsa)
2030:Hindu philosophy
1949:Hymn of Creation
1933:Vedic philosophy
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1885:
1882:
1872:
1869:
1860:(30 BCE – 45 CE)
1841:
1838:
1828:
1825:
1784:Paul the Persian
1709:Mazdak the Elder
1692:
1689:
1592:Avestan language
1546:and the Iranian
1429:(3rd century CE)
1423:(3rd century CE)
1417:(3rd century CE)
1415:Sextus Empiricus
1411:(2nd century CE)
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1268:Middle Platonism
1232:(1st century CE)
1206:Philo of Larissa
1177:
1174:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1040:Euclid of Megara
1022:
1019:
784:School of Athens
759:Roman philosophy
713:, the spread of
689:
686:
661:
654:
647:
366:Aztec philosophy
245:Ancient Egyptian
227:
179:
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6005:
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5959:
5923:
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5785:
5732:
5686:
5685:
5657:
5646:Russian cosmism
5619:
5615:Western Marxism
5580:New Historicism
5545:Critical theory
5531:
5527:Wittgensteinian
5423:Foundationalism
5356:
5293:
5274:Social contract
5130:Foundationalism
5063:
5045:
5029:Illuminationism
5014:Aristotelianism
5000:
4989:Vishishtadvaita
4942:
4894:
4835:
4802:
4673:
4602:Megarian school
4597:Eretrian school
4538:
4499:Agriculturalism
4476:
4422:
4403:
4350:
4322:
4279:
4231:
4188:
4172:Incompatibilism
4141:
4113:
4065:
4037:
3960:
3949:
3944:
3903:
3881:Luchte, James,
3878:
3876:Further reading
3873:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3824:on 16 July 2011
3821:
3790:
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3784:
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3759:
3755:
3749:Wayback Machine
3739:
3735:
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3642:Mansour Shaki.
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3509:(268 – 204 BCE)
3492:(380 – 284 BCE)
3452:(305 – 240 BCE)
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3419:
3333:
3272:
3152:
2911:
2905:
2900:
2876:
2870:
2861:Advaita Vedanta
2851:Jain philosophy
2847:Tattvārthasūtra
2829:
2790:
2764:
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2489:Chandas shastra
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2376:Makkhali Gośāla
2328:
2312:
2305:
2296:Ashtavakra Gita
2294:, who authored
2278:Later Vedic age
2169:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2126:(Purva Mimamsa)
2072:
2052:
2042:Jain philosophy
2040:Main articles:
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1935:
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1833:Pseudo-Aristeas
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1576:Iranian history
1556:Cyrus the Great
1528:
1502:
1493:John Philoponus
1427:Ammonius Saccas
1397:Marcus Aurelius
1390:
1383:
1355:(4 BCE – 65 CE)
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1196:(187 – 109 BCE)
1190:(214 – 129 BCE)
1184:(280 – 207 BCE)
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1159:(316 – 232 BCE)
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1127:(333 – 263 BCE)
1121:(331 – 278 BCE)
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1103:
1096:(370 – 288 BCE)
1090:(380 – 300 BCE)
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1066:(407 – 339 BCE)
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1042:(450 – 380 BCE)
1036:(469 – 399 BCE)
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1020:
993:(459 – 400 BCE)
975:(480 – 411 BCE)
969:(487 – 376 BCE)
963:(490 – 420 BCE)
936:(460 – 370 BCE)
915:(500 – 428 BCE)
909:(490 – 430 BCE)
888:(490 – 430 BCE)
882:(510 – 440 BCE)
876:(570 – 470 BCE)
863:(535 – 475 BCE)
855:(428 – 347 BCE)
844:(470 – 380 BCE)
838:(582 – 496 BCE)
817:(610 – 546 BCE)
802:Milesian School
798:
793:
761:
753:Main articles:
751:
731:spread of Islam
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5825:
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5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5791:Middle Eastern
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
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5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5555:Existentialism
5552:
5550:Deconstruction
5547:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
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5519:
5514:
5509:
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5395:
5390:
5385:
5383:Applied ethics
5379:
5377:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5347:Nietzscheanism
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5318:
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5307:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5289:Utilitarianism
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
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5261:
5256:
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5246:
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5231:
5226:
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5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5187:Transcendental
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5125:Existentialism
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
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4991:
4986:
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4950:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4913:Augustinianism
4910:
4904:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4856:
4854:
4847:
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4840:
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4834:
4833:
4828:
4826:Zoroastrianism
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4818:
4812:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
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4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
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4747:
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4741:
4731:
4730:
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4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4683:
4681:
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4674:
4672:
4671:
4669:Church Fathers
4666:
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4252:
4247:
4241:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4184:Libertarianism
4181:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4151:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3988:Metaphilosophy
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3951:
3950:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3901:External links
3899:
3898:
3897:
3895:978-0567353313
3877:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3852:
3827:
3778:
3766:
3753:
3733:
3719:
3699:
3690:
3677:
3656:
3635:
3614:
3597:
3593:978-1845115418
3580:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3533:(died 316 BCE)
3528:
3525: 500 BCE
3512:
3511:
3510:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427: 250 BCE
3410:
3404:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3324:
3319:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:(283 – 343 CE)
3301:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3271:
3268:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3131:
3128:
3117:
3109:
3106:Gongsun Longzi
3082:
3075:egalitarianism
3063:
3044:
3034:
2992:
2982:
2920:Warring States
2907:Main article:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2872:Main article:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2840:
2820:
2798:
2781:
2775:
2755:
2742:
2726:
2710:
2708:secular ethics
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2599:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2576:Shvetashvatara
2573:
2562: 200 BCE
2552:
2538: 275 BCE
2521:
2516:
2511:), founder of
2509: 400 BCE
2495:Gautama Buddha
2492:
2484: 500 BCE
2474:
2467: 400 BCE
2457:
2447:
2440: 500 BCE
2430:
2421:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:Purana Kassapa
2357:
2339:
2329: 600 BCE
2319:
2313: 600 BCE
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2285:
2274:
2267:Uddalaka Aruni
2264:
2259:and author of
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2211:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2149:
2146:
2141:Main article:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2071:
2068:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1954:Nasadiya Sukta
1934:
1931:
1915:Main article:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1887:
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1861:
1855:
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1805:
1802:
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1790:
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1786:
1773:
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1766:
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1754:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1641:Adurbad Emedan
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1611:
1610:Zoroastrianism
1608:
1588:Middle Persian
1583:
1580:
1572:Achaemenid Era
1560:Cyrus cylinder
1524:Main article:
1518:Apelles of Kos
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:(490 – 570 CE)
1490:
1489:(490 – 560 CE)
1484:
1483:(472 – 524 CE)
1478:
1477:(462 – 540 CE)
1472:
1471:(411 – 485 CE)
1466:
1465:(354 – 430 CE)
1460:
1459:(340 – 397 CE)
1454:
1453:(317 – 388 CE)
1448:
1447:(242 – 327 CE)
1442:
1441:(232 – 304 CE)
1436:
1435:(205 – 270 CE)
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1405:(150 – 215 CE)
1400:
1399:(121 – 180 CE)
1394:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1359:Musonius Rufus
1356:
1350:
1344:
1343:(106 – 43 BCE)
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1220:(130 – 68 BCE)
1215:
1214:(135 – 51 BCE)
1209:
1208:(160 – 80 BCE)
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1179:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1145: 230 BCE
1128:
1125:Zeno of Citium
1122:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1021: 460 BCE
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
957:
956:
951:
944:
943:
937:
931:
924:
923:
917:
916:
910:
903:
902:
896:
895:
889:
883:
877:
870:
869:
867:Eleatic School
864:
857:
856:
850:
845:
839:
832:
831:
825:
824:
818:
812:
805:
804:
797:
794:
792:
789:
750:
747:
695:
692:
667:
666:
664:
663:
656:
649:
641:
638:
637:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
616:Metaphysicians
613:
608:
603:
598:
592:
586:
585:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
544:Metaphilosophy
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
486:
485:
484:
481:
480:
475:
474:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
429:
428:
422:
421:
420:
419:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
382:
381:
380:
370:
369:
368:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
321:
320:
319:
314:
309:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:
279:
269:
264:
259:
254:
253:
252:
247:
234:
233:
225:
219:
218:
217:
214:
213:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
165:
162:
161:
153:
152:
146:
145:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6034:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6002:
6001:
5992:
5990:
5989:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:Miscellaneous
5926:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5681:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5654:
5653:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:Miscellaneous
5622:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5610:Structuralism
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5595:Postmodernism
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5585:Phenomenology
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:Vienna Circle
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:Moral realism
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:Phenomenology
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5194:Individualism
5192:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5060:
5059:Judeo-Islamic
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5035:ʿIlm al-Kalām
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Shuddhadvaita
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:Scholasticism
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4414:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4369:Conceptualism
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Particularism
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4265:Functionalism
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4250:Eliminativism
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Compatibilism
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4094:Particularism
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3841:
3837:
3831:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3722:
3716:
3713:. Routledge.
3712:
3711:
3703:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3673:0-7100-9121-4
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3652:0-933273-35-5
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3610:0-8196-0280-9
3607:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3481:
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3409:(380–305 BCE)
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3300:(died 184 CE)
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3293:Zhang Daoling
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3167:Dong Zhongshu
3163:
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3140:
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3129:
3126:
3125:Lüshi Chunqiu
3122:
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3110:
3107:
3103:
3102:dialecticians
3099:
3095:
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3087:
3083:
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3064:
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3057:
3056:Five Elements
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2824:
2821:
2818:
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2813:Pravacanasāra
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2791: 300 CE
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2759:
2756:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:), wrote the
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
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2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Prashastapada
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2612:Samantabhadra
2610:
2607:
2604:, known for "
2603:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2544:, professor (
2543:
2540:), author of
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:), author of
2461:
2458:
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2454:Brahma Sutras
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2422:
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2246:
2244:
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2239:
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2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:– one of the
2215:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2198:mentioned in
2197:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2155:
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2151:
2147:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
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2100:
2098:
2090:
2087:
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2077:
2076:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:the one being
1980:
1976:
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1957:
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1950:
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1910:
1904: 137 CE
1891:
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1875:
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1859:
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1854:(181–124 BCE)
1853:
1850:
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1609:
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1569:
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1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1499:
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1485:
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1479:
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1473:
1470:
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1464:
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1440:
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1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391: 160 CE
1378:
1375:
1373:(55 – 135 CE)
1372:
1369:
1367:(45 – 120 CE)
1366:
1363:
1361:(30 – 100 CE)
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:(94 – 55 BCE)
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Neo-Platonism
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
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1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
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1132:
1129:
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1123:
1120:
1117:
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1080:
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1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1015:
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1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
925:
922:
919:
918:
914:
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908:
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890:
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871:
868:
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862:
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849:
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843:
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837:
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822:
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744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
693:
691:
688: 600 CE
682:
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642:
640:
639:
632:
629:
627:
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599:
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583:
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567:
565:
562:
560:
559:Phenomenology
557:
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250:Ancient Greek
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209:
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81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5993:
5979:
5650:
5641:Postcritique
5631:Kyoto School
5590:Posthumanism
5570:Hermeneutics
5425: /
5366:Contemporary
5342:Newtonianism
5305:Cartesianism
5264:Reductionism
5100:Conservatism
5095:Collectivism
5033:
4761:Sarvāstivadā
4739:Anekantavada
4664:Neoplatonism
4632:Epicureanism
4565:Pythagoreans
4504:Confucianism
4481:
4470:Contemporary
4460:Early modern
4439:
4364:Anti-realism
4318:Universalism
4275:Subjectivism
4071:Epistemology
3886:
3885:, in series
3882:
3864:
3843:. Retrieved
3839:
3830:
3819:the original
3798:
3794:
3781:
3769:
3761:
3756:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3709:
3702:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3664:
3659:
3643:
3638:
3600:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3413:Gongsun Long
3312:Confucianism
3270:Philosophers
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3153:
3052:yin and yang
2976:
2970:
2967:Confucianism
2936:intellectual
2912:
2877:
2857:Adi Shankara
2724:Indian logic
2542:Arthashastra
2487:
2382:
2375:
2257:Atharva Veda
2243:Parshvanatha
2180:Seven Rishis
2159:Viṣṇu Purāṇa
2157:
2156:– writer of
2094:
2085:
2073:
2053:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1947:
1938:
1936:
1922:
1920:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1585:
1552:human rights
1541:
1531:
1529:
1263:Epicureanism
1094:Theophrastus
991:Thrasymachus
886:Zeno of Elea
829:Pythagoreans
791:Philosophers
769:philosophers
733:through the
719:Roman Empire
715:Christianity
708:
700:Karl Jaspers
697:
672:
670:
588:Philosophers
496:Epistemology
317:South Africa
272:Contemporary
239:
221:Philosophies
138:
123:
117:October 2011
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
5636:Objectivism
5575:Neo-Marxism
5537:Continental
5447:Meta-ethics
5427:Coherentism
5332:Hegelianism
5269:Rationalism
5229:Natural law
5209:Materialism
5135:Historicism
5105:Determinism
4996:Navya-Nyāya
4771:Sautrāntika
4766:Pudgalavada
4702:Vaisheshika
4555:Presocratic
4455:Renaissance
4394:Physicalism
4379:Materialism
4285:Normativity
4270:Objectivism
4255:Emergentism
4245:Behaviorism
4194:Metaphysics
4160:Determinism
4099:Rationalism
3435:Agrarianism
3160:Han dynasty
3116:tacticians.
2989:Machiavelli
2960:Book of Han
2952:Qin dynasty
2758:Bodhidharma
2745:Bhartrihari
2644:Buddhaghosa
2629:Dharmakirti
2618:Isvarakrsna
2570:Yoga Sutras
2428:Ashtadhyayi
2350:Tirthankara
2348:, the 24th
2333:Vaisheshika
2317:Nyaya Sutra
2292:Mahabharata
2214:Yajnavalkya
2109:Vaisheshika
1929:tradition.
1890:Rabbi Akiva
1877:4 Maccabees
1678:Manichaeism
1616:Zarathustra
1568:Zoroastrian
1564:Zarathustra
1258:Eclecticism
1253:Cyrenaicism
1224:Aenesidemus
1194:Clitomachus
1046:Antisthenes
815:Anaximander
735:Arab Empire
511:Metaphysics
426:By religion
282:Continental
262:Renaissance
5935:Amerindian
5842:Australian
5781:Vietnamese
5761:Indonesian
5310:Kantianism
5259:Positivism
5249:Pragmatism
5224:Naturalism
5204:Liberalism
5182:Subjective
5120:Empiricism
5024:Avicennism
4969:Bhedabheda
4853:East Asian
4776:Madhyamaka
4756:Abhidharma
4622:Pyrrhonism
4389:Nominalism
4384:Naturalism
4313:Skepticism
4303:Relativism
4293:Absolutism
4222:Naturalism
4132:Deontology
4104:Skepticism
4089:Naturalism
4079:Empiricism
4043:Aesthetics
3947:Philosophy
3665:Bardesanes
3631:9231032119
3557:References
3445:Naturalism
3420: 325
3370:Shen Buhai
3365:Shang Yang
3336:– 230 BCE)
3334: 312
3184:Neo-Taoism
3090:definition
3041:empiricism
3007:moderation
3003:compassion
2940:government
2928:lifestyles
2834:Madhyamaka
2830: 150
2817:Samayasāra
2805:Jain nayas
2801:Kundakunda
2784:Vasubandhu
2771:school of
2765: 440
2752: 450
2736: 300
2720: 500
2700:Kural text
2684:Siddhasena
2674:Udyotakara
2669:Dharmapala
2654:Maticandra
2634:Haribhadra
2606:Kama Sutra
2531: 350
2502: 480
2450:Badarayana
2288:Ashtavakra
2222:Buddhistic
2025:Upanishads
1993:. Nature (
1808:See also:
1792:Literature
1691: 216
1672:Bardesanes
1661:Anacharsis
1530:See also:
1451:Themistius
1445:Iamblichus
1308:See also:
1288:Pyrrhonism
1212:Posidonius
1182:Chrysippus
1178:– 212 BCE)
1176: 287
1169:Archimedes
1157:Arcesilaus
1138: 330
1076:Xenocrates
1064:Speusippus
1052:Aristippus
961:Protagoras
934:Democritus
913:Anaxagoras
907:Empedocles
900:Pluralists
880:Parmenides
874:Xenophanes
861:Heraclitus
836:Pythagoras
519:Aesthetics
208:Categories
150:Philosophy
87:newspapers
5814:Pakistani
5776:Taiwanese
5723:Ethiopian
5696:By region
5682:By region
5497:Scientism
5492:Systemics
5352:Spinozism
5279:Socialism
5214:Modernism
5177:Objective
5085:Anarchism
5019:Averroism
4908:Christian
4860:Neotaoism
4831:Zurvanism
4821:Mithraism
4816:Mazdakism
4587:Cyrenaics
4514:Logicians
4147:Free will
4109:Solipsism
4056:Formalism
3836:"Zou Yan"
3473:Xiang Xiu
3468:Guo Xiang
3458:Neotaoism
3397:Logicians
3391:Song Xing
3317:Confucius
3298:Zhang Jue
3196:Guo Xiang
3192:Xiang Xiu
3086:Logicians
3079:Shen Nong
3023:longevity
2948:diplomacy
2823:Nagarjuna
2679:Gaudapada
2664:Bhāviveka
2649:Kamandaka
2639:Pujyapada
2593:Aśvaghoṣa
2566:Raja Yoga
2555:Patañjali
2519:Śāriputra
2404:Lakulisha
2228:Lopamudra
2154:Parashara
2084:Is mind (
1897: 40
1721:Zurvanism
1703:Mazdakism
1693:– 276 CE)
1475:Damascius
1384: 80
1377:Favorinus
1371:Epictetus
1347:Lucretius
1188:Carneades
1131:Cleanthes
1082:Aristotle
1023:– ?)
1007:Lycophron
997:Callicles
928:Leucippus
842:Philolaus
704:Axial Age
675:, namely
611:Logicians
606:Ethicists
564:Political
524:Education
445:Christian
440:Confucian
339:Indonesia
293:By region
231:By period
6016:Category
6000:Category
5955:Yugoslav
5945:Romanian
5852:Scottish
5837:American
5766:Japanese
5746:Buddhist
5728:Africana
5718:Egyptian
5560:Feminist
5482:Rawlsian
5477:Quietism
5375:Analytic
5327:Krausism
5234:Nihilism
5199:Kokugaku
5162:Absolute
5157:Idealism
5145:Humanism
4933:Occamism
4900:European
4845:Medieval
4791:Yogacara
4751:Buddhist
4744:Syādvāda
4627:Stoicism
4592:Cynicism
4580:Sophists
4575:Atomists
4570:Eleatics
4509:Legalism
4450:Medieval
4374:Idealism
4328:Ontology
4308:Nihilism
4212:Idealism
3970:Branches
3959:Branches
3815:11913447
3745:Archived
3540:See also
3496:Zhang Yi
3375:Shen Dao
3361:Mi Su Yu
3342:Legalism
3287:Zhuangzi
3256:Daosheng
3252:Sengzhao
3248:Hinayana
3220:Buddhism
3213:feng liu
3171:Old Text
3121:Lü Buwei
3098:sophists
3054:and the
3031:Universe
3011:humility
2985:Legalism
2918:and the
2843:Umāsvāti
2795:Yogacara
2773:Buddhism
2740:Yogacara
2704:morality
2689:Valluvar
2623:Aryadeva
2602:Vatsyana
2597:Kālidāsa
2580:Shaivism
2524:Chanakya
2513:Buddhist
2399:Nagasena
2394:Dandamis
2389:Mahavira
2342:Mahavira
2308:Gotama (
2238:Maitreyi
2224:thought.
2200:Rig Veda
2174:Rig Veda
2059:Buddhism
1995:prakriti
1945:Rigvedic
1846:Ben Sira
1764:Borzouye
1481:Boethius
1439:Porphyry
1433:Plotinus
1365:Plutarch
1335:Plotinus
1293:Stoicism
1248:Cynicism
1163:Menippus
1113:Epicurus
1034:Socrates
979:Prodicus
973:Antiphon
954:Sophists
921:Atomists
853:Archytas
694:Overview
569:Religion
554:Ontology
534:Language
488:Branches
435:Buddhist
390:American
312:Ethiopia
277:Analytic
257:Medieval
198:Glossary
183:Contents
5950:Russian
5919:Spanish
5914:Slovene
5904:Maltese
5899:Italian
5879:Finland
5847:British
5829:Western
5819:Turkish
5804:Islamic
5799:Iranian
5751:Chinese
5738:Eastern
5705:African
5652:more...
5337:Marxism
5167:British
5110:Dualism
5006:Islamic
4964:Advaita
4954:Vedanta
4928:Scotism
4923:Thomism
4865:Tiantai
4808:Persian
4796:Tibetan
4786:Śūnyatā
4727:Cārvāka
4717:Ājīvika
4712:Mīmāṃsā
4692:Samkhya
4607:Academy
4560:Ionians
4534:Yangism
4491:Chinese
4482:Ancient
4445:Western
4440:Ancient
4399:Realism
4356:Reality
4346:Process
4227:Realism
4207:Dualism
4202:Atomism
4084:Fideism
3909:at the
3845:1 March
3760:P. 285
3531:Sun Bin
3507:Li Yiji
3485:Guiguzi
3463:Wang Bi
3450:Zou Yan
3439:Xu Xing
3407:Hui Shi
3402:Deng Xi
3357:Han Fei
3322:Mencius
3304:Ge Hong
3188:Wang Bi
3179:Xuanxue
3143:Sun Bin
3071:utopian
3060:Zou Yan
2892:Vietnam
2713:Dignāga
2568:in his
2546:acharya
2477:Pingala
2460:Jaimini
2444:Samkhya
2413:Buddha.
2354:Jainism
2346:Jainism
2337:atomism
2253:Angiras
2208:Jainism
2192:Rishaba
2130:Vedanta
2124:Mimamsa
2114:Samkhya
2064:Cārvāka
2055:Jainism
2050:Sramana
1979:Purusha
1973:In the
1927:śramaṇa
1820:Qohelet
1626:Ostanes
1600:Denkard
1533:Dualism
1510:Raphael
1469:Proclus
1457:Ambrose
1298:Sophism
1230:Agrippa
1002:Critias
985:Hippias
967:Gorgias
780:Raphael
717:in the
574:Science
529:History
455:Islamic
415:Russian
410:Italian
395:British
385:Western
378:Iranian
354:Vietnam
329:Chinese
302:African
240:Ancient
203:History
188:Outline
101:scholar
5909:Polish
5889:German
5884:French
5869:Danish
5859:Canada
5809:Jewish
5771:Korean
5756:Indian
5298:People
5219:Monism
5172:German
5140:Holism
5073:Modern
5051:Jewish
4974:Dvaita
4947:Indian
4870:Huayan
4722:Ajñana
4679:Indian
4544:Greco-
4529:Taoism
4519:Mohism
4465:Modern
4432:By era
4421:By era
4336:Action
4217:Monism
4137:Virtue
4119:Ethics
3893:
3813:
3717:
3671:
3650:
3629:
3608:
3591:
3502:Yue Yi
3490:Su Qin
3382:Mohism
3352:Li Kui
3327:Xun Zi
3276:Taoism
3266:sect.
3240:Buddha
3204:wuming
3037:Mohism
3027:wu wei
3025:; and
3019:health
3015:nature
3009:, and
2995:Taoism
2946:, and
2890:, and
2797:school
2729:Asanga
2433:Kapila
2424:Pāṇini
2370:Payasi
2322:Kanada
2248:Ghosha
2048:, and
2009:, and
2000:sattva
1752:Tansar
1714:Mazdak
1654:Gathas
1647:Avesta
1621:Jamasp
1604:Gathas
1548:Avesta
1353:Seneca
1341:Cicero
1107:Pyrrho
1088:Stilpo
809:Thales
501:Ethics
470:Taoist
465:Jewish
405:German
400:French
334:Indian
267:Modern
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
5940:Aztec
5894:Greek
5874:Dutch
5864:Czech
5713:Bantu
5150:Anti-
4697:Nyaya
4687:Hindu
4547:Roman
4341:Event
3983:Logic
3822:(PDF)
3791:(PDF)
3726:4 May
3518:Sunzi
3347:Li Si
3281:Laozi
3236:Laozi
3139:Sunzi
3094:logic
2956:purge
2888:Korea
2882:that
2218:Vedic
2196:Rishi
2104:Nyaya
2099:are:
2020:Vedas
2012:tamas
2006:rajas
1991:karma
1975:Vedic
1940:Vedas
1544:Vedas
1151:Timon
1058:Plato
506:Logic
450:Hindu
349:Korea
344:Japan
307:Egypt
193:Lists
108:JSTOR
94:books
5041:Sufi
4875:Chan
4734:Jain
4707:Yoga
4237:Mind
4177:Hard
4165:Hard
3891:ISBN
3847:2011
3811:PMID
3728:2024
3715:ISBN
3669:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3627:ISBN
3606:ISBN
3589:ISBN
3387:Mozi
3260:Chan
3254:and
3232:Tang
3230:and
3202:and
3200:ming
3194:and
3141:and
3111:The
3092:and
3084:The
3021:and
2975:and
2930:and
2706:and
2204:guru
2119:Yoga
2086:chit
2057:and
1921:The
1812:and
1697:Ammo
1684:Mani
757:and
549:Mind
460:Jain
80:news
5315:Neo
4880:Zen
3803:doi
3264:Zen
3228:Sui
3100:or
2972:ren
2944:war
2769:Zen
2352:of
2206:of
2015:).
1987:rta
1574:of
1554:by
1512:'s
782:'s
709:In
690:).
539:Law
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