151:
encoded by nuclear genes specifically for this purpose. ... The reason for such a costly arrangement is not clear, and the hope that the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes would provide the answer has proved to be unfounded. We cannot think of compelling reasons why the proteins made in mitochondria and chloroplasts should be made there rather than in the cytosol.
218:
Chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes also contain genes for components of the chloroplast and mitochondrial genetic systems themselves. These genes comprise a secondary subset of organellar genes: genetic system genes. There is generally no requirement for redox control of expression of genetic
150:
Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts require their own separate genetic systems, when other organelles that share the same cytoplasm, such as peroxisomes and lysosomes, do not? The question is not trivial, because maintaining a separate genetic system is costly: more than 90 proteins ... must be
226:
Retention of genes of the secondary subset (genetic system genes) is necessary for the operation of redox control of expression of genes in the primary subset. If all genes disappear from the primary subset, CoRR predicts that there is no function for genes in the secondary subset, and such
210:
carriers with which those gene products interact. Such genes comprise a core, or primary subset, of organellar genes. The requirement for redox control of each gene in the primary subset then confers an advantage upon location of that gene within the organelle.
58:
with the title "Control of gene expression by redox potential and the requirement for chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes". The central concept had been outlined in a review of 1992. The term CoRR was introduced in 2003 in a paper in
124:
Both the genetic and energy-converting systems of chloroplasts and mitochondria are descended, with little modification, from those of the free-living bacteria that these organelles once were. The existence of these cytoplasmic
227:
organelles will then, eventually, lose their genomes completely. However, if even only one gene remains under redox control, then an organelle genetic system is required for the synthesis of its gene product.
45:
CoRR is short for "co-location for redox regulation", itself a shortened form of "co-location (of gene and gene product) for (evolutionary) continuity of redox regulation of
117:, chloroplasts and mitochondria each contain specialized and discrete genetic systems. These genetic systems enable chloroplasts and mitochondria to make some of their own
61:
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fulfil central roles in the structure of their respective protein complexes, suggesting that their organellar retention allows local control of complex assembly.
577:
449:
Allen JF (December 1993). "Control of gene expression by redox potential and the requirement for chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes".
680:
Puthiyaveetil S, Kavanagh TA, Cain P, Sullivan JA, Newell CA, Gray JC, Robinson C, van der Giezen M, Rogers MB, Allen JF (July 2008).
587:
343:"Why chloroplasts and mitochondria retain their own genomes and genetic systems: colocation for redox regulation of gene expression"
220:
864:
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whose expression is required to be under the direct, regulatory control of the redox state of their gene products, or of
274:
couples transcription in chloroplasts to plastoquinone redox state. This chloroplast sensor kinase is inherited from
849:
283:
264:
252:
790:"Evolutionary Inference across Eukaryotes Identifies Specific Pressures Favoring Mitochondrial Gene Retention"
645:
Pfannschmidt T, Nilsson A, Allen JF (February 1997). "Photosynthetic control of chloroplast gene expression".
576:
Bruce
Alberts; Alexander Johnson; Julian Lewis; Martin Raff; Keith Roberts; Peter Walter (16 November 2007).
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174:, and thus why some characters are inherited through the cytoplasm in the phenomenon of cytoplasmic, non-
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in isolated chloroplasts and mitochondria are obtained in the presence of redox reagents with different
741:"Chloroplast two-component systems: evolution of the link between photosynthesis and gene expression"
693:
458:
413:
354:
179:
110:
682:"The ancestral symbiont sensor kinase CSK links photosynthesis with gene expression in chloroplasts"
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therefore anchors some genes in organelles, while favouring location of others in the cell nucleus.
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in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. There they code for protein precursors that are made in the
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113:; the release of this stored energy when work is done. In addition to these key reactions of
605:"Redox Conditions Specify the Proteins Synthesized by Isolated-Chloroplasts and Mitochondria"
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133:. Most genes for proteins of chloroplasts and mitochondria are, however, now located on
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244:. In mitochondria, the effect results from a redox signal at the level of respiratory
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Allen JF (January 1992). "Protein phosphorylation in regulation of photosynthesis".
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system genes, though their being subject to redox control may, in some cases, allow
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of redox signals acting upon genes in the primary subset (bioenergetic genes).
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Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genetic systems?
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permits regulation of its expression by the reduction-oxidation ("
182:. CoRR does so by offering an answer to this question: why, in
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CoRR seeks to explain why chloroplasts and mitochondria retain
65:
entitled "The function of genomes in bioenergetic organelles".
171:
202:
CoRR states that chloroplasts and mitochondria contain those
160:. Garland Science. All editions (pgs 868-869 in 5th edition)
52:
CoRR was put forward explicitly in 1993 in a paper in the
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according to the redox state of the electron carrier
529:"The function of genomes in bioenergetic organelles"
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is consistent with, and counts as evidence for, the
148:
62:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
101:; the capture and conversion of the energy of
402:"The CoRR hypothesis for genes in organelles"
8:
293:Products of genes most commonly retained in
263:and other components of the photosynthetic
141:for subsequent import into the organelles.
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788:Johnston, I. G.; Williams, B. P. (2016).
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603:Allen CA, Hakansson G, Allen JF (1995).
533:Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci
85:are energy-converting organelles in the
739:Puthiyaveetil S, Allen JF (June 2009).
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251:Genes in chloroplasts are selected for
259:. These genes code for photosynthetic
582:. Garland Science. pp. 868–869.
7:
105:. Mitochondria in both plant and
14:
158:The Molecular Biology of the Cell
539:(1429): 19–37, discussion 37–8.
288:two-component regulatory system
624:10.1080/13510002.1995.11746969
55:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1:
579:Molecular Biology of the Cell
506:10.1016/s0005-2728(09)91014-3
74:Chloroplasts and mitochondria
686:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
347:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
270:A modified bacterial sensor
23:states that the location of
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810:10.1016/j.cels.2016.01.013
427:10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.04.008
400:Allen JF (December 2017).
527:Allen JF (January 2003).
284:Chloroplast sensor kinase
341:Allen JF (August 2015).
265:electron transport chain
194:, while others did not?
707:10.1073/pnas.0803928105
368:10.1073/pnas.1500012112
166:Cytoplasmic inheritance
131:endosymbiont hypothesis
865:Mitochondrial genetics
757:10.1098/rspb.2008.1426
545:10.1098/rstb.2002.1191
494:Biochim. Biophys. Acta
471:10.1006/jtbi.1993.1210
236:Different products of
186:, did some bacterial,
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278:and encoded in plant
16:Biological hypothesis
855:Evolutionary biology
180:maternal inheritance
698:2008PNAS..10510061P
463:1993JThBi.165..609A
418:2017JThBi.434...50A
359:2015PNAS..11210231A
353:(33): 10231–10238.
286:is part of a redox
93:. Chloroplasts in
25:genetic information
190:genes move to the
178:, uniparental, or
850:Eukaryote biology
751:(1665): 2133–45.
653:(6720): 625–628.
318:Mitochondrial DNA
295:mitochondrial DNA
238:protein synthesis
213:Natural selection
198:Proposed solution
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47:gene expression
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500:(3): 275–335.
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457:(4): 609–31.
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276:cyanobacteria
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257:plastoquinone
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253:transcription
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797:Cell Systems
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612:Redox Report
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192:cell nucleus
188:endosymbiont
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107:animal cells
83:mitochondria
79:Chloroplasts
77:
60:
53:
51:
44:
20:
18:
280:nuclear DNA
135:chromosomes
111:respiration
95:plant cells
69:The problem
29:cytoplasmic
870:Organelles
834:Categories
329:References
246:complex II
32:organelles
412:: 50–57.
184:evolution
176:Mendelian
87:cytoplasm
860:Genomics
840:Bacteria
819:27135164
775:19324807
726:18632566
632:27405554
563:12594916
436:28408315
387:26286985
323:Plastids
302:See also
231:Evidence
208:electron
154:—
119:proteins
109:perform
103:sunlight
97:perform
766:2677595
717:2474565
694:Bibcode
667:4423836
554:1693096
514:1310622
479:8114509
459:Bibcode
414:Bibcode
378:4547249
355:Bibcode
139:cytosol
127:genomes
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272:kinase
793:(PDF)
663:S2CID
608:(PDF)
204:genes
36:redox
815:PMID
771:PMID
722:PMID
628:PMID
584:ISBN
559:PMID
510:PMID
498:1098
475:PMID
432:PMID
383:PMID
81:and
19:The
805:doi
761:PMC
753:doi
749:276
712:PMC
702:doi
690:105
655:doi
651:397
620:doi
549:PMC
541:doi
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502:doi
467:doi
455:165
422:doi
410:434
373:PMC
363:doi
351:112
282:.
172:DNA
89:of
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