1107:
932:, arranged in continuous arrays. The two coccolith types were originally thought to be produced by different families of coccolithophores. Now, however, it is known through a mix of observations on field samples and laboratory cultures, that the two coccolith types are produced by the same species but at different life cycle phases. Heterococcoliths are produced in the diploid life-cycle phase and holococcoliths in the haploid phase. Both in field samples and laboratory cultures, there is the possibility of observing a cell covered by a combination of heterococcoliths and holococcoliths. This indicates the transition from the diploid to the haploid phase of the species. Such combination of coccoliths has been observed in field samples, with many of them coming from the Mediterranean.
120:
108:
900:
1106:
1054:
1070:
1039:
226:
808:
194:. These are estimated to consume about two-thirds of the primary production in the ocean and microzooplankton can exert a strong grazing pressure on coccolithophore populations. Although calcification does not prevent predation, it has been argued that the coccosphere reduces the grazing efficiency by making it more difficult for the predator to utilise the organic content of coccolithophores.
31:
936:
2578:
1393:
1342:
1083:
181:
As of 2021, it is not known why coccolithophores calcify and how their ability to produce coccoliths is associated with their ecological success. The most plausible benefit of having a coccosphere seems to be a protection against predators or viruses. Viral infection is an important cause of
1892:
Monteiro, Fanny M.; Bach, Lennart T.; Brownlee, Colin; Bown, Paul; Rickaby, Rosalind E. M.; Poulton, Alex J.; Tyrrell, Toby; Beaufort, Luc; Dutkiewicz, Stephanie; Gibbs, Samantha; Gutowska, Magdalena A.; Lee, Renee; Riebesell, Ulf; Young, Jeremy; Ridgwell, Andy (2016).
1082:
119:
1702:
Honjo, Susumu; Manganini, Steven J.; Krishfield, Richard A.; Francois, Roger (2008). "Particulate organic carbon fluxes to the ocean interior and factors controlling the biological pump: A synthesis of global sediment trap programs since 1983".
864:
and incorporated in the coccosphere. The coccoliths are either dispersed following death and breakup of the coccosphere, or are shed continually by some species. They sink through the water column to form an important part of the deep-sea
1198:
Because coccoliths are formed of low-Mg calcite, the most stable form of calcium carbonate, they are readily fossilised. They are found in sediments together with similar microfossils of uncertain affinities (nanoliths) from the
1240:
Moheimani, N.R.; Webb, J.P.; Borowitzka, M.A. (2012), "Bioremediation and other potential applications of coccolithophorid algae: A review. . Bioremediation and other potential applications of coccolithophorid algae: A review",
1576:
Poulton, Alex J.; Adey, Tim R.; Balch, William M.; Holligan, Patrick M. (2007). "Relating coccolithophore calcification rates to phytoplankton community dynamics: Regional differences and implications for carbon export".
182:
phytoplankton death in the oceans, and it has recently been shown that calcification can influence the interaction between a coccolithophore and its virus. The major predators of marine phytoplankton are
107:
873:
was the first person to observe these forms in modern marine sediments and he gave them the name 'coccoliths' in a report published in 1858. Coccoliths are composed of calcium carbonate as the mineral
1203:
to recent. They are widely used as biostratigraphic markers and as paleoclimatic proxies. Stable oxygen and carbon isotope data from coccoliths is used to reconstruct estimates of oceanic CO
1162:
Although coccoliths are remarkably elaborate structures whose formation is a complex product of cellular processes, their function is unclear. Hypotheses include defence against grazing by
201:
are able to selectively choose prey on the basis of its size or shape and through chemical signals and may thus favor other prey that is available and not protected by coccoliths.
899:
839:
2059:
Johns, Christopher T.; Grubb, Austin R.; Nissimov, Jozef I.; Natale, Frank; Knapp, Viki; Mui, Alwin; Fredricks, Helen F.; Van Mooy, Benjamin A. S.; Bidle, Kay D. (2019).
570:
89:, which are about 2–25 micrometres across. Coccolithophores are an important group of about 200 marine phytoplankton species which cover themselves with a
2194:
Mayers, K.M.J.; Poulton, A.J.; Daniels, C.J.; Wells, S.R.; Woodward, E.M.S.; Tarran, G.A.; Widdicombe, C.E.; Mayor, D.J.; Atkinson, A.; Giering, S.L.C. (2019).
2336:
2341:
Deep Sea
Soundings in the North Atlantic Ocean between Ireland and Newfoundland, made in H.M.S. Cyclops, Lieut.-Commander Joseph Dayman, in June and July 1857
2692:
1828:
Young, J. R. (1994). "Functions of coccoliths," in
Coccolithophores, eds A. Winter and W. G. Siesser (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 63–82.
1467:
Henderiks, Jorijntje (2008). "Coccolithophore size rules — Reconstructing ancient cell geometry and cellular calcite quota from fossil coccoliths".
928:. Heterococcoliths are formed of a radial array of elaborately shaped crystal units. Holococcoliths are formed of minute (~0.1 micrometre) calcite
832:
2665:
2544:
Bendif, El Mahdi; Probert, Ian; Díaz-Rosas, Francisco; Thomas, Daniela; van den Engh, Ger; Young, Jeremy R.; von Dassow, Peter (2016-05-24).
2528:
2501:
2474:
1804:
1560:
1527:
1361:"Increasing Costs Due to Ocean Acidification Drives Phytoplankton to Be More Heavily Calcified: Optimal Growth Strategy of Coccolithophores"
825:
2597:"Isotopic record of Pleistocene glacial/interglacial cycles in pelagic carbonates: Revisiting historical data from the Caribbean Sea"
2000:
2141:
Calbet, Albert; Landry, Michael R. (2004). "Phytoplankton growth, microzooplankton grazing, and carbon cycling in marine systems".
1138:
RCC4033; (E) Reticulofenestra parvular RCC4034; (F) Reticulofenestra parvular RCC4035; (G) Reticulofenestra parvular RCC4036; (H)
2685:
2301:"The role of dissolved infochemicals in mediating predator-prey interactions in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina"
853:
791:
1655:"Association of sinking organic matter with various types of mineral ballast in the deep sea: Implications for the rain ratio"
1510:
Bown, Paul R.; Lees, Jackie A.; Young, Jeremy R. (2004). "Calcareous nannoplankton evolution and diversity through time".
702:
697:
530:
35:
2678:
929:
525:
162:
precipitation of calcium carbonate during coccolith formation reduces the total alkalinity of seawater and releases CO
1819:
Young, J. R. (1987). Possible
Functional Interpretations of Coccolith Morphology. New York: Springer-Verlag, 305–313.
1787:
Rost, Björn; Riebesell, Ulf (2004). "Coccolithophores and the biological pump: Responses to environmental changes".
3874:
2601:
2415:
1310:"Influence of the Calcium Carbonate Shell of Coccolithophores on Ingestion and Growth of a Dinoflagellate Predator"
812:
759:
753:
412:
143:
3387:
1053:
3627:
1271:"A review of selected aspects of coccolithophore biology with implications for paleobiodiversity estimation"
535:
93:
shell called a "coccosphere". They are ecologically and biogeochemically important but the reason why they
3824:
3763:
3702:
3416:
2196:"Growth and mortality of coccolithophores during spring in a temperate Shelf Sea (Celtic Sea, April 2015)"
1209:
907:
724:
549:
171:
85:
Coccolithophores are spherical cells about 5–100 micrometres across, enclosed by calcareous plates called
3784:
3775:
1127:
1069:
882:
287:
2660:
2110:"The Calcium Carbonate Shell of Emiliania huxleyi Provides Limited Protection Against Viral Infection"
125:
Coccolithophore cell surrounded by its shield of coccoliths. The coccolith-bearing cell is called the
3768:
2207:
2150:
1906:
1851:
1751:
1740:"Marine calcification as a source of carbon dioxide: Positive feedback of increasing atmospheric CO2"
1712:
1666:
1625:
1586:
1476:
1423:
1308:
Haunost, Mathias; Riebesell, Ulf; D'Amore, Francesco; Kelting, Ole; Bach, Lennart T. (30 June 2021).
407:
319:
3712:
2380:
2354:
2332:
890:
241:
167:
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2596:
2281:
2225:
2176:
2041:
1684:
1449:
764:
615:
581:
498:
491:
402:
251:
2654:
150:
sediments. Their calcareous shell increases the sinking velocity of photosynthetically fixed CO
3758:
3717:
2567:
2524:
2518:
2497:
2470:
2447:
2273:
2090:
2033:
1996:
1932:
1800:
1556:
1523:
1492:
1441:
1382:
1331:
1140:
987:– ellipsoidal with a raised rim, in some cases the high rim forms a vase or cup-like structure
779:
689:
358:
292:
217:
90:
67:
54:
3361:
2491:
2256:
Tillmann, Urban (2004). "Interactions between
Planktonic Microalgae and Protozoan Grazers1".
860:. When the coccolith is complete these vesicles fuse with the cell wall and the coccolith is
3732:
3576:
3523:
3475:
3434:
3399:
3392:
3329:
3206:
3132:
2610:
2557:
2437:
2427:
2396:
2312:
2265:
2215:
2166:
2158:
2121:
2080:
2072:
2025:
1988:
1963:
1922:
1914:
1869:
1859:
1792:
1769:
1759:
1720:
1674:
1633:
1594:
1548:
1515:
1484:
1431:
1372:
1321:
1285:
1252:
1133:
1089:
739:
729:
709:
331:
326:
246:
183:
155:
98:
3508:
2740:
2638:
1038:
605:
395:
363:
135:
58:
2661:
Cocco
Express - Coccolithophorids Expressed Sequence Tags (EST) & Microarray Database
2211:
2154:
2016:
Brussaard, Corina P. D. (2004). "Viral
Control of Phytoplankton Populations-a Review1".
1910:
1855:
1755:
1716:
1670:
1629:
1590:
1480:
1427:
97:
remains elusive. One key function may be that the coccosphere offers protection against
3692:
3533:
3443:
3429:
3230:
3086:
3034:
2891:
2810:
2670:
2269:
2085:
2060:
2029:
1992:
1927:
1894:
1243:
1207:
concentrations in the geologic past. Coccoliths and related fossils are referred to as
1200:
1183:
1179:
747:
610:
597:
424:
419:
191:
2546:"Recent Reticulate Evolution in the Ecologically Dominant Lineage of Coccolithophores"
225:
30:
3868:
3789:
3622:
3594:
3498:
3471:
3468:
3402:
2896:
2870:
2820:
2651:- includes an illustrated guide to coccolith terminology and several image galleries.
2229:
1270:
1095:
870:
769:
714:
554:
517:
380:
338:
309:
195:
62:
2614:
2467:
Coccolithophores of the
Eastern Mediterranean sea: A look into the marine microworld
2465:
Malinverno, E; Dimiza, MD; Triantaphyllou, MV; Dermitzakis, MD; Corselli, C (2008).
2285:
2180:
2045:
1688:
3809:
3779:
3639:
3290:
3142:
3137:
3039:
2975:
2839:
2705:
2701:
1488:
1453:
1216:
1116:
784:
461:
456:
438:
256:
1614:"Ratio of coccolith CaCO3to foraminifera CaCO3in late Holocene deep sea sediments"
2246:, Eds A. Winter and W. G. Siesser (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 63–82.
2220:
2195:
1724:
1552:
1519:
1377:
1360:
1359:
Irie, Takahiro; Bessho, Kazuhiro; Findlay, Helen S.; Calosi, Piero (2010-10-15).
71:) and cover the cell surface arranged in the form of a spherical shell, called a
3839:
3814:
3802:
3617:
3571:
3372:
3339:
3319:
3240:
3153:
3024:
2992:
2930:
2920:
2855:
2830:
2778:
2761:
2384:
2358:
1796:
1289:
1256:
1163:
734:
719:
662:
576:
343:
275:
101:
predation, which is one of the main causes of phytoplankton death in the ocean.
73:
40:
2657:- illustrated guide to the taxonomy of coccolithophores and other nannofossils.
2582:
2299:
Breckels, M. N.; Roberts, E. C.; Archer, S. D.; Malin, G.; Steinke, M. (2011).
1598:
1397:
1346:
3853:
3848:
3829:
3819:
3797:
3453:
3377:
3197:
3168:
3096:
3075:
2961:
2946:
2834:
2788:
2730:
2432:
2400:
2162:
2126:
2109:
1764:
1739:
1326:
1309:
886:
861:
857:
314:
304:
299:
86:
2571:
2562:
2545:
2451:
1968:
1951:
1496:
1445:
1386:
1335:
1190:
light; or in deep-dwelling species, to concentrate light for photosynthesis.
3834:
3707:
3697:
3561:
3543:
3518:
3487:
3448:
3300:
3280:
3266:
3245:
3173:
3070:
3053:
2935:
2881:
2844:
2773:
2752:
2317:
2300:
2076:
1436:
1411:
657:
650:
544:
2277:
2094:
2037:
1936:
1918:
935:
2581:
Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2061:"The mutual interplay between calcification and coccolithovirus infection"
1396:
Modified material was copied from this source, which is available under a
950:
Coccoliths are also classified depending on shape. Common shapes include:
17:
3727:
3722:
3634:
3599:
3528:
3513:
3503:
3382:
3305:
3256:
3220:
3187:
3101:
3013:
2910:
2865:
2745:
2725:
1679:
1654:
1638:
1613:
1543:
Hay, William W. (2004). "Carbonate fluxes and calcareous nannoplankton".
1175:
1167:
866:
645:
635:
451:
370:
353:
159:
139:
2520:
Marine
Phytoplankton: A Guide to Naked Flagellates and Coccolithophorids
2171:
1874:
3663:
3644:
3163:
3117:
2756:
2709:
2577:
1983:
Hamm, Christian; Smetacek, Victor (2007). "Armor: Why, when, and How".
1773:
1392:
1341:
1171:
874:
640:
565:
486:
375:
261:
198:
187:
94:
2442:
1864:
1839:
1738:
Frankignoulle, Michel; Canon, Christine; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre (1994).
113:
Partial cross section of a coccolithophore with coccolith layer
3566:
3424:
3127:
3003:
2783:
2735:
2359:"On some organisms living at great depth in the North Atlantic Ocean"
774:
669:
481:
390:
2385:"On the organic origin of the so-called 'Crystalloids' of the chalk"
1112:
SEM images correspond to coccolith drawings in the previous diagram
3538:
3106:
2768:
1412:"Covariation of metabolic rates and cell size in coccolithophores"
934:
878:
385:
29:
1345:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
503:
442:
2674:
1952:"On the Genesis and Function of Coccolithophore Calcification"
975:– disc-shaped, with numerous perforations in the central area
27:
Calcium carbonate scales covering some phytoplankton species
2108:
Haunost, Mathias; Riebesell, Ulf; Bach, Lennart T. (2020).
1187:
981:– convex disc shaped, may with a projecting central process
1579:
Deep Sea
Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
1011:– rim composed of two plates stacked on top of one another
1840:"Environmental controls on coccolithophore calcification"
999:– basket or cup-shaped with a high rim, opening distally
2648:
2645:, containing essays on blooms, coccolith function, etc.
1005:– pentagonal shape composed of five four-sided crystals
166:. Thus, coccolithophores play an important role in the
2583:
Creative
Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2416:"Atlas of Northwestern Mediterranean Coccolithophores"
1398:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
1347:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
146:
in the surface ocean and ~50% to pelagic CaCO
3749:
3683:
3608:
3585:
3552:
3485:
3359:
3352:
3327:
3318:
3288:
3279:
3254:
3228:
3219:
3195:
3186:
3151:
3115:
3084:
3061:
3052:
3022:
3001:
2983:
2974:
2944:
2918:
2909:
2879:
2853:
2818:
2809:
2802:
2716:
2242:Young, J. R. (1994) "Functions of coccoliths". In:
1023:– a single plate with a club-shaped central process
1098:is associated with a SEM image in the next diagram
2414:Fortuño, José Manuel; Cros, Lluïsa (2002-03-30).
1371:(10). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e13436.
1887:
1885:
142:. Today, coccolithophores contribute ~1–10% to
134:Coccolithophores have been an integral part of
2496:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–58.
1269:Young, J. R.; Geisen, M.; Probert, I. (2005).
889:times), in which they were first described by
2686:
2343:. London: British Admiralty. pp. 63–68 .
1303:
1301:
1299:
1029:– rhombohedral, with parallel lines in center
833:
8:
2649:International Nannoplankton Association site
1612:Broecker, Wallace; Clark, Elizabeth (2009).
1653:Klaas, Christine; Archer, David E. (2002).
957:– basket-shaped with openings near the base
126:
3356:
3324:
3285:
3225:
3192:
3058:
2980:
2915:
2815:
2806:
2693:
2679:
2671:
2363:Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science
840:
826:
208:
2561:
2441:
2431:
2316:
2219:
2170:
2125:
2084:
1985:Evolution of Primary Producers in the Sea
1967:
1926:
1873:
1863:
1763:
1678:
1637:
1435:
1376:
1325:
852:Coccoliths are formed within the cell in
2490:Amos Winter; William G. Siesser (2006).
920:There are two main types of coccoliths,
174:and the oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO
1232:
1102:
1088:Coccolith structures of representative
1078:
895:
216:
103:
2389:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
2258:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2018:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
158:organic matter. At the same time, the
170:by influencing the efficiency of the
7:
2624:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
2523:. Academic Press. pp. 161–165.
1063:consisting of overlapping placoliths
53:are individual plates or scales of
2469:. Athens: "ION" Publishing Group.
2270:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00540.x
2030:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00537.x
1895:"Why marine phytoplankton calcify"
1422:(15). Copernicus GmbH: 4665–4692.
1017:– polygonal, may have perforations
993:– a placolith with a spiral margin
25:
2595:Hermoso, Michaël (1 April 2016).
2666:Possible functions of Coccoliths
2576:
1993:10.1016/B978-012370518-1/50015-1
1838:Raven, JA; Crawfurd, K. (2012).
1391:
1340:
1105:
1081:
1068:
1052:
1037:
898:
877:and are the main constituent of
869:(depending on the water depth).
807:
806:
224:
118:
106:
2615:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.02.003
571:microbial calcite precipitation
3440:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
1844:Marine Ecology Progress Series
1489:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.01.005
969:– horseshoe or wishbone shaped
1:
3410:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
1475:(1–2). Elsevier BV: 143–154.
531:marine biogenic calcification
2305:Journal of Plankton Research
2221:10.1016/j.pocean.2018.02.024
1725:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.11.003
1659:Global Biogeochemical Cycles
1553:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_19
1520:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_18
1410:Aloisi, G. (6 August 2015).
1378:10.1371/journal.pone.0013436
1217:nannoplankton (nanoplankton)
36:Scanning electron micrograph
2114:Frontiers in Marine Science
1956:Frontiers in Marine Science
1797:10.1007/978-3-662-06278-4_5
1314:Frontiers in Marine Science
1290:10.2113/gsmicropal.51.4.267
1257:10.1016/j.algal.2012.06.002
760:Biomineralising polychaetes
526:amorphous calcium carbonate
212:Part of a series related to
3891:
2602:Quaternary Science Reviews
2143:Limnology and Oceanography
2065:Environmental Microbiology
1950:Müller, Marius N. (2019).
1744:Limnology and Oceanography
1599:10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.12.003
792:Burgess Shale preservation
2550:Frontiers in Microbiology
2433:10.3989/scimar.2002.66s11
2401:10.1080/00222936108697404
2163:10.4319/lo.2004.49.1.0051
2127:10.3389/fmars.2020.530757
1765:10.4319/lo.1994.39.2.0458
1327:10.3389/fmars.2021.664269
905:Collapsed coccosphere of
754:Cupriavidus metallidurans
205:Formation and composition
2731:Mastigophora/Flagellates
2563:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00784
2517:Carmelo R Tomas (2012).
2200:Progress in Oceanography
1969:10.3389/fmars.2019.00049
1705:Progress in Oceanography
1469:Marine Micropaleontology
1186:; to filter out harmful
475:Teeth, scales, tusks etc
45:, plated with coccoliths
3769:Baas-Becking hypothesis
2077:10.1111/1462-2920.14362
1437:10.5194/bg-12-4665-2015
536:calcareous nannofossils
332:Choanoflagellate lorica
154:into the deep ocean by
3764:Microbial biogeography
2556:. Frontiers Media SA.
1919:10.1126/sciadv.1501822
1320:. Frontiers Media SA.
1210:calcareous nanofossils
1123:Gephyrocapsa muellerae
963:– disc- or bowl-shaped
942:
908:Pleurochrysis carterae
725:Magnetotactic bacteria
550:oolitic aragonite sand
408:scaly-foot snail shell
172:biological carbon pump
138:communities since the
47:
2784:Fungus-like organisms
2318:10.1093/plankt/fbq114
1128:Gephyrocapsa oceanica
1046:Helicosphaera carteri
938:
883:white cliffs of Dover
881:deposits such as the
33:
3499:Simple cell membrane
3435:Pseudoparenchymatous
3423:Filamentous/trichal/
3407:Colonial flagellated
3340:Collar of microvilli
2641:- site dedicated to
2381:Sorby, Henry Clifton
2355:Huxley, Thomas Henry
2333:Huxley, Thomas Henry
1987:. pp. 311–332.
1680:10.1029/2001GB001765
1639:10.1029/2009PA001731
1547:. pp. 509–528.
1514:. pp. 481–508.
3713:Contractile vacuole
3664:Meiosis in protists
3645:Mitosis in protists
3623:Multinucleate cells
2845:Flagellar apparatus
2794:Ambiregnal protists
2736:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
2212:2019PrOce.17701928M
2155:2004LimOc..49...51C
1911:2016SciA....2E1822M
1856:2012MEPS..470..137R
1791:. pp. 99–125.
1756:1994LimOc..39..458F
1717:2008PrOce..76..217H
1671:2002GBioC..16.1116K
1630:2009PalOc..24.3205B
1591:2007DSRII..54..538P
1481:2008MarMP..67..143H
1428:2015BGeo...12.4665A
940:Types of coccoliths
891:Henry Clifton Sorby
452:Vertebrate skeleton
242:Mineralized tissues
168:marine carbon cycle
3544:Periplast/pellicle
3267:Periplast/pellicle
3207:Cruciform division
1148:morphotype A; (J)
1144:morphotype R; (I)
943:
616:diatomaceous earth
582:Great Calcite Belt
499:Scale microfossils
492:otolithic membrane
403:small shelly fauna
376:echinoderm stereom
252:Biocrystallization
144:primary production
48:
3875:Calcium compounds
3862:
3861:
3759:Microbial ecology
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3718:Eyespot apparatus
3348:
3347:
3330:Choanoflagellates
3314:
3313:
3275:
3274:
3215:
3214:
3182:
3181:
3048:
3047:
2970:
2969:
2905:
2904:
2643:Emiliania huxleyi
2530:978-0-323-13827-7
2503:978-0-521-03169-1
2476:978-960-411-660-7
1865:10.3354/meps09993
1806:978-3-642-06016-8
1562:978-3-642-06016-8
1529:978-3-642-06016-8
1278:Micropaleontology
1174:; maintenance of
1150:Emiliania huxleyi
1146:Emiliania huxleyi
1141:Emiliania huxleyi
1061:Emiliania huxleyi
856:derived from the
850:
849:
780:permineralization
765:Mineral nutrients
690:Mineral evolution
359:foraminifera test
218:Biomineralization
91:calcium carbonate
68:Emiliania huxleyi
55:calcium carbonate
16:(Redirected from
3882:
3733:Mastigont system
3686:
3611:
3588:
3577:Gliding motility
3555:
3492:
3437:/plektenchymatic
3393:Amoeboflagellate
3366:
3357:
3333:
3325:
3294:
3286:
3260:
3234:
3226:
3200:
3193:
3157:
3121:
3090:
3064:
3059:
3028:
3007:
2986:
2981:
2950:
2924:
2916:
2885:
2859:
2823:
2816:
2807:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2672:
2639:The EHUX website
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2493:Coccolithophores
2487:
2481:
2480:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2253:
2247:
2244:Coccolithophores
2240:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2071:(6): 1896–1915.
2056:
2050:
2049:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1930:
1899:Science Advances
1889:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1789:Coccolithophores
1784:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1618:Paleoceanography
1609:
1603:
1602:
1585:(5–7): 538–557.
1573:
1567:
1566:
1545:Coccolithophores
1540:
1534:
1533:
1512:Coccolithophores
1507:
1501:
1500:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1439:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1329:
1305:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1237:
1166:or infection by
1134:Reticulofenestra
1109:
1090:Noelaerhabdaceae
1085:
1072:
1056:
1044:Helicoliths of
1041:
922:heterococcoliths
902:
842:
835:
828:
815:
810:
809:
730:Magnetoreception
710:Ballast minerals
305:Cephalopod shell
300:Brachiopod shell
247:Remineralisation
228:
209:
184:microzooplankton
122:
110:
99:microzooplankton
59:coccolithophores
21:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3751:
3737:
3684:
3679:
3609:
3604:
3586:
3581:
3553:
3548:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3363:
3360:
3344:
3328:
3310:
3289:
3271:
3255:
3250:
3229:
3211:
3196:
3178:
3152:
3147:
3116:
3111:
3087:Dinoflagellates
3085:
3080:
3062:
3044:
3023:
3018:
3002:
2997:
2984:
2966:
2945:
2940:
2919:
2901:
2880:
2875:
2854:
2849:
2819:
2798:
2719:classifications
2718:
2712:
2699:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2420:Scientia Marina
2413:
2412:
2408:
2395:(45): 193–200.
2379:
2378:
2374:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2237:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1905:(7): e1501822.
1891:
1890:
1883:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1206:
1196:
1160:
1153:
1113:
1110:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1059:Coccosphere of
1057:
1049:
1048:
1042:
948:
941:
918:
911:
903:
846:
805:
798:
797:
796:
684:
676:
675:
674:
630:
622:
621:
620:
606:biogenic silica
600:
590:
589:
588:
573:
561:
540:
520:
510:
509:
508:
476:
468:
467:
466:
446:
431:
430:
429:
396:gastropod shell
364:testate amoebae
354:diatom frustule
279:
268:
267:
266:
236:
207:
192:dinoflagellates
177:
165:
153:
149:
136:marine plankton
130:
123:
114:
111:
83:
61:(single-celled
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:Siphonocladous
3459:
3451:
3444:Multinucleated
3441:
3438:
3432:
3430:Parenchymatous
3427:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3369:
3367:
3354:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:Kinetoplastids
3223:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2897:Phycobilisomes
2894:
2892:Pit connection
2888:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2871:Phycobilisomes
2868:
2862:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2826:
2824:
2821:Chloroplastida
2813:
2811:Archaeplastida
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2634:
2633:External links
2631:
2628:
2627:
2587:
2536:
2529:
2509:
2502:
2482:
2475:
2457:
2406:
2372:
2365:. New series.
2346:
2324:
2311:(4): 629–639.
2291:
2264:(2): 156–168.
2248:
2235:
2186:
2133:
2100:
2051:
2024:(2): 125–138.
2008:
2001:
1975:
1942:
1881:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1805:
1779:
1750:(2): 458–462.
1730:
1711:(3): 217–285.
1694:
1645:
1604:
1568:
1561:
1535:
1528:
1502:
1459:
1416:Biogeosciences
1402:
1351:
1295:
1284:(4): 267–288.
1261:
1251:(2): 120–133,
1244:Algal Research
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1204:
1201:Upper Triassic
1195:
1192:
1184:photosynthesis
1180:carbon dioxide
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1087:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
947:
944:
939:
926:holococcoliths
917:
914:
913:
912:
904:
897:
885:(deposited in
848:
847:
845:
844:
837:
830:
822:
819:
818:
817:
816:
800:
799:
795:
794:
789:
788:
787:
782:
772:
767:
762:
757:
750:
745:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
706:
705:
703:immobilization
700:
698:mineralization
692:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
673:
672:
667:
666:
665:
655:
654:
653:
648:
638:
632:
631:
628:
627:
624:
623:
619:
618:
613:
611:siliceous ooze
608:
602:
601:
598:Silicification
596:
595:
592:
591:
587:
586:
585:
584:
579:
574:
562:
560:
559:
558:
557:
552:
541:
539:
538:
533:
528:
522:
521:
516:
515:
512:
511:
507:
506:
501:
496:
495:
494:
484:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
465:
464:
459:
454:
448:
447:
437:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:
422:
420:Sponge spicule
417:
416:
415:
413:estuary shells
410:
405:
400:
399:
398:
393:
388:
378:
368:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
336:
335:
334:
324:
323:
322:
317:
312:
302:
297:
296:
295:
290:
281:
280:
274:
273:
270:
269:
265:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
221:
220:
214:
213:
206:
203:
175:
163:
151:
147:
132:
131:
124:
117:
115:
112:
105:
82:
79:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3887:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3790:Fertilization
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3682:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3658:Pleuromitosis
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3595:Hydrogenosome
3593:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:Multicellular
3467:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3291:Dictyostelids
3287:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3154:Apicomplexans
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Stramenopiles
2973:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2426:(S1): 1–182.
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2002:9780123705181
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1646:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1202:
1194:Fossil record
1193:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:; release of
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1152:morphotype B.
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1096:morphospecies
1091:
1084:
1079:
1071:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
952:
951:
945:
937:
933:
931:
927:
923:
915:
910:
909:
901:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:Thomas Huxley
868:
863:
859:
855:
843:
838:
836:
831:
829:
824:
823:
821:
820:
814:
804:
803:
802:
801:
793:
790:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
776:
775:Fossilization
773:
771:
770:Microbial mat
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:
751:
749:
746:
744:
742:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
715:Magnetofossil
713:
711:
708:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
693:
691:
688:
687:
680:
679:
671:
668:
664:
661:
660:
659:
656:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
626:
625:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
599:
594:
593:
583:
580:
578:
575:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
563:
556:
555:aragonite sea
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
543:
542:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
519:
518:Calcification
514:
513:
505:
502:
500:
497:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
483:
480:
479:
472:
471:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
444:
440:
439:Endoskeletons
435:
434:
426:
423:
421:
418:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
382:
381:mollusc shell
379:
377:
374:
373:
372:
369:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
339:Protist shell
337:
333:
330:
329:
328:
325:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:cirrate shell
308:
307:
306:
303:
301:
298:
294:
291:
289:
286:
285:
283:
282:
277:
272:
271:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
239:
232:
231:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
211:
210:
204:
202:
200:
197:
196:Heterotrophic
193:
189:
185:
179:
173:
169:
161:
157:
145:
141:
137:
128:
121:
116:
109:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
78:
76:
75:
70:
69:
64:
63:phytoplankton
60:
56:
52:
44:
42:
37:
32:
19:
3810:Heterotrophy
3780:Reproduction
3655:Orthomitosis
3640:Heterokaryon
3587:Mitochondria
3488:Cell surface
3364:organization
3320:Opisthokonta
3143:Micronucleus
3138:Macronucleus
3040:Pneumatocyst
2956:
2856:Glaucophytes
2840:Phragmoplast
2779:Thallophytes
2706:Protistology
2702:Microbiology
2642:
2620:17 September
2618:. Retrieved
2606:
2600:
2590:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2519:
2512:
2492:
2485:
2466:
2460:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2392:
2388:
2375:
2366:
2362:
2349:
2340:
2337:"Appendix A"
2327:
2308:
2304:
2294:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2243:
2238:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2172:10261/134985
2149:(1): 51–57.
2146:
2142:
2136:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2021:
2017:
2011:
1984:
1978:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1902:
1898:
1875:10453/114799
1847:
1843:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1788:
1782:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1544:
1538:
1511:
1505:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1368:
1364:
1354:
1317:
1313:
1281:
1277:
1264:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1197:
1161:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1121:RCC4032 (B)
1117:Gephyrocapsa
1115:
1060:
1045:
1026:
1020:
1015:Prismatolith
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
955:Calyptrolith
954:
949:
925:
921:
919:
906:
851:
785:petrifaction
752:
740:
735:Microfossils
482:Limpet teeth
462:Ossification
457:Bone mineral
391:chiton shell
348:
276:Exoskeletons
257:Biointerface
180:
133:
84:
72:
66:
50:
49:
39:
3840:Necrotrophy
3825:Saprotrophy
3815:Phagotrophy
3803:Phototrophy
3796:Nutrition:
3785:Life cycles
3776:Development
3750:Ecology and
3618:Nucleomorph
3572:Pseudopodia
3373:Unicellular
3257:Euglenoidea
3241:Kinetoplast
3025:Brown algae
2993:Mastigoneme
2931:Mastigoneme
2921:Cryptophyta
2831:green algae
2789:Slime molds
1850:: 137–166.
1774:2268/246251
1665:(4): 1116.
1215:calcareous
1164:zooplankton
930:rhombohedra
720:Magnetosome
663:phosphorite
629:Other forms
577:calcite sea
344:coccosphere
288:exoskeleton
127:coccosphere
74:coccosphere
41:Coccolithus
3854:Auxotrophy
3849:Mixotrophy
3830:Parasitism
3820:Osmotrophy
3798:Autotrophy
3752:physiology
3628:Plasmodium
3554:Locomotion
3490:structures
3454:Coenocytic
3198:Phytomyxea
3169:Apicoplast
3097:Dinokaryon
3076:Trichocyst
2947:Haptophyte
2835:Phycoplast
2803:Morphology
2774:Cryptogams
2443:10261/5441
2391:. Ser. 3.
2369:: 203–212.
2206:: 101928.
1227:References
1027:Scapholith
1021:Rhabdolith
997:Lopadolith
991:Helicolith
973:Cribrilith
967:Ceratolith
887:Cretaceous
862:exocytosed
858:golgi body
315:cuttlebone
284:Arthropod
156:ballasting
87:coccoliths
57:formed by
51:Coccoliths
18:Coccoliths
3835:Biotrophy
3708:Extrusome
3698:Cytostome
3562:Flagellum
3519:Cell wall
3478:/histonal
3458:Siphonous
3449:Syncytial
3417:Coenobial
3413:Sarcinoid
3362:Levels of
3301:Macrocyst
3281:Amoebozoa
3246:Glycosome
3174:Microneme
3054:Alveolata
2962:Haptonema
2957:Coccolith
2936:Periplast
2882:Red algae
2866:Cyanelles
2753:Infusoria
2609:: 69–78.
2572:1664-302X
2452:1886-8134
2230:135347218
1497:0377-8398
1446:1726-4189
1387:1932-6203
1336:2296-7745
1119:ericsonii
1009:Placolith
1003:Pentalith
985:Discolith
979:Cyrtolith
961:Caneolith
893:in 1861.
867:sediments
741:engrailed
658:Phosphate
651:oil shale
545:Aragonite
349:coccolith
43:pelagicus
3869:Category
3728:Axostyle
3723:Pyrenoid
3703:Fimbriae
3635:Dikaryon
3600:Mitosome
3529:Skeleton
3514:Frustule
3504:Mucilage
3476:tissular
3400:Colonial
3383:Amoeboid
3378:Monadoid
3306:Sorocarp
3221:Excavate
3188:Rhizaria
3118:Ciliates
3102:Dinocyst
3063:General:
3014:Frustule
2985:General:
2911:Hacrobia
2762:Sporozoa
2757:Ciliates
2746:Heliozoa
2726:Protozoa
2710:Protists
2655:Nannotax
2383:(1861).
2357:(1868).
2335:(1858).
2286:36526359
2278:15134250
2181:22995996
2095:30043404
2046:21017882
2038:15134247
1937:27453937
1689:34159028
1365:PLOS ONE
1176:buoyancy
1168:bacteria
1158:Function
1136:parvular
854:vesicles
813:Category
694:In soil
646:alginite
636:Bone bed
371:Seashell
278:(shells)
199:protists
188:ciliates
160:biogenic
140:Jurassic
81:Overview
65:such as
3671:Zygotic
3668:Gametic
3610:Nucleus
3388:Coccoid
3353:General
3164:Rhoptry
3071:Alveoli
3004:Diatoms
2741:Testate
2208:Bibcode
2151:Bibcode
2086:7379532
1928:4956192
1907:Bibcode
1852:Bibcode
1752:Bibcode
1713:Bibcode
1667:Bibcode
1626:Bibcode
1587:Bibcode
1477:Bibcode
1454:6227548
1424:Bibcode
1172:viruses
875:calcite
683:Related
641:Kerogen
566:Calcite
487:Otolith
320:gladius
293:cuticle
262:Biofilm
235:General
95:calcify
3674:Sporic
3652:Closed
3567:Cilium
3524:Lorica
3425:hyphal
3133:Cirrus
3128:Cilium
3035:Lamina
2717:Former
2570:
2527:
2500:
2473:
2450:
2284:
2276:
2228:
2179:
2093:
2083:
2044:
2036:
1999:
1935:
1925:
1803:
1687:
1559:
1526:
1495:
1452:
1444:
1385:
1334:
811:
670:Pyrena
327:Lorica
3685:Other
3539:Theca
3509:Scale
3107:Theca
2769:Algae
2282:S2CID
2226:S2CID
2177:S2CID
2042:S2CID
1685:S2CID
1624:(3).
1450:S2CID
1274:(PDF)
1094:Each
946:Shape
916:Types
879:chalk
748:Druse
443:bones
386:nacre
186:like
3693:Cyst
3649:Open
3534:Test
3472:s.s.
3403:s.s.
2622:2024
2568:ISSN
2525:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2471:ISBN
2448:ISSN
2274:PMID
2091:PMID
2034:PMID
1997:ISBN
1933:PMID
1801:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1524:ISBN
1493:ISSN
1442:ISSN
1383:ISSN
1332:ISSN
1182:for
1131:(D)
1125:(C)
1114:(A)
924:and
743:gene
504:Tusk
425:Test
190:and
2833:":
2611:doi
2607:137
2558:doi
2438:hdl
2428:doi
2397:doi
2313:doi
2266:doi
2216:doi
2204:177
2167:hdl
2159:doi
2122:doi
2081:PMC
2073:doi
2026:doi
1989:doi
1964:doi
1923:PMC
1915:doi
1870:hdl
1860:doi
1848:470
1793:doi
1770:hdl
1760:doi
1721:doi
1675:doi
1634:doi
1595:doi
1549:doi
1516:doi
1485:doi
1432:doi
1373:doi
1322:doi
1286:doi
1253:doi
1213:or
1170:or
38:of
3871::
2708::
2704::
2605:.
2599:.
2566:.
2552:.
2548:.
2446:.
2436:.
2424:66
2422:.
2418:.
2387:.
2361:.
2339:.
2309:33
2307:.
2303:.
2280:.
2272:.
2262:51
2260:.
2224:.
2214:.
2202:.
2198:.
2175:.
2165:.
2157:.
2147:49
2145:.
2120:.
2116:.
2112:.
2089:.
2079:.
2069:21
2067:.
2063:.
2040:.
2032:.
2022:51
2020:.
1995:.
1962:.
1958:.
1954:.
1931:.
1921:.
1913:.
1901:.
1897:.
1884:^
1868:.
1858:.
1846:.
1842:.
1799:.
1768:.
1758:.
1748:39
1746:.
1742:.
1719:.
1709:76
1707:.
1683:.
1673:.
1663:16
1661:.
1657:.
1632:.
1622:24
1620:.
1616:.
1593:.
1583:54
1581:.
1555:.
1522:.
1491:.
1483:.
1473:67
1471:.
1448:.
1440:.
1430:.
1420:12
1418:.
1414:.
1381:.
1367:.
1363:.
1330:.
1316:.
1312:.
1298:^
1282:51
1280:.
1276:.
1247:,
1220:.
1188:UV
178:.
77:.
3778:/
3474:/
3332::
3293::
3259::
3233::
3156::
3120::
3089::
3027::
3006::
2949::
2923::
2884::
2858::
2829:"
2755:/
2694:e
2687:t
2680:v
2613::
2585:.
2574:.
2560::
2554:7
2533:.
2506:.
2479:.
2454:.
2440::
2430::
2403:.
2399::
2393:8
2367:8
2321:.
2315::
2288:.
2268::
2232:.
2218::
2210::
2183:.
2169::
2161::
2153::
2130:.
2124::
2118:7
2097:.
2075::
2048:.
2028::
2005:.
1991::
1972:.
1966::
1960:6
1939:.
1917::
1909::
1903:2
1878:.
1872::
1862::
1854::
1809:.
1795::
1776:.
1772::
1762::
1754::
1727:.
1723::
1715::
1691:.
1677::
1669::
1642:.
1636::
1628::
1601:.
1597::
1589::
1565:.
1551::
1532:.
1518::
1499:.
1487::
1479::
1456:.
1434::
1426::
1400:.
1389:.
1375::
1369:5
1349:.
1338:.
1324::
1318:8
1292:.
1288::
1255::
1249:1
1205:2
1092:.
841:e
834:t
827:v
445:)
441:(
176:2
164:2
152:2
148:3
129:.
20:)
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